HOI I KA NOIMI

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Ma hea e hoʻomaka ai e aʻo e pili ana i ka Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)
3. ʻO nā mea hoʻoweliweli a ka Mining Mining i ke Kaiapuni
4. Nā Manaʻo Manaʻo Kūʻē Kūʻē Kai
5. ʻO ka Mining Moʻomeheu Hohonu a me ka ʻokoʻa, Ke Kaulike, Hoʻohui, a me ka Pono
6. Noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka mākeke ʻenehana a me nā minerala
7. ʻO ke kālā, nā manaʻo o ka ESG, a me nā pilikia ʻo Greenwashing
8. No ke kuleana a me ka uku
9. Hoʻoilina Moʻomeheu o lalo o ke Kai
10. Laikini Kaiāulu (Kahea Moratorium, Kāpae Aupuni, a me nā ʻōlelo ʻōiwi)

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1. Introduction

He aha ke ʻano o ka Mining Seabed?

ʻO ka ʻeli kai hohonu (DSM) kahi ʻoihana pāʻoihana e hoʻāʻo nei e ʻeli i nā waihona mineral mai ke kai, me ka manaʻolana e unuhi i nā minerala waiwai kūʻai e like me ka manganese, copper, cobalt, zinc, a me nā metala honua laha. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻoholo ʻia kēia eli e hoʻopau i kahi kaiaola ulu maikaʻi a pili pū e mālama ana i nā ʻano mea like ʻole: ke kai hohonu.

Loaʻa nā waihona koʻikoʻi o ka ukupanee ma ʻekolu mau wahi noho ma ka iʻa: nā pāpū abyssal, seamounts, a me nā puka makani hydrothermal. ʻO nā pāpū ʻo Abyssal kahi ākea ākea o ka papahele hohonu i uhi ʻia i ka sediment a me nā waihona mineral, i kapa ʻia hoʻi nā nodules polymetallic. ʻO kēia ka pahuhopu nui o DSM i kēia manawa, me ka nānā ʻana i ka Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ): kahi ʻāpana o nā pāpū abyssal e like me ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, aia i loko o nā wai honua a mai ke kahakai komohana o Mexico a i waenakonu o ka. ka Moana Pākīpika, ma ka hema wale nō o ko Hawaiʻi pae ʻāina.

Pehea e hana ai ka Mining Moʻolelo Hohonu?

ʻAʻole i hoʻomaka ka DSM pāʻoihana, akā ke hoʻāʻo nei nā hui like ʻole e hoʻokō ia mea. ʻO nā ala i manaʻo ʻia i kēia manawa no ka mining nodule me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o he kaa eli, maʻamau he mīkini nui loa e like me ka tractor kiʻekiʻe ʻekolu papa, a hiki i ka papakū. Aia ma ke kai, e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ke kaʻa i nā ʻīniha luna ʻehā o ke kai, e hoʻouna ana i ka sediment, nā pōhaku, nā holoholona ʻūhā, a me nā nodules i luna o kahi moku e kali ana ma ka ʻili. Ma luna o ka moku, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā minelala a hoʻihoʻi ʻia ke koena o ka wai ʻōpala o ka sediment, ka wai, a me nā mea hana hoʻoponopono i ke kai ma o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana.

Manaʻo ʻia ʻo DSM e hoʻopilikia i nā pae a pau o ke kai, mai ka ʻōpala i hoʻolei ʻia i loko o ke kolamu waena o ka wai a hiki i ka ʻeli kino a me ka huʻi ʻana o ka papakū. Aia kekahi pilikia mai ka slurry hiki ke ʻona (slurry = hui ʻana o nā mea paʻa) wai i hoʻolei ʻia i ka piko o ka moana.

Pehea ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o ka mining i ke kai hohonu i ke kaiapuni?

He liʻiliʻi ka ʻike e pili ana i ka nohona a me ka kaiaola o ke kai hohonu. No laila, ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o kahi loiloi hopena kūpono, pono mua ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā ʻikepili baseline me kahi noiʻi a me ka palapala ʻāina. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i loaʻa kēia ʻike, e hoʻopili ʻia nā mea hana i ka ʻoki ʻana i ke kumu o ke kai, e hoʻoulu ai i nā ʻōpala o ka sediment i loko o ke kolamu wai a laila e hoʻonoho hou i nā wahi a puni. ʻO ka ʻoki ʻia ʻana o ka papahele o ka moana no ka unuhi ʻana i nā nodule e hoʻopau i nā wahi noho kai hohonu o nā ʻano kai ola a me nā hoʻoilina moʻomeheu ma ia wahi. Ua ʻike mākou aia i loko o nā puka makani hohonu ke ola kai i mea nui paha. Hoʻololi kūʻokoʻa kekahi o kēia mau ʻano i ka nele o ka lā a he waiwai nui paha ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe o ka wai hohonu no ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā mea pale, a me nā hoʻohana nui ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole lawa ka ʻike e pili ana i kēia mau ʻano, ko lākou wahi noho, a me nā kaiaola pili e hoʻokumu i kahi kumu kūpono e hiki ai ke loaʻa kahi loiloi kaiapuni kūpono, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea e pale ai iā lākou a nānā i ka hopena o ka hana ʻana.

ʻAʻole ʻo ke kai wale ka ʻāpana o ka moana e ʻike i ka hopena o DSM. ʻO nā pulu sediment (ʻike ʻia ʻo nā ʻino lepo o lalo o ka wai), a me ka walaʻau a me ka pollution māmā, e hoʻopilikia i ka hapa nui o ke kolamu wai. Hiki ke laha nā pulu sediment, mai ka ʻohi a me ka wai ʻino ma hope o ka unuhi ʻana 1,400 kilomita ma nā ʻaoʻao he nui. Hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā kaiaola waena o ka wai ʻino i loko o nā metala a me nā toxins me ka lawaiʻa a me ka iʻa. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, e hoʻihoʻi ke kaʻina hana eli i kahi slurry o ka sediment, nā mea hana, a me ka wai i ke kai. He mea liʻiliʻi loa ka ʻike e pili ana i nā hopena o kēia slurry i ke kaiapuni, e like me: he aha nā metala a me nā mea hana e hui pū ʻia i loko o ka slurry inā he mea ʻawaʻawa ka slurry, a he aha ka hopena i ka laulā o nā holoholona moana i hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ka slurry. plums.

Pono ka noiʻi hou aʻe e hoʻomaopopo pono i ka hopena o kēia slurry ma ke kai hohonu. Eia hou, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka hopena o ke kaʻa ʻohi. Ua alakaʻi ʻia kahi simulation o ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai ma waho o ke kahakai o Peru i ka makahiki 1980 a i ka wā i ʻike hou ʻia ai ka pūnaewele ma 2020, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ka pūnaewele i kahi hōʻike o ka hoʻōla. No laila, loaʻa paha nā hopena kaiapuni i kēlā me kēia haunaele.

Aia pū kekahi Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) i ka pilikia. Hōʻike nā haʻawina hou he ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻoilina moʻomeheu i lalo o ke kai ma ka Moana Pākīpika a ma loko o nā ʻāpana eli i manaʻo ʻia, e komo pū ana me nā mea waiwai a me nā kaiapuni kūlohelohe e pili ana i ka hoʻoilina moʻomeheu ʻōiwi, ke kālepa ʻo Manila Galleon, a me ke Kaua Honua II. ʻO nā hana hou no ka ʻeli ʻana i lalo o ke kai, ʻo ia ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka naʻauao hana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻike ʻana i nā minerala. ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻo AI i ka ʻike pololei ʻana i nā kahua o ka mōʻaukala a me ka moʻomeheu koʻikoʻi e hiki ke alakaʻi i ka luku ʻana i ka Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH). He mea paʻakikī loa kēia i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka ulu nui ʻana o ka UCH a me ka Middle Passage a me ka hiki ke luku ʻia nā pūnaewele UCH ma mua o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana. Hiki ke luku like ʻia nā kahua hoʻoilina mōʻaukala a moʻomeheu paha i loaʻa i ke ala o kēia mau mīkini eli.

Kūkā

Ke hooikaika nei ka nui o na hui e kokua i ka palekana o ke kai hohonu Hui Hoomalu Kai Hohonu (ʻo ia ka lālā o ka Ocean Foundation) e ʻae i ke kūlana holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka Precautionary Principle a kamaʻilio me nā leo i hoʻololi ʻia. ʻO ka Ocean Foundation kahi pūʻali kālā o ka ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ke kai liʻiliʻi hohonu (DSMC), he papahana e kālele ana i ka hopena o ka DSM ma nā kaiaola kai a me ke kai a me nā kaiāulu. Hiki ke loaʻa nā kūkākūkā hou o nā mea pāʻani nui ʻaneʻi.

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2. Ma hea e hoʻomaka ai e aʻo e pili ana i ka Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)

ʻO ka Environmental Justice Foundation. I ka hohonu: Pehea ka holo ʻana i ka ʻeli kai hohonu e hoʻoweliweli i nā kānaka a me ko mākou honua. (2023). Kiʻi ʻia i Malaki 14, 2023, mai https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpJL_1EzAts

ʻO ka Environmental Justice Foundation. (2023, Malaki 7). I ka hohonu: Pehea ka holo ʻana i ka ʻeli kai hohonu e hoʻoweliweli i nā kānaka a me ko mākou honua. Hoʻokumu Hoʻoponopono Kaiapuni. Kiʻi ʻia i Malaki 14, 2023, mai https://ejfoundation.org/reports/towards-the-abyss-deep-sea-mining

ʻO ka hōʻike ʻenehana mai ka Environmental Justice Foundation, me ka wikiō ma luna, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ka ʻeli kai hohonu e hōʻino i nā kaiaola kai kū hoʻokahi.

IUCN (2022). Puka pōkole: ʻeli kai hohonu. ʻO ka International Union for Conservation of Nature. https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/deep-sea-mining

ʻO kahi hōʻike pōkole e pili ana i ka DSM, nā ʻano hana i manaʻo ʻia i kēia manawa, nā ʻāpana o ka hoihoi a me ka wehewehe ʻana i ʻekolu mau hopena pili i ke kaiapuni, me ka haunaele o ka iʻa, nā pulu sediment, a me ka pollution. Hoʻopili hou ʻia ka pōkole i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka pale ʻana i kēia wahi, me kahi moratorium i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kumu mālama.

Imbler, S., & Corum, J. (2022, ʻAukake 29). ʻO ka waiwai o ka moana hohonu: Ke ʻeli ʻana i kahi kaiaola mamao. ʻO ka Ka New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/08/
29/world/deep-sea-riches-mining-nodules.html

Hōʻike kēia ʻatikala pāʻani i ke ʻano like ʻole o ke kai hohonu a me nā hopena i manaʻo ʻia o ka ʻeli kai hohonu. He kumu waiwai maikaʻi ia e kōkua ai i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka nui o ke kaiapuni o ka moana e hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka ʻeli kai hohonu no ka poʻe hou i kēia kumuhana.

ʻO Amon, DJ, Levin, LA, Metaxas, A., Mudd, GM, Smith, CR (2022, Malaki 18) Ke hele nei i ka ʻaoʻao hohonu me ka ʻike ʻole i ka ʻauʻau: Pono mākou i ka ʻeli ʻana i ka hohonu? Hookahi Honua. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.02.013

He ʻōlelo manaʻo mai kahi pūʻulu ʻepekema e pili ana i nā ala ʻē aʻe e hoʻoponopono ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau me ka ʻole e hoʻohana iā DSM. Hōʻole ka pepa i ka manaʻo e pono ai ʻo DSM no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu hou a me nā pākaukau, e paipai ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi ʻoihana pōʻai. Kūkākūkā pū ʻia nā kānāwai o ka honua a me nā ala kānāwai i mua.

DSM Campaign (2022, ʻOkakopa 14). Paena pūnaewele Blue Peril. wikiō. https://dsm-campaign.org/blue-peril.

Luick, J. (2022, ʻAukake). Noʻonoʻo ʻenehana: Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻo Oceanographic o Benthic a me Midwater Plumes i wānana ʻia no ka mining hohonu i hoʻolālā ʻia e The Metals Company ma ka ʻāpana Clarion Clipperton o ka Moana Pākīpika, https://dsm-campaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Blue-Peril-Technical-Paper.pdf

He palapala ʻenehana mai ka Blue Peril Project, e hele pū ana me ke kiʻi pōkole ʻo Blue Peril. Hōʻike kēia memo i ka noiʻi a me ke ʻano hoʻohālike i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā plumes mining i ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni Blue Peril.

GEM. (2021). Māhele Pākīpika, Geoscience, Energy and Maritime Division. https://gem.spc.int

Hāʻawi ka Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Geoscience, Energy, and Maritime Division i kahi ʻano waiwai maikaʻi loa e hoʻohui i nā ʻano geological, oceanographic, hoʻokele waiwai, kānāwai, a me ke kaiaola o SBM. ʻO nā pepa he huahana ia o kahi hui hui hui ʻEulopa / Pākīpika Community.

Leal Filho, W.; Abubakar, IR; Nunes, C.; Platje, J.; Ozuyar, PG; Will, M.; Nagy, GJ; Al-Amin, AQ; Hunt, JD; Li, C. ʻO ka Mining Moʻa Hohonu: He Noʻonoʻo e pili ana i kekahi mau mea hiki a me nā pōʻino i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā minerala hoʻomau mai nā moana. J. Mar. Sci. Ua haʻi aku ʻo Eng. 2021, 9, 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050521

He loiloi piha o nā palapala DSM o kēia wā e nānā ana i nā pilikia, nā hopena o ke kaiapuni, a me nā nīnau pili kānāwai a hiki i ka paʻi ʻana o ka pepa. Hōʻike ka pepa i ʻelua mau haʻawina e pili ana i ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni a paipai i ka noiʻi a me ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻeli ʻana.

Miller, K., Thompson, K., Johnson, P. a me Santillo, D. (2018, Ianuali 10). He Manaʻo Nui o ka Mining Moʻa Kai e komo pū ana me ke kūlana o kēia manawa o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, nā hopena o ke kaiapuni, a me nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻike i ka ʻepekema moana. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00418

Mai ka waena o 2010s, ua ulu hou ka hoihoi i ka ʻimi ʻana a me ka ʻili ʻana i nā kumu waiwai kola. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike mua ʻia ka nui o nā wahi i ʻike ʻia no ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai e hiki mai ana. I kēia mau lā, ke hana ʻia nei kekahi mau hana ʻeli ʻana i lalo o ke kai ma loko o nā wahi papa ʻāina o nā mokuʻāina, ma ke ʻano he pāpaʻu hohonu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma nā pae holomua o ka hoʻolālā. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia loiloi: ke kūlana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o DSM i kēia manawa, nā hopena hiki i ke kaiapuni, a me nā kānalua a me nā hakahaka o ka ʻike ʻepekema a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i mea paʻakikī loa nā loiloi kumu a me nā hopena no ke kai hohonu. ʻOiai ua ʻoi aku ka ʻatikala ma mua o ʻekolu mau makahiki, he loiloi koʻikoʻi ia o nā kulekele DSM mōʻaukala a hōʻike i ka pana hou no DSM.

IUCN. (2018, Iulai). Puka Puka: Hohonu-Sea Mining. Hui Pū ʻIa no ka mālama ʻana i ke ʻano. PDF. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/deep-sea_mining_issues_brief.pdf

Ke hele nei ka honua i ka emi ʻana o nā waihona minerala honua, ke nānā nei ka poʻe i ke kai hohonu no nā kumu hou. Eia naʻe, hiki i ka ʻōpala ʻana o ka papakū a me ka haumia mai nā kaʻina hana eli ke hoʻopau i nā ʻano āpau a hoʻopōʻino i ka papakū no nā makahiki he mau makahiki - inā ʻaʻole lōʻihi. Pono ka pepa ʻoiaʻiʻo i nā haʻawina kumu mua, nā loiloi hopena o ke kaiapuni, nā hoʻoponopono i hoʻonui ʻia, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou e hoʻēmi ana i ka pōʻino i ke kaiapuni i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻeli kai.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. a me Wilhem, C. (2018). ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana i lalo o ke kai hohonu: ke piʻi aʻe o ka pilikia kaiapuni. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN a me Gallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

Loaʻa i ka moana ka waiwai nui o nā kumu waiwai mineral, ʻo kekahi ma nā ʻano kūʻokoʻa. ʻO nā kaohi kānāwai i nā makahiki 1970 a me 1980 i keʻakeʻa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻeli kai hohonu, akā i ka wā lōʻihi, ua pane ʻia ka nui o kēia mau nīnau kānāwai ma o ka International Seabed Authority e ʻae ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoihoi i kahi eli kai hohonu. Hōʻike ka hōʻike a ka IUCN i nā kūkākūkā o kēia manawa e pili ana i kona hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana eli kai.

MIDAS. (2016). Hoʻoponopono i nā hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai hohonu. ʻO ka papahana Seventh Framework o ka European Union no ka noiʻi, ka hoʻomohala ʻenehana a me ka hōʻike, Grant Agreement No. 603418. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻo MIDAS e Seascape Consultants Ltd. http://www.eu-midas.net/

ʻO ke kākoʻo maikaʻi o EU i kākoʻo ʻia i ka Managing Impacts of Deep-seA reSource exploitation (MIDAS) ʻO ka papahana hana mai ka makahiki 2013-2016 he papahana noiʻi multidisciplinary e noiʻi ana i nā hopena o ke kaiapuni o ka unuhi ʻana i nā kumu waiwai mineral a me ka ikehu mai ke kai hohonu. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hana hou ʻo MIDAS i kā lākou noiʻi.

Kikowaena no ke ano olaola. (2013). FAQ o ka eli kai hohonu. Kikowaena no ke ano olaola.

I ka wā i waiho ai ka Center for Biological Diversity i kahi hoʻopiʻi e kūʻē ana i ka ʻae ʻana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ka ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻeli ʻana, ua hana pū lākou i kahi papa inoa ʻekolu ʻaoʻao o nā nīnau i nīnau pinepine ʻia ma Deep Sea Mining. Aia nā nīnau: ʻEhia ka waiwai o nā metala hohonu? (ma kahi o $150 trillion), Ua like anei ka DSM me ka mining strip? (ʻAe). ʻAʻole anei i neoneo ka moana hohonu a nele i ke ola? (ʻAʻole). E ʻoluʻolu e ʻike i nā pane ma ka ʻaoʻao he hohonu loa a kūpono loa i ka poʻe e ʻimi nei i nā pane i nā pilikia paʻakikī o DSM i waiho ʻia ma ke ala maʻalahi ke hoʻomaopopo ʻole me ka ʻike ʻole ʻepekema. Hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i ka hoʻopiʻi maanei.

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3. ʻO nā mea hoʻoweliweli a ka Mining Mining i ke Kaiapuni

Thompson, KF, Miller, KA, Wacker, J., Derville, S., Laing, C., Santillo, D., & Johnston, P. (2023). Pono ka loiloi wikiwiki e loiloi i nā hopena e hiki mai ana i nā cetaceans mai ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu. Nā palena i ka ʻepekema moana, 10, 1095930. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1095930

Hiki i nā hana Mining Deep Sea ke hōʻike i nā pōʻino koʻikoʻi a hiki ʻole ke hoʻohuli ʻia i ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mammals moana. ʻO nā leo i hoʻopuka ʻia mai nā hana mining, i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻomau i nā hola 24 i ka lā ma nā ʻano hohonu like ʻole, pili pū me nā alapine a nā cetaceans e kamaʻilio ai. Hoʻolālā nā ʻoihana eli e hana ma ka ʻāina ʻo Clarion-Clipperton Zone, he wahi noho no nā cetaceans me nā koholā baleen a me nā niho niho. Pono ka noiʻi hou aʻe no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā hopena i nā mammals moana ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā hana DSM pāʻoihana. Hoʻomaopopo nā mea kākau ʻo ia kekahi o nā haʻawina mua e noiʻi ana i kēia hopena, a paipai i ka pono no ka noiʻi hou aku e pili ana i ka pollution leo DSM ma nā kohola a me nā cetaceans ʻē aʻe.

Hitchin, B., Smith, S., Kröger, K., Jones, D., Jaeckel, A., Mestre, N., Ardron, J., Escobar, E., van der Grient, J., & Amaro, T. (2023). Nā paepae o ka ʻeli ʻana o ka moana hohonu: He kumu no ko lākou ulu ʻana. Kulekele Moana, 149, 105505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105505

E lilo nā paepae i ʻāpana kūʻokoʻa o ke kānāwai loiloi kaiapuni a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana. ʻO ka paepae he nui, pae, a i ʻole ka palena o kahi hōʻailona i ana ʻia, i hana ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia e pale aku i nā loli i makemake ʻole ʻia. I loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka hoʻokele kaiapuni, hāʻawi ka paepae i ka palena i ka wā i hiki ai, e hōʻike ana e lilo ka pilikia - a i manaʻo ʻia paha - e lilo i mea pōʻino a palekana ʻole, a i ʻole e hāʻawi i kahi ʻōlelo aʻo mua o ia hanana. Pono ka paepae no ka DSM he SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound), e hōʻike pono a hoʻomaopopo ʻia, e ʻae i ka ʻike ʻana i ka loli, pili pono i nā hana hoʻokele a me nā pahuhopu / pahuhopu kaiapuni, hoʻohui i ka mālama kūpono, hoʻolako nā hana hoʻokō / hoʻokō, a e komo pū.

Carreiro-Silva, M., Martins, I., Riou, V., Raimundo, J., Caetano, M., Bettencourt, R., Rakka, M., Cerqueira, T., Godinho, A., Morato, T ., & Colaço, A. (2022). Nā hopena mechanical a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa o ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu ma kahi octocoral wai anuanu. Nā palena i ka ʻepekema moana, 9, 915650. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.915650

He noiʻi e pili ana i ka hopena o ka sediment particulate i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai DSM ma luna o nā koʻa wai anuanu, e hoʻoholo ai i nā hopena mechanical a me nā mea ʻona o ka sediment. Ua hoʻāʻo ka poʻe noiʻi i ka hopena o nā koʻa i ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻāpana sulfide a me ka quartz. Ua ʻike lākou ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lōʻihi, ua ʻike nā koʻa i ke koʻikoʻi physiological a me ka pau ʻana o ka metabolic. ʻO ka noʻonoʻo o nā ʻākoʻakoʻa i ka sediment e hōʻike ana i ka pono o nā wahi i hoʻomalu ʻia i ke kai, nā wahi pale, a i ʻole nā ​​wahi i koho ʻia ʻaʻole e mining.

Amon, DJ, Gollner, S., Morato, T., Smith, CR, Chen, C., Christensen, S., Currie, B., Drazen, JC, TF, Gianni, M., et al. (2022). ʻO ka loiloi ʻana i nā hakahaka ʻepekema e pili ana i ka hoʻokele maikaʻi ʻana o ke kaiapuni o ka ʻeli kai hohonu. Kulekele Mar. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006.

I mea e hoʻomaopopo ai i ke kai hohonu a me ka hopena o ka mining i ke ola, ua hana nā mea kākau o kēia noiʻi i kahi loiloi o nā puke i nānā ʻia e nā hoa ma DSM. Ma o ka loiloi ʻōnaehana ma luna o 300 mau ʻatikala i nānā ʻia e nā hoa mai ka makahiki 2010, ua helu ka poʻe noiʻi i nā ʻāpana o ke kai i ka ʻike ʻepekema no ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā hōʻike, me ka ʻike ʻana he 1.4% wale nō o nā ʻāina i lawa ka ʻike no ia hoʻokele. Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei lākou ʻo ka pani ʻana i nā āpau ʻepekema e pili ana i ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai hohonu he hana koʻikoʻi ia e pono ai ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke kuleana nui e pale i ka pōʻino koʻikoʻi a hōʻoia i ka palekana kūpono a pono ke kuhikuhi pololei, nā kumu waiwai nui, a me ka hoʻonohonoho paʻa a me ka hui pū ʻana. Hoʻopau nā mea kākau i ka ʻatikala ma ke noi ʻana i kahi palapala alanui kiʻekiʻe o nā hana e pili ana i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā pahuhopu kaiapuni, hoʻokumu i kahi papahana hiki i ka honua e hana i nā ʻikepili hou, a synthesize i nā ʻikepili i loaʻa e pani i nā āpau ʻepekema koʻikoʻi ma mua o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i kekahi hoʻohana.

van der Grient, J., & Drazen, J. (2022). Ka loiloi ʻana i ka maʻalahi o nā kaiāulu kai hohonu i ka ʻeli ʻana i nā plumes me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili wai pāpaʻu. ʻEpekema o Ka Kaiapuni Hui Pū ʻIa, 852, 158162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022. 158162.

Hiki i ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu ke loaʻa i nā hopena kaiaola nui i nā kaiāulu kai hohonu mai nā kaʻa ʻohi a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā pulu sediment. Ma muli o nā noiʻi ʻana o ka ʻeli ʻana i ka wai pāpaʻu, hiki i kēia mau mea hoʻopaneʻe i hoʻopaneʻe ʻia ke kumu o nā holoholona e ʻeha, hōʻino i kā lākou gills, hoʻololi i kā lākou ʻano, hoʻonui i ka make, hoʻemi i ka launa pū ʻana o nā ʻano, a hiki ke hoʻohaumia i kēia mau holoholona i nā metala o ke kai hohonu. Ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka sediment hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o nā kaiapuni kai hohonu, hiki i ka piʻi ʻana liʻiliʻi loa o nā ʻano sediment hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke hopena i nā hopena koʻikoʻi. Ua ʻike nā mea kākau i ka like ʻana o ke ʻano a me ke kuhikuhi ʻana o nā pane holoholona i ka piʻi ʻana o ka sediment i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma nā wahi wai pāpaʻu e hōʻike ana i nā pane like ʻole i nā wahi i hōʻike ʻole ʻia e hiki ke manaʻo ʻia, me ke kai hohonu.

R. Williams, C. Erbe, A. Duncan, K. Nielsen, T. Washburn, C. Smith, Noise from deep-sea mining may span large ocean areas, Science, 377 (2022), https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science. abo2804

He noiʻi ʻepekema i ka hopena o ka walaʻau mai nā hana ʻeli kai hohonu ma nā kaiaola kai hohonu.

DOSI (2022). "He aha ka hana a ka moana hohonu iā ʻoe?" Hōʻikeʻike kulekele hoʻolālā Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative. https://www.dosi-project.org/wp-content/uploads/deep-ocean-ecosystem-services- brief.pdf

He pōkole kulekele pōkole e pili ana i nā lawelawe kaiaola a me nā pōmaikaʻi o ke kai olakino ma ke ʻano o nā kaiaola kai hohonu a me nā hopena anthropogenic i kēia mau kaiaola.

Paulus E., (2021). Hoʻomālamalama i nā mea olaola o ka moana hohonu—He wahi noho pōʻino loa i ke alo o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka Anthropogenic, nā palena o ka ʻepekema moana, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.667048

He loiloi o ke kaʻina hana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kai hohonu a pehea e hoʻopilikia ʻia ai kēlā ʻano olaola e ka anthropogenic interference e like me ka ʻeli ʻana i lalo o ke kai hohonu, ka lawaiʻa nui ʻana, ka pollution plastic, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, (2021). Ke Paʻi ʻana i ka Pono no ka Mining Moʻolelo Hohonu Mai ka Manaʻo o ka Koi Metala, Biodiversity, Ecosystems Services, and Benefit Sharing. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161.

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo ka ʻili ʻana o nā minerala mai ke kai o ka moana hohonu ke ulu nui nei ka hoihoi i nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā a me nā ʻoihana eli. A ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu ma ke ʻano pāʻoihana, ke koi nui nei ka ʻeli ʻana i nā minerala e lilo i kumu hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ke nānā nei ka mea kākau o kēia pepa i nā pono maoli o nā minerala kai hohonu, nā pilikia i ke olaolaola a me ka hana kaiaola a me ka nele o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā pono kaulike i ke kaiāulu honua i kēia manawa a no nā hanauna e hiki mai ana.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH ¶ AL. Hoʻopili ʻia ka nui o ka hopena o ka ʻeli ʻana o ka nodule nodule hohonu e ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka sediment, ʻūhū a me nā paepae. Ka Honua Honua 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8

Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hana noiʻi noiʻi nodule polymetallic hohonu i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, akā ke hoʻokumu ʻia nei ka pae i manaʻo ʻia o ka hopena o ke kaiapuni. ʻO kekahi hopohopo kaiapuni ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka sediment plume i loko o ke kolamu waena. Ua hana mākou i kahi haʻawina kula hoʻolaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka sediment mai ka Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. Ua nānā ʻia a nānā ʻia ka plume me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kani i hoʻokumu ʻia a me nā mea hana hou, me nā ana acoustic a me ka turbulence. Hōʻike kā mākou haʻawina kula hiki i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ke wānana pono i nā waiwai o kahi plume waena ma kahi kokoke i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a ʻaʻole nui ka hopena o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana. Hoʻohana ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālike plume e hoʻokele i ka hoʻohālikelike helu o kahi hana pāʻoihana ma ka Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. ʻO nā mea nui e lawe ʻia, ʻo ka nui o ka hopena o ka plume e hoʻopili nui ʻia e nā koina o nā pae paepae e ʻae ʻia e ke kaiapuni, ka nui o ka sediment i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, a me ka diffusivity kūpilikiʻi ma ka Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH ¶ AL. Hoʻopili ʻia ka nui o ka hopena o ka ʻeli ʻana o ka nodule nodule hohonu e ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka sediment, ʻūhū a me nā paepae. Ka Honua Honua 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8. PDF.

He noiʻi e pili ana i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni o nā pulu sediment mai ke kai hohonu polymetallic nodule mining. Ua hoʻopau ka poʻe noiʻi i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke kahua e hoʻoholo ai i ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana o ka sediment a hoʻohālikelike i ka sediment plume e like me nā mea e hiki mai ana i ka wā ʻoihana eli kai hohonu. Ua hōʻoia lākou i ka hilinaʻi o kā lākou polokalamu hoʻohālike a hoʻohālikelike i kahi simulation helu o kahi hana mining scale.

Hallgren, A.; Hansson, A. Nā Moʻolelo Kūʻē o ka Mining Kai Hohonu. kuleana 2021, 13, 5261. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095261

ʻEhā mau moʻolelo e pili ana i ka ʻeli kai hohonu e nānā ʻia a hōʻike ʻia, e like me: me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka DSM no ka hoʻololi hoʻomau, ka hāʻawi kālā, nā wahi noiʻi, a me ka waiho wale ʻana i nā minerala. Hoʻomaopopo nā mea kākau i ka nui o ka moʻolelo mua i ka nui o nā kamaʻilio DSM a me nā paio me nā moʻolelo ʻē aʻe i loaʻa, e pili ana i nā āpau noiʻi a waiho wale i nā minerala. ʻO ka haʻalele ʻana i nā minerala wale nō e hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he nīnau etika a me kekahi e kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kaʻina hana hoʻoponopono a me nā kūkākūkā.

van der Grient, JMA, a me JC Drazen. "Ka Hui Kūlana Kūʻai ma waena o nā lawaiʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻeli kai hohonu ma nā wai o ka honua." Pili Kai, vol. 129, Iulai 2021, p. 104564. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104564.

He haʻawina e nānā ana i ka uhi ākea o nā kuʻikahi DSM me nā wahi kai lawaiʻa tuna. Ke helu nei ka haʻawina i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i manaʻo ʻia o DSM i ka iʻa iʻa no kēlā me kēia RFMO ma nā wahi me nā ʻaelike DSM. Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe kākau i ka hopena nui o ka ʻeli ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā lāhui o ka Pākīpika.

de Jonge, DS, Stratmann, T., Lins, L., Vanreusel, A., Purser, A., Marcon, Y., Rodrigues, CF, Ravara, A., Esquete, P., Cunha, MR, Simon- Lledó, E., van Breugel, P., Sweetman, AK, Soetaert, K., & van Oevelen, D. (2020). Hōʻike ke kumu hoʻohālike meaʻai-pūnaewele ʻo Abyssal i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i ke kahe kalapona faunal a me ka loop microbial impaired 26 makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻokolohua hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka sediment. Holomua i ka moana moana, 189, 102446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102446

Ma muli o ka manaʻo o ka wā e hiki mai ana no nā metala koʻikoʻi, ʻo nā pā abyssal i uhi ʻia me nā nodules polymetallic ke manaʻo ʻia nei no ka ʻeli ʻana i ka hohonu. I mea e aʻo hou aʻe e pili ana i nā hopena o ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai hohonu, ua nānā nā mea kākau o kēia pepa i nā hopena lōʻihi o ka hoʻokolohua 'DISturbance and reCOLonization' (DISCOL) ma ka Basin Peru i ʻike i kahi hoʻāʻo o ka palau harrow ma ka papa i ka makahiki 1989. A laila, hōʻike ka poʻe kākau i nā ʻike o ka punawelewele meaʻai benthic i hana ʻia ma ʻekolu mau wahi ʻokoʻa: i loko o nā ala palau ʻo 26-makahiki (IPT, i loaʻa i ka hopena pololei mai ka palau ʻana), ma waho o nā ala palau (OPT, ʻike ʻia i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana. o ka sediment resuspended), a ma nā kahua kuhikuhi (REF, ʻaʻohe hopena). Ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka huina o ka ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa a me ke kaʻa uila microbial loop (e 16% a me 35%, kēlā me kēia) i loko o nā ala palau i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mana ʻelua. Hōʻike nā hopena i ka hana ʻana o ka pūnaewele meaʻai, a ʻoi aku ka microbial loop, ʻaʻole i hoʻōla mai ka haunaele i hoʻokau ʻia ma ka pūnaewele abyssal 26 makahiki i hala.

Alberts, EC (2020, Iune 16) "Ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu: He hopena kaiapuni a i ʻole ka pōʻino e hiki mai ana?" Nuhou Mongabay. Lawe ʻia mai: https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/deep-sea-mining-an-environmental-solution-or-impending-catastrophe/

ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hoʻomaka ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai hohonu ma kekahi ʻāpana o ka honua, ua loaʻa i nā hui eli kai honua he 16 mau ʻaelike e makaʻala i ke kai no nā minerala i loko o ka Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) ma ka Moana Pākīpika Hikina, a he mau ʻoihana ʻē aʻe nā ʻoihana e ʻimi i nā nodule. ma ka Moana Inia a me ka Moana Pakipika Komohana. He hōʻike hou mai ka Deep Sea Mining Campaign a me Mining Watch Canada e hōʻike ana he hopena maikaʻi ʻole ka ʻeli ʻana o polymetallic nodule i nā kaiaola, biodiversity, lawaiʻa, a me nā ʻano pilikanaka a me ka hoʻokele waiwai o nā lāhui mokupuni o ka Pākīpika, a pono kēia eli ʻana i kahi ala e mālama ai.

Chin, A., and Hari, K., (2020). Ka wānana ʻana i ka hopena o ka ʻeli ʻana i nā nodules polymetallic kai hohonu ma ka Moana Pākīpika: He loiloi o nā palapala ʻepekema, Deep Sea Mining Campaign a me MiningWatch Canada, 52 ʻaoʻao.

Ke ulu nui nei ka eli kai hohonu ma ka Pākīpika i ka poʻe hoʻopukapuka kālā, nā ʻoihana mining, a me kekahi mau mokuʻāina, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike nui ʻia nā hopena maoli o DSM. Ke kālailai nei ka hōʻike ma luna o 250 mau ʻatikala ʻepekema i loiloi ʻia e nā hoa e ʻike ana i ka hopena o ka ʻeli ʻana i nā nodules polymetallic moana hohonu he nui, koʻikoʻi, a mau loa no nā hanauna, e lilo ai i mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia. ʻIke ʻia ka loiloi ʻana e loaʻa nā hopena koʻikoʻi a lōʻihi hoʻi ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai hohonu ma ka moʻo o ke kai a hiki ke hoʻopilikia nui i ka kaiaola kai a me nā lawaiʻa, nā kaiāulu, a me ke olakino kanaka. ʻAʻole i hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia ka pilina o nā poʻe mokupuni o ka Pākīpika i ka moana i nā kūkākūkā o DSM a ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā hopena pilikanaka a me ka moʻomeheu ʻoiai ke kānalua nei nā pono waiwai. Manaʻo nui ʻia kēia kumuwaiwai no nā poʻe a pau e makemake ana iā DSM.

Drazen, JC, Smith, CR, Gjerde, KM, Haddock, SHD ¶ AL. (2020) Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā kaiaola kaiaola waena i ka wā e loiloi ana i nā pōʻino kaiapuni o ka ʻeli kai hohonu. PNAS 117, 30, 17455-17460. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011914117. PDF.

He loiloi i nā hopena o ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu ma nā kaiaola waena. Aia i loko o nā kaiaola kaiaola waena he 90% o ka biosphere a me nā waihona iʻa no ka lawaiʻa kalepa a me ka mālama meaʻai. ʻO nā hopena kūpono o DSM e komo pū ana me nā metala ʻawaʻawa a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa e komo ana i ke kaulahao meaʻai ma ke kai moana mesopelagic. Manaʻo ka poʻe noiʻi e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā kūlana kumu kaiapuni e hoʻokomo i nā haʻawina kaiaola waena.

Christiansen, B., Denda, A., & Christiansen, S. Nā hopena kūpono o ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu ma luna o nā biota pelagic a me benthopelagic. Kulekele Moana 114, 103442 (2020).

Hiki i ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai hohonu ke hoʻopilikia i ka biota pelagic, akā ʻaʻole maopopo ka paʻakikī a me ka nui ma muli o ka ʻike ʻole. Hoʻonui kēia haʻawina ma mua o ke aʻo ʻana i nā kaiāulu benthic (macroinvertibrates e like me crustaceans) a nānā i ka ʻike o kēia manawa o ka pelagic environment (ka wahi ma waena o ka ʻili o ke kai a ma luna pono o ka papakū) me ka ʻike ʻana i ka pōʻino i nā mea ola e hiki mai ana, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa. wānana ʻia i kēia manawa no ka ʻike ʻole. Hōʻike kēia nele i ka ʻike e pono ai ka ʻike hou aku e hoʻomaopopo pono i nā hopena pōkole a lōʻihi o DSM ma ke kai moana.

ʻO Orcutt, BN, ¶ AL. Nā hopena o ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu i nā lawelawe kaiaola microbial. Limnology and Oceanography 65 (2020).

He noiʻi e pili ana i nā lawelawe kaiaola i hāʻawi ʻia e nā kaiāulu kai hohonu microbial i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka ʻeli kai hohonu a me nā mea ʻē aʻe anthropogenic interference. Kūkākūkā nā mea kākau i ka nalowale ʻana o nā kaiāulu microbial ma nā makani hydrothermal, nā hopena i ka hiki ke hoʻokuʻu kalapona o nā māla nodule, a hōʻike i ka pono no ka noiʻi hou ʻana i nā kaiāulu microbial i nā kai moana. Manaʻo ʻia nā noiʻi hou aʻe e hoʻokumu i kahi kumu biogeochemical no nā microorganisms ma mua o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka ʻeli kai hohonu.

B. Gillard et al., Nā waiwai kino a me ka hydrodynamic o ka eli kai hohonu i hana ʻia, nā pulu sediment abyssal ma ka ʻāpana ʻo Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (hikina-waena o ka Pākīpika). Elementa 7, 5 (2019), https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/ doi/10.1525/elementa.343/112485/Physical-and-hydrodynamic-properties-of-deep-sea

He noiʻi ʻenehana e pili ana i nā hopena anthropogenic o ka ʻeli ʻana i lalo o ke kai hohonu, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona e kālailai i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka sediment plume. Ua ʻike ka poʻe noiʻi i nā hiʻohiʻona pili i ka mining i hana i ka sediment i lawe ʻia i ka wai e hana ana i nā hui nui, a i ʻole nā ​​ao, i hoʻonui ʻia i ka nui me ka nui o ka plume. Hōʻike lākou i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka sediment ma ka ʻāina i ka wahi haunaele ke ʻole ka paʻakikī e nā au kai.

Cornwall, W. (2019). ʻO nā mauna i hūnā ʻia i ke kai hohonu he mau wahi wela olaola. E pōʻino anei ka ʻeli ʻana iā lākou? ʻepekema. https://www.science.org/content/article/ mountains-hidden-deep-sea-are-biological-hot-spots-will-mining-ruin-them

He ʻatikala pōkole e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala a me ka ʻike o kēia manawa no nā mauna kai, kekahi o nā wahi olaola kai hohonu ʻekolu i pilikia no ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā noiʻi noiʻi hou a me ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka hopena o ka ʻeli ʻana ma nā kuahiwi, akā ʻaʻole i aʻo maikaʻi ʻia ka biology o nā seamounts. Ke hana nei ka poʻe ʻepekema e pale i nā puʻu kai no ka hana noiʻi. Ua hoʻopōʻino ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ke ʻano like ʻole o nā puʻu kai pāpaʻu ma o ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻākoʻa, a ua manaʻo ʻia nā mea hana eli e hoʻonui i ka pilikia.

ʻO ka Pew Charitable Trusts (2019). ʻO ka ʻeli ʻia ʻana o ke kai hohonu ma luna o nā wai wela e hoʻoweliweli i nā ʻano olaola. Ka Pew Charitable Trust. PDF

He pepa ʻoiaʻiʻo e hōʻike ana i nā hopena o ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu ma nā puka makani hydrothermal, kekahi o nā wahi noho olaola ʻekolu i hoʻoweliweli ʻia e ka ʻeli kai hohonu kalepa. Hōʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i nā puka makani ikaika e hoʻoweliweli i nā mea ola like ʻole a hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā kaiaola pili. ʻO nā ʻanuʻu aʻe i manaʻo ʻia no ka pale ʻana i nā puka makani hydrothermal e pili ana i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā pae hoʻohālike no nā ʻōnaehana puka makani ikaika a ʻaʻole hoʻi, e hōʻoia i ka maopopo o ka ʻike ʻepekema no nā mea hoʻoholo ISA a hoʻokomo i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele ISA no nā puka makani hydrothermal.

No ka 'ike hou aku e pili ana i ka DSM, loa'a iā Pew kahi pūnaewele mālama 'ia o nā pepa 'oia'i'o hou a'e, ka 'ike nui o nā lula, a me nā 'atikala hou a'e e hiki ke kōkua i ka po'e hou i ka DSM a me ka lehulehu holo'oko'a. https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/seabed-mining-project.

D. Aleynik, ME Inall, A. Dale, A. Vink, Ka hopena o nā eddies i hana mamao ʻia ma ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka plume ma nā wahi eli abyssal ma ka Pākīpika. ʻO Sci. Rep. 7, 16959 (2017) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16912-2

ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka hopena o nā au kai kūʻē i ka moana (eddies) i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā plumes eli a me ka sediment ma hope. Pili ka ʻokoʻa o kēia manawa i nā ʻano like ʻole me ke kai, ka makani ʻili, a me nā eddies. ʻIke ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke kahe ʻana mai nā au eddy e laha a hoʻopuehu i ka wai, a hiki i ka wai ke lawe ʻia i ka sediment, wikiwiki ma kahi mamao.

ʻO JC Drazen, TT Sutton, ʻAi i ka hohonu: ʻO ke kaiaola hānai o nā iʻa hohonu. ʻO Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 9, 337–366 (2017) doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060543

He noiʻi e pili ana i ka pili ʻana o ke kai hohonu ma o ka hana ʻai ʻana o nā iʻa kai hohonu. Ma ka ʻāpana "Anthropogenic Effects" o ka pepa, kūkākūkā nā mea kākau i nā hopena hiki ke loaʻa i ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu ma luna o nā iʻa kai hohonu ma muli o ka ʻike ʻole ʻana o ka pilina spatial o nā hana DSM. 

Hoʻolaha hoʻolaha kai ʻeli kai hohonu. (2015, Kepakemapa 29). ʻAʻole nānā ka manaʻo eli kai hohonu mua o ka honua i nā hopena o kona hopena i ka moana. Hoʻokuʻu Media. Hoʻoikaika ʻia ʻo Deep Sea Mining Campaign, Economist at Large, MiningWatch Canada, EarthWorks, Oasis Earth. PDF

Ke alualu nei ka ʻoihana eli kai hohonu i nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā ma ka Asia Pacific Deep Sea Mining Summit, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hoʻopiʻi hou a ka Deep Sea Mining Campaign i nā hemahema hikiʻole ke pale ʻia i ka Environmental and Social Benchmarking Analysis o ka papahana Solwara 1 i kauoha ʻia e Nautilus Minerals. E ʻimi i ka hōʻike piha ma aneʻi.

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4. Nā Manaʻo Manaʻo Kūʻē Kūʻē Kai

Mana Hoʻoholo Moʻa Kai. (2022). No ISA. Mana Hoʻoholo Moʻa Kai. https://www.isa.org.jm/

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka International Seabed Authority, ka mana poʻokela ma ke kai o ka honua e United Nations ma lalo o ka 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) a me ka hoʻololi ʻana ma ke ʻano o ka 1994 Agreement of UNCLOS. I ka makahiki 2020, he 168 mau lālā o ka ISA (me ka European Union) a uhi ʻia ka 54% o ka moana. Ua kauoha ʻia ka ISA e hōʻoia i ka pale pono ʻana o ke kaiapuni kai mai nā hopena ʻino e hiki mai ana mai nā hana pili kai. He mea koʻikoʻi ka pūnaewele International Seabed Authority no nā palapala kūhelu a me nā pepa ʻepekema a me nā kūkākūkā kūkākūkā e hoʻoikaika ikaika i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ISA.

Morgera, E., & Lily, H. (2022). Ke komo ʻana o ka lehulehu ma ka International Seabed Authority: An international human rights analysis. Ka nānā ʻana i ke kānāwai ʻEulopa, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 31 (3), 374-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12472

He loiloi kānāwai e pili ana i nā pono kanaka ma nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻeli kai hohonu ma ka International Seabed Authority. Hoʻomaopopo ka ʻatikala i ka nele o ke komo ʻana o ka lehulehu a hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo ka hui i ka nānā ʻole ʻana i nā kuleana kuleana kanaka o ke kaʻina hana i loko o nā hālāwai ISA. Paipai nā mea kākau i nā ʻanuʻu e hoʻonui a paipai i ke komo ʻana o ka lehulehu i ka hoʻoholo ʻana.

Woody, T., & Halper, E. (2022, ʻApelila 19). He heihei i lalo: I ka holo wikiwiki ʻana e mine i ka papahele o ka moana no nā minelala i hoʻohana ʻia i nā pā uila EV, ʻo wai ke nānā nei i ke kaiapuni? Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-04-19/gold-rush-in-the-deep-sea-raises-questions-about-international-seabed-authority

He ʻatikala e hōʻike ana i ke komo ʻana o Michael Lodge, ke kākau ʻōlelo nui o ka International Seabed Authority, me The Metals Company, kekahi o nā hui makemake i ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai hohonu.

Nā ʻōlelo i hāʻawi ʻia e ka loio no ka International Seabed Authority. (2022, ʻApelila 19). Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/ 2022-04-19/statements-provided-by-attorney-for-international-seabed-authority

ʻO kahi hōʻuluʻulu o nā pane a kekahi loio i pili i ka ISA ma nā kumuhana e like me: ke kūʻokoʻa o ka ISA ma ke ʻano he hui ma waho o ka UN, ke ʻano o Michael Lodge, ke kākau ʻōlelo nui o ka ISA i kahi wikiō hoʻolaha no The Metals Company (TMC) , a me ka hopohopo o ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻaʻole hiki i ka ISA ke hoʻoponopono a komo i ka hana ʻana.

I ka makahiki 2022, ua paʻi ka NY Times i nā ʻatikala, nā palapala, a me kahi podcast e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o The Metals Company, kekahi o nā mea mua e koi ana i ka ʻeli kai hohonu, a me Michael Lodge, ke kākau ʻōlelo nui o ka International Seabed Authority. Aia i loko o kēia mau huaʻōlelo ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana o ka New York Times i ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai hohonu, nā mea pāʻani nui e koi nei i ka hiki ke hana i kaʻu, a me ka pilina pili ma waena o ka TMC a me ka ISA.

Lipton, E. (2022, ʻAukake 29). ʻO ka ʻikepili huna, nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻimi waiwai ma ka papakū. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/world/ deep-sea-mining.html

ʻO kahi luʻu hohonu e hōʻike ana i nā ʻoihana e alakaʻi ana i nā hana ʻeli kai hohonu me The Metals Company (TMC). Kūkākūkā ʻia ka pilina pili mau makahiki o TMC me Michael Lodge a me ka International Seabed Authority a me nā hopohopo kaulike e pili ana i ka poʻe pōmaikaʻi o ia mau hana inā e hana ʻia ka mining. Ke noiʻi nei ka ʻatikala i nā nīnau e pili ana i ka lilo ʻana o kahi hui Kanada, ʻo TMC, i mea holo mua ma nā kamaʻilio DSM i ka wā i manaʻo mua ʻia ai ka mining e hāʻawi i ke kōkua kālā i nā lāhui ʻilihune o ka Pākīpika.

Lipton, E. (2022, ʻAukake 29). Ke alakaʻi nei kahi noiʻi i lalo o ka Pākīpika. ʻO ka New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/insider/ mining-investigation.html

Mahele o ka NY Times "Race to the Future", e nānā hou ana kēia ʻatikala i ka pilina ma waena o The Metals Company a me nā luna i loko o ka International Seabed Authority. Hōʻike ka ʻatikala i nā kamaʻilio a me nā pilina ma waena o ka mea kākau moʻolelo noiʻi a me nā luna kiʻekiʻe ma TMC a me ka ISA, e ʻimi a nīnau i nā nīnau e pili ana i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni o DSM.

Kitroeff, N., Reid, W., Johnson, MS, Bonja, R., Baylen, LO, Chow, L., Powell, D., & Wood, C. (2022, September 16). ʻO ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki a me ka pōʻino i lalo o ke kai. ʻO ka New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/ podcasts/the-daily/electric-cars-sea-mining-pacific-ocean.html

He podcast 35 mau minuke e ninaninau ana iā Eric Lipton, he mea kākau moʻolelo noiʻi NY Times e hahai ana i ka pilina ma waena o The Metals Company a me ka International Seabed Authority.

Lipton, E. (2022) Nā Palapala i wae ʻia i ka Mining Mining. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/ 22266044-seabed-mining-selected-documents-2022

He pūʻulu palapala i mālama ʻia e ka NY Times e kākau ana i nā pilina mua ma waena o Michael Lodge, ke kākau ʻōlelo nui o ISA i kēia manawa, a me Nautilus Minerals, kahi hui i loaʻa e TMC e hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 1999.

Ardron JA, Ruhl HA, Jones DO (2018). ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka ʻike maopopo i loko o ka hoʻomalu ʻana o ka ʻeli ʻana i ka hohonu o ke kai ma kahi o waho o ka mana aupuni. Mar. Pol. 89, 58–66. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.021

Ua ʻike ʻia kahi loiloi 2018 o ka International Seabed Authority e pono ke ʻike hou aku e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kuleana, ʻoi aku hoʻi e pili ana: ke komo ʻana i ka ʻike, ka hōʻike ʻana, ke komo ʻana o ka lehulehu, ka hōʻoia maikaʻi, ka ʻike hoʻokō a me ka ʻae ʻana, a me ka hiki ke nānā a hōʻike i nā hoʻoholo.

Lodge, M. (2017, Mei 26). ʻO ka International Seabed Authority a me Deep Seabed Mining. UN Chronicle, Volume 54, Puka 2, aoao 44 – 46. https://doi.org/10.18356/ea0e574d-en https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/journals/15643913/54/2/25

ʻO ka papahele o ke kai, e like me ka honua honua, ua hana ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa a me ka home i nā waihona nui o nā minerala, pinepine i nā ʻano waiwai. Hoʻopili kēia hōʻike pōkole a hiki ke loaʻa i nā kumu o ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai mai ka manaʻo o ka United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mana hoʻoponopono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau kumuwaiwai mineral.

Mana Hoʻoholo Moʻa Kai. (2011, Iulai 13). ʻO ka hoʻolālā hoʻokele kaiapuni no ka Clarion-Clipperton Zone, apono ʻia ʻo Iulai 2012. International Seabed Authority. PDF

Me ka mana kānāwai i hāʻawi ʻia e ka United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, ua hoʻonohonoho ka ISA i ka hoʻolālā hoʻokele kaiapuni no ka Clarion-Clipperton Zone, kahi e hana ʻia ai ka ʻeli ʻana i lalo o ke kai hohonu a kahi e ʻae ai ka hapa nui o nā ʻae. no ka DSM ua hoʻopuka ʻia. ʻO ka palapala no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka nodule manganese prospecting ma ka Pākīpika.

Mana Hoʻoholo Moʻa Kai. (2007, Iulai 19). ʻO ka hoʻoholo a ka ʻAhahui e pili ana i nā lula e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā nodules polymetallic ma ka ʻĀina. International Seabed Authority, Hoʻomaka hou i ka ʻumikumamākolu Session, Kingston, Jamaica, 9-20 Iulai ISBA/13/19.

Ma Iulai 19, 2007 ua holomua ka International Seabed Authority (ISA) i nā lula sulphide. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia palapala no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke poʻo inoa a me nā ʻōlelo o ke kānāwai 37 i hiki i nā lula no ka ʻimi ʻana i kēia manawa ke komo i nā mea a me nā wahi o ka archaeological a me ka mōʻaukala. Kūkākūkā hou ka palapala i nā kūlana o nā ʻāina a me nā manaʻo e pili ana i nā wahi mōʻaukala like ʻole e like me ke kālepa kauā a me ka hōʻike pono.

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5. ʻO ka Mining Moʻomeheu Hohonu a me ka ʻokoʻa, Ke Kaulike, Hoʻohui, a me ka Pono

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., a me Dahl, A. (2021). 'Nā Hana Ku'una o ka Ho'okele Punawai Mo'olelo i loko o ka Po'omana'o o ka Mining Kai Hohonu ma ka Pākīpika: Ke A'o Mai ka Socio-Ecological Interconnectivity Between Island Communities and the Ocean Realm', Front. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

He loiloi ʻepekema o nā wahi noho kai a me nā moʻomeheu moʻomeheu i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma lalo o ka wai ma nā mokupuni o ka Pākīpika e manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopilikia ʻia e DSM. Hoʻopili pū ʻia kēia loiloi me kahi loiloi kānāwai o nā ʻōnaehana kānāwai o kēia manawa e hoʻoholo i nā hana maikaʻi loa no ka mālama ʻana a me ka pale ʻana i nā kaiaola mai nā hopena DSM.

Bourrel, M., Thiele, T., Currie, D. (2018). ʻO ka hoʻoilina maʻamau o ke kanaka ma ke ʻano he mea e loiloi a holomua i ke kaulike ma ka ʻeli kai hohonu. Kulekele Moana, 95, 311-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.07.017. PDF.

E noʻonoʻo ana i ka hoʻoilina maʻamau o ke kanaka i loko o kona pōʻaiapili a me ka hoʻohana ʻana ma UNCLOS a me ka ISA. Hoʻomaopopo nā mea kākau i nā hoʻoponopono kānāwai a me ke kūlana kānāwai o ka hoʻoilina maʻamau o ke kanaka a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ka ISA. Manaʻo ka poʻe kākau i nā ʻanuʻu hana e hoʻokō ʻia ma nā pae āpau o ke kānāwai o ke kai e hāpai i ke kaulike, ka pono, ka makaʻala, a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā hanauna e hiki mai ana.

Jaeckel, A., Ardron, JA, Gjerde, KM (2016) Kaʻana like ʻana i nā pōmaikaʻi o ka hoʻoilina maʻamau o ke kanaka - Ua mākaukau ke aupuni eli kai hohonu? Kulekele Moana, 70, 198-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.03.009. PDF.

Ma o ka lens o ka hoʻoilina maʻamau o ke kanaka, ʻike nā mea noiʻi i nā wahi o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana no ka ISA a me ka hoʻoponopono e pili ana i ka hoʻoilina maʻamau o ke kanaka. Aia kēia mau wahi i ka ʻike, nā pōmaikaʻi kālā, ka Enterprise, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻenehana a me ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hiki, ke kaulike ma waena o nā hanauna, a me nā kumu waiwai moana.

Rosembaum, Helen. (2011, ʻOkakopa). Mai loko aʻe o ko mākou hohonu: ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana i ka papahele moana ma Papua New Guinea. ʻO ka Mining Watch Canada. PDF

Hōʻike ka hōʻike i nā hopena koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i ke kaiapuni a me ka pilikanaka i manaʻo ʻia ma muli o ka hana ʻana o ka ʻeli ʻana o ka papahele moana ma Papua New Guinea. Hōʻike ʻo ia i nā hemahema hohonu o ka Nautilus Minerals EIS e like me ka lawa ʻole o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e ka ʻoihana i ka ʻawaʻawa o kāna kaʻina hana i nā ʻano vent, a ʻaʻole lawa ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā hopena ʻona i nā mea ola o ke kaulahao meaʻai kai.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. a me Wilhem, C. (2018). ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana i lalo o ke kai hohonu: ke piʻi aʻe o ka pilikia kaiapuni. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN a me Gallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

Loaʻa i ka moana ka waiwai nui o nā kumu waiwai mineral, ʻo kekahi ma nā ʻano kūʻokoʻa. ʻO nā kaohi kānāwai i nā makahiki 1970 a me 1980 i keʻakeʻa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻeli kai hohonu, akā i ka wā lōʻihi, ua pane ʻia ka nui o kēia mau nīnau kānāwai ma o ka International Seabed Authority e ʻae ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoihoi i kahi eli kai hohonu. Hōʻike ka hōʻike a ka IUCN i nā kūkākūkā o kēia manawa e pili ana i kona hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana eli kai.

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6. Noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka mākeke ʻenehana a me nā minerala

ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻoluʻolu. (ʻOkakopa 2023). Hoʻopau nā Bateri EV o ka Generation aʻe i ka pono no ka Mining Sea Deep. ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻoluʻolu. Kiʻi ʻia i ʻOkakopa 30, 2023
https://www.blueclimateinitiative.org/sites/default/files/2023-10/whitepaper.pdf

ʻO ka holomua o ka ʻenehana uila kaʻa (EV), a me ka hoʻokomo wikiwiki ʻana i kēia mau ʻenehana, ke alakaʻi nei i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā pā uila EV e hilinaʻi ana i ka cobalt, nickel, a me ka manganese. ʻO ka hopena, ʻaʻole pono ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu o kēia mau metala, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokele waiwai, a i ʻole kūpono i ke kaiapuni.

Moana Simas, Fabian Aponte, a me Kirsten Wiebe (SINTEF Industry), Circular Economy and Critical Minerals for the Green Transition, pp. 4-5. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/ downloads/the_future_is_circular___sintef mineralsfinalreport_nov_2022__1__1.pdf

Ua ʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina ʻo Nowemapa 2022 "ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano kemika ʻokoʻa no nā pihi kaʻa uila a me ka neʻe ʻana mai nā pā lithium-ion no nā noi paʻa hiki ke hōʻemi i ka nui o ka noi no ka cobalt, nickel, a me ka manganese e 40-50% o ka koi kumulative ma waena o 2022 a 2050 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻenehana o kēia manawa a me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻoihana-e like me ka maʻamau.

Dunn, J., Kendall, A., Slattery, M. (2022) ʻO ka pahu uila lithium-ion kaʻa uila i hoʻohana hou ʻia no ka US - nā pahuhopu, nā koina, a me nā hopena o ke kaiapuni. Nā kumuwaiwai, mālama a me ka hana hou ʻana 185, 106488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022. 106488.

ʻO kahi hoʻopaʻapaʻa no DSM ʻo ia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻololi hou x loop.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, e ho'āʻo ana i ka pono no ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu mai ka manaʻo o ke koi metala, biodiversity, nā lawelawe kaiaola, a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā pōmaikaʻi. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161

Ke ʻimi nei kēia ʻatikala i nā mea maopopo ʻole e pili ana i ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu. ʻO ka mea nui, hāʻawi mākou i kahi manaʻo ma: (1) nā manaʻo e pono ana ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu no ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā minelala no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu ʻōmaʻomaʻo, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pākaukau kaʻa uila ma ke ʻano he kiʻi; (2) nā pilikia i ke olaola like ʻole, ka hana kaiaola a me nā lawelawe kaiaola pili; a me (3) ka nele i ke kaʻana like ʻana i ka pōmaikaʻi i ke kaiāulu honua i kēia manawa a no nā hanauna e hiki mai ana.

Deep Sea Mining Campaign (2021) Shareholder Advisory: ʻO ka hui ʻoihana i manaʻo ʻia ma waena o Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation a me DeepGreen. (http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/Advice-to-SOAC-Investors.pdf)

ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o The Metals Company i lawe mai i ka manaʻo o ka Deep Sea Mining Campaign a me nā hui ʻē aʻe e like me The Ocean Foundation, ka hopena o kēia ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o ka mea kuleana e pili ana i ka hui hou i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation a me DeepGreen merger. Kūkākūkā ka hōʻike i ka hiki ʻole o DSM, ke ʻano speculative o ka mining, nā aie, a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hui ʻana a me ka loaʻa.

Yu, H. and Leadbetter, J. (2020, July 16) Bacterial Chemolihoautotrophy ma o Manganese Oxidation. ʻAno. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2468-5 https://scitechdaily.com/microbiologists-discover-bacteria-that-feed-on-metal-ending-a-century-long-search/

Hōʻike nā hōʻike hou e hiki i nā hua bacteria e ʻai ana i ka metala a me ka ʻili o kēia bacteria ke hāʻawi i hoʻokahi wehewehe no ka nui o nā waihona mineral ma ka papahele o ke kai. Kūʻē ka ʻatikala he pono e hoʻopau ʻia nā haʻawina hou aʻe ma mua o ka ʻeli ʻia ʻana o ke kai.

European Union (2020) Circular Economy Action Plan: No ka maʻemaʻe a ʻoi aku ka hoʻokūkū o ʻEulopa. ʻ Unionlelo ʻEulopa. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/pdf/circular-economy/new_circular_economy_action_plan. pdf

Ke holomua nei ka European Union i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai. Hāʻawi kēia hōʻike i kahi hōʻike holomua a me nā manaʻo e hoʻokumu i kahi kulekele huahana hoʻomau, hoʻoikaika i nā kaulahao waiwai huahana, hoʻohana i ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻōpala a hoʻonui i ka waiwai, a hoʻonui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai no nā mea a pau.

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7. ʻO ke kālā, nā manaʻo o ka ESG, a me nā pilikia ʻo Greenwashing

ʻO ka United Nations Environment Program Finance Initiative (2022) Harmful Marine Extractives: Ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā pōʻino a me nā hopena o ke kālā kālā ʻana i nā ʻoihana hoʻohou hou ʻole. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Harmful-Marine-Extractives-Deep-Sea-Mining.pdf

Ua hoʻopuka ka United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) i kēia hōʻike e pili ana i ka poʻe i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāpana kālā, e like me nā panakō, nā mea hoʻolale kālā, a me nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā, e pili ana i ke kālā, olaola, a me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe o ka ʻeli kai hohonu. Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia ka hōʻike ma ke ʻano he kumu no nā ʻoihana kālā e hoʻoholo ai i nā hoʻopukapuka eli kai hohonu. Hoʻopau ia ma ka hōʻike ʻana ʻaʻole i kulike ʻia ka DSM a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka wehewehe ʻana o kahi hoʻokele waiwai polū.

WWF (2022). Deep Seabed Mining: Ke alakaʻi a WWF no nā ʻoihana kālā. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/ wwf_briefing_financial_institutions_dsm.pdf

Hana ʻia e ka World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), hōʻike kēia memo pōkole i ka pilikia i hōʻike ʻia e DSM a paipai i nā ʻoihana kālā e noʻonoʻo a hoʻokō i nā kulekele e hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ka hoʻopukapuka. Hōʻike ka hōʻike i nā ʻoihana kālā e hoʻohiki i ka lehulehu ʻaʻole e hoʻokomo i nā ʻoihana mining DSM, e komo pū me ka ʻāpana, nā mea hoʻopukapuka, a me nā hui ʻoihana ʻole e hōʻike i ka makemake e hoʻohana i nā minerala e pale ai i ka DSM. Hoʻopili hou ka hōʻike i nā hui, nā hui honua, a me nā ʻoihana kālā, e like me ka hōʻike, ua kau inoa i kahi moratorium a / a i ʻole i hoʻokumu i nā kulekele e haʻalele iā DSM mai kā lākou mau waihona.

ʻOihana Waiwai Polokalamu Kaiapuni o Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa (2022) Harmful Marine Extractives: Ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā pilikia a me nā hopena o ke kālā ʻana i nā ʻoihana hoʻohou hou ʻole. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/publications/harmful-marine-extractives-deep-sea-mining/;/;

ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka hopena o ka nohona a me ke kaiapuni no ka hoʻopukapuka kālā a me nā ʻoihana kālā a me ka pilikia o DSM i nā mea hoʻopukapuka. Hoʻopili ka pōkole i ka hiki ke hoʻomohala, ka hana, a me ka pani ʻana o DSM a hoʻopau me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi koho ʻoi aku ka hoʻomau, me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana ʻaʻole hiki ke hana mua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kēia ʻoihana ma muli o kahi hemahema o ka ʻike ʻepekema.

ʻO ka noiʻi ʻo Bonitas, (2021, ʻOkakopa 6) TMC the metals co. https://www.bonitasresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2021/10/ BonitasResearch-Short-TMCthemetalsco-Nasdaq-TMC-Oct-6-2021.pdf?nocookies=yes

He noiʻi i ka The Metals Company a me kāna mau hana ma mua a ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ka mākeke kūʻai ma ke ʻano he hui aupuni. Hōʻike ka palapala i ka hāʻawi ʻana o TMC i ka uku nui i ka poʻe i hōʻike ʻole ʻia no Tonga Offshore Mining Limited (TOML), he hoʻonui hoʻonui ʻia o nā lilo ʻimi ʻimi, e hana ana me kahi laikini pili kānāwai no TOML.

Bryant, C. (2021, Kepakemapa 13). $500 Miliona o ke kālā SPAC i nalo ma lalo o ke kai. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/ 2021-09-13/tmc-500-million-cash-shortfall-is-tale-of-spac-disappointment-greenwashing?leadSource=uverify%20wall

Ma hope o ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o ka mākeke waiwai o ka hui ʻana o DeepGreen a me Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition, e hoʻokumu ana i ke kālepa lehulehu ʻo The Metals Company, ua ʻike ka hui i ka hopohopo mua mai nā mea hoʻopukapuka i haʻalele i kā lākou kākoʻo kālā.

Scales, H., Steeds, O. (2021, Iune 1). Catch Our Drift Episode 10: Eli kai hohonu. Nekton Mission Podcast. https://catchourdrift.org/episode10 deepseamining/

He 50 minuke podcast episode me nā malihini kūikawā ʻo Dr. Diva Amon e kūkākūkā i nā hopena o ke kaiapuni o ka ʻeli kai hohonu, a me Gerrard Barron, Luna Hoʻomalu a Luna Hoʻokele o The Metals Company.

Singh, P. (2021, Mei). Deep Seabed Mining and Sustainable Development Goal 14, W. Leal Filho et al. (eds.), Life Below Water, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71064-8_135-1

He loiloi no ka hui ʻana o ka ʻeli kai hohonu me ka Sustainable Development Goal 14, Life Below Water. Hōʻike ka mea kākau i ka pono e hoʻolauleʻa i ka DSM me ka UN Sustainable Development Goals, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Goal 14, e kaʻana like ana "hiki i ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai hohonu ke hoʻopau i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hana mining terrestrial. (ʻaoʻao 10).

BBVA (2020) Kaiapuni a me ke Kaiapuni. https://shareholdersandinvestors.bbva.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Environmental-and-Social-Framework-_-Dec.2020-140121.pdf.

Manaʻo ka BBVA's Environmental and Social Framework e kaʻana like i nā kūlana a me nā alakaʻi no ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i loko o ka ʻoihana mining, agribusiness, ikehu, ʻenehana, a me nā ʻāpana pale me nā mea kūʻai aku e komo ana i ka ʻoihana panakō BBVA a me ka ʻoihana hoʻopukapuka. Ma waena o nā papahana eli i pāpā ʻia, ua papa inoa ʻo BBVA i ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai, e hōʻike ana i ka makemake ʻole e kākoʻo kālā i nā mea kūʻai aku a i ʻole nā ​​papahana makemake i DSM.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, and Lily, H. (2020)., Challenges to the sustainability of deep seabed mining. Nat. Kākoʻo. 3, 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

He loiloi o ka noiʻi o kēia manawa e pili ana i ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau. Kūkākūkā nā mea kākau i nā manaʻo hoʻoikaika no ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai hohonu, nā hopena hoʻomau, nā manaʻo pili kānāwai a me nā noʻonoʻo, a me nā loina. Hoʻopau ka ʻatikala me ke kākoʻo ʻana o nā mea kākau i ka hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai e pale aku i ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu.

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8. No ke kuleana a me ka uku

Proelss, A., Steenkamp, ​​RC (2023). Kuleana ma lalo o ka Māhele XI UNCLOS (Deep Seabed Mining). Ma: Gailhofer, P., Krebs, D., Proelss, A., Schmalenbach, K., Verheyen, R. (eds) Kuleana Hui no ka Poino Kaiapuni Transboundary. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13264-3_13

He mokuna puke ʻo Nowemapa 2022 i ʻike ai, “[G]aps i loko o nā kānāwai kūloko o kēia manawa ke komo ʻole i ka hoʻokō ʻole ʻana me [UNCLOS] Paukū 235, ka mea e hoʻopiʻi ʻole ai i nā kuleana o ka mokuʻāina a hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i nā mokuʻāina i ke kuleana. ” He kūpono kēia no ka mea ua ʻōlelo mua ʻia ʻo ka hoʻokumu wale ʻana i ke kānāwai kūloko e hoʻokele i ka DSM ma ka Area hiki ke pale i nā mokuʻāina kākoʻo. 

ʻO nā ʻōlelo hou aʻe e pili ana i ka ʻatikala Responsibility and Liability for Damage Arising Out of Activities in the Area: Attribution of Liabilty, a me Tara Davenport: https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ responsibility-and-liability-damage-arising-out-activities-area-attribution-liability/

Craig, N. (2023). Ka Hoʻoholo ʻana i ke Kūlana no ke Kuleana no ka Poino Kaiapuni mai nā Hana Mining Moʻo Hohonu, p. 5 https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ determining-standard-liability-environmental-harm-deep-seabed-mining-activities/

Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka papahana Liability Issues for Deep Seabed Mining e ka Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), ka Commonwealth Secretariat a me ka Secretariat of the International Seabed Authority (ISA) e kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā pilikia pili kānāwai o ke kuleana a me ke kuleana e hoʻokumu i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻohana. na hooponopono no ke kai hohonu. CIGI, me ka hui pū ʻana me ka ISA Secretariat a me ka Commonwealth Secretariat, ma 2017, kono i nā alakaʻi loea kānāwai e hoʻokumu i ka Legal Working Group on Liability for Environmental Harm from Activities in the Area (LWG) e kūkākūkā i ke kuleana e pili ana i ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni, me ka pahuhopu. o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke Komisina Kānāwai a me ʻenehana, a me nā lālā o ka ISA me kahi hoʻokolokolo hohonu o nā pilikia pili kānāwai a me nā ala.

Mackenzie, R. (2019, Pepeluali 28). Kuleana kānāwai no ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni mai nā hana eli kai hohonu: ka wehewehe ʻana i ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Aia i loko o nā Kuleana Kuleana no Deep Seabed Mining kahi synthesis a me ka ʻike nui, a me ʻehiku nā loiloi kumuhana hohonu. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka papahana e ka Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), ka Commonwealth Secretariat a me ka Secretariat of the International Seabed Authority (ISA) e kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hihia pili kānāwai o ke kuleana a me ke kuleana e hoʻokumu ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lula hoʻohana no ke kai hohonu. CIGI, me ka hui pū me ka ISA Secretariat a me ka Commonwealth Secretariat, ma 2017, kono i nā alakaʻi loea kānāwai e hoʻokumu i ka Legal Working Group on Liability for Environmental Harm from Activities in the Area e kūkākūkā i ke kuleana e pili ana i ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni, me ka pahuhopu e hoʻolako i ka Legal and Technical Commission, a me nā lālā o ka ISA me ka nānā hohonu ʻana i nā pilikia pili kānāwai a me nā ala.") 

No ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i nā pilikia pili i ka Deep Seabed Mining, e ʻoluʻolu e ʻike i ka moʻo Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) i kapa ʻia: Liability Issues for Deep Seabed Mining Series, hiki ke kiʻi ʻia ma: https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Davenport, T. (2019, Pepeluali 7). Ke kuleana a me ke kuleana no ka pōʻino e puka mai ana ma waho o nā hana ma ka ʻāpana: nā Cliamants Hiki a me nā Fora Hiki. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Ke ʻimi nei kēia pepa i nā pilikia like ʻole e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻana i ka poʻe koi i loaʻa i ke kuleana pili kānāwai e lawe mai i kahi koi no ka pōʻino e puka mai ana mai nā hana ma kahi ma waho o ka mana aupuni (kū) ​​a inā hiki i nā mea koi ke komo i kahi ʻaha hoʻoholo hoʻopaʻapaʻa e hoʻoponopono ai i kēlā mau koi. , he ʻaha hoʻokolokolo honua, ʻaha hoʻokolokolo a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻaha aupuni (ke komo). 'Ōlelo ka pepa ʻo ka luʻi nui i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka ʻeli kai hohonu, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka pōʻino i ka pono o kēlā me kēia kanaka a me ka hui pū ʻana o ke kaiāulu o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, e hoʻoholo ai i ka mea hana ke kū nei i kahi hana paʻakikī.

ʻO ke keʻena hoʻopaʻapaʻa kai o ka ITLOS, nā kuleana a me nā kuleana o nā mokuʻāina e kākoʻo ana i nā kānaka a me nā hui e pili ana i nā hana ma ka ʻāpana (2011), manaʻo aʻoaʻo, No 17 (SDC Advisory Opinion 2011) https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents /cases/case_no_17/17_adv_op_010211_en.pdf

He manaʻo lōkahi i ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia a mōʻaukala mai ka International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea's Seabed Disputes Chamber, e wehewehe ana i nā kuleana a me nā kuleana no ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā mokuʻāina. ʻO kēia manaʻo nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa pono e pili ana i kahi kuleana kānāwai e hoʻohana i ka mālama, nā hana kūlohelohe maikaʻi loa, a me EIA. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ia ke kānāwai e loaʻa i nā ʻāina kūkulu nā kuleana like e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni e like me nā ʻāina i kūkulu ʻia e pale aku i ka kūʻai ʻana i nā forum a i ʻole nā ​​kūlana "hae o ka ʻoluʻolu".

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9. ʻO ka Mining Moʻomeheu a me ka Moʻomeheu Underwater

Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lens biocultural no ke kūkulu ʻana i pilina i ke kai lipo | Keena o na Laa Kai Lahui. (2022). Kiʻi ʻia i Malaki 13, 2023, mai https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/ teachers/utilizing-a-biocultural-lens-to-build-to-the-kai-lipo.html

A webinar by Hōkūokahalelani Pihana, Kainalu Steward, and J. Hauʻoli Lorenzo-Elarco as part of the US National Marine Sanctuary Foundation series at the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Manaʻo ka moʻo e hōʻike i ka pono e hoʻonui i ke komo ʻana o nā ʻōiwi i ka ʻepekema moana, STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Math), a me nā ʻoihana ma kēia mau kula. Kūkākūkā ka poʻe haʻiʻōlelo i kahi papahana palapala ʻāina a me ka ʻimi ʻana i ka moana ma loko o ka Monument and Johnston Atoll kahi i komo ai ka poʻe Hawaiʻi maoli ma ke ʻano he haumāna.

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., a me Dahl, A. (2021). 'Nā Hana Ku'una o ka Ho'okele waiwai o ke Kai i loko o ke 'ano o ka Mining Kai Hohonu ma ka Pākīpika: 'O ke a'o 'ana mai ka Socio-Ecological Interconnectivity Between Island Communities and the Ocean Realm', Imua. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

He loiloi ʻepekema o nā wahi noho kai a me nā moʻomeheu moʻomeheu i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma lalo o ka wai ma nā mokupuni o ka Pākīpika e manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopilikia ʻia e DSM. Hoʻopili pū ʻia kēia loiloi me kahi loiloi kānāwai o nā ʻōnaehana kānāwai o kēia manawa e hoʻoholo i nā hana maikaʻi loa no ka mālama ʻana a me ka pale ʻana i nā kaiaola mai nā hopena DSM.

Jeffery, B., McKinnon, JF and Van Tilburg, H. (2021). Hoʻoilina moʻomeheu ma lalo o ke kai i ka Pākīpika: Nā kumuhana a me nā kuhikuhi e hiki mai ana. Nupepa International no Asia Pacific Studies 17 (2): 135–168: https://doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.6

Hōʻike kēia ʻatikala i ka hoʻoilina moʻomeheu i lalo o ke kai i loko o ka Moana Pākīpika ma nā ʻāpana o ka hoʻoilina moʻomeheu ʻōiwi, ke kālepa ʻo Manila Galleon, a me nā mea waiwai mai ke Kaua Honua II. ʻO ke kūkākūkā o kēia mau ʻano ʻekolu e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ke kino a me ke ākea o ka UCH ma ka Moana Pākīpika.

Turner, PJ, Cannon, S., DeLand, S., Delgado, JP, Eltis, D., Halpin, PN, Kanu, MI, Sussman, CS, Varmer, O., & Van Dover, CL (2020). Hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ke ala waena ma ka moʻo ʻAkelanika ma nā ʻāpana ma waho o ka mana aupuni. Kulekele Moana, 122, 104254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104254

Ma ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka ʻike a me ka hoʻopono no ka International Decade for People of African Descent (2015–2024), ke ʻimi nei nā mea noiʻi i nā ala e hoʻomanaʻo ai a hoʻohanohano i ka poʻe i ʻike i kekahi o nā huakaʻi 40,000 mai ʻApelika a i ʻAmelika ma ke ʻano he kauā. Ke hoʻomaka nei ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai mineral ma ke kai honua (ʻo ka "Area") ma ka Moana ʻAkelanika, i hoʻokele ʻia e ka International Seabed Authority (ISA). Ma o ka United Nations Convention on the Kanawai o ke Kai (UNCLOS), He kuleana ko nā Moku'āina lālā o ka ISA e pale i nā mea o ke ʻano archeological a me ka mōʻaukala i loaʻa ma ka Area. He mau hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi ia mau mea o ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu i lalo o ka wai a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia hoʻoilina moʻomeheu intangible, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma o nā loulou me ka hoʻomana, nā kuʻuna moʻomeheu, nā kiʻi a me nā palapala. ʻO nā mele, nā mele, nā kiʻi, a me nā palapala i kēia manawa e hōʻike i ke koʻikoʻi o ke kai ʻAkelanika i ka hoʻomanaʻo moʻomeheu diasporic ʻApelika, akā ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kēia hoʻoilina moʻomeheu e ka ISA. Manaʻo nā mea kākau i ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i nā ala i hele ai nā moku ma ke ʻano he moʻomeheu honua. Ke hele nei kēia mau ala i nā ʻāpana o ke kai o ka Moana ʻAkelanika kahi i makemake nui ʻia i ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu. Manaʻo nā mea kākau e ʻike i ka Middle Passage ma mua o ka ʻae ʻana i ka DSM a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mineral.

Evans, A and Keith, M. (2011, Kekemapa). ʻO ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā wahi archaeological i ka hana ʻaila a me ke kinoea. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/ MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Amanda%20M. %20Evans_Paper_01.pdf

Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Kaiwa o Mekiko, koi ʻia nā mea hana ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea e ka Bureau of Ocean Energy Management e hāʻawi i nā loiloi archaeological o nā kumuwaiwai kūpono i ko lākou wahi papahana ma ke ʻano o ke kaʻina noi palapala. ʻOiai e pili ana kēia palapala i ka ʻimi ʻaila a me ke kinoea, hiki i ka palapala ke lilo i kumu no nā ʻae.

Bingham, B., Foley, B., Singh, H., and Camilli, R. (2010, November). Nā Mea Hana Lopako no ke kālaihonua wai hohonu: ka nānā ʻana i kahi moku moku kahiko me kahi kaʻa ʻokoʻa ma lalo o ka wai. Nūpepa o Field Robotics DOI: 10.1002/rob.20359. PDF.

ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻa ma lalo o ke kai kūʻokoʻa (AUV) kahi ʻenehana koʻikoʻi i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻike ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā wahi hoʻoilina moʻomeheu i lalo o ke kai e like me ka mea i hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia e ka nānā ʻana o ka kahua ʻo Chios ma ke Kai Aegean. Hōʻike kēia i ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻenehana AUV i nā noiʻi i mālama ʻia e nā hui DSM e kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā pūnaewele koʻikoʻi o ka mōʻaukala a me ka moʻomeheu. Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻenehana i ke kahua o DSM a laila hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia kēia mau pūnaewele ma mua o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana.

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10. Laikini Kaiāulu (Kahea Moratorium, Kāpae Aupuni, a me nā ʻōlelo ʻōiwi)

Kaikkonen, L., & Virtanen, EA (2022). Hoʻopilikia ka ʻeli wai pāpaʻu i nā pahuhopu hoʻomau honua. Nā hana i ka Ecology & Evolution, 37(11), 931-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.08.001

Hoʻolaha ʻia nā kumu waiwai mineral kahakai ma ke ʻano he koho hoʻomau no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā koi metala hoʻonui. Eia naʻe, kūʻē ka ʻeli wai pāpaʻu i nā pahuhopu mālama honua a me ka hoʻomau ʻana a ke kūkulu ʻia nei kāna kānāwai hoʻoponopono. ʻOiai e pili ana kēia ʻatikala e pili ana i ka ʻeli ʻana i ka wai pāpaʻu, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka manaʻo ʻaʻohe kumu kūpono i ka ʻeli ʻana i ka wai pāpaʻu i ke kai hohonu, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka nele o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā hana eli ʻana like ʻole.

Hamley, GJ (2022). ʻO ka hopena o ka ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻili kai ma ka ʻĀpana no ka pono kanaka i ke olakino. Ka nānā ʻana i ke kānāwai ʻEulopa, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 31 (3), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12471

Hōʻike kēia loiloi kānāwai i ka pono e noʻonoʻo i ke olakino kanaka ma nā kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu. Hoʻomaopopo ka mea kākau i ka hapa nui o ke kamaʻilio ʻana ma DSM e pili ana i nā hopena kālā a me ke kaiapuni o ka hana, akā ua ʻike ʻole ʻia ke ola kanaka. E like me ka mea i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ma ka pepa, "ʻo ke kuleana o ke kanaka i ke olakino, pili ia i nā ʻano olaola kai. Ma kēia kumu, aia nā mokuʻāina i kahi pūʻolo o nā kuleana ma lalo o ke kuleana i ke olakino e pili ana i ka pale ʻana i nā mea ola kai… ka pono i ke ola kino. Hāʻawi ka mea kākau i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no nā ala e hoʻopili ai i ke olakino kanaka a me nā pono kanaka i loko o nā kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka ʻeli kai hohonu ma ka ISA.

Hui Hoomalu Kai Hohonu. (2020). Deep-sea Mining: the Science and Potential Impacts Factsheet 2. Deep Sea Conservation Coalition. http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/02_DSCC_FactSheet2_DSM_ science_4pp_web.pdf

He mea nui ka moratorium no ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu ma muli o nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka nāwaliwali o nā kaiaola kai hohonu, ka nele o ka ʻike e pili ana i nā hopena lōʻihi, a me ka nui o nā hana eli ma ke kai hohonu. Hoʻopili ʻia ka pepa ʻike ʻehā ʻaoʻao i ka hoʻoweliweli kaiapuni o ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu ma nā pāpū abyssal, seamounts, a me nā puka makani hydrothermal.

Mengerink, KJ, et al., (2014, Mei 16). He Kāhea no ka Hoʻokele Moana Hohonu. Hui Kulekele, Moana. AAAS. Science, Vol. 344. PDF

Ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia ke kai hohonu mai kekahi mau hana anthropogenic a ʻo ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai kahi hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi e hiki ke hoʻōki. No laila, ua hoʻolaha aku kekahi hui o nā ʻepekema moana alakaʻi e kāhea aku i ka mālama ʻana i ka moana hohonu.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, and Lily, H. (2020)., Challenges to the sustainability of deep seabed mining. Nat. Kākoʻo. 3, 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

Manaʻo ka Ocean Foundation i ka nānā ʻana i nā bila kānāwai o kēia manawa, me ka California Seabed Mining Prevention Act, Washington's Concerning the prevention of seabed mining of hard minerals, and Oregon's Prohibited contracts for exploration for hard minerals. Hiki i kēia mau mea ke alakaʻi i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i ke kau ʻana i ke kānāwai e kaupalena i ka pōʻino i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai e hōʻike ana i nā mea nui ʻaʻole i kūlike ka ʻeli ʻana i ke kai me ka makemake o ka lehulehu.

• Hawaii - https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/ billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1832& showamends=false
• Hawaii - https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=5145&Initiative=false &Year=2021
• Oregon - https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_ 274.610

ʻO ka Hui Hoʻomalu Kūlohelohe. (2022). Ke kū'ē i ka Deep-Sea Mining: Nā Aupuni a me nā Parliamentarians. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-governments-and-parliamentarians/

Ma Kekemapa 2022, ua kūʻē nā mokuʻāina he 12 i ka Deep Seabed Mining. ʻEhā mokuʻāina i hana i kuʻikahi e kākoʻo i ka DSM moratorium (Palau, Fiji, Federated States of Micronesia, a me Samoa, ʻelua mokuʻāina i hōʻike i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka moratorium (New Zealand and The French Polynesian assembly. Eono mokuʻāina i kākoʻo i kahi hoʻomaha (Kelemānia, ʻO Costa Rica, Chile, Sepania, Panama, a me ʻEkuador), ʻoiai ua kākoʻo ʻo Farani i kahi pāpā.

ʻO ka Hui Hoʻomalu Kūlohelohe. (2022). Ke kū'ē i ka Deep-Sea Mining: Nā Aupuni a me nā Parliamentarians. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-fishing-sector/

Ua hōʻuluʻulu ka Deepsea Conservation Coalition i kahi papa inoa o nā hui i ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa e kāhea ana i kahi moratorium ma DSM. ʻO kēia mau mea: ʻo ka Hui ʻApelika o nā ʻoihana lawaiʻa ʻoihana ʻoihana, nā ʻaha kūkā aʻoaʻo EU, ka International Pole and Line Foundation, ka ʻAhahui lawaiʻa Norewai, ka Hui Tuna ʻApelika Hema, a me ka ʻAhahui Laina Hake ʻApelika Hema.

Thaler, A. (2021, ʻApelila 15). ʻAʻole nā ​​Mana Nui i ka Mining Deep-sea, no ka manawa. DSM Nānā. https://dsmobserver.com/2021/04/major-brands-say-no-to-deep-sea-mining-for-the-moment/

Ma 2021, ua hoʻopuka kekahi mau ʻenehana nui a me nā ʻoihana kaʻa i kahi ʻōlelo i kākoʻo lākou i ka moratorium DSM no ka manawa. ʻO kēia mau hui me Google, BMW<Volvo, a me Samsung SDI ua kau inoa lākou i ka World Wide Fund For Nature's Global Deep-sea Mining Moratorium Campaign. ʻOiai ʻokoʻa nā kumu maopopo o ke kaniʻuhū ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia e hiki i kēia mau hui ke kū i nā luʻi i ko lākou kūlana o ka hoʻomau ʻana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole e hoʻonā nā minerala kai hohonu i ka pilikia o nā hopena pōʻino o ka mining a ʻaʻole paha e hōʻemi ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu i nā pilikia pili me. eli aina.

Ke hoʻomau nei nā ʻoihana e kau inoa i ka Campaign, me Patagonia, Scania, a me Triodos Bank, no ka ʻike hou aku. https://sevenseasmedia.org/major-companies-are-pledging-against-deep-sea-mining/.

Ke Aupuni o Guam (2021). I MINA'TRENTAI SAIS NA LIHESLATURAN GUÅHAN RESOLUTIONS. 36th Guam Ahaolelo – Kanawai Aupuni. (2021). mai https://www.guamlegislature.com/36th_Guam _Legislature/COR_Res_36th/Res.%20No.% 20210-36%20(COR).pdf

He alakaʻi ʻo Guam no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka moratorium ma ka ʻeli ʻana a ua kākoʻo ʻo ia i ke aupuni pekelala o ʻAmelika e hana i kahi moratorium ma ko lākou Exclusive-economic zone, a no ka International Seabed Authority e hana i kahi moratorium ma ke kai hohonu.

Oberle, B. (2023, Malaki 6). ʻO ka leka wehe a ka Luna Nui o IUCN i nā lālā o ka ISA no ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu. ʻŌlelo IUCN DG. https://www.iucn.org/dg-statement/202303/iucn-director-generals-open-letter-isa-members-deep-sea-mining

I ka 2021 IUCN Congress ma Marseille, ua koho nā lālā IUCN e hāpai Olelo hooholo 122 ke kāhea ʻana i ka moratorium no ka ʻeli ʻana o ke kai hohonu ke ʻole a hiki i ka hoʻomaopopo piha ʻana i nā pilikia, mālama ʻia nā loiloi paʻakikī a maopopo, hoʻokō ʻia kahi kumu hoʻohaumia uku, e hōʻoia i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai, pili ka lehulehu, a me ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ke aupuni. ʻO ka DSM he mālamalama, kūpono, hoʻopili, kūpono, a me ke kuleana pili i ke kaiapuni. Ua hōʻoia hou ʻia kēia ʻōlelo hoʻoholo i loko o kahi leka e ka Luna Hoʻokele Nui o IUCN, ʻo Dr. Bruno Oberle e hōʻike ʻia ma ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka hui o Malaki 2023 International Seabed Authority i mālama ʻia ma Jamaica.

Hui Hoomalu Kai Hohonu (2021, Nowemapa 29). In Too Deep: ʻO ke kumukūʻai ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka mining kai hohonu. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuUjDkcINOE

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