ʻO ka iʻa ma ka puʻuwai o ka ʻōnaehana meaʻai

Ua puka mua ʻia kēia ʻatikala ma Limn a ua kākau pū ʻia e Alison Fairbrother lāua ʻo David Schleifer

ʻAʻole ʻoe i ʻike i kahi menhaden, akā ua ʻai ʻoe. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe kanaka e noho i lalo i kahi pā o kēia mau iʻa ʻulaʻula, maka ʻino, lōʻihi wāwae i kahi hale ʻaina kai, hele ʻo menhaden ma ke kaulahao meaʻai kanaka i ʻike ʻole ʻia i loko o nā kino o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, huna ʻia i loko o ka salmon, puaʻa, aniani, a nui nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe.

He mau miliona paona menhaden i lawaiʻa ʻia mai ka Moana ʻAkelanika a me ke Kaiwa o Mexico e kahi hui hoʻokahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Houston, Texas, me ka inoa maikaʻi ʻole: Omega Protein. Loaʻa ka loaʻa kālā o ka hui ma kahi kaʻina i kapa ʻia ʻo "reduction," e pili ana i ka kuke ʻana, ka wili ʻana, a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka momona o menhaden mai kāna protein a me nā micronutrients. Ua lilo kēia mau ʻāpana i mea hoʻokomo kemika i ka iʻa, nā holoholona ʻoihana, a me ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu. Lilo ka aila a me ka protein i meaʻai holoholona. Lilo ka micronutrients i mea kanu.

E like me kēia: mai ʻApelila a Dekemaba, hoʻouna ke kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi kahakai ʻo Reedville, Virginia, i nā kaukani lawaiʻa i ka Chesapeake Bay a me ka Moana ʻAkelanika ma nā moku ʻeiwa o Omega Protein. ʻO nā mea hoʻokele makaʻala ma nā mokulele liʻiliʻi e lele i luna, e ʻimi ana i nā menhaden mai luna mai, i ʻike ʻia e ke aka ʻulaʻula a lākou e waiho ai ma luna o ka wai i ko lākou hui pū ʻana i nā kula paʻa o nā ʻumi kaukani iʻa.

Ke ʻike ʻia ka menhaden, hoʻokele ka mea hoʻokele i ka moku kokoke loa a kuhikuhi i ke kula. Hoʻouna ka poʻe lawaiʻa o Omega Protein i ʻelua mau waʻa liʻiliʻi, e pahele ana i ke kula me kahi ʻupena nunui i kapa ʻia ʻo purse seine. Ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka iʻa, ua paʻa ka ʻupena puʻupuʻu e like me ke kaula huki. A laila, ʻūmi ka ʻupena hydraulic i ka menhaden mai ka ʻupena i loko o ka paʻa o ka moku. Hoʻi i ka hale hana, hoʻomaka ka hōʻemi. Hana ʻia kahi kaʻina hana like ma ke Kaiwa o Mexico, kahi i loaʻa ai i ka Omega Protein ʻekolu mau hale hana hoʻemi.

ʻOi aku ka nui o nā menhaden ma mua o nā iʻa ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma ka nui. A hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia kēia hana nui a me kāna mau huahana, ʻoiai he hopena koʻikoʻi. Ua emi ka heluna kanaka menhaden ma kahi o 90 pakeneka mai ka manawa i hoʻomaka mua ai ke kanaka e ʻohi i ka menhaden mai ka moana ʻAkelanika a me nā wai estuarine.

ʻAʻole ʻo Omega Protein ka mea mua i ʻike i ka waiwai o menhaden. Hōʻike ka etymology o menhaden i kona wahi lōʻihi i ka hana ʻai. Loaʻa kona inoa mai ka huaʻōlelo Narragansett munnawhatteaûg, ʻo ia hoʻi ka manaʻo maoli "ka mea e waiwai ai ka ʻāina." Hōʻike ka noiʻi archeological ma Cape Cod i ka poʻe ʻAmelika i kanu i nā iʻa i manaʻo ʻia he menhaden i kā lākou māla kulina (Mrozowski 1994: 47-62). Ua wehewehe ʻo William Bradford lāua ʻo Edward Winslow mai ka makahiki 1622 o nā Pilgrims ma Plymouth, Massachusetts, i ka poʻe colonists e hana ana i kā lākou mau ʻāina mahiʻai me nā iʻa "e like me ke ʻano o ka poʻe India" (Bradford and Winslow 1622).

Ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe ʻoihana i ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāwalu e kūkulu i nā hale liʻiliʻi e hōʻemi i ka menhaden i ka aila a me ka meaʻai no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana ʻoihana a me nā mahiʻai. Ma ka waena o ke kenekulia iwakālua, ua ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua haneli o kēia mau hale hana ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ke Kaiwa o Mexico. No ka hapa nui o ia mau makahiki, hopu ka poe lawai'a i ka menhaden me ka upena a lakou i huki lima ai. Akā, e hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 1950, ua hiki i nā pamu wailele hydraulic ke omo i nā miliona o nā menhaden mai nā ʻupena nui aʻe i loko o nā moku tanker nunui. I nā makahiki he 60 i hala iho nei, ua ʻohi ʻia he 47 biliona paona menhaden mai ka ʻAkelanika.

I ka ulu ʻana o ka iʻa menhaden, ua pau nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻauwaʻa lawaiʻa. I ka makahiki 2006, hoʻokahi wale nō hui i koe e kū nei. ʻO ka Omega Protein, ke keʻena nui ma Texas, e hopu ana ma waena o ka hapaha a me ka hapa-piliona paona o ka menhaden i kēlā me kēia makahiki mai ka ʻAkelanika, a aneane pālua ʻia kēlā nui mai ke Kaiwa o Mexico.

Ma muli o ka mana o ka Omega Protein i ka ʻoihana, ʻo kāna mau hōʻike kālā makahiki e hiki ai ke ʻimi i ka menhaden ma o ke kaulahao meaʻai honua mai kona hale hōʻemi ma Reedville, Virginia, a me ka lima o nā hale hana ma Louisiana a me Mississippi.

E like me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, hoʻohana ʻia nā micronutrients menhaden—ʻo ka nitrogen, phosphorus, a me ka potassium—e hana i nā mea kanu. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu me ka menhaden no ka ulu ʻana i nā aniani ma Texas, blueberries ma Georgia, a me nā roses ma Tennessee, a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā momona no ka hana ʻana i nā meaʻai meaʻai kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻaila aila iʻa i loaʻa i ka omega-3 fatty acids, i hoʻopili ʻia me ka hōʻemi ʻana i kekahi mau mea pilikia no ka maʻi puʻuwai. Loaʻa maoli ka Omega-3 i kekahi mau mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā nati. Aia lākou i loko o nā algae, ka mea i hoʻopau ʻia e menhaden i ka nui. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo menhaden a me nā ʻano iʻa e hilinaʻi nei i ka menhaden no ka meaʻai ua piha i nā omega-3.

I ka makahiki 2004, ua ʻae ka US Food and Drug Administration i nā mea hana e hoʻopiʻi i nā pūʻolo meaʻai e pili ana i ka ʻai ʻana i nā meaʻai i loaʻa i ka omega-3s i kahi hōʻemi o ka maʻi puʻuwai. ʻO ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻaila iʻa omega-3 a i ʻole nā ​​pōmaikaʻi like me ka ʻai ʻana i nā meaʻai i loaʻa i ka omega-3 ka mea e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ai (Allport 2006; Kris-Etherton et al. 2002; Rizos et al. 2012). Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke kūʻai ʻana o nā ʻaila aila iʻa mai $100 miliona ma 2001 a i $1.1 biliona ma 2011 (Frost & Sullivan Research Service 2008; Herper 2009; Packaged Facts 2011). ʻO ka mākeke no nā mea hoʻohui omega-3 a me nā meaʻai a me nā mea inu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me omega-3s he $ 195 miliona ma 2004. Ma ka makahiki 2011, ua manaʻo ʻia he $ 13 biliona.

No ka Omega Protein, ʻo ke kālā maoli i loko o nā protein menhaden a me nā momona, i lilo i mea hoʻohui i ka hānai holoholona no ka ʻoihana iʻa, puaʻa, a me nā hana ulu pipi ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ma waho. Ua kūlana maikaʻi ka hui e hoʻomau i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kūʻai aku o menhaden a puni ka honua. ʻOiai ua palahalaha ka hāʻawi honua o nā momona a me nā protein mai 2004, ua ulu nui ka noi. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka Omega Protein i kēlā me kēia tona mai ka makahiki 2000. ʻO ka huina kālā he $236 miliona i ka makahiki 2012, he 17.8 pakeneka ka nui.

ʻO ka Omega Protein "blue chip" kumu kūʻai no ka hānai holoholona a me nā mea hoʻohui kanaka e komo pū me Whole Foods, Nestlé Purina, Iams, Land O'Lakes, ADM, Swanson Health Products, Cargill, Del Monte, Science Diet, Smart Balance, a me ka Vitamin Shoppe. Akā ʻaʻole pono nā hui e kūʻai aku i ka meaʻai menhaden a me ka aila mai ka Omega Protein e hōʻailona inā loaʻa i kā lākou huahana ka iʻa, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea kūʻai ke ʻike inā e ʻai ana lākou i ka menhaden. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka nui o ka lawaiʻa a me ka pālākiō o ka puʻunaue ʻana o Omega Protein, inā ua ʻai ʻoe i ka salmon i hānai ʻia i ka mahiʻai a i ʻole i hana i ka puaʻa supermarket, ua ʻai paha ʻoe i nā holoholona i hānai ʻia ma kahi hapa ma luna o menhaden. Ua hānai pū paha ʻoe i nā holoholona i hānai ʻia ma ka menhaden i kāu mau holoholona, ​​i ʻai i ka menhaden i loko o nā capsule gel i ʻōlelo ʻia e kāu cardiologist, a i kāpīpī paha iā lākou ma kāu māla lau ʻai.

"Ua hoʻololi mākou i ka ʻoihana i ka manawa i kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke ala i ke kakahiaka, loaʻa kahi Omega-3 (ʻaila iʻa) e hoʻomaka ai i kou lā, hiki iā ʻoe ke pale i kou pōloli ma waena o nā meaʻai me ka lulu protein, a hiki iā ʻoe ke noho. iho i ka ʻaina ahiahi me kahi ʻāpana salmon, a ʻo ka manawa paha, ua hoʻohana ʻia kekahi o kā mākou huahana e kōkua i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kēlā salmon, "i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Omega Protein CEO Brett Scholtes i kahi ninaninau hou me ka Houston Business Journal (Ryan 2013).

No ke aha he mea nui ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o kēia iʻa liʻiliʻi no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka nui o ka noi honua no ka protein holoholona i ka piʻi ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā o ka honua a hoʻololi nā meaʻai (WHO 2013: 5)? No ka mea, ʻaʻole waiwai wale ka menhaden i ka lako meaʻai kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi nā linchpins o ke kaulahao meaʻai moana.

Hāpai ʻo Menhaden i ka moana, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā iʻa e hele i ke kai ʻo Chesapeake e ulu aʻe i ka wai ʻawaʻawa o ke kahawai nui o ka ʻāina. Ma ka mōʻaukala, kākoʻo ka Chesapeake Bay i ka heluna kanaka nui o nā menhaden: ʻo ka moʻolelo ua ʻike ʻo Kāpena John Smith i ka nui o nā menhaden i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o Chesapeake Bay i kona hiki ʻana i 1607 i hiki iā ia ke hopu iā lākou me ka pā palai.

Ma kēia kaiapuni hānai, ulu a ulu ka menhaden i nā kula nui ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana i luna a iho i ke kahakai ʻo Atlantika. Hāʻawi kēia mau kula menhaden i nā meaʻai koʻikoʻi a me nā meaʻai no ka nui o nā mea ʻaihue koʻikoʻi, e like me nā kīʻaha ʻoniʻoni, nā iʻa nāwaliwali, nā iʻa uliuli, nā iʻa ʻīlio spiny, nā iʻa, nā kohola humpback, nā sila awa, osprey, loons, a me nā mea hou aku.

I ka makahiki 2009, ua hōʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema lawaiʻa ua emi ka heluna kanaka o ka Atlantic menhaden i lalo o 10 pakeneka o kona nui mua. Hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻoihana ʻo nā iʻa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e like me ka menhaden, sardines, a me ka herring e hoʻohua wikiwiki e pani i nā iʻa i lawe ʻia mai ke kaulahao meaʻai moana e ka lawaiʻa kalepa. Akā ʻo ka nui o ka poʻe kaiapuni, ke aupuni a me nā ʻepekema hoʻonaʻauao, a me nā kamaʻāina kahakai e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana i ka lawaiʻa menhaden e hoʻopau i nā kaiaola, e waiho liʻiliʻi loa i nā menhaden i loko o ka wai e helu i ka koi predator.

Ua lōʻihi ka lilo ʻana o bass striped i kekahi o nā mea ʻaihue nui loa o ka menhaden ma ka Hikina. I kēia lā, nui nā kīʻaha ʻōniʻoniʻo ma Chesapeake Bay i loaʻa i ka mycobacteriosis, kahi maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻamau i pili i ka ʻai ʻole.

ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka Osprey, kekahi mea hoʻomake menhaden. I nā makahiki 1980, ʻoi aku ma mua o 70 pakeneka o ka ʻai osprey i menhaden. Ma ka makahiki 2006, ua hāʻule kēlā helu i ka 27 pakeneka, a ua hāʻule ke ola o nā nestling osprey ma Virginia i kona pae haʻahaʻa loa mai ka makahiki 1940, i ka wā i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ka insecticide DDT i ka wahi, nāna i hoʻopau i ka ʻōpiopio osprey. A i ka waena o 2000s, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe noiʻi e ʻike i ka iʻa nāwaliwali, kahi iʻa predator waiwai nui ma ka Moana ʻAkelanika, e make nui ana. Me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā menhaden maikaʻi a nui hoʻi kahi e hānai ai, e ʻai ana nā ʻōpala ʻōniʻoniʻo i nā iʻa nāwaliwali liʻiliʻi a e hōʻemi nui ana i ko lākou heluna kanaka.

I ka makahiki 2012, ua manaʻo kekahi pūʻulu o nā loea moana i kapa ʻia ʻo Lenfest Forage Fish Task Force he $11 biliona ka waiwai o ka waiho ʻana i nā iʻa forage i loko o ke kai ma ke ʻano he kumu meaʻai no nā mea ʻaihue: ʻelua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka $5.6 biliona i hana ʻia e ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻano like me menhaden. mai ke kai a kaomi ʻana iā lākou i loko o nā pellet ʻai iʻa (Pikitch et al, 2012).

Ma hope o nā ʻumi makahiki o ka hoʻolaha ʻana e nā hui kaiapuni, i ka mahina ʻo Dekemaba 2012, ua hoʻokō kekahi ʻoihana hoʻoponopono i kapa ʻia ʻo Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission i ka hoʻoponopono mua loa o ka lawaiʻa menhaden. Ua ʻoki ke Komisina i ka ʻohi menhaden ma ka 20 pakeneka mai nā pae mua ma ka hoʻāʻo e pale i ka heluna kanaka mai ka emi hou ʻana. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ke kānāwai i ka wā lawaiʻa 2013; inā paha ua hoʻopilikia i ka heluna kanaka menhaden he nīnau e ʻimi nei nā ʻepekema aupuni e pane.

Eia nō naʻe, he mea koʻikoʻi nā huahana menhaden i ka hana honua o nā iʻa a me nā ʻiʻo. Ke hilinaʻi nei ka ʻōnaehana meaʻai ʻoihana i ka unuhi ʻana i nā meaʻai mai nā kino holoholona hihiu. ʻAi mākou i ka menhaden ma ke ʻano o ka puaʻa puaʻa, ka umauma moa, a me ka tilapia. A i ka hana ʻana pēlā, ʻo kā mākou ʻai ʻana e alakaʻi i ka make ʻana o nā manu a me nā iʻa predator ʻaʻole i hala maoli i ko mākou mau lehelehe.
ʻO Alison Fairbrother ka luna hoʻokele o ka Public Trust Project, he hui nonpartisan, ʻaʻole waiwai e noiʻi a hōʻike i nā kuhi hewa ʻole o ka ʻepekema e nā hui, aupuni, a me ka media.

Ua noiʻi a kākau ʻo David Schleifer e pili ana i ka meaʻai, mālama olakino, ʻenehana a me ka hoʻonaʻauao. He hoa noiʻi koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ma Public Agenda, he hui noiʻi nonpartisan, nonprofit a me ka hui ʻana. ʻO nā manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ʻaʻole ia no ka Public Agenda a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻopukapuka kālā. 

E hoʻomaopopo '
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