Mahele 1: ʻAha ʻino: Ke Hiki mai ka Moana i uka

Na Angel Braestrup, Luna Hoʻomalu, Papa Kūkākūkā, The Ocean Foundation

Ua ʻike mākou i nā kiʻi a me nā wikiō. Ua ʻike maka kekahi o mākou. Hoʻokuʻu ka ʻino nui i ka wai ma mua o kona ʻāʻī ʻana i uka, ʻo ka makani ikaika e hoʻoulu ai ka wai i luna ona a paʻi i kahakai a laila kaʻa i loko, e like me ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻino, pehea ka lōʻihi. ke hoʻokuke nei ka makani ikaika i ka wai, a me ka palapala honua (a me ka geometry) o kahi a me ke ʻano o kona pā ʻana i kahakai. 

ʻAʻole ia he ʻāpana o ka helu ʻana i ka ikaika o nā ʻino, e like me ka "Saffir Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale" o ka ʻino. ʻO ka hapa nui o mākou i ʻike ʻo Saffir Simpson ka wehewehe ʻana i ka Category 1-5 i loaʻa i nā hurricanes ma muli o ka wikiwiki o ka makani (ʻaʻole ka nui kino o ka ʻino, ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻino, ka ikaika ikaika, ka makani makani, ʻaʻole ka nui o ka ua.

Ua hoʻomohala ka National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) i kahi hiʻohiʻona i kapa ʻia ʻo SLOSH, a i ʻole The Sea, Lake and Overland Surges from Hurricanes to project surges, a i ʻole, e hiki ai i nā mea noiʻi ke hoʻohālikelike i nā hopena pili o nā ʻino like ʻole. Hiki i kekahi mau ʻino nāwaliwali ke hana i kahi ʻino ʻino i ka wā e hui ai nā ʻāina a me nā pae wai e hana i nā kūlana kūpono. ʻO Hurricane Irene kahi ʻāpana 1 i kona pae ʻana i North Carolina [1] i ka makahiki 2011, akā ʻo 8-11 kapuaʻi kāna ʻino ʻino a ua nui ka pōʻino. Pēlā nō, he kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi ʻo Hurricane Ike o kahi ʻino "wale nō" he māhele 2 (110 mph i hoʻomau ʻia nā makani) i ka wā i paʻi ai i ka ʻāina, akā ua ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o ka ʻāpana ikaika 3. A, o. ʻO ka mea i hala aku nei i Nowemapa i ka Philippines, ʻo ia ka ʻino o ka Typhoon Haiyan i hoʻopau i nā kūlanakauhale holoʻokoʻa a haʻalele i kona ala, nā ʻōnaehana i hoʻopau ʻia, nā ʻōnaehana lawe wai a me nā puʻu o nā ʻōpala i hoʻopūhoihoi i ka honua. kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nā kiʻi.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ʻEnelani i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Dekemaba 2013, ua hoʻopōʻino ka wai nui ma mua o 1400 mau hale, hoʻopilikia i ka ʻōnaehana kaʻaahi, a ua hoʻopuka i nā ʻōlelo aʻo koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka wai haumia, nā ʻiole, a me ka pono e makaʻala i nā wai kū i loko o nā kīhāpai a i ʻole. ma kahi e. ʻO kā lākou ʻino nui loa i loko o 60 mau makahiki (a hiki i kēia lā!) ua pōʻino nui hoʻi i nā mālama holoholona hihiu o ka Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) - ka wai paʻakai o nā loko wai maʻemaʻe e pili ana i nā kahua hoʻoilo o nā manu lele a hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka ke kau pūnana puna o nā manu (e like me nā bitterns).[2] Hoʻokahi ʻāina mālama ʻia i mālama nui ʻia ma muli o kahi papahana hoʻomalu waikahe i hoʻopau ʻia, akā ua loaʻa mau ka pōʻino nui i nā dunes i hoʻokaʻawale i kona mau wahi wai mai ke kai.

Ua make nā haneli o nā kānaka ma kahakai hikina o ʻEnelani i ka makahiki 1953 i ka wā i ninini ʻia ai ka wai i nā kaiāulu pale ʻole. He nui ka poʻe i mahalo i ka pane ʻana i kēlā hanana me ka hoʻopakele ʻana i nā haneli, inā ʻaʻole nā ​​tausani, o nā ola ma 2013. Ua kūkulu nā kaiāulu i nā ʻōnaehana pale, me nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio pilikia, i kōkua i ka hōʻoia ʻana ua mākaukau nā mākaukau e haʻi aku i nā poʻe, e haʻalele i nā kānaka, a e hoʻopakele i kahi e pono ai. .

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo like ʻia no nā kahu hānai sila hina kahi e pau ai ka wā pupping. ʻO Beretania Nui ka home o ka hapakolu o ka heluna sila hina hina o ka honua. He mau kakini o pēpē hina hina ua lawe ʻia i kahi kikowaena hoʻopakele i mālama ʻia e ka Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) no ka mea ua hoʻokaʻawale ka ʻino iā lākou mai ko lākou mau makuahine. He ʻōpiopio loa kēia mau ʻōpiopio ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻauʻau pono a no laila ua maʻalahi lākou. Pono lākou e mālama no ʻelima mahina a hiki i ka mākaukau e hānai iā lākou iho. ʻO ia ka hana hoʻopakele nui loa a ka RSPCA i hana ai. (E hāʻawi i kā mākou Marine Mammal Fund e kōkua i ka pale ʻana i kēia mau holoholona.)

ʻO kekahi kumu o kahi hanana waikahe nui mai ka moana, ʻoiaʻiʻo, he ōlaʻi. ʻO wai ka mea hiki ke poina i ka pōʻino o ke kai eʻe ma Indonesia, Thailand, a me nā wahi a puni ma hope o ke olai pule Kalikimaka i ka makahiki 2004? ʻO ia kekahi o nā ʻōlaʻi ikaika loa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ʻoiaʻiʻo ma waena o ka lōʻihi loa o ka lōʻihi, ʻaʻole wale ʻo ia i hoʻoneʻe i ka honua holoʻokoʻa, akā ua hoʻoulu ʻia hoʻi nā ʻōlaʻi liʻiliʻi i ka hapalua o ka honua. ʻAʻole hiki i ka poʻe kamaʻāina kokoke i Indonesia ke pakele i ka pā wai he 6 kapuaʻi (ʻelua mika) i lele i uka i loko o nā minuke o ke ōlaʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kamaʻāina o ke kahakai hikina o ʻApelika, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kahakai o Antarctica. ʻAʻole i paʻi ʻia nā kahakai ʻo Thailand a me nā wahi kahakai ma India no hoʻokahi hola, a ma kekahi mau wahi, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi. A eia hou, ua holo ka pa o ka wai i uka a hiki i kona emi ana, me ka hikiwawe loa, me ka lawe pu ana aku i ka hapa nui o na mea i lukuia ma ke komo ana aku, a i ole, nawaliwali, e hele hou ana iwaho.

Ma Malaki 2011, ua hoʻoulu ʻia kekahi ōlaʻi ikaika mai ka hikina o Iapana i kahi kai eʻe a hiki i ka 133 kapuaʻi ke kiʻekiʻe i kona pae ʻana i uka, a ʻolokaʻa i uka kokoke i 6 mau mile ma kekahi mau wahi, e luku ana i nā mea āpau ma kona ala. No ka ikaika loa o ka ōlaʻi, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka mokupuni ʻo Honshu, ka mokupuni nui o Iapana, ma kahi o 8 kapuaʻi hikina. Ua ʻike hou ʻia ka haʻalulu he mau kaukani mile ka mamao, a ʻo ka hopena o ke kai eʻe i hoʻopōʻino i nā kaiāulu kahakai ma Kaleponi, a hiki i Chile, ma kahi o 17,000 mau mile ka mamao, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā nalu ma luna o ʻeono kapuaʻi.

I Iapana, ua hoʻoneʻe ke kai eʻe i nā moku moku nunui a me nā moku ʻē aʻe mai ko lākou mau kupapaʻu i uka loa, a ua hoʻokuke aku i nā hale pale kai nunui i kapa ʻia ʻo nā tetrapods i ʻōwili ʻia me nā nalu ma waena o nā kaiāulu-he ʻano pale i lilo i kumu o ka pōʻino. Ma ka ʻenekinia kahakai, ua hōʻike nā tetrapods i kahi holomua ʻehā wāwae i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka haʻihaʻi no ka mea maʻamau ka haki ʻana o nā nalu a puni lākou, e hōʻemi ana i ka pōʻino o ka haʻihaʻi i ka manawa. ʻO ka pōʻino no nā kaiāulu kahakai, ʻaʻole i kūlike nā mea haʻihaʻi tetrapod me ka mana o ke kai. I ka emi ʻana o ka wai, ua hoʻomaka ka nui o ka pōʻino. I ka pau ana o ka helu aupuni, ua ike makou he umi tausani o na kanaka i make, i eha, a i ole nalo paha, aneane 300,000 na hale a me na uwila, ka wai, a me ka wai hoolele i lukuia; ua hāʻule nā ​​ʻōnaehana halihali; a ʻo ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻomaka kekahi o nā pōʻino nuklea lōʻihi loa ma Fukushima, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻōnaehana a me nā ʻōnaehana hope ke kū i ka hoʻouka kaua mai ke kai.

ʻO ka hopena o kēia mau haʻalulu nui o ka moana, ʻo ia ka pōʻino kanaka, ka pilikia olakino o ka lehulehu, ka luku ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe, a me ka hāʻule ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana. Akā ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, aia kekahi paʻakikī e kū mai ana. Hōʻike kēlā me kēia kiʻi i kekahi ʻāpana o ka moʻolelo o nā tausani tona o ka ʻōpala—mai nā kaʻa i kahe i ka wai a i nā moena, nā pahu hau, a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe a hiki i nā pōhaku lepo, insulation, wiring, asphalt, concrete, wood, a me nā mea hana hale ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēlā mau pahu hoʻomaʻemaʻe a pau a mākou i kapa ai he hale, hale kūʻai, keʻena, a me nā kula, ua lilo i puʻu ʻōpala, liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka pono ʻole o ka ʻōpala i pulu ʻia me ka wai kai a me ka hui ʻana o nā mea o loko o nā hale, nā kaʻa, a me nā keʻena mālama wai. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia a hoʻopau ʻia ma mua o ke kūkulu hou ʻana.

No nā luna kaiaulu a me nā luna aupuni ʻē aʻe, he paʻakikī ke manaʻo i ka pane ʻana i ka ʻino e hiki mai ana me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole i ka nui o nā ʻōpala e hiki ke hana ʻia, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o ka ʻōpala, pehea e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ai, a ma hea nā puʻu. i kēia manawa e hoʻolei ʻia nā mea pono ʻole. Ma hope o Sandy, ʻo nā ʻōpala o nā kahakai ma kahi kaiāulu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i kū i luna o ko mākou mau poʻo ma hope o ka kānana ʻana, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, a hoʻi ke one i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i kahakai. A, ʻoiaʻiʻo, paʻakikī ka manaʻo ʻana i kahi a pehea e hiki mai ai ka wai i uka. E like me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolaha o ke kai eʻe, ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka hiki ke hoʻohālike i ka ʻino o NOAA (SLOSH) e kōkua i nā kaiāulu e mākaukau.

Hiki i nā mea hoʻolālā ke pōmaikaʻi mai ka ʻike e hiki ke kōkua i nā ʻōnaehana kahakai kūlohelohe maikaʻi-i ʻike ʻia ʻo nā pale ʻino kūlohelohe a pale i nā hopena o ka piʻi ʻana a hoʻopuehu i kona mana.[3] No ka laʻana, me nā lau nahele maikaʻi, nā marshes, nā puʻu one, a me nā mangroves, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ikaika o ka wai a hiki i ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻōpala, a liʻiliʻi nā pilikia ma hope. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana kūlohelohe maikaʻi ma nā kahakai e hāʻawi i kahi noho maikaʻi aʻe no ko mākou mau hoalauna moana, a hiki ke hāʻawi i nā kaiāulu kanaka i nā pōmaikaʻi leʻaleʻa a me ka hoʻokele waiwai, a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana ma hope o ka pōʻino.

[1] ʻO ka hoʻolauna ʻana o NOAA i ka Storm Surge, http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hurricane/resources/surge_intro.pdf

[2] BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25298428

[3] Hiki i nā pale kūlohelohe ke pale aku i nā kahakai, http://www.climatecentral.org/news/natural-defenses-can-best-protect-coasts-says-study-16864