Uvaleleke Kokuluhlaza Okuluhlaza: Ukususwa kwe-Ocean Carbon Dioxide

Ukwephula I-Climate Geoengineering: Ingxenye 2

Ingxenye 1: Okungapheli Okungaziwa
Ingxenye 3: Ukuguqulwa Kwemisebe Yelanga
Ingxenye 4: Ukucabangela Izimiso Zokuhle, Ukulingana, Nobulungisa

Ukususwa kwe-Carbon dioxide (CDR) kuwuhlobo lwe-climate geoengineering olufuna ukususa i-carbon dioxide emkhathini. I-CDR iqondise umthelela wokukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa ngokunciphisa nokususa isikhutha somkhathi ngokugcina isikhathi eside nangesikhathi esifushane. I-CDR ingabhekwa njengesekelwe kumhlaba noma olwandle, kuye ngezinto namasistimu asetshenziselwa ukuthwebula nokugcina igesi. Ukugcizelelwa kwe-CDR esekwe emhlabeni bekuyikhona kulezi zingxoxo kodwa intshisekelo yokusebenzisa i-CDR yolwandle iyakhula, kubhekwe kakhulu amaphrojekthi emvelo nawemishini namakhemikhali athuthukisiwe.

---

Izinhlelo zemvelo sezivele zisusa isikhutha emkhathini

Ulwandle luwumthombo wekhabhoni wemvelo, ukuthatha u-25% we-atmospheric carbon dioxide kanye no-90% wokushisa okudlulele komhlaba ngezinqubo zemvelo ezifana ne-photosynthesis nokumuncwa. Lezi zinhlelo ziye zasiza ekugcineni izinga lokushisa lomhlaba wonke, kodwa ziya zigcwala ngokweqile ngenxa yokwanda kwe-carbon dioxide emkhathini kanye namanye amagesi abamba ukushisa aphuma ekungcoleni kukaphethiloli. Lokhu kukhuphuka kwamazinga ezinto eziphilayo sekuqalile ukuthikameza amakhemikhali olwandle, okubangela i-acidification yolwandle, ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kanye namaphethini amasha e-ecosystem. Ukwakha kabusha izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nemvelo ehambisana nokuncishiswa kwezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi kuzoqinisa iplanethi ngokumelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Ukususwa kwe-carbon dioxide, ngokukhula kwezitshalo ezintsha nezihlahla, kungenzeka kokubili emhlabeni kanye nasezinhlelweni zemvelo zasolwandle. Ukutshalwa kwamahlathi yiyona ukudalwa kwamahlathi amasha noma imvelo yasolwandle, njengomhlume, ezindaweni ezazingenazo izitshalo ezinjalo ngokomlando, kuyilapho ukutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi kudinga ukubuyisela izihlahla nezinye izitshalo ezindaweni eziguqulelwe ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukile, njengendawo yokulima, izimayini, noma ukuthuthukiswa, noma ngemva kokulahlekelwa ngenxa yokungcola.

Imfucumfucu yasolwandle, ipulasitiki, nokungcoliswa kwamanzi zibe nesandla ngokuqondile ekulahlekeni kotshani basolwandle kanye nomhlume. I Umthetho Wamanzi Ahlanzekile e-United States, kanye neminye imizamo iye yasebenza ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcola okunjalo nokuvumela ukutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi. Lawa magama ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukuchaza amahlathi asekelwe emhlabeni, kodwa angaphinda ahlanganise imvelo esekwe olwandle njengemihlume, utshani basolwandle, amaxhaphozi anosawoti, noma izimila zasolwandle.

Isithembiso:

Izihlahla, imihlume, utshani basolwandle, nezitshalo ezifanayo amasinki e-carbon, ukusebenzisa kanye nokuthungatha i-carbon dioxide ngokwemvelo nge-photosynthesis. I-Ocean CDR ivamise ukugqamisa 'ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka,' noma i-carbon dioxide ehlelwe olwandle. Enye yezindawo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ze-carbon eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka imihlume, ethatha ikhabhoni emagxolweni, ohlelweni lwezimpande, nasenhlabathini, iwugcine. kuze kufike izikhathi ezingu-10 ikhabhoni eningi kunamahlathi asemhlabeni. Imihlume inikeza okuningi izinzuzo ngokubambisana kwezemvelo emiphakathini yendawo kanye nemvelo yasogwini, ukuvimbela ukuwohloka nokuguguleka komhlabathi kwesikhathi eside kanye nokulinganisa umthelela weziphepho namagagasi ogwini. Amahlathi omhlume futhi akha izindawo zokuhlala zezilwane ezihlukahlukene zasemhlabeni, zasemanzini, nezinyoni ezimpandeni nasemagatsheni alesi sitshalo. Amaphrojekthi anjalo angasetshenziswa futhi hlehla ngqo imiphumela yokugawulwa kwamahlathi noma iziphepho, ukubuyisela ugu kanye nomhlaba olahlekelwe yizihlahla nezitshalo.

Usongo:

Izingozi ezihambisana nalawa maphrojekthi zisukela ekugcinweni kwesikhashana kwe-carbon dioxide ehlelwe ngokwemvelo. Njengoba izinguquko zokusetshenziswa komhlaba ogwini kanye nemvelo yolwandle iphazamiseka ekuthuthukisweni, ukuhamba, izimboni, noma ngokuqinisa iziphepho, ikhabhoni egcinwe enhlabathini izokhishwa emanzini olwandle nasemkhathini. Lawa maphrojekthi nawo athambekele kuwo izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zofuzo ngokuvuna izinhlobo ezikhula ngokushesha, okwandisa ingozi yezifo kanye nokufa okukhulu. Amaphrojekthi okubuyisela kungaba amandla amakhulu futhi zidinga amafutha ezinsalela zokuthutha kanye nemishini yokunakekela. Ukubuyisela imvelo yasogwini ngalezi zixazululo ezisekelwe emvelweni ngaphandle kokucatshangelwa okufanele kwemiphakathi yendawo kungaholela ekuthathweni komhlaba kanye nemiphakathi entulayo ebambe iqhaza elincane ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu. Ubudlelwano obuqinile bomphakathi kanye nokuxhumana nababambiqhaza nabantu boMdabu kanye nemiphakathi yendawo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukulingana kanye nobulungiswa emizamweni ye-CDR yolwandle lwemvelo.

Ukutshala izimila zasolwandle kuhlose ukutshala i-kelp kanye ne-macroalgae ukuhlunga i-carbon dioxide emanzini kanye uyigcine ku-biomass ngokusebenzisa i-photosynthesis. Lolu khula lwasolwandle olunothe ngekhabhoni lungabese lufuywa futhi lusetshenziswe emikhiqizweni noma ekudleni noma lucwiliswe phansi olwandle bese luhlukaniswa.

Isithembiso:

Ukhula lwasolwandle kanye nezitshalo zasolwandle ezinkulu ezifanayo zikhula ngokushesha futhi zikhona ezifundeni emhlabeni jikelele. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemizamo yokugawulwa kwamahlathi noma yokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi, indawo ehlala olwandle yezimila zasolwandle ikwenza kungabi lula ukusha, ukugqekezwa, noma ezinye izinsongo emahlathini asemhlabeni. Ama-sequeters asolwandle inani elikhulu le-carbon dioxide futhi inezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa ngemuva kokukhula. Ngokususa i-carbon dioxide esekelwe emanzini, ukhula lwasolwandle lungasiza izifunda ukuthi zisebenze ngokumelene ne-acidification yolwandle kanye inikeza izindawo zokuhlala ezinomoya-mpilo nge-oceanic ecosystems. Ngaphezu kwalokhu kunqoba kwemvelo, ukhula lwasolwandle luphinde lube nezinzuzo zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ezingakwazi vikela ugu ekugugulekeni ngokudambisa amandla amagagasi. 

Usongo:

I-seaweed carbon capture ihlukile kwezinye izinqubo ze-CDR zomnotho oluhlaza, nesitshalo esigcina i-CO₂ ku-biomass yayo, kunokuba iyidlulisele othulini. Ngenxa yalokho, i-CO₂ ukususwa kanye namandla okugcina izimila zasolwandle kunqunyelwe isitshalo. Ukufuya ukhula lwasolwandle lwasendle ngokutshalwa kwezimila zasolwandle kungase nciphisa ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kwesitshalo, okwandisa amathuba okuba nezifo nokufa kwabantu abaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zamanje ezihlongozwayo zokutshala izimila zasolwandle zihlanganisa izitshalo ezikhulayo emanzini ezintweni zokwenziwa, njengentambo, nasemanzini angashoni. Lokhu kungase kuvimbele ukukhanya nezakhamzimba ezindaweni zokuhlala emanzini angaphansi kokhula lwasolwandle futhi kubangele ukulimala kulawo ma-ecosystem. okuhlanganisa ukuthandeka. Ukhula lwasolwandle ngokwalo nalo lusengcupheni yokucekelwa phansi ngenxa yezinkinga zekhwalithi yamanzi kanye nokudliwa kwawo. Amaphrojekthi amakhulu ahlose ukucwilisa ukhula lwasolwandle olwandle okwamanje alindele ukucwilisa intambo noma impahla yokwenziwa futhi, okungase kungcolise amanzi lapho ukhula lwasolwandle lucwila. Lolu hlobo lwephrojekthi futhi kulindeleke ukuthi luhlangabezane nezinkinga zezindleko, lubeke umkhawulo ekukhuleni. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukunquma indlela engcono kakhulu yokutshala ukhula lwasolwandle futhi uthole izithembiso ezinenzuzo ngenkathi unciphisa izinsongo ezilindelekile kanye nemiphumela engahlosiwe.

Sekukonke, ukubuyiswa kwemvelo yasolwandle nasogwini ngokusebenzisa imihlume, utshani basolwandle, imvelo yamaxhaphozi kasawoti, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimila zasolwandle kuhlose ukukhulisa nokubuyisela amandla ezinhlelo zemvelo zoMhlaba ukucubungula nokugcina isikhutha esisemkhathini. Ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuhlanganiswe nokulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo emisebenzini yabantu, njengokugawulwa kwamahlathi, kunciphisa amandla omhlaba okumelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. 

Ngo-2018, i-Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) yabika ukuthi izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zemvelo yasolwandle zoniwa, zehlisiwe, noma zishintshiwe. Lesi sibalo sizokwenyuka ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle, ukugcwala kwe-asidi olwandle, izimayini ezijulile olwandle, kanye nemithelela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu se-anthropogenic. Izindlela zokususa i-carbon dioxide yemvelo zizozuza ekwandiseni izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokubuyisela imvelo. Ukutshalwa kwezimila zasolwandle kuyindawo yocwaningo ekhulayo engazuza ocwaningweni oluhlosiwe. Ukubuyiselwa okucatshangelwayo nokuvikela imvelo yasolwandle kunamandla asheshayo okunciphisa imithelela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokunciphisa ukungcola okumataniswe nezinzuzo ezihlangene.

---

Ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zolwandle zemvelo zokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu

Ngaphezu kwezinqubo zemvelo, abacwaningi baphenya izindlela zokuthuthukisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide yemvelo, okukhuthaza ukutholakala kwe-carbon dioxide olwandle. Amaphrojekthi amathathu we-ocean climateing geoengineering angena ngaphakathi kwalesi sigaba sokuthuthukisa izinqubo zemvelo: ukuthuthukiswa kwe-alkalinity yolwandle, ukuvundisa izakhi, kanye nokwenyusa nokwehliswa kokwenziwa. 

I-Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) iyindlela ye-CDR ehlose ukususa isikhutha solwandle ngokusheshisa ukusabela kwemvelo kwamaminerali. Lokhu kusabela kwesimo sezulu kusebenzisa i-carbon dioxide futhi kwakha izinto eziqinile. Izindlela zamanje ze-OAE bamba i-carbon dioxide ngamatshe e-alkaline, okungukuthi i-lime noma i-olivine, noma ngenqubo ye-electrochemical.

Isithembiso:

Ngokusekelwe ku zemvelo rock weathering izinqubo, i-OAE scalable futhi inikeza indlela engapheli ukususwa kwe-carbon dioxide. Ukusabela phakathi kwegesi namaminerali kudala amadiphozithi okulindeleke ukuba awenze ukwandisa umthamo wokubhafa wolwandle, bese kunciphisa ukugcwala kwe-asidi olwandle. Ukwanda kwamadiphozithi amaminerali olwandle kungase kwandise ukukhiqiza kolwandle.

Usongo:

Impumelelo yokusabela kwesimo sezulu incike ekutholakaleni nasekusatshalalisweni kwamaminerali. Ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwamaminerali kanye ukuzwela kwesifunda ukwehla kwe-carbon dioxide kungase kube nomthelela omubi endaweni yolwandle. Ukwengeza, inani lamaminerali adingekayo ku-OAE kungenzeka kakhulu libe ithathwe ezimayini zasemhlabeni, futhi izodinga ukuthutha ukuya ezindaweni ezisogwini ukuze isetshenziswe. Ukwandisa i-alkalinity yolwandle kuzoshintsha i-pH yolwandle, futhi ezithinta izinqubo zebhayoloji. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-alkalinity yolwandle kune akubonwanga ukuhlolwa kwenkambu eminingi noma ucwaningo oluningi njengesimo sezulu esisekelwe emhlabathini, kanye nemithelela yale ndlela yaziwa kangcono ngesimo sezulu esisekelwe emhlabathini. 

Ukuvundisa Izakhi iphakamisa ukufaka insimbi nezinye imisoco olwandle ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-phytoplankton. Isebenzisa inqubo yemvelo, i-phytoplankton ithatha kalula isikhutha esisemkhathini futhi izike ize iyofika phansi olwandle. Ngo-2008, izizwe ku-UN Convention on Biological Diversity wavuma ukumiswa kwezinyathelo zokuphepha ngomkhuba wokuvumela umphakathi wesayensi ukuthi uqonde kangcono okuhle nokubi kwamaphrojekthi anjalo.

Isithembiso:

Ngaphezu kokukhipha i-carbon dioxide emkhathini, ukuvundiswa kwezakhi kungase ukunciphisa iasidi olwandle okwesikhashana futhi ukwandisa izinhlanzi. I-Phytoplankton ingumthombo wokudla wezinhlanzi eziningi, futhi ukwanda kokutholakala kokudla kungase kwenyuse inani lezinhlanzi ezifundeni lapho amaphrojekthi enziwa khona. 

Usongo:

Izifundo zihlala zilinganiselwe ekuvundiseni izakhi kanye bona izinto eziningi ezingaziwa mayelana nemiphumela yesikhathi eside, izinzuzo ezihlangene, kanye nokuhlala unomphela kwale ndlela ye-CDR. Imiklamo yokuvundisa izakhi ingase idinge inani elikhulu lezinto ezibonakalayo njengensimbi, i-phosphorus, ne-nitrogen. Ukuthola lezi zinsiza kungase kudinge izimayini ezengeziwe, ukukhiqizwa, nokuthutha. Lokhu kungase kushaye indiva umthelela we-CDR enhle futhi kulimaze ezinye izimiso zemvelo emhlabeni ngenxa yokumbiwa kwezimayini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kwe-phytoplankton kungase kubangele i-algal blooms eyingozi, inciphisa umoya-mpilo olwandle, futhi ikhulise ukukhiqizwa kwe-methane, i-GHG ebamba ukushisa okuphindwe ka-10 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-carbon dioxide.

Ukuxubana kwemvelo kolwandle ngokukhuphuka kanye nokudilika kuletha amanzi kusuka phezulu kuya esenzweni, kusabalalisa izinga lokushisa nemisoco ezindaweni ezihlukene zolwandle. Ukukhuphuka Nokwehliswa Kokwenziwa ihlose ukusebenzisa indlela ebonakalayo ukusheshisa nokukhuthaza lokhu kuhlangana, ukwandisa ukuxutshwa kwamanzi olwandle ukuletha amanzi acebile e-carbon dioxide emanzini ajulile, futhi amanzi abandayo, anomsoco acebile phezulu. Lokhu kulindeleke ukuthi kukhuthaze ukukhula kwe-phytoplankton kanye ne-photosynthesis ukuze kukhishwe isikhutha emkhathini. Izindlela ezihlongozwayo zamanje zihlanganisa usebenzisa amapayipi amile namaphampu ukukha amanzi kusukela phansi kolwandle ukuya phezulu.

Isithembiso:

Ukwehliswa nokwehliswa okwenziwayo kuhlongozwa njengokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwemvelo. Lokhu kuhamba kwamanzi okuhleliwe kungase kusize ukugwema imiphumela emibi yokwanda kwe-phytoplankton ukukhula njengezindawo eziphansi zokwenza umoya-mpilo kanye nemisoco eyeqile ngokwandisa ukuxubana kolwandle. Ezifundeni ezifudumele, le ndlela ingasiza emazingeni okushisa apholile kanye ukuhamba kancane kwe-coral bleaching. 

Usongo:

Le ndlela yokuxuba okwenziwe ibone ukuhlolwa okulinganiselwe kanye nokuhlolwa kwenkambu okugxile esikalini esincane kanye nezikhathi ezilinganiselwe. Ucwaningo lwangaphambili lukhombisa ukuthi kukonke, ukwenyuswa nokwehliswa kokwenziwa kunamandla aphansi e-CDR futhi hlinzeka ngokuthathwa kwempahla yesikhashana i-carbon dioxide. Lesi sitoreji sesikhashana siwumphumela womjikelezo wokukhuphuka nokwehliswa. Noma iyiphi i-carbon dioxide ehamba phansi olwandle ngokuwela phansi ingase ikhuphuke ngesikhathi esithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndlela iphinde ibone amathuba okuba sengozini yokuqedwa. Uma iphampu yokwenziwa yehluleka, iyekwa, noma ingenayo imali, ukwanda kwemisoco kanye ne-carbon dioxide phezulu kungase kukhulise ukugxila kwe-methane ne-nitrous oxide kanye ne-acidification yolwandle. Indlela yamanje ehlongozwayo yokuxutshwa kolwandle okuzenzela idinga isistimu yamapayipi, amaphampu, kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla angaphandle. Ukufakwa kwala mapayipi kungenzeka kudingeke imikhumbi, umthombo wamandla ophumelelayo, nokugcinwa kahle. 

---

I-Ocean CDR ngokusebenzisa Izindlela Zemishini Nezamakhemikhali

I-CDR yolwandle lwemishini namakhemikhali iyangenelela ngezinqubo zemvelo, ihlose ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukuze iguqule uhlelo lwemvelo. Njengamanje, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yamanzi olwandle kuyiyona nto ehamba phambili engxoxweni ye-CDR yemishini nekhemikhali yolwandle, kodwa ezinye izindlela ezinjengokwehliswa nokwehliswa kokwenziwa, okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla, zingawela nakulesi sigaba.

I-Seawater Carbon Extraction, noma i-Electrochemical CDR, ihlose ukususa i-carbon dioxide emanzini olwandle futhi iyigcine kwenye indawo, isebenzisa izimiso ezifanayo ukuze kuqondiswe ukuthwebula nokugcinwa kwe-carbon dioxide komoya. Izindlela ezihlongozwayo zihlanganisa ukusebenzisa izinqubo ze-electrochemical ukuqoqa uhlobo lwegesi lwe-carbon dioxide emanzini olwandle, kanye nokugcina leyo gesi isesimweni esiqinile noma esiwuketshezi ngendlela yokwakheka komhlaba noma inzika yolwandle.

Isithembiso:

Le ndlela yokukhipha i-carbon dioxide emanzini olwandle kulindeleke ukuthi ivumele ulwandle ukuthi luthathe i-carbon dioxide esemkhathini ngezinqubo zemvelo. Ucwaningo nge-electrochemical CDR lubonise ukuthi ngomthombo wamandla ovuselelekayo, le ndlela ingaba namandla. Ukukhipha i-carbon dioxide emanzini olwandle kulindeleke ukuthi hlehlisa noma misa kancane ukugcwala kolwandle. 

Usongo:

Ucwaningo lwakuqala lokukhishwa kwekhabhoni yamanzi olwandle luhlole ngokuyinhloko umqondo ekuhloleni okusekelwe elebhu. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano kwale ndlela kuhlala kuyitiyori, futhi kungenzeka amandla amakhulu. Ucwaningo luye lwagxila kakhulu emandleni amakhemikhali e-carbon dioxide okumele asuswe emanzini olwandle, nge ucwaningo oluncane ngezingozi zemvelo. Ukukhathazeka kwamanje kufaka phakathi ukungaqiniseki mayelana nokushintshashintsha kokulingana kwe-ecosystem yendawo kanye nomthelela le nqubo engase ibe nawo empilweni yasolwandle.

---

Ingabe ikhona indlela eya phambili ye-CDR yolwandle?

Amaphrojekthi amaningi e-CDR olwandle lwemvelo, njengokubuyiselwa nokuvikela imvelo yasogwini, asekelwa yizinzuzo ezicwaningiwe ezaziwayo ezaziwayo emvelweni nasemiphakathini yendawo. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lokuqonda inani nobude besikhathi ikhabhoni engagcinwa ngala maphrojekthi lusadingeka, kodwa izinzuzo ezihlangene zicacile. Ngale kwe-CDR yolwandle lwemvelo, nokho, i-CDR yolwandle ethuthukisiwe yemvelo nemishini namakhemikhali inobubi obubonakalayo okufanele bucatshangelwe ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokwenza noma iyiphi iphrojekthi ngezinga elikhulu. 

Sonke singabambiqhaza emhlabeni futhi sizothintwa amaphrojekthi we-climate geoengineering kanye nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Abenzi bezinqumo, abenzi benqubomgomo, abatshalizimali, abavoti, kanye nabo bonke ababambiqhaza babalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi ubungozi bendlela eyodwa ye-geoengineering yesimo sezulu iyabudlula ubungozi benye indlela noma ubungozi bokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Izindlela ze-CDR zasolwandle zingasiza ekunciphiseni i-carbon dioxide emkhathini, kodwa kufanele zicatshangelwe kuphela ngaphezu kokunciphisa okuqondile kokukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide.