Tekun mu da makomar Filastik

A watan Yuli, na shafe kwanaki hudu a Dandalin Klosters, wani wuri na kusa da kanana a cikin tsaunukan Swiss wanda ke haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar haɗa masu rugujewa da ruɗarwa don tunkarar wasu ƙalubalen muhalli na duniya. Klosters 'masu masaukin baki, tsayayyen iskar tsaunuka da kayan masarufi da cuku daga wurin taron gonaki an tsara su don ba da damar tattaunawa mai tunani da tsaka tsaki tsakanin ƙwararrun mahalarta.

A bana, mu saba’in ne muka taru don tattauna makomar robobi a duniyarmu, musamman yadda za mu iya rage illar gurbacewar robobi ga teku. Wannan taro ya hada da kwararru daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da sassan ilimin kimiyyar jami'o'i da masana'antu da shari'a. An sami ƙwararrun masu fafutuka na yaƙi da robobi da mutane masu kishi waɗanda ke tunanin ƙirƙira game da yadda za a magance sharar filastik a cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci a duniya.

Mun kashe rabin lokacin mu akan menene, rabi kuma akan yaya. Ta yaya za mu magance matsalar da yawancin ’yan Adam suka ba da gudummawarta, kuma mai yuwuwar cutarwa ga dukan bil’adama?

Kamar yawancinmu, na yi tunanin ina da kyakkyawar kulawa game da iyakar matsalar gurɓacewar filastik a cikin tekunmu. Na yi tunanin na fahimci ƙalubalen magance shi da sakamakon ci gaba da barin miliyoyin fam na sharar su busa, su yi shuru, ko su faɗo cikin teku. Na fahimci cewa aikin Gidauniyar Ocean Foundation zai iya zama mafi kyawun ci gaba da tallafawa wasu kyawawan zabukan da ake da su, samar da kimantawa, yin ƙoƙarin tafiya robobi kyauta, da gano inda za a iya samun gibin da mutane masu sadaukarwa za su iya cike a duniya.

Amma bayan mako guda na tattaunawa da masana kan gurbatar filastik na teku, tunanina ya samo asali ne daga na tallafi, na nazari, da kuma isar da kyawawan ayyuka don samar da kudade ga taronmu na masu ba da gudummawa don buƙatar ƙara wani sabon abu a cikin ƙoƙarin. Ba kawai muna buƙatar rage sharar filastik ba - muna buƙatar rage dogaronmu ga robobi gabaɗaya.

 
Filastik abu ne mai ban mamaki. Daban-daban na polymers suna ba da damar yin amfani da ban mamaki daga gaɓoɓin prosthetic zuwa mota da sassan jirgin sama zuwa kofuna masu nauyi guda ɗaya, bambaro, da jakunkuna. Mun tambayi masanan chemists su fito da abubuwa masu daurewa, dacewa da takamaiman amfani, da nauyi don rage farashin jigilar kaya. Kuma masanan suka amsa. A rayuwata, mun canza daga gilashi da takarda zuwa filastik don kusan dukkanin taron rukuni-ta yadda a taron kwanan nan don kallon fina-finai na muhalli, wani ya tambaye ni abin da za mu sha idan ba kofuna na filastik ba. A hankali na ba da shawarar cewa gilashin giya da ruwa na iya aiki. “Karar gilashi. Takarda ta yi sanyi,” ta amsa. Wani labarin kwanan nan na New York Times ya kwatanta sakamakon nasarar masanan:

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Daga cikin abubuwan da aka ba ni daga taron Klosters a gare ni akwai kyakkyawar fahimtar yadda babban kalubalen da muke fuskanta yake. Misali, polymers ɗaya ɗaya na iya zama amintattun abinci a hukumance kuma ana iya sake yin amfani da su ta fasaha. Amma ba mu da ainihin ƙarfin sake amfani da waɗannan polymers a mafi yawan wurare (kuma a wasu lokuta a ko'ina kwata-kwata). Bugu da ƙari kuma, masu bincike da wakilan masana'antu waɗanda ke wurin taron sun ba da shawarar cewa lokacin da aka haɗa polymers don magance matsalolin abinci da yawa a lokaci ɗaya (numfashi da sabo a cikin latas, alal misali), babu wani ƙarin ƙima na lafiyar abinci ko kuma. sake yin amfani da haɗin gwiwa. Ko kuma na yadda yumburan polymer ke amsawa ga tsawan lokaci ga hasken rana da ruwa-dukansu sabo da gishiri. Kuma duk nau'ikan polymers suna da kyau sosai wajen jigilar guba da sakin su. Kuma ba shakka, akwai ƙarin barazanar cewa, saboda ana yin robobi daga man fetur da gas, za su fitar da iskar gas a cikin lokaci. 

Wani babban ƙalubale shi ne nawa robobin da ake samarwa da zubarwa a rayuwata har yanzu suna can a cikin ƙasarmu, a cikin koguna da tafkunanmu, da kuma cikin teku. Dakatar da kwararar robobi a cikin koguna da teku yana da gaggawa-ko da yake muna ci gaba da gano hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su, masu tsada na cire robobi daga cikin teku ba tare da haifar da ƙarin illa ba muna buƙatar kawo ƙarshen dogaro da robobi gaba ɗaya. 

Laysan Albatross chick, Flicker/Duncan

Tattaunawar Klosters ɗaya ta mayar da hankali kan ko muna buƙatar daraja ƙimar amfanin robobin mutum ɗaya da haraji ko hana su daidai. Misali, yin amfani da robobi guda ɗaya don amfani a cikin saitunan asibiti da kuma cikin yanayi mai haɗari (cutar kwalara, alal misali) na iya samun magani daban-daban fiye da kofuna na jam'iyya, jakunkuna, da bambaro. Za a ba wa al'ummomi zaɓuɓɓuka don daidaita tsarin zuwa takamaiman buƙatun su - sanin cewa suna buƙatar daidaita farashin su don sarrafa shara da tsadar aiwatar da haramcin. Garin da ke bakin teku na iya mai da hankali kan haramcin don rage farashin tsaftace rairayin bakin teku kai tsaye kuma wata al'umma na iya mai da hankali kan kudaden da ke rage amfani da samar da kudade don tsaftacewa ko dalilai maidowa.

Dabarun majalissar-duk da haka ana iya tsara ta-yana buƙatar haɗa duka abubuwan ƙarfafawa don ingantaccen sarrafa sharar gida da haɓaka fasahohin da suka dace don haɓaka sake yin amfani da su a ma'auni na gaske. Yana nufin daidaita samar da robobi iri-iri da samar da abubuwan ƙarfafawa don haɓaka polymers waɗanda za a iya sake yin amfani da su. Kuma, samun waɗannan iyakoki na doka da abubuwan ƙarfafawa nan ba da jimawa ba yana da mahimmanci saboda masana'antar tana shirin haɓaka samar da robobi a duniya sau huɗu cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa (daidai lokacin da muke buƙatar amfani da ƙasa da abin da muke yi a yau).

Tare da ɗimbin ƙalubalen a zuciya, na ci gaba da sha'awar ci gaba da haɓaka kayan aikin majalisa, wanda za a iya amfani da shi tare da ƙwarewar Gidauniyar Ocean tare da wayar da kan 'yan-tsaro-da-tsara na doka kan acidification na teku a matakin jiha a Amurka. , kuma a matakin kasa da kasa.

Zan lura zai zama aiki tuƙuru don samun duk wani ra'ayi na gurɓataccen filastik daidai. Za mu buƙaci ainihin fasaha na fasaha kuma za mu buƙaci nemo ra'ayoyin da ke haifar da tushen matsalar, maimakon waɗanda ke da suturar taga, don samun nasara. A wasu kalmomi, za mu yi aiki don guje wa fadawa cikin mutane masu manyan ra'ayoyin sauti masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ke da iyakacin iyaka ko kuma ga mafita masu kyau da jin dadi waɗanda ba su kai mu inda muke so mu kasance kamar na Boyan Slat " Aikin Tsabtace Ruwa."  

Babu shakka, mu a The Ocean Foundation ba mu ne farkon da za mu yi tunani game da dabarun majalisa da haɓaka kayan aikin majalisa ba. Hakazalika, akwai ƙara yawan ƙungiyoyin da suka yi aiki tare da masu yanke shawara don samar da hanyoyin da suka dace. Don ƙarin cikakkun kayan aikin manufofin, Ina so in tattara misalai masu nasara daga matakin gundumomi da jiha, da kuma wasu dokokin ƙasa (Rwanda, Tanzania, Kenya, da Tamil Nadu sun zo a hankali a matsayin misalan kwanan nan). Ina so in yi aiki tare da abokan aiki daga ClientEarth, mambobi na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Filastik, da masana'antu waɗanda suka gano dabarun nasara. Tare da ginshiƙan da aka shimfida a dandalin Klosters na wannan shekara, dandalin na shekara mai zuwa zai iya mai da hankali kan manufofi, da hanyoyin samar da doka don magance matsalar robobi a cikin tekunan mu.

Mark J. Spalding, Shugaban Gidauniyar The Ocean memba ne na Hukumar Nazarin Teku na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, Injiniya, da Magunguna. Yana aiki a Hukumar Tekun Sargasso. Mark babban ɗan'uwa ne a Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Blue, a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Middlebury. Bugu da kari, yana aiki a matsayin Shugaba da Shugaban SeaWeb, shine mai ba da shawara ga Dabarun Tekun Rockefeller (asusun saka hannun jari na teku wanda ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba) kuma ya tsara shirin kashe iska mai shuɗi na farko, SeaGrass Grow.

​¹Lim, Xiaozhi "Tsarin Mutuwar Filastik" New York Times 6 Agusta 2018 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/06/science/plastics-polymers-pollution.html
²Shiffman, David "Na tambayi 15 masana gurbataccen filastik teku game da aikin Tsabtace Tekun, kuma suna da damuwa" Kudancin Soyayyen Kimiyya 13 Yuni 2018 http://www.southernfriedscience.com/i-asked-15-ocean-plastic-pollution-experts-about-the-ocean-cleanup-project-and-they-have-concerns