Palaki i ka Moana

HOI I KA NOIMI

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Kulekele Plastics US
- 2.1 Nā Kulekele Lahui
- 2.2 Nā Kulekele Lahui
3. Nā Kulekele International
- 3.1 Kuikahi honua
- 3.2 Papa Kulekele ʻepekema
- 3.3 Hoʻololi ʻo Basel Convention i nā ʻōpala ʻōpala
4. Kaapuni Kaapuni
5. Kemika Omaomao
6. ʻO ke ola kino a me ka moana
- 6.1 Mea Hana ʻuhane
- 6.2 Nā hopena i ke ola kai
- 6.3 Nā Pellet Pīkī (Nurdles)
7. ʻO ke kino a me ke ola kanaka
8. Pono Kaiapuni
9. Moolelo o ka Plastic
10. Nā Punawai like ʻole

1. Introduction

He aha ke ʻano o ka pilikia plastik?

ʻO ka plastik, ke ʻano maʻamau o ka ʻōpala kai hoʻomau, ʻo ia kekahi o nā pilikia koʻikoʻi i nā kaiaola kai. ʻOiai paʻakikī ke ana ʻana, ua manaʻo ʻia he 8 miliona metric tons o ka plastic i hoʻohui ʻia i ko kākou kai i kēlā me kēia makahiki, me ka 236,000 tons microplastics (Jambeck, 2015), ʻo ia ka like me ka ʻoi aku o hoʻokahi kalaka ʻōpala i hoʻolei ʻia i loko o ko kākou moana i kēlā me kēia minuke (Pennington, 2016).

Ua manaoia aia 5.25 trillion ʻāpana ʻōpala i loko o ke kai, 229,000 tons e lana ana ma ka ili, a me 4 billion plastic microfibers no ka pahu kilomika huinahalike i ke kai hohonu (National Geographic, 2015). Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻōpala he ʻelima i loko o ko mākou moana he ʻelima mau ʻōpala nui, me ka Great Pacific Garbage patch i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka nui o Texas. I ka makahiki 2050, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka plastic i loko o ke kai ma ke kaumaha ma mua o ka iʻa (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2016). ʻAʻole paʻa ka plastik i ko kākou moana, aia nō ia i ka lewa a me nā meaʻai a mākou e ʻai ai a hiki i kahi i manaʻo ʻia e ʻai ai kēlā me kēia kanaka. he kāleka hōʻaiʻē o ka plastic i kēlā me kēia pule (Wit, Bigaud, 2019).

ʻO ka hapa nui o ka plastic i komo i loko o ke kahawai ʻōpala e hoʻopau pono ʻole ʻia a i ʻole i loko o nā pae ʻāina. I ka makahiki 2018 wale nō, aia he 35 miliona tons o ka plastic i hana ʻia ma United States, a ʻo ia ʻO 8.7 pakeneka wale nō o ka plastic i hana hou ʻia (EPA, 2021). ʻAʻole hiki ke pale ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka plastik i kēia lā a e hoʻomau ʻia ka pilikia a hiki i ka hoʻolālā hou ʻana a hoʻololi i kā mākou pilina me nā plastics.

Pehea ka pau ʻana o ka plastic i ke kai?

1. ʻO nā plastik i loko o nā pae ʻāina: Nalo pinepine a puhi ʻia paha ka plastic i ka wā o ka lawe ʻana i nā pae ʻāina. Hoʻopili ka ʻilika a puni nā kahawai a komo i nā ala wai, a pau i ke kai.
2. Littering: ʻO ka ʻōpala i hāʻule ma ke alanui a i ʻole ma ko mākou wahi kūlohelohe e lawe ʻia e ka makani a me ka wai ua i loko o ko mākou wai.
3. Iho i ka luawai: Hoʻopau pinepine ʻia nā huahana maʻemaʻe, e like me ka holoi ʻana i ka wai a me ka Q-tips. Ke holoi ʻia nā lole (ʻoi aku nā mea synthetic) hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā microfibers a me nā microplastics i loko o kā mākou wai ʻōpala ma o kā mākou mīkini holoi. ʻO ka hope loa, e hoʻouna nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe me nā microbeads i nā microplastics i lalo o ke kahawai.
4. ʻOihana lawaiʻa: Nalo a haʻalele paha nā waʻa lawaiʻa i nā mea lawaiʻa (nānā Mea Hana ʻuhane) i ka moana e hana ana i mau pahele make no ke ola kai.

No ke aha i pilikia nui ai ka plastic i loko o ke kai?

ʻO ka plastic ke kuleana no ka hoʻopōʻino i ke ola moana, ke olakino lehulehu, a me ka hoʻokele waiwai ma ka pae honua. ʻAʻole e like me nā ʻano ʻōpala ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole e popopo loa ka plastic, no laila e mau ana i loko o ke kai no nā kenekulia. ʻO ka pollution plastic no ka pau ʻole ke alakaʻi i nā hoʻoweliweli kaiapuni: ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā holoholona hihiu, ka ʻai ʻana, ka lawe ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe, a me ka pōʻino o ka noho ʻana. Nā hopena ma ke ola moana). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻōpala kai he mea ʻino nā maka waiwai e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka nani o ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe (e nānā Hoʻomalu Pono).

ʻAʻole wale ka moʻomeheu koʻikoʻi o ka moana akā ʻo ia ka mea e ola ai no nā kaiāulu kahakai. Hoʻoweliweli nā plastik i ko mākou ala wai i ko mākou ʻano wai a me nā kumu meaʻai kai. Piʻi ka microplastics i ke kaulahao meaʻai a hoʻoweliweli i ke olakino kanaka (E nānā Palaki a me ke ola kanaka).

Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o ka ʻilika moana, e ulu wale ana kēia mau pilikia ke ʻole mākou e hana. ʻAʻole pono ke kaumaha o ke kuleana plastic ma luna o nā mea kūʻai wale. Akā, ma ka hoʻolālā hou ʻana i ka hana plastik ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana hope, hiki iā mākou ke alakaʻi i nā mea hana i nā hopena e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i kēia pilikia honua.

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2. Kulekele Plastics US

2.1 Nā Kulekele Lahui

Schultz, J. (2021, Pepeluali 8). Kānāwai ʻEke ʻEke Mokuʻāina. ʻAha Kūkākūkā Lahui o nā Kānāwai Kaiapuni. http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/plastic-bag-legislation

ʻEwalu mokuʻāina he kānāwai e hōʻemi ana i ka hana ʻana/ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻeke plastik hoʻohana hoʻokahi. Ua pāpā pū nā kūlanakauhale ʻo Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Kapalakiko a me Seattle i nā ʻeke plastik. Ua pāpā ʻo Boulder, New York, Portland, Washington DC, a me Montgomery County Md. i nā ʻeke plastik a hoʻokō i nā uku. He hana koʻikoʻi ka pāpā ʻana i nā ʻeke plastik, no ka mea, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea i loaʻa pinepine ʻia i ka haumia o nā plastik moana.

Gardiner, B. (2022, Pepeluali 22). Pehea e hiki ai i ka lanakila nui i loko o ka pahu ʻōpala plastik ke pale i ka haumia o ka moana. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-a-dramatic-win-in-plastic-waste-case-may-curb-ocean-pollution

I Kekemapa 2019, ua lanakila ʻo Diane Wilson ka mea hana anti-pollution i kahi hihia koʻikoʻi e kūʻē iā Formosa Plastics, kekahi o nā ʻoihana petrochemical nui loa o ka honua, no nā makahiki he mau makahiki o ka pollution plastic nurdle pollution ma ke kahakai ʻo Texas 'Give Coast. He $50 miliona ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka lanakila mōʻaukala ma ke ʻano he makana nui loa i hāʻawi ʻia i loko o kahi hoʻopiʻi kamaʻāina kūʻē i kahi mea hoʻohaumia ʻoihana ma lalo o ka US Clean Water Act. E like me ka hoʻoholo ʻana, ua kauoha ʻia ʻo Formosa Plastics e hōʻea i ka "zero-discharge" o ka ʻōpala plastik mai kāna hale hana ʻo Point Comfort, e uku i nā hoʻopaʻi a hiki i ka pau ʻana o nā mea ʻawaʻawa, a hoʻopaʻa kālā i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka plastic i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma nā ʻāina pulu kūloko o Texas. kahakai, a me na ala wai. ʻO Wilson, nona kāna hana luhi i loaʻa iā ia ka makana hanohano 2023 Goldman Environmental Prize, hāʻawi i ka hoʻoponopono holoʻokoʻa i kahi hilinaʻi, e hoʻohana ʻia no nā ʻano kumu kūlohelohe. Ua hoʻomaka kēia ʻaʻahu kamaʻāina i nā ʻano loli ma waena o kahi ʻoihana nui e hoʻohaumia pinepine ʻia me ka hoʻopaʻi ʻole.

Gibbens, S. (2019, ʻAukake 15). E ʻike i ka ʻāina paʻakikī o nā pāpā plastik ma US National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/map-shows-the-complicated-landscape-of-plastic-bans

Nui nā hakakā ʻaha hoʻokolokolo e hoʻomau nei ma ʻAmelika kahi i kūʻē ʻole ai nā kūlanakauhale a me nā mokuʻāina no ke kānāwai e pāpā i ka plastic a i ʻole. He mau haneli o nā kaona a puni ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kekahi ʻano o ka uku plastik a pāpā paha, me kekahi ma Kaleponi a me New York. Akā he ʻumikūmāhiku mau mokuʻāina i ʻōlelo ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ke pāpā ʻana i nā mea plastik, me ka pāpā pono ʻana i ka hiki ke pāpā. Ke hana nei nā pāpā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hōʻemi i ka pollution plastic, akā nui ka poʻe e ʻōlelo nei ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā uku ma mua o ka pāpā pololei ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano mea kūʻai.

ʻAha Kūkākūkā Hoʻomalu Moana Kaleponi. (2022, Pepeluali). Hoʻolālā Microplastics a puni ka mokuʻāina. https://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/agenda_items/ 20220223/Item_6_Exhibit_A_Statewide_Microplastics_Strategy.pdf

Me ka ʻae ʻia ʻana o ka bila Senate 1263 (Sen. Anthony Portantino) i ka makahiki 2018, ua ʻike ka ʻAhaʻōlelo Mokuʻāina o Kaleponi i ka pono o kahi hoʻolālā holoʻokoʻa e hoʻoponopono ai i ka hoʻoweliweli a me ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o nā microplastics i loko o ke kai moana o ka mokuʻāina. Ua paʻi ka California Ocean Protection Council (OPC) i kēia Statewide Microplastic Strategy, e hāʻawi ana i kahi palapala alanui no nā makahiki he nui no nā keʻena mokuʻāina a me nā hoa o waho e hana pū i ka noiʻi a hoʻemi hope loa i ka pollution microplastic ʻona ma waena o nā kaiaola kai a me ka wai o Kaleponi. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kēia hoʻolālā he ʻike e pono ai ka mokuʻāina e hoʻoholo i nā hana e hoʻemi ai i ka pollution microplastic, ʻoiai e ulu mau ana ka ʻike ʻepekema o nā kumu microplastics, nā hopena, a me nā hana hōʻemi kūpono.

HB 1085 – 68th Washington State Ahaolelo, (2023-24 Reg. Sess.): E hoemi ana i ka pollution plastik. (2023, ʻApelila). https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?Year=2023&BillNumber=1085

I ʻApelila 2023, ua hoʻoholo lokahi ka Senate State Washington i ka Hale Bila Hale 1085 (HB 1085) no ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka pollution plastic ma ʻekolu mau ala ʻokoʻa. Kākoʻo ʻia e Lunamakaʻāinana Sharlett Mena (D-Tacoma), pono ka bila i nā hale hou i kūkulu ʻia me nā pūnāwai wai e loaʻa pū kekahi mau pahu hoʻopiha piha; hoʻopau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana olakino liʻiliʻi a nani paha i loko o nā pahu plastik i hoʻolako ʻia e nā hōkele a me nā hale noho ʻē aʻe; a pāpā ʻia ke kūʻai ʻana aku i nā mea lana a me nā kupa, ʻoiai ke kauoha ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana i nā hale ʻili wai paʻa. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kāna mau pahuhopu, hoʻopili ka pila i nā keʻena aupuni a me nā ʻaha kūkā a e hoʻokō ʻia me nā manawa like ʻole. Ua lanakila ʻo Rep. Mena i ka HB 1085 ma ke ʻano he hakakā koʻikoʻi o Wakinekona State no ka pale ʻana i ke olakino lehulehu, nā kumu wai, a me nā lawaiʻa iʻa iʻa mai ka haumia plastik nui.

Papa Mana Waiwai Moku'āina o Kaleponi. (2020, Iune 16). Kūkākūkā ʻo State Water Board i nā microplastics i ka wai inu e paipai i ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana wai lehulehu [Paʻi paʻi]. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/ 2020/pr06162020_microplastics.pdf

ʻO Kaleponi ka hui aupuni mua ma ka honua e hoʻāʻo ʻōnaehana i kāna wai inu no ka microplastic contamination me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kāna mea hoʻāʻo statewide. ʻO kēia hana a ka California State Water Resources Control Board ka hopena o nā Bila Senate 2018 Helu. 1422 a Helu. 1263, kākoʻo ʻia e Sen. Anthony Portantino, nāna i kuhikuhi i nā mea hoʻolako wai kūloko e hoʻomohala i nā ʻano maʻamau no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka microplastic infiltration i loko o nā wai wai a me nā kumu wai inu a hoʻonohonoho i ka nānā ʻana i nā microplastics moana ma waho o ke kahakai o Kaleponi. I ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā luna wai kūloko a mokuʻāina i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā pae microplastic i ka wai inu i nā makahiki ʻelima e hiki mai ana, e hoʻomau ke aupuni Kaleponi e hilinaʻi i ke kaiāulu ʻepekema e noiʻi hou aku i nā hopena olakino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni o ka microplastic ingestion.

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2.2 Nā Kulekele Lahui

ʻOihana Hoʻomalu Kaiapuni ʻAmelika. (2023, ʻApelila). Hoʻolālā i ke Kuʻuna Lahui no ka Kāohi ʻana i ka ʻinoʻino. Keʻena mālama waiwai a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o EPA. https://www.epa.gov/circulareconomy/draft-national-strategy-prevent-plastic-pollution

ʻO ka hoʻolālā ka manaʻo e hōʻemi i ka haumia i ka wā o ka hana plastik, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻokele waiwai ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana, a pale i ka ʻōpala a me nā micro/nano-plastics mai ke komo ʻana i nā ala wai a wehe i ka ʻōpala i pakele mai ke kaiapuni. ʻO ka mana hoʻolālā, i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano he hoʻonui o ka EPA's National Recycling Strategy i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka makahiki 2021, e hōʻike ana i ka pono o kahi ala pōʻai no ka hoʻokele plastics a no ka hana koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka hoʻolālā aupuni, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia, hāʻawi i ke alakaʻi no nā kulekele federal a me ka mokuʻāina a no nā hui ʻē aʻe e nānā ana e hoʻoponopono i ka pollution plastic.

Jain, N., a me LaBeaud, D. (2022, ʻOkakopa) Pehea e alakaʻi ai ka mālama ola kino o ʻAmelika i ka hoʻololi honua i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻōpala palaki. AMA Journal of Ethics. 24(10):E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

I kēia lā, ʻaʻole ʻo ʻAmelika i mua o ke kulekele e pili ana i ka pollution plastic, akā hoʻokahi ala e hiki ai i ka US ke alakaʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka ʻōpala palaka mai ka mālama olakino. ʻO ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā ʻōpala mālama olakino kekahi o nā mea hoʻoweliweli nui loa i ka mālama olakino hoʻomau honua. ʻO nā hana i kēia manawa o ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā ʻōpala mālama olakino ma ka ʻāina a me ke kai, he hana e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kaulike olakino o ka honua ma o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ke olakino o nā kaiāulu nāwaliwali. Manaʻo nā mea kākau e hōʻano hou i ke kuleana pilikanaka a me ka pono no ka hana ʻana i ka ʻōpala mālama olakino a me ka hoʻokele ʻana ma o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā alakaʻi o ka ʻoihana mālama olakino, hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokō a me ka mālama ʻana i nā kaulahao pōʻai, a me ka paipai ʻana i ka hui pū ʻana ma waena o nā ʻoihana olakino, plastic, a me nā ʻōpala.

ʻOihana Hoʻomalu Kaiapuni ʻAmelika. (2021, Nowemapa). ʻO ke Kuʻuna Hoʻolāʻau Lahui Mahele ʻEkahi o kahi moʻo no ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai no nā mea a pau. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-11/final-national-recycling-strategy.pdf

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka National Recycling Strategy i ka hoʻonui ʻana a me ka holomua ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe paʻa paʻa aupuni (MSW) a me ka pahuhopu e hoʻokumu i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻokele ʻōpala a ʻoi aku ka ikaika, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ke kumu kūʻai i loko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO nā pahuhopu o ka hōʻike e pili ana i nā mākeke i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia no nā mea kūʻai hou, hoʻonui i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele waiwai, hoʻemi ʻia o ka haumia i ke kahawai waiwai hou, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kulekele e kākoʻo i ka circularity. ʻOiai ʻaʻole e hoʻonā ka hana hou ʻana i ka pilikia o ka pollution plastic, hiki i kēia hoʻolālā ke kōkua i ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā hana maikaʻi loa no ka neʻe ʻana i kahi ʻoihana pōʻai. ʻO ka ʻike, hāʻawi ka ʻāpana hope o kēia hōʻike i kahi hōʻuluʻulu maikaʻi o ka hana e hana ʻia e nā keʻena federal ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

Bates, S. (2021, Iune 25). Hoʻohana ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka ʻikepili Satellite NASA no ka hahai ʻana i nā Microplastics Moana mai ka lewa. Pūʻulu Nūhou ʻepekema Honua NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/esnt2021/scientists-use-nasa-satellite-data-to-track-ocean-microplastics-from-space

Ke hoʻohana nei nā mea noiʻi i ka ʻikepili satelite NASA i kēia manawa e nānā i ka neʻe ʻana o nā microplastics i ke kai, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili mai ka NASA's Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS).

Law, KL, Starr, N., Siegler, TR, Jambeck, J., Mallos, N., & Leonard, GB (2020). Hāʻawi ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka ʻōpala plastik i ka ʻāina a me ka moana. ʻEpekema Hou, 6(44). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0288

Hōʻike kēia haʻawina ʻepekema 2020, i ka makahiki 2016, ua hoʻonui ka US i nā ʻōpala plastik ma ke kaupaona a me kēlā me kēia kapita ma mua o nā lāhui ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi hapa nui o kēia ʻōpala i hoʻolei hewa ʻia ma US, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama pono ʻole ʻia ma nā ʻāina i lawe mai i nā mea i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma US no ka hana hou ʻana. Ma ka helu ʻana i kēia mau haʻawina, ʻo ka nui o ka ʻōpala palaka i hana ʻia ma US i manaʻo ʻia e komo i ke kai kahakai i ka makahiki 2016 a hiki i ʻelima mau manawa nui ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia no 2010, e hāʻawi ana i ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka ʻāina i waena o nā mea kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2022). Ka helu ʻana me ke kuleana o ʻAmelika i loko o ka ʻōpala Plastic Ocean Global. Wakinekona, DC: ʻO ka National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26132.

Ua hana ʻia kēia loiloi ma ke ʻano he pane i kahi noi ma ka Save Our Seas 2.0 Act no kahi ʻepekema ʻepekema o ka hāʻawi ʻana a ka US i ka hana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pollution plastic moana honua. Me ka US e hana ana i ka nui loa o ka ʻōpala palaka o kēlā me kēia ʻāina ma ka honua e like me 2016, koi kēia hōʻike i kahi hoʻolālā aupuni e hoʻēmi i ka hana ʻōpala plastik o US. Manaʻo ia i kahi ʻōnaehana nānā i hoʻonui ʻia a hoʻonohonoho ʻia e hoʻomaopopo pono i ka nui a me nā kumu o ka pollution plastic US a nānā i ka holomua o ka ʻāina.

Hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka plastik. (2021, Malaki 26). Hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ke kānāwai hoʻohaumia plastik. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka plastik. http://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/pollution-act/

ʻO ka Break Free From Plastic Pollution Act o 2021 (BFFPPA) he bila Federal i kākoʻo ʻia e Sen. Jeff Merkley (OR) a me Lunamakaʻāinana ʻo Alan Lowenthal (CA e hoʻopuka ana i nā ʻōlelo hoʻonā kulekele i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ka ʻaha kūkā. ʻO nā pahuhopu ākea o ʻO ka bila e hoʻemi i ka haumia plastik mai ke kumu, e hoʻonui i ka uku hana hou, a me ka pale ʻana i nā kaiāulu mua. E hoʻomaikaʻi ka pila i ke olakino kanaka, ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i ko mākou pilikia o ka ʻai ʻana i nā microplastics. ʻO ka hemo ʻana mai ka plastic e hoʻohaʻahaʻa loa i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo. nā kānāwai ma ka pae aupuni ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

kikokikona – S. 1982 – 116^th Ahaolelo (2019-2020): E mālama i ko mākou mau kai 2.0 Act (2020, Kekemapa 18). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1982

I ka makahiki 2020, ua kau ʻo Congress i ka Save Our Seas 2.0 Act nāna i hoʻokumu i nā koi a me nā mea hoʻoikaika e hōʻemi, hana hou, a pale i nā ʻōpala kai (e laʻa, ka ʻōpala plastik). Ua hoʻokumu pū ka bila i ka ʻO ke kahua ʻo Marine Debris Foundation, he hui aloha a waiwai ʻole a ʻaʻole ia he hui a hoʻokumu ʻia o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. E hana pū ka Marine Debris Foundation me ka NOAA's Marine Debris Program a e kālele ana i nā hana e loiloi, pale, hōʻemi, a hoʻoneʻe i nā ʻōpala o ke kai a hoʻoponopono i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka ʻōpala moana a me nā kumu kumu i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. kaiapuni (me nā wai i loko o ka mana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, nā kai kiʻekiʻe, a me nā wai i ka mana o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe), a me ka palekana hoʻokele.

S.5163 – Ahaolelo 117 (2021-2022): Ka Hoomalu ana i na Kaiaulu mai ka Plastics Act. (2022, Kekemapa 1). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/5163

I ka makahiki 2022, ua hui pū ʻo Sen. Cory Booker (DN.J.) a me Rep. Jared Huffman (D-CA) iā Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) a me Lunamakaʻāinana ʻo Alan Lowenthal (D-CA) e hoʻolauna i ka Protecting Communities from Plastics. Kānāwai kānāwai. Ke kūkulu nei ma luna o nā ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi mai ka Break Free From Plastic Pollution Act, ke manaʻo nei kēia bila e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia o ka hana ʻana i ka plastik e hoʻopilikia pono ʻole i ke olakino o nā kaiāulu haʻahaʻa a me nā kaiāulu kala. Ke alakaʻi ʻia e ka pahuhopu nui o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai o US mai ka plastic hoʻohana hoʻokahi, ke manaʻo nei ka Protecting Communities from Plastics Act e hoʻokumu i nā lula koʻikoʻi no nā mea kanu petrochemical a hana i nā pahuhopu hou o ka ʻāina no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke kumu plastik a me ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana lawelawe meaʻai.

S.2645 – Ahaolelo 117 (2021-2022): ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻemi i nā mea ʻino i hana ʻole ʻia ma ke kānāwai Ecosystems o 2021. (2021, ʻAukake 5). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2645

Ua hoʻokomo ʻo Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) i ka bila hou e hoʻokumu i kahi manaʻo ikaika hou e hoʻihoʻi hou i ka plastik, e ʻoki i ka hana ʻana i ka palaka puʻupaʻa, a e hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻoihana plastics i ke kuleana no ka ʻōpala ʻawaʻawa e hōʻino ʻino i ke olakino lehulehu a me nā noho kaiapuni koʻikoʻi. . ʻO ke kānāwai i manaʻo ʻia, i kapa ʻia ʻo Rewarding Efforts to Decrease Unrecycled Contaminants in Ecosystems (REDUCE) Act, e kau i ka uku 20-keneta no ka paona ma ke kūʻai ʻana i ka plastik puʻupaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia i nā huahana hoʻohana hoʻokahi. E kōkua ana kēia uku i nā plastic plastic recycled e hoʻokūkū me nā plastic plastic puʻupaʻa ma kahi pae like. ʻO nā mea i uhi ʻia me ka ʻeke, nā huahana lawelawe meaʻai, nā ipu inu, a me nā ʻeke - me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia no nā huahana olakino a me nā huahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe pilikino.

Jain, N., & LaBeaud, D. (2022). Pehea e alakaʻi ai ka mālama ola kino o ʻAmelika i ka hoʻololi honua i ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka ʻōpala plastik? AMA Journal of Ethics, 24(10):E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā ʻōpala mālama olakino plastik e hoʻohaʻahaʻa loa i ke kaulike olakino o ka honua, me ka hopena ʻole i ke olakino o ka poʻe nāwaliwali a me ka hapa ʻole. Ma ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hana o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā ʻōpala mālama ola kino e hoʻolei ʻia i loko o ka ʻāina a me nā wai o nā lāhui e ulu nei, ke hoʻonui nei ʻo US i nā hopena o ke kaiapuni a me nā hopena olakino e hoʻoweliweli i ka mālama ola olakino. Pono ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i ke kuleana pilikanaka a me ka pono no ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻokele mālama ola kino plastik. Manaʻo kēia ʻatikala i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā alakaʻi o ka hui mālama olakino, hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokō ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā kaulahao lako, a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hui pū ʻana ma waena o nā ʻoihana olakino, plastic, a me nā ʻōpala. 

Wong, E. (2019, Mei 16). ʻEpekema ma ka Puʻu: Hoʻoholo i ka pilikia ʻōpala palaki. ʻAno Springer. Lawe ʻia mai: bit.ly/2HQTrfi

He hōʻiliʻili o nā ʻatikala e pili ana i nā loea ʻepekema i nā poʻe loio ma Capitol Hill. Kūkākūkā lākou i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o ka ʻōpala plastic a he aha ka mea e hiki ke hana e hoʻoponopono ai i ka pilikia ʻoiai e hoʻonui ana i nā ʻoihana a alakaʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ka hana.

PAKAI i TOP

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3. Nā Kulekele International

Nielsen, MB, Clausen, LP, Cronin, R., Hansen, SF, Oturai, NG, & Syberg, K. (2023). ʻO ka wehe ʻana i ka ʻepekema ma hope o nā hoʻolālā kulekele e kuhikuhi ana i ka pollution plastic. Microplastics a me Nanoplastics, 3(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-022-00046-y

Ua kālailai nā mea kākau i ʻeono mau kumu kulekele koʻikoʻi e huli ana i ka pollution plastic a ua ʻike ʻia e pili pinepine ana nā hana plastik i nā hōʻike mai nā ʻatikala a me nā hōʻike ʻepekema. Hāʻawi nā ʻatikala a me nā hōʻike ʻepekema i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā kumu plastik, nā hopena kaiaola o nā plastics a me nā ʻano hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana. ʻOi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o nā hoʻolālā kulekele plastik i nānā ʻia e pili ana i ka ʻikepili nānā ʻana i ka lepo. Me he mea lā ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi hui like ʻole o nā ʻatikala ʻepekema a me nā mea hana i ka wā e hana ai i nā hoʻolālā kulekele plastic. Eia nō naʻe, aia nō ka nui o ka maopopo ʻole e pili ana i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka pōʻino mai ka pollution plastic, ʻo ia ka mea e pono ai nā hoʻolālā kulekele e ʻae i ka maʻalahi. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻike ʻia nā hōʻike ʻepekema i ka wā e hoʻokumu ai i nā hana kulekele. ʻO nā ʻano hōʻike like ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā hoʻolālā kulekele hiki ke hopena i nā manaʻo kūʻē. Hiki i kēia hakakā ke hoʻopili i nā kūkākūkā a me nā kulekele honua.

OECD (2022, Pepeluali), ʻO ka Global Plastics Outlook: Nā mea hoʻokele waiwai, nā hopena o ke kaiapuni a me nā koho kulekele. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/de747aef-en.

ʻOiai he mau mea pono loa ka plastics no ka nohona hou, ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hana plastics a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ʻōpala a pono ke hana wikiwiki e hana i ke ola o nā plastics. Ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻo 9% wale nō o ka ʻōpala plastic i hana hou ʻia a ʻo 22% ka mālama hewa ʻia. Kāhea ka OECD i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kulekele aupuni a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana like ʻana o ka honua e hoʻēmi i nā hopena o ke kaiapuni ma ke kaulahao waiwai. Kuhi ʻia kēia hōʻike i ke aʻo ʻana a me ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā hana kulekele e pale aku i ka leaka plastik. Hōʻike ka Outlook i ʻehā mau lewa kī no ka pelu ʻana i ka ʻāʻī plastik: kākoʻo ikaika no nā mākeke plastik hana hou (kekona); nā kulekele e hoʻoikaika i ka ʻenehana hou i loko o nā plastics; ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hana kulekele kūloko; a me ka launa pū ʻana o ka honua. ʻO kēia ka mua o nā hōʻike i hoʻolālā ʻia, ʻo ka hōʻike ʻelua, ʻO ka Global Plastics Outlook: Nā Kūlana Kūlana a hiki i 2060 helu ʻia ma lalo.

OECD (2022, Iune), ʻO ka Global Plastics Outlook: Nā Kūlana Kūlana a hiki i 2060. OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/aa1edf33-en. 

ʻAʻole kokoke ka honua i ka hoʻokō ʻana i kāna pahuhopu o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pollution plastic, ke ʻole e hoʻokō ʻia nā kulekele ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana. No ke kōkua ʻana i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pahuhopu i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā ʻāina like ʻole, hāʻawi ʻo OECD i kahi hiʻohiʻona plastics a me nā hiʻohiʻona kulekele e kōkua i ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā mea hana kulekele. Hōʻike ka hōʻike i kahi pūʻulu o nā manaʻo pili i nā plastics a hiki i 2060, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā plastics, nā ʻōpala a me nā hopena o ke kaiapuni i pili i nā plastics, ʻoi aku ka leakage i ke kaiapuni. ʻO kēia hōʻike ka hope o ka hōʻike mua, Nā mea hoʻokele waiwai, nā hopena o ke kaiapuni a me nā koho kulekele (i helu ʻia ma luna) ka mea i helu i nā ʻano o kēia manawa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka plastik, ka hana ʻōpala a me ka leakage, a me ka ʻike ʻana i ʻehā mau lewa kulekele e pale ai i nā hopena kūlohelohe o nā plastics.

IUCN. (2022). IUCN Briefing for Negotiators: Plastics Treaty INC. IUCN WCEL Agreement on Plastic Pollution Task Force. https://www.iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-wcel-agreement-plastic-pollution-task-force/resources 

Ua hana ka IUCN i mau ʻōlelo pōkole, ʻo kēlā me kēia ma lalo o ʻelima ʻaoʻao, e kākoʻo i ka pōʻai mua o nā kūkākūkā no ka Plastic Pollution Treaty e like me ka mea i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) resolution 5/14, Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā pōkole i nā kau kikoʻī. a ua kūkulu ʻia ma luna o nā ʻanuʻu i hana ʻia i ka makahiki i hala e pili ana i ka wehewehe ʻana o ke kuʻikahi, nā mea koʻikoʻi, nā pilina me nā kuʻikahi ʻē aʻe, nā hale kūpono a me nā ala pili kānāwai. Loaʻa nā ʻōlelo pōkole a pau, me nā mea e pili ana i nā huaʻōlelo koʻikoʻi, ka hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai, ka launa pū ʻana o ke aupuni, a me nā ʻaelike kaiapuni multilateral. maanei. ʻAʻole kōkua wale kēia mau ʻōlelo pōkole i nā mea hana kulekele, akā kōkua i ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kuʻikahi plastik i ka wā o nā kūkākūkā mua.

ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kahakai hope loa. (2021, Iulai). Nā Kānāwai o ka ʻāina ma nā huahana palaki. lastbeachcleanup.org/countrylaws

He papa inoa piha o nā kānāwai honua e pili ana i nā huahana plastic. I kēia lā, he 188 mau ʻāina i pāpā ʻia i ka ʻeke plastik a i ʻole lā hoʻopaʻa ʻia, he 81 mau ʻāina i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka ʻāina a i ʻole lā hoʻohiki i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a he 96 mau ʻāina i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka pahu pahu plastik a i ʻole ka lā hopena.

Buchholz, K. (2021). Infographic: Ke pāpā nei nā ʻāina i nā ʻeke plastik. Statista Infographics. https://www.statista.com/chart/14120/the-countries-banning-plastic-bags/

He kanaonokūmāiwa mau ʻāina a puni ka honua i pāpā piha a ʻāpana paha i nā ʻeke plastik. ʻO kekahi mau ʻāina he kanakolukumamālua e uku i ka uku a i ʻole ka ʻauhau i mea e kaupalena ai i ka plastic. Ua hoʻolaha aku nei ʻo Kina e pāpā aku i nā ʻeke ʻeke ʻole i loko o nā kūlanakauhale nui i ka hopena o 2020 a e hoʻonui i ka pāpā ʻana i ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa ma 2022. e hakakā i ka pilikia plastics.

Directive (EU) 2019/904 o ka European Parliament a me ka Council of 5 June 2019 e pili ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hopena o kekahi mau huahana plastik i ke kaiapuni. PE/11/2019/REV/1 OJ L 155, 12.6.2019, p. 1–19 (BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, GA, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV). ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/904/oj

ʻO ka hoʻonui mau ʻana o ka hana ʻōpala palaka a me ka leaka ʻana o ka ʻōpala palaka i loko o ke kaiapuni, ʻo ia hoʻi i loko o ke kai moana, pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia i mea e hoʻokō ai i kahi pōʻai pōʻai no nā plastics. Hoʻopaʻa kēia kānāwai i 10 mau ʻano ʻilika hoʻohana hoʻokahi a pili i kekahi mau huahana SUP, nā huahana i hana ʻia mai ka plastic oxo-degradable a me nā mea lawaiʻa i loko o ka plastic. Hoʻonoho ia i nā palena o ka mākeke i nā ʻoki ʻokiʻoki, nā ʻōpala, nā pā, nā kīʻaha a hoʻonohonoho i ka pahuhopu hōʻiliʻili o 90% recycling no nā ʻōmole plastik SUP i ka makahiki 2029. manaʻolana e alakaʻi i nā hōʻemi nui o ka pollution plastic i nā makahiki he ʻumi e hiki mai ana.

Kikowaena Kulekele Plastics Global (2022). ʻO kahi loiloi honua o nā kulekele plastics e kākoʻo i ka hoʻoholo maikaʻi ʻana a me ke kuleana o ka lehulehu. Malaki, A., Salam, S., Evans, T., Hilton, J., a me Fletcher, S. (nā luna hoʻoponopono). Revolution Plastics, Ke Kulanui o Portsmouth, UK. https://plasticspolicy.port.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GPPC-Report.pdf

I ka makahiki 2022, ua hoʻokuʻu ka Global Plastics Policy Center i kahi noiʻi e pili ana i ka hōʻike e loiloi ana i ka maikaʻi o nā kulekele plastik 100 i hoʻokō ʻia e nā ʻoihana, nā aupuni, a me nā hui kīwila a puni ka honua. Hōʻike kēia hōʻike i kēlā mau ʻike - ka ʻike ʻana i nā āpau koʻikoʻi i nā hōʻike no kēlā me kēia kulekele, ka loiloi ʻana i nā mea i kāohi a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana kulekele, a me ka synthesizing i kēlā me kēia loiloi e hōʻike i nā hana kūleʻa a me nā hopena koʻikoʻi no ka poʻe hana kulekele. ʻO kēia loiloi hohonu o nā kulekele plastik a puni ka honua he hoʻonui ʻia o ka waihona kālā o ka Global Plastic Policy Center o nā hana plastik i kālailai kūʻokoʻa, ʻo ia ka mea mua o kāna ʻano e hana nei ma ke ʻano he kumu aʻoaʻo koʻikoʻi a me ka ʻike e pili ana i ke kulekele haumia plastik. 

Royle, J., Jack, B., Parris, H., Hogg, D., & Eliot, T. (2019). Plastic Drawdown: He ala hou no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pollution plastic mai ke kumu a i ke kai. Nā Kai Kūʻokoʻa. https://commonseas.com/uploads/Plastic-Drawdown-%E2%80%93-A-summary-for-policy-makers.pdf

ʻEhā mau ʻanuʻu ka Plastic Drawdown model: hoʻohālike i ka hana ʻana a me ka haku mele ʻana o ka ʻāina, ka palapala ʻāina i ke ala ma waena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka plastik a me ka leaka i loko o ke kai, ka nānā ʻana i ka hopena o nā kulekele nui, a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka ʻaelike e pili ana i nā kulekele koʻikoʻi ma waena o ke aupuni, kaiāulu, a me nā mea pili i ka ʻoihana. He ʻumikūmāwalu mau kulekele ʻokoʻa i kālailai ʻia i loko o kēia palapala, e kūkākūkā ana kēlā me kēia i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana, ka pae holomua (ka hopena), a me nā macro a/a i ʻole microplastics e kamaʻilio ai.

Polokalamu Kaiapuni Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa (2021). Mai ka Pollution to Solution: He loiloi honua o ka ʻōpala moana a me ka pollution plastic. Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/resources/pollution-solution-global-assessment-marine-litter-and-plastic-pollution

Ke nānā nei kēia loiloi honua i ka nui a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka ʻōpala moana a me ka pollution plastic i nā kaiaola āpau a me kā lākou hopena pōʻino i ke olakino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni. Hāʻawi ia i kahi hōʻano hou e pili ana i ka ʻike o kēia manawa a me nā wahi noiʻi e pili ana i nā hopena pololei o ka pollution plastic i nā kaiaola kai, nā mea hoʻoweliweli i ke olakino honua, a me nā kumukūʻai pilikanaka a me ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka ʻōpala moana. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, hoʻoikaika ka hōʻike e hoʻomaopopo a hoʻolalelale i nā hana e pili ana i nā hōʻike ma nā pae āpau a puni ka honua.

PAKAI i TOP

3.1 Kuikahi honua

Polokalamu Kaiapuni Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. (2022, Malaki 2). He aha kāu e ʻike ai e pili ana i ka hoʻoholo hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka plastik. Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/what-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution-resolution

ʻO kekahi o nā pūnaewele hilinaʻi loa no ka ʻike a me nā mea hou e pili ana i ka Global Treaty, ʻo ka United Nations Environment Program kekahi o nā kumu kūpono loa no nā nūhou a me nā mea hou. Ua hoʻolaha kēia pūnaewele i ka ʻōlelo hoʻoholo mōʻaukala ma ke kau ʻelima o ka United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-5.2) ma Nairobi e hoʻopau i ka pollution plastic a hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻaelike paʻa i ke kānāwai ma waena o 2024. Nā nīnau i nīnau pinepine ʻia e pili ana i ke kuikahi honua a me na leo o ka Nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo a UNEP ka nee ana i ke kuikahi imua, a mea paahana no ka pollution plastic.

IISD (2023, Malaki 7). Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka ʻelima mau kau hou ʻana o ke Kōmike Open Ended o nā Lunamakaʻāinana mau a me ka United Nations Environment Assembly and the Commemoration of UNEP@50: 21 February - 4 March 2022. Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol. 16, No 166. https://enb.iisd.org/unea5-oecpr5-unep50

ʻO ka ʻelima o ka hālāwai o ka UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-5.2), i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ma lalo o ke kumumanaʻo "Strengthening Actions for Nature to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals," i hōʻike ʻia e ka Earth Negotiations Bulletin kahi paʻi e UNEA e hana nei ma ke ʻano he lawelawe hōʻike. no nā kūkākūkā kaiapuni a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Ua uhi ʻia kēia bulletin kūikawā i ka UNEAS 5.2 a he kumu waiwai nui ia no ka poʻe e ʻimi nei e hoʻomaopopo hou aku e pili ana i ka UNEA, ka hoʻonā 5.2 e "E hoʻopau i ka pollution plastic: Toward a internationally binding instrument" a me nā ʻōlelo hoʻoholo ʻē aʻe i kūkākūkā ʻia ma ka hālāwai.  

Polokalamu Kaiapuni Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. (2023, Kekemapa). Kau ʻAkahi o ke Kōmike Kūkākūkā o waena o ke Aupuni no ka Plastic Pollution. Polokalamu Kaiapuni Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa, Punta del Este, Uruguay. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/inter-governmental-negotiating-committee-meeting-inc-1

Hōʻike kēia ʻaoʻao pūnaewele i ka hālāwai mua o ke komite kūkākūkā intergovernmental (INC) i mālama ʻia ma ka hopena o 2022 ma Uruguay. Hoʻopili ia i ke kau mua o ke kōmike kūkākūkā ma waena o ke aupuni e hoʻomohala i kahi mea hana paʻa i ke kānāwai o ka honua ma luna o ka pollution plastic, e komo pū ana i loko o ke kai moana. Loaʻa nā loulou i nā hoʻopaʻa paʻi ʻana o ka hālāwai ma o nā loulou YouTube a me ka ʻike e pili ana i nā kau kūkākūkā kulekele a me nā PowerPoint mai ka hālāwai. Loaʻa kēia mau hoʻopaʻa leo ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, Palani, Kina, Lūkini, a me Paniolo.

Andersen, I. (2022, Malaki 2). He alakai i mua no ka hana Kaiapuni. Haʻiʻōlelo no: ʻĀpana pae kiʻekiʻe o ka Hui Kaiapuni ʻElima Hoʻomaka hou. Polokalamu Kaiapuni Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/leap-forward-environmental-action

Ua ʻōlelo ka Luna Hoʻokele o ka UN Environment Program (UNEP), ʻo ka ʻaelike ka mea koʻikoʻi nui loa o ka honua multilateral environmental deal mai ka ʻae ʻana o ke aniau o Paris ma kāna ʻōlelo e ʻōlelo nei e hoʻoholo i ka hoʻoholo e hoʻomaka i ka hana ma ka Global Plastics Treaty. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo ia e helu maoli ʻia ka ʻaelike inā loaʻa iā ia nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo e pili ana i ke kānāwai, e like me ka ʻōlelo a ka ʻōlelo hoʻoholo a pono e hoʻohana i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa. He hana maikaʻi loa kēia haʻiʻōlelo no ka uhi ʻana i ka pono o ke Kuikahi Kuikahi a me nā mea nui o ka United Nations Environment Programme i ka wā e hoʻomau ana nā kūkākūkā.

IISD (2022, Kekemapa 7). Ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka hui mua o ke komite kūkākūkā o waena o ke aupuni no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi mea hana hoʻopaʻa kānāwai ma waena o ka honua no ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka plastik: 28 Nowemapa - 2 Dekemaba 2022. Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol 36, No. 7. https://enb.iisd.org/plastic-pollution-marine-environment-negotiating-committee-inc1

ʻO ka hui no ka manawa mua, ua ʻae ke komite kūkākūkā waena (INC), ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e kūkākūkā i kahi mea hana hoʻopaʻa kānāwai honua (ILBI) e pili ana i ka pollution plastic, e komo pū ana i loko o ke kai moana, e hoʻonohonoho ana i kahi manawa ambisious e hoʻopau i nā kūkākūkā ma 2024. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna. , ʻo ka Earth Negotiations Bulletin he paʻi ʻia e UNEA e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he lawelawe hōʻike no nā kūkākūkā pili kaiapuni a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana.

Polokalamu Kaiapuni Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. (2023). Kau ʻelua o ke Kōmike Kūkākūkā o waena o ke Aupuni no ka Plastic Pollution: 29 Mei - 2 Iune 2023. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/second-session-intergovernmental-negotiating-committee-develop-international

E hōʻano hou ʻia nā kumuwaiwai ma hope o ka hopena o ke kau 2nd ma Iune 2023.

Pūnaehana alakaʻi ʻo Ocean Plastics. (2021, Iune 10). Nā Kūkākūkā Kuʻikahi Plastics Global. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Ua hoʻomaka ʻia kahi kamaʻilio ʻana ma o ke ʻano o nā hui pūnaewele puni honua e hoʻomākaukau ai no ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) i Pepeluali 2022 e pili ana i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi kuʻikahi honua no nā plastics. ʻO ka Ocean Plastics Leadership Network (OPLN) kahi hui activist-to-industry he 90 mau lālā e hui pū ana me Greenpeace a me WWF e hana i ka moʻo kūkākūkā kūpono. He kanahikukūmākahi mau ʻāina e kāhea ana i kahi kuikahi plastik honua me nā NGO, a me 30 mau hui nui. Ke kāhea nei nā ʻaoʻao i ka hōʻike maopopo ʻana i nā plastics i ko lākou ola holoʻokoʻa e helu i nā mea a pau i hana ʻia a pehea e mālama ʻia ai, akā aia nō naʻe nā ʻokoʻa kūʻē nui.

Parker, L. (2021, Iune 8). ʻO ke kuʻikahi honua e hoʻoponopono i ka pollution plastic i loaʻa ka ikaika. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/global-treaty-to-regulate-plastic-pollution-gains-momentum

Ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻehiku mau wehewehe ʻana o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he ʻeke plastik a hele mai me nā kānāwai like ʻole no kēlā me kēia ʻāina. ʻO ka papahana o ke kuikahi honua e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hoʻonohonoho kūlike o nā wehewehe a me nā kūlana, ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā pahuhopu a me nā hoʻolālā aupuni, nā ʻaelike e pili ana i nā kūlana hōʻike, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kālā e kōkua i ke kālā ʻana i nā keʻena hoʻokele ʻōpala kahi i makemake nui ʻia i nā mea hoʻomohala liʻiliʻi. ʻāina.

World Wildlife Foundation, ka Ellen MacArthur Foundation, a me Boston Consulting Group. (2020). ʻO ka hihia pāʻoihana no kahi kuʻikahi UN no ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka plastik. WWF, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, a me BCG. https://f.hubspotusercontent20.net/hubfs/4783129/ Plastics/UN%20treaty%20plastic%20poll%20report%20a4_ single_pages_v15-web-prerelease-3mb.pdf

Kāhea ʻia nā hui honua a me nā ʻoihana e kākoʻo i kahi kuʻikahi plastik honua, no ka mea e hoʻopilikia ka pollution plastic i ka wā e hiki mai ana o nā ʻoihana. Ke kū nei nā ʻoihana he nui i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai e ʻike nui ana nā mea kūʻai aku i nā pilikia plastik a koi aku i ka ʻike e pili ana i ke kaulahao lako plastic. Makemake nā limahana e hana i nā ʻoihana me ka manaʻo maikaʻi, ke ʻimi nei nā mea hoʻopukapuka i nā ʻoihana maikaʻi kaiapuni, a ke hāpai nei nā regulators i nā kulekele e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia plastic. No nā ʻoihana, ʻo kahi kuʻikahi UN e pili ana i ka pollution plastic e hōʻemi i ka paʻakikī o ka hana a me nā kānāwai like ʻole ma nā wahi mākeke, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hōʻike ʻana, a kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā manaʻo e hoʻokō i nā pahuhopu ʻoihana. ʻO kēia ka manawa kūpono no ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā ʻoihana honua i mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kulekele no ka maikaʻi o ko mākou honua.

Keena Investigation Environment. (2020, Iune). Kuʻikahi no ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka palaki: i kahi ʻaelike hou honua no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka haumia plastik. ʻOihana ʻImi Kaiapuni a me Gaia. https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Convention-on-Plastic-Pollution-June- 2020-Single-Pages.pdf.

Ua ʻike ka lālā o ka Plastics Conventions i nā wahi nui 4 kahi e pono ai kahi hoʻolālā honua: ka nānā ʻana / hōʻike, pale ʻana i ka pollution plastic, hoʻonohonoho honua, a me ke kākoʻo ʻenehana / kālā. E hoʻokumu ʻia ka nānā ʻana a me ka hōʻike ʻana ma luna o nā hōʻailona ʻelua: kahi ala ma luna o ka nānā ʻana i ka pollution plastic o kēia manawa, a me kahi ala i lalo o ka hōʻike ʻike leakage. ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano o ka hōʻike maʻamau o ka honua holoʻokoʻa me ka plastics life-cycle e hoʻoulu i ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi hoʻokele waiwai circular. E kōkua ka pale ʻana i ka pollution plastik i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hoʻolālā hana aupuni, a e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia kikoʻī e like me nā microplastics a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke kaulahao waiwai plastic. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka honua ma nā kumu kai o ka plastic, ke kālepa ʻōpala, a me ka pollution kemika e kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka biodiversity me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻike ʻāina. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ke kākoʻo ʻenehana a me ke kālā e hoʻonui i ka hoʻoholo ʻepekema a me ka socio-economic, ʻoiai e kōkua ana i ka hoʻololi no nā ʻāina kūkulu.

PAKAI i TOP

3.2 Papa Kulekele ʻepekema

Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. (2023, Ianuali – Pepeluali). Hōʻike o ka ʻāpana ʻelua o ke kau mua o ka hui hana wehe a hoc ma kahi papa ʻepekema-kulekele e hāʻawi hou aku i ka hoʻokele maikaʻi ʻana o nā kemika a me nā ʻōpala a me ka pale ʻana i ka pollution.. ʻO ka hui hana wehe wehe ʻia ma kahi papa ʻepekema-kulekele e hāʻawi hou aku i ka hoʻokele maikaʻi o nā kemika a me ka ʻōpala a me ka pale ʻana i ka pollution ʻO ka hālāwai mua ʻo Nairobi, 6 ʻOkakopa 2022 a me Bangkok, Thailand. https://www.unep.org/oewg1.2-ssp-chemicals-waste-pollution

Ua mālama ʻia ka hui hana ʻana o ka United Nation ad hoc open-ended working group (OEWG) ma kahi papa ʻepekema-kulekele e hāʻawi hou aku i ka hoʻokele maikaʻi ʻana o nā kemika a me nā ʻōpala a me ka pale ʻana i ka haumia i mālama ʻia ma Bangkok, mai 30 Ianuali a 3 Pepeluali 2023. I ka wā o ka hālāwai. , 5 / 8 hoʻonāʻana, Ua hoʻoholo ka United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) e hoʻokumu ʻia kahi papa ʻepekema-kulekele e kōkua hou aku i ka hoʻokele maikaʻi ʻana i nā kemika a me nā ʻōpala a me ka pale ʻana i ka pollution. Ua hoʻoholo hou ʻo UNEA e hōʻuluʻulu, ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai, he OEWG e hoʻomākaukau i nā manaʻo no ka ʻepekema-kulekele panel, e hoʻomaka i ka hana ma 2022 me ka makemake e hoʻopau iā ia ma ka hopena o 2024. ʻO ka hōʻike hope loa mai ka hālāwai hiki ke loaa maanei. 

Wang, Z. et al. (2021) Pono mākou i kahi kino ʻepekema-kulekele honua e pili ana i nā kemika a me nā ʻōpala. ʻepekema. 371(6531) E:774-776. DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9090 | loulou ʻokoʻa: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe9090

Nui nā ʻāina a me nā uniona kālaiʻāina i loaʻa i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoponopono a me nā kulekele no ka mālama ʻana i nā kemika a me nā ʻōpala e pili ana i nā hana kanaka e hōʻemi i nā pōʻino i ke olakino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni. Hoʻopili a hoʻonui ʻia kēia mau papa hana e ka hana hui honua, pili loa i nā mea haumia e hele ana i ka halihali lōʻihi ma o ka ea, ka wai, a me ka biota; e neʻe i nā palena ʻāina ma o ke kālepa honua o nā kumuwaiwai, nā huahana, a me nā ʻōpala; a i ʻole aia ma nā ʻāina he nui (1). Ua loaʻa kekahi holomua, akā ua kāhea ka Global Chemicals Outlook (GCO-II) mai ka United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (1) i ka "hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka pilina ʻepekema-kulekele a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻepekema i ka nānā ʻana i ka holomua. ka hoʻonohonoho mua ʻana, a me ka hana ʻana i nā kulekele i loko o ka pōʻai ola o nā kemika a me nā ʻōpala. Me ka hui ʻana o ka UN Environment Assembly (UNEA) e kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ke kaila ʻepekema-kulekele e pili ana i nā kemika a me nā ʻōpala (2), ke kālailai mākou i ka ʻāina a hoʻopuka i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kino nui ma nā kemika a me nā ʻōpala.

Polokalamu Kaiapuni Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa (2020). ʻO ka loiloi o nā koho no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka Interface Science-Policy ma ka pae honua no ka hoʻokele leo ʻana o nā mea kemika a me nā ʻōpala. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/33808/ OSSP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

ʻO ka pono wikiwiki e hoʻoikaika i ka pilina ʻepekema-kulekele ma nā pae āpau e kākoʻo a hoʻolaha i ka hana kūloko, aupuni, kūloko a me ke ao holoʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka hoʻokele maikaʻi ʻana i nā kemika a me nā ʻōpala ma mua o 2020; hoʻohana i ka ʻepekema i ka nānā ʻana i ka holomua; ka hoʻonohonoho mua ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā kulekele i loko o ke kaʻina ola o nā kemika a me ka ʻōpala, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā āpau a me ka ʻike ʻepekema i ka ʻāina ulu.

Fadeeva, Z., & Van Berkel, R. (2021, Ianuali). Wehe i ka hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai no ka pale ʻana i ka pollution plastik moana: He ʻimi ʻana i nā kulekele a me nā hana G20.. Ka Nupepa o ka Hooponopono Kaiapuni. 277(111457). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111457

Ke ulu nei ka ʻike honua i ka ʻōpala moana a noʻonoʻo hou i kā mākou hoʻokokoke ʻana i ka plastic a me ka hoʻopili ʻana, a hoʻopuka i nā ʻano hana e hiki ai ke hoʻololi i kahi hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai e hakakā i nā plastics hoʻohana hoʻokahi a me kā lākou mau mea ʻino. Lawe ʻia kēia mau hana i ke ʻano o kahi noi kulekele no nā ʻāina G20.

PAKAI i TOP

3.3 Hoʻololi ʻo Basel Convention i nā ʻōpala ʻōpala

Polokalamu Kaiapuni Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. (2023). Ka Ahaolelo Basel. Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwaste/Overview/ tabid/8347/Default.aspx

Ua hoʻoikaika ʻia kēia hana e ka ʻaha kūkā o nā ʻaoʻao i ka Basel Convention i hoʻoholo i ka hoʻoholo BC-14/12 i hoʻololi ai i ka Annexes II, VIII a me IX i ka Convention e pili ana i ka ʻōpala plastik. Loaʻa i nā loulou kōkua kahi palapala moʻolelo hou ma 'ʻO ka ʻōpala palaki a me ka Convention Basel' ka mea e hāʻawi i ka ʻikepili ma o nā wikiō a me nā infographics e wehewehe i ke kuleana o ka Basel Convention Plastic Waste Amendments i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā neʻe transboundary, ka holomua ʻana i ka hoʻokele maikaʻi ʻana i ke kaiapuni, a me ka paipai ʻana i ka pale a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻōpala plastik. 

Polokalamu Kaiapuni Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. (2023). Ka hoomalu ana i na nee ana ma na palena o na 'ōpala popilikia a me ko lakou hoopau ana. Ka Ahaolelo Basel. Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwastes/PlasticWaste Partnership/tabid/8096/Default.aspx

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi Plastic Waste Partnership (PWP) ma lalo o ka Basel Convention, no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻokele maikaʻi ʻana i ke kaiapuni (ESM) o ka ʻōpala palaka a e pale a hōʻemi i kāna hana. Ua mālama a kākoʻo paha ka papahana i nā papahana hoʻokele 23 e hoʻoikaika i ka hana. Manaʻo ʻia kēia mau papahana e paipai i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻōpala, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻōpala, hoʻoponopono i nā neʻe ʻana i nā palena o ka ʻōpala plastik, a hāʻawi i ka hoʻonaʻauao a hoʻonui i ka ʻike i ka haumia plastik ma ke ʻano he mea weliweli.

Benson, E. & Mortsensen, S. (2021, ʻOkakopa 7). ʻO ka Convention Basel: Mai ka ʻōpala pōʻino a hiki i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka plastik. Center for Strategic & International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/basel-convention-hazardous-waste-plastic-pollution

He hana maikaʻi kēia ʻatikala no ka wehewehe ʻana i nā kumu kumu o ka ʻaha Basel no ka lehulehu lehulehu. Ua uhi ʻia ka hōʻike CSIS i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka Convention Basel i nā makahiki 1980 e hoʻoponopono i nā ʻōpala ʻona. ka Basel Convention ua kaulima ʻia e 53 mau mokuʻāina a me ka European Economic Community (EEC) e kōkua i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kālepa o nā ʻōpala pōʻino a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka lawe ʻole ʻia o nā moku ʻawaʻawa i ʻae ʻole nā ​​aupuni e loaʻa. Hāʻawi hou ka ʻatikala i ka ʻike ma o ke ʻano o nā nīnau a me nā pane me ka mea nāna i pūlima i ka ʻaelike, he aha nā hopena o kahi hoʻololi plastic, a me nā mea e hiki mai ana. Ua hoʻokumu ka papa hana Basel mua i kahi hoʻomaka e hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻolei mau ʻana o ka ʻōpala, ʻoiai he ʻāpana wale nō kēia o kahi hoʻolālā nui e pono ai e hoʻokō maoli i kahi hoʻokele waiwai.

ʻOihana Hoʻomalu Kaiapuni ʻAmelika. (2022, Iune 22). Nā Koina Hou Hou no ka lawe ʻana aku a me ka lawe ʻana mai i nā mea palaki hou a me nā ʻōpala. EPA. https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/new-international-requirements-export-and-import-plastic-recyclables-and-waste

I Mei o 2019, 187 mau ʻāina i kāohi i ke kālepa honua i nā ʻōpala plastik / recyclable ma o ka Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. E hoʻomaka ana i ka lā 1 o Ianuali, 2021, ʻae ʻia nā mea hana hou a me nā ʻōpala e hoʻouna ʻia i nā ʻāina me ka ʻae mua o ka ʻāina lawe mai a me nā ʻāina transit. ʻAʻole ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa o ka Hui Basel i kēia manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki i kēlā me kēia ʻāina i hōʻailona i ka Convention Basel ke kūʻai aku i nā ʻōpala i kaupalena ʻia e Basel me US (he hui ʻole) me ka ʻole o nā ʻaelike i koho mua ʻia ma waena o nā ʻāina. Ke manaʻo nei kēia mau koi e hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻolei pono ʻole ʻia o ka ʻōpala plastik a hōʻemi i ka leaka transit i loko o ke kaiapuni. He mea maʻamau ka hoʻouna ʻana o nā ʻāina i kūkulu ʻia i kā lākou plastic i nā ʻāina kūkulu, akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā mea hou.

PAKAI i TOP

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4. Kaapuni Kaapuni

Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A., & Lichtfouse, E. (2021). Hoʻi i ka haumia plastik i nā manawa COVID. Nā Palapala Kemika Kaiapuni. 19(pp.1-4). HAL Open Science. https://hal.science/hal-02995236

ʻO ka haunaele a me ka wikiwiki i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka maʻi maʻi COVID-19 i alakaʻi i ka hana ʻana i ka plastic fossil fuel-derived plastic production i haʻalele ʻole i nā kūlana i kuhikuhi ʻia i nā kulekele kaiapuni. Hoʻomaopopo kēia ʻatikala i nā hoʻonā no ka hoʻokele waiwai hoʻomau a me ka pōʻai e koi i nā hana hou radical, ka hoʻonaʻauao mea kūʻai aku a me ka makemake politika nui loa.

Center for International Environmental Law. (2023, Malaki). Ma waho aʻe o ka hana hou ʻana: ka helu ʻana me nā plastik i loko o kahi hoʻokele waiwai. Center for International Environmental Law. https://www.ciel.org/reports/circular-economy-analysis/ 

Ua kākau ʻia no nā mea hana kulekele, hoʻopaʻapaʻa kēia hōʻike no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka wā e hana ai i nā kānāwai e pili ana i ka plastic. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana o ka mea kākau e hana hou aʻe e pili ana i ka ʻawaʻawa o ka plastic, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole ʻo ka puhi ʻana i ka plastic he ʻāpana o ka pōʻai pōʻai, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hoʻolālā palekana, a ʻo ka mālama ʻana i nā pono kanaka e pono ai. e hoʻokō i ka hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā kulekele a i ʻole nā ​​​​kaʻina hana ʻenehana e koi ai i ka hoʻomau ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana plastics, a no laila ʻaʻole pono lākou e noʻonoʻo ʻia he mau hopena i ka pilikia plastics honua. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana o ka mea kākau e pili ana i nā ʻaelike honua hou e pili ana i nā plastics, no ka laʻana, pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā mea paʻa i ka hana ʻana i nā plastics a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa i loko o ke kaulahao lako plastics.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2022, Nowemapa 2). ʻO ka Hōʻike Holomua 2022 Global Commitment. Polokalamu Kaiapuni Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/f6oxost9xeso-nsjoqe/@/# 

Ua ʻike ka loiloi ʻo nā pahuhopu i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā ʻoihana e hoʻokō i kahi 100% reusable, recyclable, a i ʻole compostable packaging e 2025 aneane ʻaʻole e hoʻokō ʻia a nalo i nā pahuhopu nui 2025 no kahi hoʻokele waiwai. Ua hōʻike ka hōʻike i ka holomua ikaika ʻana, akā ʻo ka manaʻo o ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻokō i nā pahuhopu e hoʻoikaika i ka pono e hoʻolalelale i ka hana a hoʻopaʻapaʻa no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana me kahi hana koke e pono ai nā aupuni e hoʻohuli i ka loli. He hiʻohiʻona nui kēia hōʻike no ka poʻe e ʻimi nei e hoʻomaopopo i ke kūlana o ka ʻoihana i kēia manawa e hōʻemi i ka plastic oiai e hāʻawi ana i ka hoʻohewa e pono ai nā ʻoihana e hana hou aku.

Uliuli malu. (2022, ʻOkakopa 14). Hāʻule hou nā koi pōʻaipuni. Nā Hōʻike Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/circular-claims-fall-flat-again/

Ma ke ʻano he mea hou i ka Greenpeace's 2020 Study, ʻike nā mea kākau i kā lākou ʻōlelo ma mua e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mea hoʻokele waiwai no ka hōʻiliʻili, ʻohi ʻana, a me ka hana hou ʻana i nā huahana plastik post-consumer. Ua ʻike nā mea kākau i nā makahiki ʻelua i hala iho nei ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia ʻōlelo ʻoiaʻiʻo me kekahi mau ʻano omole plastik i hana hou ʻia. Kūkākūkā ka pepa i nā kumu i hāʻule ʻole ai ka hana hou ʻana i ka mīkini a me ke kemika me ka ʻinoʻino a me ke ʻawaʻawa o ke kaʻina hana hana hou ʻana a ʻaʻole pono. Pono e hana koke ʻia nā hana hou aʻe e hoʻoponopono ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka pilikia o ka pollution plastic.

Hocevar, J. (2020, Pepeluali 18). Hōʻike: Hāʻule palahalaha nā koi a puni. Uliuli malu. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Greenpeace-Report-Circular-Claims-Fall-Flat.pdf

ʻO kahi loiloi o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻōpala palaka i kēia manawa, ka ʻohi ʻana, a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i ka US e hoʻoholo ai inā hiki ke kapa ʻia nā huahana he "recyclable". Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia nā mea hoʻohaumia plastic maʻamau, me ka lawelawe meaʻai hoʻohana hoʻokahi a me nā huahana maʻalahi, no nā kumu like ʻole mai nā kūlanakauhale e hōʻiliʻili ana akā ʻaʻole e hana hou i nā lima liʻiliʻi i nā ʻōmole i hiki ʻole ke hana hou ʻia. E ʻike i luna no ka hōʻike hou 2022.

ʻOihana Hoʻomalu Kaiapuni ʻAmelika. (2021, Nowemapa). ʻO ke Kuʻuna Hoʻolāʻau Lahui Mahele ʻEkahi o kahi moʻo no ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai no nā mea a pau. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-11/final-national-recycling-strategy.pdf

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka National Recycling Strategy i ka hoʻonui ʻana a me ka holomua ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe paʻa paʻa aupuni (MSW) a me ka pahuhopu e hoʻokumu i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻokele ʻōpala a ʻoi aku ka ikaika, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ke kumu kūʻai i loko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO nā pahuhopu o ka hōʻike e pili ana i nā mākeke i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia no nā mea kūʻai hou, hoʻonui i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele waiwai, hoʻemi ʻia o ka haumia i ke kahawai waiwai hou, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kulekele e kākoʻo i ka circularity. ʻOiai ʻaʻole e hoʻonā ka hana hou ʻana i ka pilikia o ka pollution plastic, hiki i kēia hoʻolālā ke kōkua i ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā hana maikaʻi loa no ka neʻe ʻana i kahi ʻoihana pōʻai. ʻO ka ʻike, hāʻawi ka ʻāpana hope o kēia hōʻike i kahi hōʻuluʻulu maikaʻi o ka hana e hana ʻia e nā keʻena federal ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

Ma waho aʻe o nā Plastics (2022, Mei). Hōʻike: ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana i ka US Plastics Recycling Rate. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kahakai hope loa. https://www.lastbeachcleanup.org/_files/ ugd/dba7d7_9450ed6b848d4db098de1090df1f9e99.pdf 

ʻO ka 2021 US plastic recycling rate i kēia manawa ua manaʻo ʻia ma waena o 5 a me 6%. ʻO ka helu ʻana i nā poho hou aʻe i ana ʻole ʻia, e like me ka ʻōpala plastik i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma lalo o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka "recycling" i puhi ʻia, akā, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka helu hoʻoheheʻe plastik maoli o US. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia no ka mea ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka uku no ka pahu pahu a me ka metala. Hāʻawi ka hōʻike i kahi hōʻuluʻulu kūpono o ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻōpala palaka, nā mea hoʻokuʻu aku, a me nā uku hana hou i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a hoʻopaʻapaʻa no nā hana e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka plastic i hoʻopau ʻia e like me ka pāpā ʻana i ka plastik hoʻohana hoʻokahi, nā keʻena hoʻopiha wai, a me ka pahu hoʻohana hou. nā polokalamu.

Hoʻokele waiwai Plastics Hou. (2020). He Manaʻo no ka hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai no ka plastik. PDF

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ʻeono e pono ai e hoʻokō i ka hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai: (a) ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka plastik pilikia a i ʻole pono ʻole; (b) hoʻohana hou ʻia nā mea e hōʻemi i ka pono o ka plastic hoʻohana hoʻokahi; (c) pono e hoʻohana hou ʻia, hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia, a i ʻole ka pulupulu; (d) hoʻohana hou ʻia, hoʻohana hou ʻia, a i ʻole ka compost ma ka hana; (e) hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka plastic mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai palena ʻole; (f) ʻaʻohe mea kemika weliweli a pau ka ʻeke plastik a mahalo ʻia nā kuleana o nā kānaka a pau. He heluhelu wikiwiki ka palapala maʻalahi no ka poʻe makemake i nā ala maikaʻi loa i ka ʻoihana pōʻai me ka ʻole o nā kikoʻī.

Fadeeva, Z., & Van Berkel, R. (2021, Ianuali). Wehe i ka hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai no ka pale ʻana i ka pollution plastik moana: He ʻimi ʻana i nā kulekele a me nā hana G20.. Ka Nupepa o ka Hooponopono Kaiapuni. 277(111457). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111457

Ke ulu nei ka ʻike honua i ka ʻōpala moana a noʻonoʻo hou i kā mākou hoʻokokoke ʻana i ka plastic a me ka hoʻopili ʻana, a hoʻopuka i nā ʻano hana e hiki ai ke hoʻololi i kahi hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai e hakakā i nā plastics hoʻohana hoʻokahi a me kā lākou mau mea ʻino. Lawe ʻia kēia mau hana i ke ʻano o kahi noi kulekele no nā ʻāina G20.

Nunez, C. (2021, Kepakemapa 30). ʻEhā manaʻo nui no ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/paid-content-four-key-ideas-to-building-a-circular-economy-for-plastics

Ua ʻae ka poʻe akamai ma nā ʻāpana e hiki iā mākou ke hana i kahi ʻōnaehana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi kahi e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ai nā mea. I ka makahiki 2021, ua hōʻuluʻulu ka American Beverage Association (ABA) i kahi pūʻulu o nā loea, me nā alakaʻi o ke kaiapuni, nā mea hana kulekele, a me nā mea hoʻomohala ʻoihana, e kūkākūkā i ka hana o ka plastic i loko o nā mea kūʻai aku, ka hana ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana, a me nā ʻōnaehana hana hou. ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā haʻina hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai. 

Meys, R., Frick, F., Westhues, S., Sternberg, A., Klankermayer, J., & Bardow, A. (2020, Nowemapa). E pili ana i ka hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai no nā ʻōpala paʻi plastik - ka hiki ke kaiapuni o ka hana hou ʻana. Nā kumuwaiwai, mālama a me ka hana hou ʻana. 162(105010). DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105010.

Keijer, T., Bakker, V., & Slootweg, JC (2019, Pepeluali 21). Kemika pōʻai e hiki ai ke hoʻokele waiwai. Nature Chemistry. 11(190-195). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0226-9

I mea e hoʻokō pono ai i ka waiwai a hiki i ka ʻoihana kemika paʻa, ʻona ʻole ʻole, pono ke hoʻololi ʻia ka laina laina a laila hoʻopau i ka ʻoihana. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, pono e hoʻokomo ʻia nā noʻonoʻo hoʻomau o ka huahana i kona pōʻaiapuni holoʻokoʻa a manaʻo e hoʻololi i ke ala laina me ke kemika circular. 

Spalding, M. (2018, ʻApelila 23). Mai hoʻokuʻu i ka ʻilika i loko o ka moana. Ka Moana Foundation. earthday.org/2018/05/02/dont-let-the-plastic-get-into-the-ocean

ʻO ke kī nui i hana ʻia no ka Dialogue for Ending Plastic Pollution at the Embassy of Finland e hoʻopuka i ka pilikia o ka plastic i loko o ke kai. Kūkākūkā ʻo Spalding i nā pilikia o ka plastics i loko o ke kai, pehea ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka plastic plastic i kahi kuleana, a no hea mai nā plastics. ʻO ka pale ʻana ke kī, mai komo i loko o ka pilikia, a ʻo ka hana pilikino kahi hoʻomaka maikaʻi. Pono ka hoʻohana hou ʻana a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ʻōpala.

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5. Kemika Omaomao

Tan, V. (2020, Malaki 24). ʻO ka Bio-plastic kahi hopena hoʻomau? Kūkākūkā TEDx. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Hiki i nā bio-plastics ke hoʻonā i ka hana ʻaila i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka ʻaila, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻōki ka bioplastics i ka pilikia ʻōpala palaka. ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai o nā bioplastics i kēia manawa a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka loaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā plastics-based petroleum. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka bioplastics no ke kaiapuni ma mua o nā plastics-based petroleum no ka mea ʻaʻole e hoʻohaʻahaʻa maoli kekahi mau bioplastics i ke kaiapuni. ʻAʻole hiki i nā bioplastics wale nō ke hoʻoponopono i kā mākou pilikia plastik, akā hiki ke lilo i ʻāpana o ka hopena. Pono mākou i nā kānāwai ākea a me ka hoʻokō pono e uhi ana i ka hana ʻana i ka plastic, ka hoʻohana ʻana, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana.

Tickner, J., Jacobs, M. and Brody, C. (2023, February 25). Pono ʻo Kemika e hoʻomohala i nā mea palekana. ʻAmelika ʻepekema. www.scientificamerican.com/article/chemistry-urgently-needs-to-develop-safer-materials/

Hoʻopaʻapaʻa nā mea kākau inā e hoʻopau mākou i nā hanana kemika weliweli e maʻi ai ka poʻe a me nā kaiaola, pono mākou e hoʻoponopono i ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ke kanaka i kēia mau kemika a me nā kaʻina hana e pono ai e hana ia mau mea. ʻO nā mea e pono ai he kumu kūʻai kūpono, hana maikaʻi, a me nā hopena hoʻomau.

Neitzert, T. (2019, ʻAukake 2). No ke aha ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka plastic compostable no ke kaiapuni. Ke kamaʻilio ʻana. theconversation.com/why-compostable-plastics-may-be-no-better-for-the-environment-100016

Ke neʻe nei ka honua mai nā plastics hoʻohana hoʻokahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā huahana biodegradable a compostable hou i nā mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka plastic, akā ua like paha lākou me ka ʻino no ke kaiapuni. Aia ka nui o ka pilikia me ka huaʻōlelo, ka nele o ka hana hou ʻana a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hana compost, a me ka ʻona o nā plastic degradable. Pono e nānā ʻia ke ola holoʻokoʻa o ka huahana ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻana he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka plastic.

Gibbens, S. (2018, Nowemapa 15). He aha kāu e pono ai e ʻike e pili ana i nā Plastics ma nā mea kanu. National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/what-you-need-to-know-about-plant-based-plastics.aspx

I ka nānā ʻana, ʻike ʻia nā bioplastics i kahi koho maikaʻi loa i nā plastics, akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. Hāʻawi ʻo Bioplastic i kahi hoʻonā e hōʻemi i ka puhi ʻana i nā wahie mōʻalihaku, akā hiki ke hoʻokomo hou i ka haumia mai nā mea kanu a me nā ʻāina e hoʻohuli ʻia mai ka hana ʻai. Ua wānana ʻia ka hana liʻiliʻi o ka bioplastics i ka hoʻōki ʻana i ka nui o ka plastic e komo i nā ala wai.

Steinmark, I. (2018, Nowemapa 5). Hāʻawi ʻia ka makana Nobel no ka Evolving Green Chemistry Catalysts. ʻAhahui Aliʻi o ke Kemika. eic.rsc.org/soundbite/nobel-prize-awarded-for-evolving-green-chemistry-catalysts/3009709.article

ʻO Frances Arnold kekahi o nā Nobel Laureates i kēia makahiki no kāna hana ma Directed Evolution (DE), he hack biochemical ʻōmaʻomaʻo kahi e hoʻololi ʻia ai nā proteins/enzymes i nā manawa he nui, a laila nānā ʻia e ʻike i ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻoponopono hou i ka ʻoihana kemika.

Uliuli malu. (2020, Kepakemapa 9). Hoʻopunipuni e nā Helu: ʻAʻole hiki i ka American Chemistry Council ke koi e pili ana i nā hoʻopukapuka hoʻoheheʻe kemika. Uliuli malu. www.greenpeace.org/usa/research/deception-by-the-numbers

ʻO nā pūʻulu, e like me ka American Chemistry Council (ACC), ua kākoʻo i ka hana hou ʻana i nā kemika ma ke ʻano he hopena i ka pilikia o ka pollution plastic, akā ke kānalua nei ka hiki ʻana o ka hana hou kemika. ʻO ka hana hou ʻana i nā kemika a i ʻole "hoʻoponopono hou" e pili ana i ka plastic-to-fuel, waste-to-fuel, a i ʻole plastic-to-plastic a hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe like ʻole e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā polymers plastik i loko o kā lākou mau poloka hale. Ua ʻike ʻo Greenpeace he ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 50% o nā papahana a ka ACC no ka hana hou ʻana he mau papahana hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻoiaʻiʻo a hōʻike ʻia ka liʻiliʻi o ka holomua. I kēia lā ua hāʻawi ka poʻe ʻauhau ma kahi o $506 miliona ma ke kākoʻo ʻana i kēia mau papahana o ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻokō. E ʻike pono nā mea kūʻai a me nā mea koho i nā pilikia o nā hoʻonā - e like me ka hana hou ʻana i nā kemika - ʻaʻole ia e hoʻonā i ka pilikia pollution plastic.

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6. ʻO ke ola kino a me ka moana

Miller, EA, Yamahara, KM, Palani, C., Spingarn, N., Birch, JM, & Van Houtan, KS (2022). He hale waihona puke Raman spectral o nā polymers anthropogenic a me nā mea olaola. ʻIkepili ʻepekema, 9(1), 1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01883-5

Ua loaʻa nā microplastics i nā pae kiʻekiʻe loa i nā kaiaola kai a me nā pūnaewele meaʻai, akā naʻe, no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia pilikia honua, ua hana nā mea noiʻi i kahi ʻōnaehana e ʻike ai i ka haku mele polymer. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana - alakaʻi ʻia e ka Monterey Bay Aquarium a me MBARI (Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute) - e kōkua i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumu o ka pollution plastic ma o kahi hale waihona puke Raman spectral open-access. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia ma muli o ke kumu kūʻai o nā ʻano hana i kau i nā pale ma ka waihona o ka polymer spectra no ka hoʻohālikelike. Manaʻo ka poʻe noiʻi e kōkua kēia waihona hou a me ka waihona kuhikuhi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka holomua i ka pilikia pollution plastic honua.

Zhao, S., Zettler, E., Amaral-Zettler, L., a me Mincer, T. (2020, September 2). ʻO ka hiki ke lawe i ka microbial a me ke kalapona biomass o nā ʻōpala moana palaki. ʻO ka ISME Journal. 15, 67-77. DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00756-2

Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻōpala ʻili kai e lawe i nā mea ola ma nā kai a i nā wahi hou. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia haʻawina e hōʻike ana ka plastic i nā wahi ākea nui no ka microbial colonization a me ka nui o ka biomass a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe i hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka biodiversity a me nā hana kaiaola.

Abbing, M. (2019, ʻApelila). Kopa Paʻa: He Atlas of Ocean Pollution. Hale Pai Mokupuni.

Inā hoʻomau ka honua i kona ala i kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka iʻa i loko o ka moana ma mua o ka iʻa i ka makahiki 2050. Ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, i kēlā me kēia minuke ka like me kahi kalaka o ka ʻōpala i hoʻolei ʻia i loko o ke kai a ke piʻi nei kēlā helu. Nānā ʻo Plastic Soup i ke kumu a me nā hopena o ka pollution plastic a me nā mea e hiki ke hana e hoʻopau ai.

Spalding, M. (2018, Iune). Pehea e ho'ōki ai i nā plastics e hoʻohaumia i ko kākou moana. Ke kumu honua. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/how-to-stop-plastics-polluting-our-ocean/

Hāʻule ka plastic i ka moana i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: nā ʻōpala moana, microplastics, a me nā microfibers. ʻO kēia mau mea a pau he mea pōʻino i ke ola kai a pepehi wale. He mea koʻikoʻi nā koho a kēlā me kēia kanaka, pono ka nui o nā poʻe e koho i nā mea pani plastic no ka mea e kōkua ka loli mau ʻana.

Attenborough, Sir D. (2018, Iune). ʻO Sir David Attenborough: plastic a me ko mākou moana. Ke kumu honua. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/sir-david-attenborough-plastic-and-our-oceans/

Kūkākūkā ʻo Sir David Attenborough i kona mahalo i ke kai a me ke ʻano he waiwai koʻikoʻi i "koʻikoʻi no ko mākou ola ʻana." ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi o ka pilikia plastics. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e noʻonoʻo nui ka poʻe e pili ana i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ka plastic, mālama i ka plastic me ka mahalo, a "inā ʻaʻole pono ʻoe, mai hoʻohana."

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6.1 Mea Hana ʻuhane

ʻO ka National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2023). Nā Laʻa Laʻa Wai ʻole. NOAA Marine Debris Program. https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/types/derelict-fishing-gear

Ho'ākāka ka National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration i nā mea lawaiʻa derelict, i kapa ʻia i kekahi manawa "ghost gear," pili i nā mea lawaiʻa i hoʻolei ʻia, nalowale, a haʻalele ʻia paha i ka moana. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia pilikia, ua hōʻiliʻili ka NOAA Marine Debris Program ma mua o 4 miliona mau paona o nā mea ʻuhane, akā naʻe, ʻoiai ʻo kēia hōʻiliʻili koʻikoʻi o nā mea ʻuhane e hana mau ana i ka hapa nui o ka pollution plastic i loko o ke kai, e hōʻike ana i ka pono o ka hana hou aku e hakakā ai. keia hooweliweli i ke kai.

Kuczenski, B., Vargas Poulsen, C., Gilman, EL, Musyl, M., Geyer, R., & Wilson, J. (2022). ʻO nā manaʻo o ka pohō ʻana o ka mīkini palaki mai ka nānā mamao ʻana i ka hana lawaiʻa ʻoihana. ʻO ka iʻa a me ka lawaiʻa, 23, 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12596

ʻO nā kānaka ʻepekema me The Nature Conservancy a me ke Kulanui o Kaleponi Santa Barbara (UCSB), me ka hui pū ʻana me ka Pelagic Research Group a me ka Hawaii Pacific University, ua paʻi i kahi noiʻi loiloi peer-review e hāʻawi ana i ka manaʻo mua loa o ka honua no ka pollution plastic mai nā lawaiʻa ʻoihana. Ma ka haʻawina, ʻO nā manaʻo o ka pohō ʻana o ka mīkini palaki mai ka nānā mamao ʻana i ka hana lawaiʻa ʻoihana, ua kālailai nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka Global Fishing Watch a me ka Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) no ka helu ʻana i ka nui o ka hana lawaiʻa ʻoihana. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana i kēia ʻikepili me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻenehana o nā mea lawaiʻa a me nā mea koʻikoʻi mai ka poʻe loea ʻoihana, ua hiki i nā ʻepekema ke wānana i ka palena o luna a me lalo o ka haumia mai nā lawaiʻa ʻoihana. Wahi a kāna mau ʻike, ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 miliona paona o ka pollution plastic i komo i ka moana i kēlā me kēia makahiki mai nā mea ʻuhane. Hāʻawi kēia haʻawina i ka ʻike kumu koʻikoʻi e pono ai e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ʻike o ka pilikia ghost gear a hoʻomaka e hoʻololi a hoʻokō i nā hoʻoponopono e pono ai.

Giskes, I., Baziuk, J., Pragnell-Raasch, H. and Perez Roda, A. (2022). E hōʻike i nā hana maikaʻi e pale ai a hōʻemi i ka ʻōpala palaka moana mai nā hana lawaiʻa. Roma a me Lādana, FAO a me IMO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8665en

Hāʻawi kēia hōʻike i kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka haʻalele ʻana, nalowale, a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea lawaiʻa i hoʻolei ʻia (ALDFG) e hōʻeha i ka wai a me nā kaiapuni kahakai a hoʻohālikelike i kona hopena nui a me kona hāʻawi ʻana i ka hoʻopuka honua ākea o ka pollution plastic moana. ʻO kahi mea nui i ka hoʻoponopono kūleʻa ʻana i ka ALDFG, e like me ia i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia palapala, ʻo ia ka hoʻolohe ʻana i nā haʻawina i aʻo ʻia mai nā papahana e kū nei ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua, ʻoiai e hoʻomaopopo ana he hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi hoʻolālā hoʻokele me ka noʻonoʻo nui i nā kūlana kūloko. Hōʻike kēia hōʻike GloLitter he ʻumi mau haʻawina e hōʻike ana i nā hana koʻikoʻi no ka pale ʻana, hoʻēmi, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ALDFG.

Nā Hualoaʻa Moana. (2021, Iulai 6). ʻIkepili Kānāwai Ghost Gear. Global Ghost Gear Initiative, World Wide Fund for Nature, a me Ocean Conservancy. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/ 5b987b8689c172e29293593f/t/60e34e4af5f9156374d51507/ 1625509457644/GGGI-OC-WWF-O2-+LEGISLATION+ANALYSIS+REPORT.pdf

Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka Global Ghost Gear Initiative (GGGI) i ka makahiki 2015 me ka pahuhopu o ka hoʻōki ʻana i ke ʻano mea make loa o nā plastik moana. Mai ka makahiki 2015, ua hui pū nā aupuni aupuni 18 i ka hui kuʻikahi GGGI e hōʻike ana i ka makemake mai nā ʻāina e hoʻoponopono i kā lākou pollution gear ghost. I kēia manawa, ʻo ke kulekele maʻamau e pili ana i ka pale ʻana i ka pollution gear ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana, a ʻo nā kulekele maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia ke koi ʻana i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i nā mea hana a me nā hoʻolālā hana hana ʻuhane. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana i mua, ʻo ka mea nui e pono ai ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kānāwai o nā mea hana kino. E like me nā pollution plastic a pau, pono nā ghost gear i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka honua i ka pilikia pollution plastic transboundary.

Ka Waihona o ka Honua no ke Natura. (2020, ʻOkakopa). Kāohi i ka Ghost Gear: ʻO ke ʻano make loa o nā ʻōpala ʻili kai. WWF International. https://wwf.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Stop-Ghost-Gear_Advocacy-Report.pdf

Wahi a ka United Nations aia ʻoi aku ma mua o 640,000 tons o nā mea ʻuhane i loko o ko mākou moana, ʻo ia ka 10% o ka pollution plastik moana. He make lohi a ʻeha ka ʻuhane no nā holoholona he nui a hiki i nā mea lana manuahi ke hoʻopōʻino i nā wahi noho koʻikoʻi kokoke i kahakai a me ke kai. ʻAʻole makemake ka poʻe lawaiʻa e nalo i kā lākou mau mea hana, akā 5.7% o nā ʻupena lawaiʻa a pau, 8.6% o nā pahele a me nā ipu hao, a me 29% o nā aho lawaiʻa a pau i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa ua haʻalele ʻia, nalowale a hoʻolei ʻia i loko o ke kaiapuni. ʻO ka lawaiʻa ʻaʻole kānāwai, hōʻike ʻole ʻia, a ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ke kai hohonu he mea nui ia i ka nui o nā mea ʻuhane i hoʻolei ʻia. Pono e loaʻa nā hoʻonā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka wā lōʻihi e hoʻomohala i nā hoʻolālā pale ʻana i ka poho. I kēia manawa, he mea nui ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa, ʻoi aku ka palekana e hōʻemi i ka luku ke nalowale i ke kai.

Global Ghost Gear Initiative. (2022). ʻO ka hopena o nā mea lawaiʻa ma ke kumu o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ke kai. Mālama Moana. https://Static1.Squarespace.Com/Static/5b987b8689c172e2929 3593f/T/6204132bc0fc9205a625ce67/1644434222950/ Unea+5.2_gggi.Pdf

Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia kēia pepa ʻike e ka Ocean Conservancy a me Global Ghost Gear Initiative no ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā kūkākūkā ʻana no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka United Nations Environment Assembly 2022 (UNEA 5.2). ʻO ka pane ʻana i nā nīnau e pili ana i ka mea ʻuhane, no hea mai ia, a no ke aha ia e pōʻino ai i nā kaiapuni moana, ua wehewehe kēia pepa i ka pono holoʻokoʻa o nā mea ʻuhane e hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā kuʻikahi honua e pili ana i ka pollution plastic moana. 

ʻO ka hoʻokele moana a me ka lewa aupuni. (2021). Ka hui pū ʻana ma nā palena: The North American Net Collection Initiative. https://clearinghouse.marinedebris.noaa.gov/project?mode=View&projectId=2258

Me ke kākoʻo mai ka NOAA Marine Debris Program, ke hui pū nei ka Ocean Conservancy's Global Ghost Gear Initiative me nā hoa ma Mekiko a me Kaleponi e hoʻomaka i ka North American Net Collection Initiative, ʻo ia ka ʻoihana e hoʻokele pono a pale i ka nalowale o nā mea lawaiʻa. E hōʻiliʻili kēia hana ma waena o nā ʻāina lawaiʻa kahiko e hana pono a hana hou ʻia a hana pū me nā lawaiʻa US a me Mekiko e hāpai i nā hoʻolālā hana hou a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻokele holoʻokoʻa o nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia a hoʻomaha paha. Manaʻo ʻia e holo ka papahana mai ka hāʻule 2021 a i ke kauwela 2023. 

Charter, M., Sherry, J., & O'connor, F. (2020, Iulai). Ka Hana ʻana i nā ʻoihana ʻoihana mai nā ʻupena lawaiʻa ʻino: nā manawa kūpono no nā hiʻohiʻona ʻoihana Circular a me ka hoʻolālā Circular e pili ana i nā mea lawaiʻa.. Poʻe Poʻe Polū. Kii Mai Https://Cfsd.Org.Uk/Wp-Content/Uploads/2020/07/Final-V2-Bce-Master-Creating-Business-Opportunities-From-Waste-Fishing-Nets-July-2020.Pdf

Hoʻopuka kālā ʻia e ka European Commission (EC) Interreg, Blue Circular Economy i hoʻopuka i kēia hōʻike no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia ākea a mau loa o nā mea lawaiʻa ʻōpala i ka moana a hāʻawi i nā manawa ʻoihana pili i loko o ka ʻāina ʻo Northern Periphery a me Arctic (NPA). Ke nānā nei kēia loiloi i nā hopena a kēia pilikia e hoʻokumu ai i nā mea pili i ka ʻāina NPA, a hāʻawi i kahi kūkākūkā piha o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻoihana pōʻai hou, ka papahana Extended Producer Responsibility i ʻāpana o ka EC's Single Use Plastics Directive, a me ka hoʻolālā pōʻai o nā mea lawaiʻa.

Ka Hinedu. (2020). Ka hopena o nā mea lawaiʻa 'ghost' i ka holoholona hihiu. YouTube. https://youtu.be/9aBEhZi_e2U.

ʻO kahi mea kōkua nui o ka make ʻana o ke ola moana ʻo ia ka ʻuhane. ʻO nā pahele ʻuhane a hoʻopaʻa i nā holoholona nui o ke kai no nā makahiki he nui me ka ʻole o ke keakea ʻana o ke kanaka e like me nā ʻano koholā, nā iʻa, nā sila, nā manō, nā honu, nā kukuna, nā iʻa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. pio pio. ʻO Ghost gear kekahi o nā ʻano hoʻoweliweli ʻoi loa o ka pollution plastic, no ka mea, ua hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hopu ʻana a me ka pepehi ʻana i ke ola kai. 

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6.2 Nā hopena i ke ola kai

Eriksen, M., Cowger, W., Erdle, LM, Coffin, S., Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Moore, CJ, Kamana, EJ, Lā, RH, Thiel, M., & Wilcox, C. (2023 ). Ke ulu nei ka smog plastic, i kēia manawa ua manaʻo ʻia ʻoi aku ma mua o 170 trillion plastic particles e lana ana ma nā moana o ka honua—E koi ʻia nā hoʻonā wikiwiki.. PLOS KEKAHI. 18(3), e0281596. DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0281596

I ka ʻike hou ʻana o ka poʻe i ka pilikia o ka pollution plastic, pono nā ʻikepili hou aʻe e loiloi inā pono nā kulekele i hoʻokō ʻia. Ke hana nei nā mea kākau o kēia noiʻi e hoʻoponopono i kēia āpau i ka ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka manawa manawa honua e manaʻo ana i ka helu awelika a me ka nui o nā plastik liʻiliʻi i ka papa o ka moana mai 1979 a 2019. Ua ʻike lākou i kēia lā, aia ma kahi o 82-358 trillion. nā mea ʻilika ma ke kaupaona ʻana he 1.1–4.9 miliona tone, no ka huina o 171 trillion mau ʻāpana palaka e lana ana ma nā moana o ka honua. Ua ʻike nā mea kākau o ke aʻo ʻana ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike ʻia a ʻike ʻia paha a hiki i ka makahiki 1990 i ka wā i piʻi wikiwiki ai ka nui o nā mea palaka a hiki i kēia manawa. Hōʻike wale kēia i ka pono o nā hana ikaika e hana koke i ka hiki ke pale i ke kūlana mai ka wikiwiki.

Pinheiro, L., Agostini, V. Lima, A, Ward, R., a me G. Pinho. (2021, Iune 15). ʻO ka hopena o ka Plastic Litter i loko o nā Keʻena Estuarine: He Manaʻo o ka ʻike o kēia manawa no ka Puka Palekana e alakaʻi i nā loiloi e hiki mai ana. Polusi Kaiapuni, Vol 279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116908

ʻAʻole maopopo i ke kuleana o nā muliwai a me nā estuaries i ka lawe ʻana i ka plastic, akā ke lilo nei lākou ma ke ʻano he auwai nui no ka pollution plastic oceanic. ʻO ka microfibers ke ʻano maʻamau o ka plastic, me nā noiʻi hou e kālele ana i nā mea ola micro estuarine, piʻi a piholo nā microfibers e like me ka mea i hoʻoholo ʻia e ko lākou ʻano polymer, a me nā loli spatial-temporal i ka laha. Pono ka ʻike hou aʻe e pili ana i ke kaiapuni estuarine, me ka ʻike kūikawā o nā ʻano socio-economic e pili ana i nā kulekele hoʻokele.

Brahney, J., Mahowald, N., Prank, M., Cornwall, G., Kilmont, Z., Matsui, H. & Prather, K. (2021, ʻApelila 12). Kaohi ʻana i ka lālā lewa o ka pōʻai plastik. Nā hana o ka National Academy of Sciences o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. 118(16) e2020719118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020719118

ʻO ka microplastic, me nā ʻāpana a me nā fibers ka mea maʻamau i kēia manawa ua loaʻa i ka plastic kona pōʻai lewa ponoʻī me nā ʻāpana plastik e holo ana mai ka Honua a i ka lewa a hoʻi hou. Ua ʻike ka hōʻike ʻo nā microplastics i loaʻa i ka lewa ma kahi o ke aʻo ʻana (ke komohana ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa) i loaʻa mua ʻia mai nā kumu hoʻokuʻu lua e like me nā alanui (84%), ke kai (11%), a me ka lepo lepo mahiʻai (5% ). He mea koʻikoʻi loa kēia noiʻi ʻana i ka huki ʻana i ka manaʻo i ka ulu ʻana o ka hopohopo e pili ana i ka haumia plastik mai nā alanui a me nā kaʻa.

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6.3 Nā Pellet Pīkī (Nurdles)

Faber, J., van den Berg, R., & Raphaël, S. (2023, Malaki). Kāohi ʻana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o nā Pellets Plastic: He Hoʻohālikelike kūpono o nā koho hoʻoponopono. CE Delft. https://cedelft.eu/publications/preventing-spills-of-plastic-pellets/

ʻO nā pellet plastik (i kapa ʻia ʻo 'nurdles') he mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā plastics, maʻamau ma waena o 1 a me 5 mm ke anawaena, i hana ʻia e ka ʻoihana petrochemical e lilo i mea hoʻokomo no ka ʻoihana plastics e hana i nā huahana plastik. Me ka nui o nā nurds e lawe ʻia ma ke kai a hāʻawi ʻia i nā ulia pōpilikia, aia nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o nā leak pellet e hoʻopau ai i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ke kai. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia, ua hoʻokumu ka International Maritime Organization i kahi subcommittee e noʻonoʻo i nā lula e hoʻoponopono a mālama i nā leaks pellet. 

ʻO Fauna & Flora International. (2022).  Hoʻopau i ke kai: hoʻopau i ka pollution plastic pellet. https://www.fauna-flora.org/app/uploads/2022/09/FF_Plastic_Pellets_Report-2.pdf

ʻO nā pellet plastik he mau ʻāpana plastik ka nui o ka lentil i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i mea e hana ai i nā mea plastik a pau. Ma keʻano he meaʻai no kaʻoihana plastics honua, laweʻia nā pellets a puni ka honua a he kumu nui ia o ka pollution microplastic; Ua manaʻo ʻia he mau piliona o nā pellets pākahi ke komo i ka moana i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma muli o ka hoʻokahe ʻia ʻana ma ka ʻāina a me ke kai. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia pilikia, hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka mea kākau no ka neʻe wikiwiki ʻana i kahi ala hoʻoponopono me nā koi koi i kākoʻo ʻia e nā kūlana koʻikoʻi a me nā papahana hōʻoia.

Tunnell, JW, Dunning, KH, Scheef, LP, & Swanson, KM (2020). Ke ana ʻana i ka nui o ka pellet plastic (nurdle) ma kahakai a puni ke Kaiwa o Mekiko me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻepekema kamaʻāina: Hoʻokumu i kahi kahua no ka noiʻi pili pili i nā kulekele.. Bulletin Polusi Kai. 151(110794). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110794

Ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā nurdles (pellet plastic liʻiliʻi) e holoi ana ma nā kahakai ʻo Texas. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi papahana ʻepekema kamaʻāina i alakaʻi manawaleʻa, "Nurdle Patrol." Ua alakaʻi ʻo 744 mau mea manawaleʻa i 2042 mau noiʻi ʻepekema kamaʻāina mai Mexico a i Florida. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā 20 o nā helu nurdle kiʻekiʻe loa ma nā pūnaewele ma Texas. ʻO nā pane kulekele he paʻakikī, paʻa-nui, a ke alo i nā pilikia.

Karlsson, T., Brosché, S., Alidoust, M. & Takada, H. (2021, Kekemapa). Loaʻa nā pellet plastik i nā kahakai a puni ka honua i nā kemika ʻona. Pūnaehana Hoʻopau Hoʻohaumia Honua (IPEN).  ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen-beach-plastic-pellets-v1_4aw.pdf

Loaʻa nā plastik mai nā wahi i hoʻohālike ʻia he ʻumi nā mea hoʻopaʻa paʻa benzotriazole UV, me UV-328. Loaʻa i nā plastik mai nā wahi hoʻohālike a pau he ʻumikumamākolu mau biphenyls polychlorinated i kālailai ʻia. Ua kiʻekiʻe loa nā manaʻo i nā ʻāina ʻApelika, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou he mea hana nui i nā kemika a me nā plastics. Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa me ka pollu plastic aia pū kekahi pollution kemika. Hōʻike pū ʻia nā hopena i hiki i nā plastics ke hana koʻikoʻi i ka lawe lōʻihi o nā mea ʻona.

Maes, T., Jefferies, K., (2022, ʻApelila). ʻO ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ke kai - ʻo Nurdles kahi hihia kūikawā no ka hoʻoponopono?. GRID-Arendal. https://news.grida.no/marine-plastic-pollution-are-nurdles-a-special-case-for-regulation

ʻO nā manaʻo no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kaʻa o nā pellet plastic pre-production, i kapa ʻia ʻo "nurdles," aia ma ka papa kuhikuhi no The International Maritime Organization Pollution Prevention and Response Sub-Committee (PPR). Hāʻawi kēia pōkole i kahi kūlana maikaʻi loa, wehewehe ʻana i nā nurdles, wehewehe i ke ʻano o ko lākou hiki ʻana i ke kai moana, a me ke kūkākūkā ʻana i nā mea hoʻoweliweli i ke kaiapuni mai nā nurdles. He kumu waiwai maikaʻi kēia no nā mea hana kulekele a me ka lehulehu e makemake i ka wehewehe ʻepekema ʻole.

Bourzac, K. (2023, Ianuali). ʻO ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana me ka nui o ka ʻili i ka moana i ka mōʻaukala. ʻO C&EN Global Enterprise. 101 (3), 24-31. DOI: 10.1021/cen-10103-uhi 

I Mei 2021, ua puhi ka moku ukana, ʻo X-Press Pearl, i ke ahi a hāʻule i ke kahakai o Sri Lanka. Ua hoʻokuʻu ka mea ʻino i kahi moʻolelo 1,680 metric tons o nā pellet plastik a me nā mea ʻona ʻona he nui ma waho o ke kahakai o Sri Lanka. Ke aʻo nei nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka pōʻino, ʻo ia ka mea nui loa i ʻike ʻia i ke ahi a me ke kahe ʻana o ka moana, e kōkua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni o kēia ʻano haumia i noiʻi maikaʻi ʻia. Ma waho aʻe o ka nānā ʻana i ka haki ʻana o nā nurdles i ka manawa, he aha ke ʻano o nā kemika i loko o ke kaʻina hana a me nā hopena kaiapuni o ia mau mea kemika, makemake nui nā ʻepekema i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mea kemika i ka wā e puhi ai nā nurdles plastic. I ka palapala ʻana i nā loli i nā nurdles i holoi ʻia ma kahakai ʻo Sarakkuwa kokoke i ka moku, ua loaʻa i ka ʻepekema kaiapuni ʻo Meththika Vithanage ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lithium i loko o ka wai a me nā nurdles (Sci. Total Environ. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154374; Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114074). Ua loaʻa pū i kāna hui nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā mea ʻawaʻawa ʻē aʻe, ka ʻike ʻana i hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu, ka hōʻino i nā ʻiʻo i loko o nā holoholona wai, a ke kumu ʻole o ke kino i nā kānaka. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hopena o ka pōʻino ma Sri Lanka, kahi i pilikia ai ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka politika i nā mea ʻepekema kūloko a paʻakikī paha i nā hana e hōʻoia i ka uku no nā pōʻino o ke kaiapuni, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ia mea.

Bǎlan, S., Andrews, D., Blum, A., Diamond, M., Rojello Fernández, S., Harriman, E., Lindstrom, A., Reade, A., Richter, L., Sutton, R. , Wang, Z., & Kwiatkowski, C. (2023, Ianuali). ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai ma United States a me Kanada ma o ka Essential-Use Approach. ʻEpekema Kaiapuni & ʻenehana. 57 (4), 1568-1575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05932

ʻAʻole lawa nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoponopono e kū nei no ka loiloi ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻumi kaukani kemika i ke kālepa. Pono ʻia kahi ala ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka ʻōlelo a ka mea kākau e pili ana i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā kikoʻī e hoʻohana wale ʻia nā kemika o ka hopohopo i nā hihia i pono ai kā lākou hana i nā huahana kikoʻī no ke olakino, palekana, a i ʻole ka hana ʻana o ke kaiāulu a inā ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā koho koho.

Wang, Z., Walker, GR, Muir, DCG, & Nagatani-Yoshida, K. (2020). No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ao holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i nā mea hoʻohaumia: ʻo kahi kānana hoʻopaʻa mua ʻana o nā waihona mea kemika a me ka ʻāina. Ka ʻEpekema ʻepekema a me nā ʻenehana. 54(5), 2575–2584. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b06379

I loko o kēia hōʻike, ʻike ʻia nā inventories 22 mai 19 mau ʻāina a me nā ʻāina e hoʻokō i kahi ʻike piha mua o nā kemika i kēia manawa ma ka mākeke honua. ʻO ka loiloi i paʻi ʻia e hōʻailona i kahi hana mua koʻikoʻi i ka ʻike honua o ka haumia kemika. Ma waena o nā ʻike koʻikoʻi, ʻo ka nui o ka underestimated mua a me ka hūnā o nā kemika i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hana. Ma 2020, ʻoi aku ma mua o 350 000 mau mea kemika a me nā mea hoʻohui kemika i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia no ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana. ʻOi aku ka nui o kēia waihona ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ma mua o ke aʻo ʻana. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e ka lehulehu nā ʻike o nā kinikona he nui no ka mea ua ʻōlelo ʻia lākou he mea huna (ma luna o 50 000) a i ʻole i wehewehe ʻia (a hiki i 70 000).

OECD. (2021). He Manaʻo Kemika ma ka Hoʻolālā ʻana me nā Plastics Mau: Nā Pahuhopu, Noʻonoʻo a me nā Kūʻai Kūʻai.. OECD Publishing, Paris, Farani. doi.org/10.1787/f2ba8ff3-en.

Ke ʻimi nei kēia hōʻike i mea e hiki ai ke hana i nā huahana plastik i hoʻomau ʻia ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka noʻonoʻo kemika hoʻomau i ke kaʻina hana. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi lens kemika i ka wā o ke kaʻina koho mea plastic, hiki i nā mea hoʻolālā a me nā ʻenekini ke hoʻoholo i ka ʻike e hoʻokomo i ka plastic sustainable i ka wā e hoʻolālā ai i kā lākou huahana. Hāʻawi ka hōʻike i kahi ala hoʻohui i ke koho plastik hoʻomau mai kahi hiʻohiʻona kemika, a ʻike i kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā pahuhopu hoʻolālā hoʻomau maʻamau, nā noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke ola a me nā kālepa-off.

Zimmermann, L., Dierkes, G., Ternes, T., Völker, C., & Wagner, M. (2019). ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka in Vitro Toxicity a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kemika o nā huahana mea kūʻai aku. ʻEpekema Kaiapuni & ʻenehana. 53(19), 11467-11477. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b02293

ʻIke ʻia nā kumu no ka hoʻolaha kemika a ʻike ʻia he liʻiliʻi, ʻike ʻia nā kemika pili i ka plastic - e like me ka bisphenol A - akā naʻe, pono ka hōʻike piha ʻana o nā hui kemika paʻakikī i loko o nā plastics. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea noiʻi he 260 kemika i ʻike ʻia me nā monomers, nā mea hoʻohui, a me nā mea i hoʻohui ʻole ʻia, a ua hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia he 27 mau kemika. ʻO nā unuhi o ka polyvinyl chloride (PVC) a me ka polyurethane (PUR) i hoʻoulu i ka mea ʻawaʻawa kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻoiai ka polyethylene terephthalate (PET) a me ka polyethylene kiʻekiʻe (HDPE) i kumu ʻole a haʻahaʻa paha.

Aurisano, N., Huang, L., Mila i Canals, L., Jolliet, O., & Fantke, P. (2021). ʻO nā mea kemika e hopohopo nei i nā mea pāʻani plastik. Kaiapuni International. 146, 106194. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106194

Hiki i ka plastik i loko o nā mea pāʻani ke hoʻopilikia i nā keiki, no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia, ua hana nā mea kākau i kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā pae hoʻohālike a me nā pilikia pale o nā kemika i loko o nā mea pāʻani plastik a ua kau i kahi ʻano kānana e kōkua i ka helu ʻana i nā mea kemika i ʻae ʻia i nā mea pāʻani. I kēia manawa he 126 kemika o ka hopohopo i loaʻa maʻamau i nā mea pāʻani, e hōʻike ana i ka pono o ka ʻikepili hou aʻe, akā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā pilikia a ʻoi aku ka pono o ka hoʻoponopono.

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7. ʻO ke kino a me ke ola kanaka

Center for International Environmental Law. (2023, Malaki). ʻO ka Plastic Breathing: ʻO ka hopena o ke ola kino o nā plastik i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka lewa. Center for International Environmental Law. https://www.ciel.org/reports/airborne-microplastics-briefing/

Ke lilo nei ka microplastic i nā wahi āpau, ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi āpau e ʻimi ai nā ʻepekema. ʻO kēia mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi he mea kōkua nui i ka lawe ʻana o ke kanaka i ka plastic a hiki i ka 22,000,000 microplastic a me nā nanoplastics i kēlā me kēia makahiki me kēia helu i manaʻo ʻia e piʻi aʻe. No ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i kēia, ʻōlelo ka pepa i ka hui ʻana o ka "cocktail" hopena o ka plastic ma ke ʻano he pilikia nui i ka lewa, ka wai, a ma ka ʻāina, pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hana pili i ke kānāwai no ka hakakā ʻana i kēia pilikia ulu, a ʻo nā hoʻonā āpau e hoʻoponopono i ke ola piha. pōʻaiapuni o nā plastik. He pilikia ka plastic, akā hiki ke kaupalena ʻia ka pōʻino i ke kino kanaka me ka hana wikiwiki a hoʻoholo.

Baker, E., Thygesen, K. (2022, ʻAukake 1). ʻO Plastic i loko o ka Mahiʻai- He Luʻi Kaiapuni. Pōkole noʻonoʻo. ʻŌlelo mua, nā pilikia e kū mai ana a me nā wā e hiki mai ana. Polokalamu Kaiapuni Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. https://www.unep.org/resources/emerging-issues/plastics-agriculture-environmental-challenge

Hāʻawi ka United Nations i kahi pōkole pōkole akā ʻike i ka ulu ʻana o ka pilikia o ka pollu plastic i ka mahiʻai a me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka nui o ka pollution plastic. Ke nānā nui nei ka pepa i ka ʻike ʻana i nā kumu o nā plastics a me ka nānā ʻana i ka hopena o ke koena plastic i ka lepo mahiʻai. ʻO kēia pōkole ka mea mua ma kahi moʻolelo i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻolālā e makaʻala i ka neʻe ʻana o nā plastik mahiʻai mai ke kumu a i ke kai.

Wiesinger, H., Wang, Z., & Hellweg, S. (2021, Iune 21). Luʻu hohonu i loko o nā Monomers Plastic, nā mea hoʻohui, a me nā mea kōkua hana. ʻEpekema Kaiapuni & ʻenehana. 55(13), 9339-9351. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00976

Aia ma kahi o 10,500 mau kemika i loko o nā plastics, 24% o ia mau mea hiki ke hōʻiliʻili i loko o ke kanaka a me nā holoholona a he mea ʻawaʻawa a i ʻole carcinogenic. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻEulopa, a me Iapana, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o nā kemika ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia. ʻOi aku ma mua o 900 o kēia mau mea ʻona i ʻae ʻia i kēia mau ʻāina no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ipu meaʻai plastik. ʻO ka 10,000 mau mea kemika, 39% o lākou ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma muli o ka nele o ka "hōʻuluʻulu pōʻino." ʻO ka ʻawaʻawa he pilikia kai a me ke olakino lehulehu e noʻonoʻo ana i ka nui o ka pollution plastic.

Ragusa, A., Svelatoa, A., Santacroce, C., Catalano, P., Notarstefano, V., Carnevali, O., Papa, F., Rongioletti, M., Baioccoa, F., Draghia, S., D'Amorea, E., Rinallod, D., Matta, M., & Giorgini, E. (2021, Ianuali). Plasticenta: Hōʻike mua o Microplastics i loko o ka Placenta kanaka. Kaiapuni International. 146(106274). DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274

No ka manawa mua i ʻike ʻia nā microplastics i loko o nā placentas kanaka, e hōʻike ana e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka plastic i ke kanaka ma mua o ka hānau ʻana. He pilikia nui kēia no ka mea hiki i nā microplastics ke loaʻa i nā kemika e hana i nā endocrine disruptors i hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā pilikia olakino no ke kanaka.

Flaws, J. (2020, Kekemapa). Plastics, EDCs, & Health: He alakaʻi no nā hui hoihoi lehulehu a me nā mea hana kulekele ma ka Endocrine Disrupting Chemical & Plastic.. Ka Hui Endocrine & IPEN. https://www.endocrine.org/-/media/endocrine/files/topics/edc_guide_2020_v1_6bhqen.pdf

ʻO ka nui o nā kemika maʻamau e lele mai nā plastics i ʻike ʻia ʻo Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), e like me bisphenols, ethoxylates, brominated flame retardants, a me phthalates. Hiki i nā mea kemika he EDC ke hoʻopilikia i ka hānau ʻana o ke kanaka, ka metabolism, thyroids, immune system, a me ka hana neurological. I ka pane ʻana, ua hoʻokuʻu ka Endocrine Society i kahi hōʻike e pili ana i nā loulou ma waena o ka leaching kemika mai ka plastic a me nā EDC. Manaʻo ka hōʻike i nā hana hou aʻe e pale aku i ka poʻe a me ke kaiapuni mai nā EDC hiki ke hōʻino i loko o nā plastic.

Teles, M., Balasch, J., Oliveria, M., Sardans, J., and Peñuel, J. (2020, ʻAukake). ʻIke i nā hopena Nanoplastics i ke ola kanaka. Buletin Science. 65(23). DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.003

Ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka plastik, ua wāwahi ʻia i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi paha e ʻai ʻia e nā holoholona a me nā kānaka. Ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi e pili ana ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nano-plastic i ka haku mele ʻana a me ka ʻokoʻa o nā kaiāulu microbiome ʻōpū o ke kanaka a hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka ʻōnaehana hānau hānau, immune, a me endocrine. ʻOiai a hiki i ka 90% o ka plastic i hoʻopili ʻia e hoʻopau koke ʻia, ʻo ka 10% hope loa - maʻamau nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka nano-plastic - hiki ke komo i loko o nā paia cell a hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka cytotoxicity, ka hopu ʻana i nā pōʻai cell, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā cell immune reactivity. ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā hopena inflammatory.

ʻO ka Plastic Soup Foundation. (2022, ʻApelila). Plastic: ʻO ka mea nani huna. Ku'i i ka Microbead. Beatthemicrobead.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Plastic-Thehiddenbeautyingredients.Pdf

Aia kēia hōʻike i ka noiʻi nui mua loa o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā microplastics ma luna o ʻehiku kaukani ʻokoʻa a me nā huahana mālama pilikino. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia kēlā me kēia makahiki ma luna o 3,800 tons microplastics i loko o ke kaiapuni ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā huahana mālama i kēlā me kēia lā ma ʻEulopa. Ke hoʻomākaukau nei ka European Chemical Agency (ECHA) e hōʻano hou i kā lākou wehewehe ʻana i nā microplastics, ua hoʻomālamalama kēia hōʻike piha i nā wahi i hāʻule ai kēia wehewehe i manaʻo ʻia, e like me ka haʻalele ʻana i nā nanoplastics, a me nā hopena e hiki mai ana ma hope o kona hāpai ʻana. 

Zanolli, L. (2020, Pepeluali 18). He palekana anei nā ipu plastik no kā mākou meaʻai? ʻO ka Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/feb/18/are-plastic-containers-safe-to-use-food-experts

ʻAʻole hoʻokahi wale nō polymer plastik a i ʻole pūhui, aia nā kaukani o nā pūhui i loaʻa i loko o nā huahana plastik e hoʻohana nei i ke kaulahao meaʻai, a he liʻiliʻi ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hapa nui o ko lākou hopena i ke olakino kanaka. Hiki i kekahi mau mea kemika i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka ʻeke meaʻai a me nā plastik meaʻai ʻē aʻe ke hoʻopōʻino i ka hānau ʻana, ka hānō, ka neonatal a me ka lolo pēpē, a me nā pilikia neurodevelopmental. 

Muncke, J. (2019, ʻOkakopa 10). Puke Ola Ola Plastic. Hoʻokumu Soup Plastic. youtube.com/watch?v=qI36K_T7M2Q

Hōʻike ʻia ma ka Plastic Health Summit, kūkākūkā ʻo Toxicologist ʻo Jane Muncke i nā kemika weliweli a ʻike ʻole ʻia i loko o ka plastic e hiki ke komo i loko o ka meaʻai ma o ka ʻeke plastik. Loaʻa i ka plastic a pau he mau haneli kemika like ʻole, i kapa ʻia he mau mea i hoʻohui ʻole ʻia, i hana ʻia mai nā hopena kemika a me ka haki ʻana o ka plastic. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka hapa nui o kēia mau mea, akā naʻe, ʻo lākou ka hapa nui o nā kemika e lele ana i ka meaʻai a me nā mea inu. Pono nā aupuni e hoʻokumu i kahi noiʻi hoʻonui a me ka nānā ʻana i ka meaʻai e hoʻoholo ai i nā hopena olakino o nā mea i hoʻohui ʻole ʻia.

Huihui Ola Ola Plastic. (2019, ʻOkakopa 3). Plastic and Health Summit 2019. Huihui Ola Ola Plastic. plastichealthcoalition.org/plastic-health-summit-2019/

Ma ka Plastic Health Summit mua i mālama ʻia ma Amsterdam, ʻo nā ʻepekema Netherlands, nā mea hana kulekele, nā mea hoʻomohala, a me nā mea hou i hui pū ʻia e kaʻana like i ko lākou ʻike a me ka ʻike i ka pilikia o ka plastic e pili ana i ke olakino. Ua hoʻopuka ka hui i nā wikiō o 36 mau mea kamaʻilio loea a me nā manawa kūkākūkā, aia nā mea āpau no ka nānā ʻana o ka lehulehu ma kā lākou pūnaewele. Aia nā kumuhana wikiō: kahi hoʻolauna i ka plastic, nā kamaʻilio ʻepekema e pili ana i nā microplastics, nā kamaʻilio ʻepekema e pili ana i nā mea hoʻohui, nā kulekele a me ke kākoʻo ʻana, nā kūkākūkā papa ʻaina puni, nā hālāwai e pili ana i nā influencers i hoʻoikaika i ka hana e kūʻē i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā plastics, a hope loa nā hui a me nā mea hou i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea pono. nā hoʻonā i ka pilikia plastic.

Li, V., & Youth, I. (2019, September 6). Hūnā ka pollution plastic moana i kahi mea ʻona i loko o kā mākou meaʻai. ʻO Phys Org. phys.org/news/2019-09-marine-plastic-pollution-neurological-toxin.html

Hana ʻia ka plastik e like me ka magnet i ka methylmercury (mercury), a laila hoʻopau ʻia ka plastic e ka mea pio, a laila e ʻai ai nā kānaka. ʻO ka methylmercury ka bioaccumulates i loko o ke kino, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole ia e haʻalele akā kūkulu ʻia i ka manawa, a biomagnifies, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hopena o ka methylmercury i nā mea ʻaihue ma mua o ka pio.

Cox, K., Covrenton, G., Davies, H., Dower, J., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S. (2019, Iune 5). Hoʻohana kanaka i nā Microplastics. ʻEpekema Kaiapuni & ʻenehana. 53(12), 7068-7074. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b01517

ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka meaʻai ʻAmelika, kahi loiloi o ka nui o nā microplastic particles i nā meaʻai maʻamau e ʻai ʻia e pili ana i kā lākou ʻai ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā.

Ka Papahana Unwrapped. (2019, Iune). ʻO nā pilikia olakino o nā plastik a me nā meaʻai Packaging Chemical Conference. https://unwrappedproject.org/conference

Ua kūkākūkā ka ʻaha kūkā i ka papahana Plastic Exposed, ʻo ia ka hui pū ʻana o ka honua e hōʻike i nā hoʻoweliweli olakino kanaka o nā plastics a me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe.

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8. Pono Kaiapuni

Vandenberg, J. and Ota, Y. (eds.) (2023, Ianuali). E hele a me ke ala kaulike i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ke kai: Ocean Nexus Equity & Marine Plastic Pollution Report 2022. Kulanui o Wakinekona. https://issuu.com/ocean_nexus/docs/equity_and_marine_plastic_ pollution_report?fr=sY2JhMTU1NDcyMTE

Hoʻopilikia ka pollution plastic moana i ke kanaka a me ke kaiapuni (e like me ka palekana o ka meaʻai, ka nohona, ke olakino kino a me ka noʻonoʻo, a me nā hana moʻomeheu a me nā waiwai), a he hopena maikaʻi ʻole ia i ke ola a me ke ola ʻana o ka poʻe i hoʻemi ʻia. Ke nānā nei ka hōʻike i ke kuleana, ka ʻike, ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana ma o ka hui ʻana o nā mokuna a me nā noiʻi hihia me nā mea kākau e pili ana i nā ʻāina 8, mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Iapana a i Ghana a me Fiji. ʻO ka hope loa, ʻo ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana o ka mea kākau ʻo ka pilikia o ka pollution plastic he mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻoponopono i nā like ʻole. Hoʻopau ka hōʻike ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana a hiki i ka hoʻoholo ʻana o nā like ʻole a hoʻoponopono ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka poʻe a me ka ʻāina i waiho ʻia e pili ana i nā hopena o ka pollution plastic a laila ʻaʻole e hoʻoholo ʻia ka pilikia haumia plastik.

GRID-Arendal. (2022, Kepakemapa). ʻO kahi noho ma ka papaʻaina - Ke kuleana o ka ʻāpana hana hou ʻole i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka haumia plastik, a me nā hoʻololi kulekele i manaʻo ʻia.. GRID-Arendal. https://www.grida.no/publications/863

ʻO ka ʻāpana hana hou ʻole, ka mea i hana pinepine ʻia e nā limahana marginalized a me nā poʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia, he ʻāpana nui o ke kaʻina hana hou i ka honua ulu. Hāʻawi kēia pepa kulekele i ka hōʻuluʻulu o ko mākou ʻike i kēia manawa no ka ʻāpana hana hou ʻole, kona ʻano pilikanaka a me ka hoʻokele waiwai, nā pilikia e kū nei ka ʻāpana. Ke nānā nei ia i nā hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka honua a me ka ʻāina e ʻike i nā limahana hana ʻole a hoʻokomo iā lākou i loko o nā papa hana a me nā ʻaelike, e like me ka Global Plastics Treaty Ua hāʻawi pū ka hōʻike i kahi pūʻulu o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo kulekele kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka ʻāpana hana hou ʻole, e hiki ai ke hoʻololi pololei. a me ka pale ʻana i ka noho ʻana o ka poʻe hana hana hou. 

Cali, J., Gutiérrez-Graudiņš, M., Munguía, S., Chin, C. (2021, ʻApelila). HALELU: Nā hopena o ka hoʻoponopono kaiapuni o ka ʻōpala moana a me ka hoʻohaumia ʻana. Polokalamu Kaiapuni Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa a me Azul. https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/ 35417/EJIPP.pdf

ʻO ka hōʻike 2021 e ka United Nations Environment Programme a me Azul, kahi hui aupuni ʻole o ka Environment Justice, e kāhea ana i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā kaiāulu ma nā ʻaoʻao mua o ka ʻōpala plastik a me kā lākou komo ʻana i ka hoʻoholo hoʻoholo kūloko. ʻO ia ka hōʻike International mua e hoʻopili i nā kiko ma waena o ka hoʻoponopono kaiapuni a me ka pilikia pollution plastic moana. Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka pollution plastik i nā kaiāulu marginalized e noho kokoke ana i ka hana ʻana a me nā wahi ʻōpala. Eia kekahi, hoʻoweliweli ka plastic i ke ola o ka poʻe hana me nā kumuwaiwai moana a me ka poʻe e ʻai ana i ka iʻa me nā micro-a me nano-plastics ʻona. Hoʻopili ʻia a puni ke kanaka, hiki i kēia hōʻike ke hoʻonohonoho i ke kahua no nā kulekele honua e hoʻopau mālie i ka pollution plastic a me ka hana ʻana.

Creshkoff, R., & Enck, J. (2022, Kepakemapa 23). He lanakila koʻikoʻi ka heihei e hoʻōki i kahi mea kanu plastik. ʻAmelika ʻepekema. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-race-to-stop-a-plastics-plant-scores-a-crucial-win/

Ua lanakila ka poʻe hana kaiapuni ma St. James Parish, Louisiana i ka lanakila nui o ka ʻaha kūʻē iā Formosa Plastics, ka mea i hoʻomākaukau e kūkulu i ka mea kanu plastik nui loa o ka honua ma ka ʻāina me ke kākoʻo o ke kiaʻāina, nā luna kānāwai mokuʻāina, a me nā mea kūʻai mana kūloko. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻāina e kūʻē ana i ka hoʻomohala hou, i alakaʻi ʻia e Sharon Lavigne o Rise St. James a me nā hui kaiaulu ʻē aʻe i kākoʻo ʻia e nā loio ma Earthjustice, ua koi aku i ka ʻAha Apana Hoʻokolokolo 19 o Louisiana e hoʻopau i nā palapala hoʻohaumia ea 14 i hāʻawi ʻia e ke Keʻena ʻOihana Kūʻai o ka mokuʻāina. Ua ʻae ʻia ʻo Formosa Plastics e kūkulu i kāna paʻina petrochemical i manaʻo ʻia. Hoʻohana ʻia nā petrochemical i nā huahana he nui, me nā plastics. ʻO ka stagnation o kēia papahana nui, a me ka hoʻonui holoʻokoʻa o Formosa Plastics, he mea koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoponopono kaiapuni a me ke kaiapuni. Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka muliwai ʻo Mississippi he 85 mau mile i kapa ʻia ʻo "Cancer Alley," ʻoi aku ka nui o nā poʻe noho o St. James Parish, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka loaʻa kālā a me ka poʻe ʻulaʻula. awelika. Wahi a kā lākou palapala ʻae, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka hale paʻa hou o Formosa Plastics i St. James Parish i kahi 800 tons o nā mea hoʻohaumia ea pōʻino, e pāpālua a ʻekolu paha ka nui o nā mea make kino a nā kamaʻāina e hanu ai i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻOiai ua hoʻohiki ka hui e hoʻopiʻi, manaʻolana kēia lanakila paʻakikī e hoʻoikaika i nā kūʻē kūloko like ʻole ma nā wahi i hoʻolālā ʻia ai nā hale hoʻohaumia like ʻole - ma nā kaiāulu haʻahaʻa o nā kala. 

Madapoosi, V. (2022, ʻAukake). ʻO ka Imperialism o kēia mau lā i ke kālepa ʻōpala honua: He mea hana kikohoʻe e ʻimi ana i nā ʻāpana o ke kālepa ʻōpala honua, (J. Hamilton, Ed.). Mea Kaiapuni Intersectional. www.intersectionalenvironmentalist.com/toolkits/global-waste-trade-toolkit

ʻOiai ʻo kona inoa, ʻaʻole kālepa ka ʻōpala honua, akā he kaʻina extractive i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka imperialism. Ma ke ʻano he aupuni imperial, hoʻopuka ʻo ʻAmelika i kāna hoʻokele ʻōpala i nā ʻāina hoʻomohala a puni ka honua e hoʻoponopono i kāna ʻōpala hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Ma waho aʻe o nā hopena koʻikoʻi o ke kaiapuni i nā wahi noho o ka moana, ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka lepo, a me ka haumia o ka ea, ʻo ke kālepa ʻōpala honua e hoʻāla i ka hoʻoponopono kūlohelohe koʻikoʻi a me nā pilikia olakino o ka lehulehu, nā hopena i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia i ka poʻe a me nā kaiaola o nā lāhui ulu. Ke ʻimi nei kēia pahu hana kikohoʻe i ke kaʻina hana ʻōpala ma US, ka hoʻoilina colonial i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā kālepa ʻōpala honua, ka hopena o ke kaiapuni, socio-political hopena o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokele ʻōpala o ka honua i kēia manawa, a me nā kulekele kūloko, aupuni a me ka honua e hiki ke hoʻololi iā ia. 

Keena Investigation Environment. (2021, Kepakemapa). ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma hope o ka ʻōpala: ka nui a me ka hopena o ke kālepa honua i ka ʻōpala plastik. EIA. https://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/EIA-The-Truth-Behind-Trash-FINAL.pdf

ʻO ka ʻāpana hoʻokele ʻōpala i nā ʻāina kiʻekiʻe he nui i hilinaʻi ʻia i ka lawe ʻana aku i ka ʻōpala palaka i nā ʻāina haʻahaʻa e hoʻomohala mau nei i ka ʻoihana a i ka hana ʻana pēlā ua hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai koʻikoʻi a me ke kaiapuni ma ke ʻano o ka colonialism ʻōpala. Wahi a kēia hōʻike EIA, ʻo Kelemania, Iapana a me ʻAmelika ka ʻāina nui loa e lawe aku i ka ʻōpala, a ua hoʻokuʻu aku kēlā me kēia i ʻelua ʻōpala ʻōpala o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka makahiki 1988. lawe mai mai 65 a 2010. I ka wā i pani ai ʻo Kina i kona mau palena i ka ʻōpala plastik i ka makahiki 2020, ua puka mai ʻo Malaysia, Vietnam, Turkey, a me nā hui lawehala e hana ana ma SE Asia ma ke ʻano he wahi nui no ka ʻōpala plastik mai Iapana, ka US a me EU. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka hāʻawi pololei ʻana o ka ʻoihana kalepa ʻōpala i ka pollution plastic honua, akā maopopo ka nui ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka nui o ke kālepa ʻōpala a me nā mana hana o nā ʻāina lawe mai. ʻO ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā ʻōpala palaka a puni ka honua i hiki ai i nā ʻāina kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻomau i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana ʻana o nā plastik puʻupaʻa i ʻae ʻole ʻia ma o ka ʻae ʻana iā lākou e pale i nā hopena pololei o kā lākou hoʻohana plastik pilikia. Manaʻo ʻo EIA International e hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ka pilikia ʻōpala palaka ma o kahi holistic holistic, ma ke ʻano o kahi kuikahi honua hou, e hoʻoikaika ana i nā hopena upstream e hōʻemi i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka plastik puʻupaʻa. e hoʻoikaika i ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka waiwai a me ka hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai palekana no ka plastic - a hiki i ka hoʻokuʻu pono ʻole ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōpala plastik hiki ke pāpā ʻia i ka honua holoʻokoʻa.

Global Alliance no nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka Incinerator. (2019, ʻApelila). Hoʻoleʻe ʻia: Nā Kaiāulu ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka pilikia palaki honua. GAIA. www.No-Burn.Org/Resources/Discarded-Communities-On-The-Frontlines-Of-The-Global-Plastic-Crisis/

I ka wā i pani ai ʻo Kina i kona mau palena no ka lawe ʻana mai i ka ʻōpala palaka i ka makahiki 2018, ua hoʻopiha ʻia nā ʻāina ma Asia Hikina Hema me nā ʻōpala e hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou ana, mai nā ʻāina waiwai i ka Global North. Hōʻike kēia hōʻike noiʻi i ke ʻano o ka hopena o nā kaiāulu ma ka honua i ka komo koke ʻana o nā haumia haole, a pehea lākou e hakakā nei.

Karlsson, T, Dell, J, Gündoğdu, S, & Carney Almroth, B. (2023, Malaki). Ke kālepa ʻōpala ʻōpala: nā helu huna. Pūnaehana Hoʻopau Hoʻohaumia Honua (IPEN). https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen_plastic_waste _trade_report-final-3digital.pdf

Ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa mau nei nā ʻōnaehana hōʻike i kēia manawa i ka nui o nā ʻōpala plastik i kālepa ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, e alakaʻi ana i kahi kuhi hewa maʻamau o ke kālepa ʻōpala plastik e nā mea noiʻi e hilinaʻi nei i kēia ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia. ʻO ka hiki ʻole o ka helu ʻana a me ka hahai ʻana i ka nui o ka ʻōpala plastik ma muli o ka hemahema o ka ʻike ʻole i nā helu kālepa ʻōpala, ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia e ʻimi i nā ʻano mea kikoʻī. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike hou ʻana ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kālepa plastik honua ma mua o 40% ma mua o nā kuhi mua, a ʻaʻole hiki i kēia helu ke hōʻike i ke kiʻi nui o nā plastics i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o nā textiles, nā bale pepa hui ʻia, e-waste, a me ka ʻōpala, ʻaʻole hoʻi e haʻi i ka mea make. nā kemika i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaʻina hana plastic. ʻO kēlā me kēia helu huna o ke kālepa ʻōpala plastic, ʻo ka nui o ka hana kiʻekiʻe o nā plastics i hiki ʻole i kekahi ʻāina ke mālama i ka nui o nā ʻōpala i hana ʻia. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻaʻole ia he ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpala ke kūʻai ʻia, akā ua hoʻopiha nā ʻāina kiʻekiʻe i ka honua e ulu nei me ka pollution plastic ma kahi kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia. No ka hakakā ʻana i kēia, pono nā ʻāina kiʻekiʻe e hana hou aku e lawe i ke kuleana no ka ʻōpala plastik a lākou e hana ai.

Karasik R., Lauer NE, Baker AE., Lisi NE, Somarelli JA, Eward WC, Fürst K. & Dunphy-Daly MM (2023, Ianuali). ʻO ka hāʻawi like ʻole ʻana o nā pōmaikaʻi plastik a me nā kaumaha i ka ʻoihana a me ke olakino lehulehu. Nā palena i ka ʻepekema moana. 9:1017247. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.1017247

Hoʻopilikia ka plastic heterogeneously i ke kaiāulu kanaka, mai ke olakino ākea a i ka ʻoihana kūloko a me ka honua. I ka wehewehe ʻana i nā pōmaikaʻi a me nā kaumaha o kēlā me kēia pae o ka pōʻaiapuni plastik, ua ʻike ka poʻe noiʻi ʻo nā pono o ka plastics ka mea nui o ka hoʻokele waiwai, aʻo nā kaumaha e hāʻule nui i ke olakino kanaka. Eia kekahi, aia kahi ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka mea i ʻike i nā pōmaikaʻi a i ʻole nā ​​​​kaumaha o ka plastic no ka mea ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia nā pono waiwai e hoʻoponopono i nā kaumaha olakino i hana ʻia e nā plastic. Ua hoʻonui ke kālepa ʻōpala palaka honua i kēia like ʻole no ka mea e hāʻule ke kaumaha o ke kuleana no ka hoʻokele ʻōpala i nā kaiāulu o lalo o nā ʻāina haʻahaʻa, ma mua o nā mea hana i nā ʻāina kiʻekiʻe, nā ʻāina ʻai nui i loaʻa i nā pono waiwai ʻoi aku ka nui. ʻO nā loiloi kumu kūʻai-pōmaikaʻi kuʻuna e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻolālā kulekele me ke kaupaona like ʻole i nā pono waiwai o nā plastics ma mua o ke kūʻokoʻa, pinepine ʻole ʻia, nā kumukūʻai i ke olakino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni. 

Liboiron, M. (2021). ʻO ka polusyon ka koloneialani. Hale Paʻi Kula ʻo Duke University. 

In ʻO ka polusyon ka koloneialani, ʻōlelo ka mea kākau he pili ʻāina nā ʻano ʻano noiʻi ʻepekema a pau, a hiki i nā mea ke hoʻohālikelike a kūʻē paha i ka colonialism ma ke ʻano he ʻano extractive, kuleana pili ʻāina. Ma ka nānā 'ana i ka pollution plastic, hō'ike ka puke i ke 'ano o ka pollution 'a'ole wale he hō'ailona o ka capitalism, akā, he hana ho'omāinoino o nā pilina 'āina colonial e koi ana i ke komo 'ana i ka 'āina 'ōiwi. Ke kiʻi nei i kā lākou hana ma ka Civic Laboratory for Environmental Action Research (CLEAR), ua hoʻohālike ʻo Liboiron i kahi hana ʻepekema anticolonial foregrounding ʻāina, ethics, a me nā pilina, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole hiki ke hiki wale i ka ʻepekema kaiapuni anticolonial, akā i kēia manawa.

Bennett, N., Alava, JJ, Ferguson, CE, Blythe, J., Morgera, E., Boyd, D., & Côté, IM (2023, Ianuali). Kaiapuni (i) pono i ka moana Anthropocene. Kulekele Moana. 147(105383). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105383

ʻO ke aʻo ʻana o ka hoʻoponopono kaiapuni i kālele mua ʻia i ka puʻunaue like ʻole a me nā hopena o ka pollution a me ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā ʻōpala ʻawaʻawa i nā kaiāulu marginalized mōʻaukala. I ka ulu ʻana o ke kula, ua emi iho ka nui o nā haʻawina pili i ke kaiapuni a me ke olakino kanaka i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā kaiaola kai a me nā kānaka kahakai. Ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia ʻāpana noiʻi, hoʻonui kēia pepa i ʻelima mau ʻāpana o ka hoʻoponopono kaiapuni i ka moana: ka haumia a me nā ʻōpala ʻawaʻawa, nā plastik a me nā ʻōpala kai, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, ka pōʻino o ka kaiaola, a me ka emi ʻana o ka lawaiʻa. 

McGarry, D., James, A., & Erwin, K. (2022). Pepa ʻIkiʻi: ʻO ka haumia ʻana o ke kai ma ke ʻano he pilikia pili i ke kaiapuni. Hookahi Moana Hub. https://Oneoceanhub.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Information-Sheet_4.Pdf

Hōʻike kēia pepa ʻike i ka nui o ka pono o ke kaiapuni o ka pollution plastic moana mai nā hiʻohiʻona o ka heluna kanaka i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, nā ʻāina haʻahaʻa i loaʻa i ka Global South, a me nā mea kuleana i nā aupuni kiʻekiʻe ke kuleana nui no ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana i nā plastics. e imi i ko lakou ala i kai. 

Owens, KA, & Conlon, K. (2021, ʻAukake). ʻO ka holoi ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pā? ʻO ka pono ʻole o ke kaiapuni a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka plastik. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.713385

ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻoihana hoʻokele ʻōpala ke hana i loko o kahi hakahaka me ka ʻike ʻole i nā pōʻino pilikanaka a me ke kaiapuni āna e ʻohi ai. Ke hoʻolaha nā mea hana i nā hoʻonā e hoʻoponopono i nā hōʻailona o ka pollution plastic akā ʻaʻole ke kumu kumu, ʻaʻole lākou e paʻa i nā mea kuleana ma ke kumu kuleana a no laila e kaupalena ʻia ka hopena o kekahi hana hoʻoponopono. Hoʻonohonoho ka ʻoihana plastics i kēia manawa i ka ʻōpala plastik ma ke ʻano he mea waho e koi ana i kahi ʻenehana ʻenehana. ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pilikia a me ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka hopena e hoʻoneʻe i ke kaumaha a me nā hopena o ka ʻōpala palaka i nā kaiāulu marginalized a puni ka honua, i nā ʻāina me nā ʻoihana e ulu nei, a i nā hanauna e hiki mai ana. Ma mua o ka waiho ʻana i ka hoʻoponopono pilikia i nā mea hoʻomohala pilikia, ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā ʻepekema, nā mea hana kulekele, a me nā aupuni e hoʻolālā i nā moʻolelo ʻōpala palaka me ka manaʻo nui i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i luna, hoʻolālā hou, a hoʻohana hou, ma mua o ka hoʻokele o lalo.

Mah, A. (2020). Nā hoʻoilina ʻawaʻawa a me ka hoʻoponopono kaiapuni. i Hoʻomalu Pono (1st ed.). Manchester University Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/978042902 9585-12/toxic-legacies-environmental-justice-alice-mah

ʻO ka hōʻike like ʻole o ka poʻe liʻiliʻi a me nā kaiāulu haʻahaʻa i ka haumia ʻona a me nā wahi ʻōpala pōʻino he mea koʻikoʻi a lōʻihi hoʻi i loko o ka neʻe ʻana o ka pono kaiapuni. Me nā moʻolelo he nui ʻole o nā pōʻino ʻawaʻawa a puni ka honua, ʻo kahi hapa wale nō o kēia mau hihia i hōʻike ʻia ma ka moʻolelo mōʻaukala a ʻo ke koena e mālama ʻole ʻia. Kūkākūkā kēia mokuna i nā hoʻoilina o nā pōʻino koʻikoʻi nui, ka nānā ʻole ʻana o ka lehulehu i nā pono pono ʻole o ke kaiapuni, a me ke ʻano o nā neʻe anti-toxic ma US a me nā ʻāina ʻē i loko o ka neʻe ʻana o ka hoʻoponopono kaiapuni honua.

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9. Moolelo o ka Plastic

Ke Kula Moʻolelo ʻEpekema. (2023). Mōʻaukala Plastics. Ke Kula Moʻolelo ʻEpekema. https://www.sciencehistory.org/the-history-and-future-of-plastics

ʻO kahi moʻolelo pōkole ʻekolu ʻaoʻao o nā plastics e hāʻawi i ka ʻike pōkole, akā pololei loa e pili ana i nā plastics, no hea mai lākou, he aha ka plastic synthetic mua, ka lā nui o ka plastic i ke Kaua Honua II a me nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka plastic i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia ʻatikala no ka poʻe e makemake i nā kīʻaha ākea e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka plastic me ka ʻole e komo i ka ʻaoʻao ʻenehana o ka hana ʻana i ka plastic.

Polokalamu Kaiapuni Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa (2022). ʻO kā mākou Honua e ʻoki ana i ka plastik. https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/ 

Ua hoʻokumu ka United Nations Environment Programme i kahi ʻaoʻao pūnaewele e kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka pilikia o ka pollution plastic a waiho i ka mōʻaukala o ka plastic i loko o kahi pōʻaiapili hiki ke hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi ʻia e ka lehulehu. Aia kēia ʻike i nā kiʻi, nā palapala ʻāina pili, huki i nā huaʻōlelo, a me nā loulou i nā noiʻi ʻepekema. Hoʻopau ka ʻaoʻao me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo e hiki i nā poʻe ke lawe e hōʻemi i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ka plastik a me ka paipai ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana ma o nā aupuni kūloko o kēlā me kēia kanaka.

Hohn, S., Acevedo-Trejos, E., Abrams, J., Fulgencio de Moura, J., Spranz, R., & Merico, A. (2020, Mei 25). ʻO ka hoʻoilina lōʻihi o ka Plastic Mass Production. ʻepekema o ke kaiapuni holoʻokoʻa. 746, 141115. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141115

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea he nui no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka plastic mai nā muliwai a me ke kai, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ko lākou pono. ʻIke ʻia kēia hōʻike e loaʻa i nā hopena o kēia manawa nā kūleʻa haʻahaʻa i ka wehe ʻana i ka plastic mai ke kaiapuni. ʻO ke ala wale nō e hōʻemi maoli ai i ka ʻōpala palaka ma o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka plastic, a me ka hōʻiliʻili hoʻoikaika ʻana me ka manaʻo nui i nā hōʻiliʻili ma nā muliwai ma mua o ka hiki ʻana o ka plastic i ke kai. E hoʻomau ka hana ʻana i ka plastik a me ka incineration i nā hopena lōʻihi loa i ka waihona kālā kalapona honua a me ke kaiapuni.

Dickinson, T. (2020, Malaki 3). Pehea ʻo Big Oil a me Big Soda i mālama i kahi pōʻino o ka honua i mea huna no nā makahiki. Ua hiolo pohaku. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/plastic-problem-recycling-myth-big-oil-950957/

I kēlā me kēia pule, ʻai ka mea maʻamau ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ma kahi o 2,000 mau ʻāpana plastic. Ua like ia me 5 grams o ka plastic a i ʻole ka waiwai o ke kāleka hōʻaiʻē holoʻokoʻa. ʻOi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o ka plastic i kēia manawa ma ka Honua i hana ʻia mai ka makahiki 2002, a ke piʻi pālua nei ka pollution plastic i ka makahiki 2030. Me ka neʻe ʻana o ka nohona a me ka politika hou e hoʻoponopono ai i ka haumia plastik, ke hoʻomaka nei nā ʻoihana e hana i ka haʻalele ʻana i ka plastik ma hope o nā makahiki he nui. hana ino.

Ostle, C., Thompson, R., Broughton, D., Gregory, L., Wootton, M., & Johns, D. (2019, ʻApelila). Ua ʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o nā plastic plastics mai kahi moʻolelo manawa 60 makahiki. ʻO Nature Communications. rdcu.be/bCso9

Hōʻike kēia haʻawina i kahi moʻo manawa hou, mai 1957 a 2016 a uhi ʻia ma luna o 6.5 mau mile nautical, a ʻo ia ka mea mua i hōʻoia i ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā plastics moana ākea i nā makahiki i hala iho nei.

Taylor, D. (2019, Malaki 4). Pehea ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka US i nā plastics. Grist. grist.org/article/how-the-us-got-addicted-to-plastics/

ʻO Cork ka mea nui i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana, akā ua hoʻololi koke ʻia i ka wā i hele mai ai ka plastic. Ua lilo nā plastic i mea nui i ka WWII a ua hilinaʻi ʻo US i ka plastic mai ia manawa.

Geyer, R., Jambeck, J., & Law, KL (2017, Iulai 19). Hana ʻia, hoʻohana, a me ka hopena o nā plastics āpau i hana ʻia. ʻEpekema Hou, 3(7). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700782

ʻO ka loiloi honua mua o nā plastics i hana nui ʻia i hana ʻia. Manaʻo lākou e like me 2015, 6300 miliona metric tons o ka 8300 miliona metric tons o ka plastik puʻupaʻa i hana ʻia i hoʻopau ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻōpala plastik. ʻO ia, he 9% wale nō i hana hou ʻia, 12% i hoʻopau ʻia, a he 79% i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe a i ʻole nā ​​pae ʻāina. Inā hoʻomau ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻokele ʻōpala i kā lākou ʻano o kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻōpala palaka i loko o nā ʻāina ʻāina a i ʻole ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe ma mua o 2050.

Ryan, P. (2015, Iune 2). He Moʻolelo Pōkole no ka ʻImi Litter Marine. Litter Anthropogenic Moana: p 1-25. link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_1#enumeration

Hōʻike kēia mokuna i ka moʻolelo pōkole o ka noiʻi ʻana i ka ʻōpala kai i kēlā me kēia ʻumi makahiki e hoʻomaka ana i nā makahiki 1960 a hiki i kēia manawa. I ka makahiki 1960, ua hoʻomaka ʻia nā haʻawina kumu o ka ʻōpala kai e nānā ana i ka entanglement a me ka ʻai ʻana i ka plastic e ke ola kai. Mai ia manawa, ua neʻe ka manaʻo i ka microplastics a me kā lākou hopena i ke ola organik.

Hohn, D. (2011). Moby Duck. Paʻi Viking.

Hāʻawi ka mea kākau ʻo Donovan Hohn i kahi moʻolelo nūpepa o ka mōʻaukala moʻomeheu o ka plastic a loaʻa i ke kumu o ka mea i hoʻopau ʻia nā plastics ma kahi mua. Ma hope o ka austerities o WWII, ua ʻoi aku ka makemake o nā mea kūʻai aku e ʻai iā lākou iho i nā huahana, no laila i ka makahiki 1950 i ka pau ʻana o ka patent ma polyethylene, ua ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka mea ma mua o ka wā. ʻO ke ala wale nō e loaʻa ai ka loaʻa kālā o ka poʻe hoʻoheheʻe plastik ma ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku e hoʻolei, kūʻai hou aku, hoʻolei aku, kūʻai hou aku. Ma nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, ʻimi ʻo ia i nā kumuhana e like me ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā conglomerates a me nā hale hana pāʻani Kina.

Bowermaster, J. (hoʻoponopono). (2010). ʻO ka moana. Media Komo. 71-93.

Ua ʻike ʻo Kāpena Charles Moore i ka mea i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo ka Great Pacific Garbage Patch i ka makahiki 1997. I ka makahiki 2009, ua hoʻi ʻo ia i ka patch me ka manaʻo e ulu liʻiliʻi ia, ʻaʻole naʻe he kanakolu manawa i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana maoli. Ua kūkulu ʻo David de Rothschild i kahi waʻa holo moana 60 kapuaʻi ka lōʻihi i hana ʻia me nā ʻōmole ʻilika i lawe iā ia a me kāna hui mai Kaleponi a Australia e hoʻonui i ka ʻike i nā ʻōpala kai i loko o ka moana.

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10. Nā Punawai like ʻole

Rhein, S., & Sträter, KF (2021). ʻO nā hoʻohiki ponoʻī o ka ʻoihana e hoʻēmi i ka pilikia plastik honua: Ka hana hou ʻana ma mua o ka hōʻemi a hoʻohana hou. Nūpepa o Cleaner Production. 296(126571).

ʻOiai e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻohālikelike i ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi ʻoihana pōʻai, ke neʻe nei nā ʻāina he nui i kahi ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, me ka ʻae ʻole o ka honua i nā ʻaelike, waiho ʻia nā hui e hana i kā lākou wehewehe ponoʻī i nā manaʻo o nā hana hoʻomau. ʻAʻohe wehewehe ʻokoʻa a me nā unahi e pono ai no ka hōʻemi a me ka hoʻohana hou ʻana no laila nui nā hui e kālele ana i ka hana hou a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma hope o ka pollution. Pono ka hoʻololi maoli ʻana i ke kahawai ʻōpala palaka i ka pale mau ʻana i ka ʻeke hoʻohana hoʻokahi, pale i ka haumia plastik mai kona hoʻomaka ʻana. Hiki i nā hui keʻa a me nā ʻaelike i ʻae ʻia ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa ke kōkua i ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka hakahaka, inā lākou e kālele ana i nā hoʻolālā pale.

Heʻenalu. (2020). E makaala i ka Plastic Fake Outs. Surfrider ʻEulopa. PDF

Ke hoʻomohala ʻia nei nā hopena i ka pilikia o ka pollution plastic, akā ʻaʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻonā "pilikia" āpau e kōkua maoli i ka pale a mālama i ke kaiapuni. Ua manaʻo ʻia he 250,000 mau tona o ka ʻilika e lana ana ma ka ʻili o ka moana, akā ʻo kēia ka 1% wale nō o ka plastic i loko o ka moana. He pilikia kēia no ka mea, ʻo ka nui o nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hoʻonā ʻana wale nō e pili ana i ka plastik lana wale (e like me ka Seabin Project, The Manta, a me The Ocean Clean-up). ʻO ka hopena ʻoiaʻiʻo wale nō, ʻo ia ke pani ʻana i ka paiki plastik a hoʻōki i ka plastik mai ke komo ʻana i ke kai a me nā kaiapuni kai. Pono nā kānaka e hoʻoikaika i nā ʻoihana, koi aku i nā luna kūloko e hana, e hoʻopau i ka plastic i kahi hiki iā lākou, a kākoʻo i nā NGO e hana ana i ka pilikia.

ʻO kaʻu ʻikepili NASA (2020). Nā ʻano hoʻohālike o ka moana: ʻōpala ʻōpala moʻolelo palapala.

Hoʻohui ka palapala moʻolelo o NASA i ka ʻikepili satellite i kahi palapala pūnaewele maʻalahi e hiki ai i nā malihini ke ʻimi i nā ʻano kaʻa kaʻa kai e like me ka pili ʻana i nā ʻōpala ʻōpala o ka honua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili o ka moana kai NASA. Kuhi ʻia kēia pūnaewele i nā haumāna papa 7-12 a hāʻawi i nā kumuwaiwai hou aʻe a me nā palapala paʻi hiki ke paʻi ʻia no nā kumu i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka palapala ʻāina i nā haʻawina.

DeNisco Rayome, A. (2020, ʻAukake 3). Hiki iā mākou ke pepehi i ka plastik? CNET. PDF

Ua wehewehe ka mea kākau ʻo Allison Rayome i ka pilikia o ka pollution plastic no ka lehulehu lehulehu. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka plastic hoʻohana hoʻokahi i hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki, akā aia kekahi mau ʻanuʻu e hiki i nā kānaka ke hana. Hōʻike ka ʻatikala i ka piʻi ʻana o ka plastic, nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hana hou ʻana, ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki o ka hopena circular, nā pōmaikaʻi o (kekahi) plastic, a me nā mea e hiki ke hana ʻia e nā kānaka e hōʻemi i ka plastic (a paipai i ka hoʻohana hou). Hoʻomaopopo ʻo Rayome ʻoiai he mau ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi kēia i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pollution, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hoʻololi maoli e pono ai ka hana kānāwai.

Persson, L., Carney Almroth, BM, Collins, CD, Cornell, S., De Wit, CA, Diamond, ML, Fantke, P., Hassellöv, M., MacLeod, M., Ryberg, MW, Jørgensen, PS , Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Wang, Z., & Hauschild, MZ (2022). Ma waho aʻe o ke Keʻena hana palekana o ka palena honua no nā mea hou. ʻEpekema Kaiapuni & ʻenehana, 56(3), 1510–1521. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04158

Ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe ʻepekema ke hana nei ke kanaka ma waho o ka palena honua palekana o nā mea hou mai ka wā e piʻi ana ka hana a me nā hoʻokuʻu makahiki ma kahi wikiwiki e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka honua no ka loiloi a me ka nānā ʻana. Hōʻike kēia pepa i ka palena o nā mea hou i loko o ka anga o nā palena honua ma ke ʻano he mau mea hou i loko o ke ʻano geological a loaʻa i ka hopena koʻikoʻi e hoʻoweliweli i ka pono o nā kaʻina hana honua. Ke hōʻike nei i ka pollution plastic ma ke ʻano he mea hopohopo nui, ʻōlelo ka poʻe ʻepekema e hana wikiwiki e hōʻemi i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā mea hou, me ka ʻike ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā mea hou e like me ka pollution plastic e hoʻomau i ka pōʻino nui.

Lwanga, EH, Beriot, N., Corradini, F. et al. (2022, Pepeluali). Ka nānā ʻana i nā kumu microplastic, nā ala lawe a me nā hoʻopili ʻana me nā mea koʻikoʻi lepo ʻē aʻe: kahi huakaʻi mai nā kahua mahiʻai i ke kaiapuni. Nā ʻenehana Kimia a me Koola i ka Mahiai. 9(20). DOI: 10.1186/s40538-021-00278-9

Loaʻa nā ʻikepili liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka huakaʻi o ka microplastic i ka honua honua. Ke ʻimi nei kēia loiloi ʻepekema i nā pilina like ʻole a me nā kaʻina hana e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana i nā microplastics mai nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai i ke kaiapuni a puni, me kahi loiloi hou e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka lawe ʻana o ka microplastic mai ka plastisphere (cellular) a i ka pae ʻāina.

Maʻalahi loa. (2019, Nowemapa 7). 5 mau ala maʻalahi e hōʻemi i ka plastic ma ka home. https://supersimple.com/article/reduce-plastic/.

Polokalamu Kaiapuni Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. (2021). ʻO ka hoʻoponopono kaiapuni a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka pollution plastic (English). YouTube. https://youtu.be/8YPjYXOjT58.

Loaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā kaiāulu ʻeleʻele, ʻōiwi, poʻe kala (BIPOC) ka poʻe ma ka laina mua o ka pollution plastic. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka noho ʻana o nā kaiāulu kala ma nā kahakai me ka pale ʻole mai ke kahe ʻana, ka pōʻino o ka mākaʻikaʻi, a me ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa. Hiki i nā ʻanuʻu a pau o ka hana plastik ke hoʻoponopono ʻole ʻia a mālama ʻole ʻia e hōʻeha i ke ola kai, kaiapuni, a me kēlā mau kaiāulu kokoke. ʻOi aku ka pilikia o kēia mau kaiāulu marginalized i nā like ʻole, a no laila e koi hou aku i ke kālā a me ka nānā pale.

TEDx. (2010). TEDx Great Pacific Garbage Patch – Van Jones – Pono Kaiapuni. YouTube. https://youtu.be/3WMgNlU_vxQ.

Ma kahi kamaʻilio ʻo Ted i ka makahiki 2010 e hōʻike ana i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā kaiāulu ʻilihune mai nā ʻōpala pollution plastik, hoʻopiʻi ʻo Van Jones i ko mākou hilinaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana "i mea e ʻōpala i ka honua āu e ʻōpala ai i nā kānaka." ʻAʻole i loaʻa i ka poʻe haʻahaʻa ke kūʻokoʻa hoʻokele waiwai e koho i nā koho olakino a i ʻole ka plastic-free e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana i nā kemika plastik ʻona. ʻO ka poʻe ʻilihune hoʻi e halihali i ke kaumaha no ka mea ua kokoke lākou i nā wahi hoʻolei ʻōpala. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā kemika ʻawaʻawa i loko o nā kaiāulu ʻilihune a i ʻole e hoʻopilikia i nā hopena olakino. Pono kākou e kau i nā leo o kēia mau kaiaulu i mua o ke kānāwai i mea e hoʻokō ʻia ai ka hoʻololi kaiaulu maoli.

Center for International Environmental Law. (2021). Hanu i keia ea – Wehe noa mai ke Kanawai Polusi Plastic. Center for International Environmental Law. YouTube. https://youtu.be/liojJb_Dl90.

ʻO ka Break Free From Plastic Act kahi manaʻo kūikawā i ka hoʻoponopono kaiapuni e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana "ke hāpai ʻoe i nā poʻe ma lalo, hāpai ʻoe i nā mea āpau." Hoʻopilikia nā hui Petrochemical i ka poʻe kala a me nā kaiāulu haʻahaʻa ma o ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā ʻōpala palaka i ko lākou mau kaiāulu. Pono mākou e hoʻokuʻu i ka hilinaʻi plastik e hoʻokō i ke kaulike i nā kaiāulu marginalized i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka pollution production plastic.

Nā Kūkākūkā Kuʻikahi Plastics Global. (2021, Iune 10). Pūnaehana alakaʻi ʻo Ocean Plastics. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Ua hoʻomaka ʻia kahi kamaʻilio ʻana ma o ke ʻano o nā hui pūnaewele puni honua e hoʻomākaukau ai no ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) i Pepeluali 2022 e pili ana i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi kuʻikahi honua no nā plastics. ʻO ka Ocean Plastics Leadership Network (OPLN) kahi hui activist-to-industry he 90 mau lālā e hui pū ana me Greenpeace a me WWF e hana i ka moʻo kūkākūkā kūpono. He kanahikukūmākahi mau ʻāina e kāhea ana i kahi kuikahi plastik honua me nā NGO, a me 30 mau hui nui. Ke kāhea nei nā ʻaoʻao i ka hōʻike maopopo ʻana i nā plastics i ko lākou ola holoʻokoʻa e helu i nā mea a pau i hana ʻia a pehea e mālama ʻia ai, akā aia nō naʻe nā ʻokoʻa kūʻē nui.

Tan, V. (2020, Malaki 24). ʻO ka Bio-plastic kahi hopena hoʻomau? Kūkākūkā TEDx. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Hiki i nā bio-plastics ke hoʻonā i ka hana ʻaila i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka ʻaila, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻōki ka bioplastics i ka pilikia ʻōpala palaka. ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai o nā bioplastics i kēia manawa a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka loaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā plastics-based petroleum. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka bioplastics no ke kaiapuni ma mua o nā plastics-based petroleum no ka mea ʻaʻole e hoʻohaʻahaʻa maoli kekahi mau bioplastics i ke kaiapuni. ʻAʻole hiki i nā bioplastics wale nō ke hoʻoponopono i kā mākou pilikia plastik, akā hiki ke lilo i ʻāpana o ka hopena. Pono mākou i nā kānāwai ākea a me ka hoʻokō pono e uhi ana i ka hana ʻana i ka plastic, ka hoʻohana ʻana, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana.

Scarr, S. (2019, Kepakemapa 4). Drowning in Plastic: Ke ʻike nei i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka honua i nā ʻōmole plastik. Nā Kiʻi Reuters. Ua kiʻiʻia mai: graphics.reuters.com/ENVIRONMENT-PLASTIC/0100B275155/index.html

Ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, kokoke i 1 miliona mau hue plastik i kūʻai ʻia i kēlā me kēia minuke, kūʻai ʻia 1.3 biliona hue i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻo ia ka hapalua o ka nui o ka Eiffel Tower. Ma lalo o 6% o ka plastic a pau i hana hou ʻia. ʻOiai nā hōʻike āpau o ka plastic hoʻoweliweli i ke kaiapuni, ke piʻi nei ka hana.

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