Ke ʻimi nei i ke kūlana kapu no ka pae ʻāina ʻo Aleutian

Na Mark J. Spalding me Catharine 'O Cooper

He mana o kēia blog ua hoʻopuka mua ʻia ma ka pūnaewele micro Ocean Views o National Geographic

He 4,405 mau mile mai ka lulu lima ʻana o Wakinekona DC aia kahi kaulahao o nā mokupuni nani loa e noi ana e hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Marine Sanctuary. Mai ka piko o ka peninsula ʻo Alaska, ʻo nā mokupuni ʻo Aleutian kahi home o nā kaiaola ola moana waiwai loa a ʻoi loa ka waiwai, a ʻo kekahi o ka heluna nui o nā mammals moana, nā manu kai, nā iʻa a me nā iʻa ma ka honua. ʻO nā mokupuni he 69 (14 lua pele nui a me 55 mau mea liʻiliʻi) he 1,100 mile arc i ka Kamchatka Peninsula ma Rusia, a hoʻokaʻawale i ke Kai Bering mai ka Moana Pākīpika.

Eia ka home o kekahi mau ʻano ʻano make, ʻo ia hoʻi nā liona kai Steller, nā otters moana, nā ʻalbatross huelo pōkole, a me nā koholā humpback. Eia nā ala e hāʻawi ai i nā alahele huakaʻi koʻikoʻi no ka hapa nui o nā kohola hina o ka honua a me nā sila huluhulu ʻākau, e hoʻohana ana i nā ala e komo ai i nā wahi hānai a hānai. Eia ka home o kekahi o nā ʻākoʻakoʻa wai anuanu i ʻike ʻia ma ka honua. Eia ka kaiaola i kākoʻo i nā pono ola o ka poʻe kamaʻāina ʻo Alaska kahakai no nā makahiki.

Ma luna o ke poʻo, ka ʻuā o ka ʻaeto ʻōhule. I loko o ka wai, ka paʻi ʻana o ke kohola humpback e haki ana. Ma kahi lōʻihi, piʻi aʻe ka uahi ma luna o nā lua pele mahu. Ma kahakai, aia nā maka pali uliuli a me nā awāwa ma lalo o nā kualono i hau.

I ka nānā mua ʻana, ʻano maʻemaʻe kēia wao nahele, paʻa, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā pōʻino e hoʻopilikia ai i nā kahakai nui aʻe. Akā ʻo ka poʻe e noho ana, hana, a noiʻi paha ma ia wahi ua ʻike i nā loli nui i nā makahiki he 25 i hala.

ʻO kekahi o nā loli i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka kaiaola kai, ʻo ia ka nalowale a kokoke i ka pau ʻana o kekahi mau ʻano, e like me nā liona kai Steller a me nā otters moana. ʻIke ʻia kēia mau mea momona ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula a hiki i ka ʻulaʻula ma kahi manawa ma kahi kokoke i kēlā me kēia pou pōhaku. Akā, ua emi ko lākou helu ma 75% ma waena o 1976 a me 1990, a ua emi iho he 40% hou ma waena o 1991 a me 2000. Ua emi iho ka heluna kanaka otter ma kahi kokoke i 100,000 i ka makahiki 1980 i lalo o 6,000.

Nalo pū kekahi mai ke kiʻi maʻemaʻe o ke kaulahao Aleutian ka mōʻī pāpaʻi a me ka ʻoʻo, nā kula o ke kālā honi, a me nā ululāʻau kelp ulu. ʻO ka manō, ka pollock a me ka urchin i kēia manawa ma luna o kēia mau wai. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo "ka hoʻololi aupuni" e George Estes o ka US Geological Survey, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke koena o ka mea pio a me ka predator.

ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻāina mamao a kaʻawale ka poʻe, ke hoʻonui nei ka hoʻouna ʻana ma nā mokupuni ʻo Aleutian, a ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻohana nui ʻia o nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe o ka ʻāina no nā lawaiʻa kalepa. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ʻaila me ka makaʻu mau, hele pinepine ʻole i hōʻike ʻia, a pinepine pinepine i ka pōʻino hiki ʻole ke hoʻoponopono ʻia. Paʻakikī ke komo ʻana i ka ʻāina, a aia nā ʻāpana ʻikepili koʻikoʻi no ka noiʻi pili moana. Pono e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ke kaiaola kai e mālama pono a hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia e hiki mai ana.

Ua komo mua au me ke kaiāulu kaiapuni o Alaska i ka makahiki 2000. Ma ke ʻano he poʻo o ka Alaska Oceans Program, ua kōkua au i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i kekahi mau hoʻolaha e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka wahi - e like me ka pono e hoʻokumu i nā palena ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lawaiʻa ʻana ma lalo o ke Kai Bering - no ka mea. ka Alaska Conservation Foundation. Ua kōkua mākou i ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā hoʻolālā kākoʻo e pili ana i ka kaiaola no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻokele lawaiʻa, hoʻonui i nā papahana ʻike moana, hoʻoulu i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka Shipping Safety Partnership, a paipai i nā hana honua a me ka ʻāina no nā koho iʻa hoʻomau. Ua kūkulu mākou i ka Alaska Oceans Network, e hāʻawi ana i nā kamaʻilio like ʻana ma waena o nā hui mālama e like me Oceana, Ocean Conservancy, Earthjustice, World Wildlife Fund, Alaska Marine Conservation Council, a me nā Trustees no Alaska. A i nā manawa a pau, ua ʻimi mākou i nā ala e ʻike ʻia ai a hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ai ka makemake o nā kaiāulu Aleutian i ka moana e hiki mai ana.

I kēia lā, ma ke ʻano he kamaʻāina hopohopo a me ka Luna Hoʻokele o The Ocean Foundation (TOF), hui pū wau i ka ʻimi ʻana i ke koho ʻana i ka Aleutian Islands National Marine Sanctuary (AINMS). Hoʻopuka ʻia e ka Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, a pūlima ʻia e ka Center for Biological Diversity, Eyak Preservation Council, The Center for Water Advocacy, the North Gulf Oceanic Society, TOF, a me Marine Endeavors, e hāʻawi ke kūlana kapu i nā pae hou o ka palekana. ka nui o na hooweliweli e alo ana i na kai Aleutian. ʻO nā wai āpau ma ka pae ʻāina holoʻokoʻa o Aleutian Islands - mai 3 a 200 mile ma ka ʻākau a me ka hema o nā mokupuni - a hiki i ka ʻāina nui o Alaska a me nā wai federala mai nā mokupuni ʻo Pribilof a me Bristol Bay, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokomo. E hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻāina hoʻāno i kahi ʻāina ʻē aʻe ma kahi o 554,000 square nautical mile (nm2), ʻo ia ka ʻāina i mālama ʻia i ka moana nui loa, a ʻo kekahi o ka nui loa o ka honua.

Ua kūpono ka poʻe Aleutians i ka palekana mai ka makahiki 1913, i ka wā i hoʻokumu ai ʻo Pelekikena Taft, ma ka Executive Order, i ka "Aleutian Islands Reserve as Preserve for Native Birds, Animals and Fish." I ka makahiki 1976, ua koho ʻo UNESCO i ka Aleutian Islands Biosphere Reserve, a ua hoʻokumu ka 1980 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) i ka Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge a me ka 1.3 miliona eka Aleutian Islands Wilderness.

ʻOiai me kēia mau inoa, pono nā Aleutians e pale hou aku. ʻO nā mea hoʻoweliweli nui i ka AINMS i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka lawaiʻa nui ʻana, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka aila a me ke kinoea, nā ʻano invasive, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka moku. ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka hopena o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau e hoʻomāhuahua i kēia mau mea hoʻoweliweli ʻehā. ʻOi aku ka ʻakika o nā wai o ke Kai Bering/Aleutian Islands ma mua o nā wai kai ʻē aʻe o ka honua, ma muli o ke komo ʻana o CO2, a me ka hoʻi ʻana o ka hau kai ua hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana o ka ʻāina.

Ua kau ʻia ka National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA) i ka makahiki 1972 no ka pale ʻana i nā wahi noho kai nui a me nā wahi moana kūikawā. Hoʻoponopono ʻia nā wahi hoʻāno no nā kumu he nui, inā i manaʻo ʻia ua kūpono nā hoʻohana me ka pale waiwai e ke Kakauolelo Kalepa, nāna e hoʻoholo ma o ke kaʻina lehulehu i nā hana e ʻae ʻia a me nā lula e hoʻohana ʻia i nā hoʻohana like ʻole.

Ua ʻae hou ʻia ʻo NMSA i ka makahiki 1984 e hoʻokomo i nā ʻano o ka waiwai "moʻolelo" a me ka "moʻomeheu" i nā mea pili i ke kaiapuni. ʻO kēia ka mea i hoʻonui ai i ka misionari kumu mua e mālama i nā kumuwaiwai kai ma mua o nā waiwai kaiaola, ʻoliʻoli, hoʻonaʻauao, noiʻi a i ʻole nā ​​mea waiwai.

Me ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā mea hoʻoweliweli i nā kai Aleutian, ʻo nā pahuhopu i manaʻo ʻia o ka Aleutian Islands Marine National Marine Sanctuary:

1. E pale i ka manu kai, ka momi moana, a me ka nohona i'a, a e ho'iho'i hou i ka heluna kanaka a me ka ho'oikaika 'ana i ke kaiaola;
2. Mālama a hoʻonui i ke ola kai ʻōiwi o Alaska;
3. Mālama a hoʻoikaika i nā lawaiʻa waʻa liʻiliʻi kahakai;
4. E ʻike, e nānā, a e pale i nā wahi noho ʻokoʻa o ke kai, me nā koʻa wai anuanu;
5. E ho'ēmi i ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni mai ka hoʻouna ʻana aku, e like me ka ʻaila a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka ukana weliweli, a me ka hahau ʻana i nā moku koholā;
6. Hoʻopau i nā pōʻino kaiapuni mai ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka aila a me ke kinoea ma waho;
7. Mākaʻikaʻi a mālama i nā pōʻino o ka hoʻolauna ʻana i nā ʻano mea ʻino moana;
8. E ho'ēmi a mālama i nā ʻōpala kai;
9. E hoʻonui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kaiaola kai; a
10. Hoʻonui i ka ʻike ʻepekema o ka ʻāina.

ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka hale kapu e hoʻonui i nā manawa no ka noiʻi ʻana i ka ʻepekema moana, ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka mahalo i ke kaiapuni kai, a kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻike maopopo ʻana i nā hopena ʻino a me nā hoʻoweliweli mai nā hoʻohana o kēia manawa a me ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka manaʻo kūikawā i nā wai Subarctic a me Arctic, ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ʻenekia moana, a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana mai nā ʻohi lawaiʻa nui a me kāna mau hopena e hoʻopuka i ka ʻike hou e kōkua ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kulekele e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻoihana waiwai a me ka ola lōʻihi o ka hale kapu. E hoʻonui ʻia nā haʻawina no ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻoikaika kūloko o ka ʻāina, e like me ke kuleana o nā ʻākoʻa wai anuanu, ka hana o nā ʻano mea kūʻai i loko o ka pūnaewele meaʻai kai, a me ka pili ʻana o nā manu kai a me nā mammals moana.

Aia i kēia manawa he ʻumikumamāhā US National Marine Sanctuaries, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia me kāna mau alakaʻi ponoʻī a me ka palekana, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea kūʻokoʻa i kona wahi noho a me nā pilikia kaiapuni. Me nā palekana, hāʻawi nā wahi kapu kai ʻāina i ka waiwai waiwai ma mua o ka wai, e kākoʻo ana ma kahi o 50,000 mau hana ma nā hana like ʻole mai ka lawaiʻa a me ka luʻu ʻana i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻokipa. Ma nā wahi hoʻāno a pau, ma kahi o $4 biliona e hana ʻia ma nā ʻoihana kūloko a me nā kahakai.

Ma kahi kokoke i nā Aleutian āpau i pale ʻia ma ke ʻano he wahi o ka Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge a me ka ʻAleutian Islands Wilderness, no laila e lawe mai ke kūlana National Marine Sanctuary i nā mea hou. ka hoʻokele i ka ʻāina, a lawe mai i ka huina o nā wahi kapu i ʻumikumamālima - ʻumikumamālima wahi o ka nani kupaianaha, e lawe ana i ka mōʻaukala, ka moʻomeheu a me ka waiwai waiwai. Pono nā mokupuni ʻo Aleutian i ka inoa, no ko lākou palekana a me ka waiwai a lākou e lawe mai ai i ka ʻohana kapu.

E kaʻana like i nā manaʻo o Dr. Linwood Pendleton, (a laila) o NOAA:

"Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei au he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi nā wahi hoʻāno kai o ka moana, a ma luna o ko mākou manaʻolana maikaʻi loa e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka moana a mākou i ulu ai e hilinaʻi ai i ka hoʻomau a me ka waiwai no nā hanauna e hiki mai ana."

Kii koholā na NOAA