LAghachi n'ime nchọpụta

Tebulu ọdịnaya

1. Okwu Mmalite
2. Ebe a ga-amalite ịmụ gbasara Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)
3. Ihe egwu egwu egwu nke oke osimiri nwere na gburugburu
4. Echiche International Seabed Authority
5. Ngwuputa ihe omimi nke oke osimiri na di iche iche, nha anya, nsonye, ​​na ikpe ziri ezi
6. Nkà na ụzụ na mineral Market echiche
7. Ntinye ego, ESG, na ihe gbasara ịsa ahịhịa
8. Ọrụ na nkwụghachi ụgwọ echiche
9. Ngwuputa ihe omimi nke oke osimiri na ihe nketa omenala n'okpuru mmiri
10. Ikikere Ọha (Oku Moratorium, mmachi gọọmentị, na nkọwa ụmụ amaala)

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1. Okwu Mmalite

Kedu ihe bụ Deep Seabed Mining?

Ngwuputa ihe omimi nke oke osimiri (DSM) bu ulo oru ahia nke nwere ike ime nke na-anwa ikpoputa ihe ndi ozo n'elu oke osimiri, n'olileanya nke iweputa mineral bara uru di ka manganese, ọla kọpa, cobalt, zinc, na ọla uwa na-adighi ike. Agbanyeghị, Ngwuputa Ngwuputa a na-achọ ibibi ihe gburugburu ebe obibi na-eme nke ọma ma nwee njikọ chiri anya nke na-akwado ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche dị ndụ: oke osimiri miri emi.

A na-ahụ ebe nchekwa ịnweta nke mmasị na ebe obibi atọ dị n'elu oké osimiri: mbara ala abyssal, oke osimiri, na ikuku hydrothermal. Ala dị larịị nke Abyssal bụ nnukwu mbara ala nke miri emi nke oke osimiri kpuchie na sedimenti na ntinye mineral, nke a na-akpọkwa nodules polymetallic. Ndị a bụ isi ebumnuche nke DSM ugbu a, na-elebara anya na mpaghara Clarion Clipperton (CCZ): mpaghara nke mbara ala abyssal obosara dị ka kọntinent United States, nke dị na mmiri mba ụwa wee si n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mexico ruo n'etiti. Oke osimiri Pasifik, nke dị na ndịda Islands Islands.

Kedu ka ogbunigwe miri emi nwere ike isi rụọ ọrụ?

Azụmahịa DSM amalitebeghị, mana ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na-agbalị ime ka ọ bụrụ eziokwu. Ugbu a na-atụ aro ụzọ nke nodule Ngwuputa na-agụnye nkenye nke ụgbọ ala na-egwuputa ihe, na-abụkarị igwe buru ibu nke yiri traktọ toro ogologo nke okpukpu atọ, n'akụkụ ala oké osimiri. N'otu oge n'elu oke osimiri, ụgbọ ala ahụ ga-ekpochapụ ihe dị n'elu sentimita anọ nke oke osimiri ahụ, na-eziga sedimenti, nkume, anụmanụ ndị e gwepịara egwepịa, na nodules ruo ụgbọ mmiri na-echere n'elu. N'elu ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, a na-edozi mineral ndị ahụ ma na-eweghachi ihe ndị fọdụrụ na mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri nke sedimenti, mmiri na ndị na-edozi ya n'oké osimiri site na mgbapu mmiri.

A na-atụ anya DSM na ọ ga-emetụta ọkwa niile nke oke osimiri, site na mkpofu a na-atụba n'ime kọlụm nke etiti mmiri ruo na ngwuputa anụ ahụ na mkpọda nke ala oké osimiri. Enwerekwa ihe ize ndụ sitere na slurry nwere ike igbu egbu (slurry = ngwakọta nke ihe dị oke) mmiri a tụbara n'elu oke osimiri.

Kedu ka ogbunigwe miri emi siri bụrụ ihe iyi egwu nye gburugburu?

A machaghị ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi nke oke oke osimiri. Ya mere, tupu enwee ike ịme ntule mmetụta kwesịrị ekwesị, a ga-ebu ụzọ nweta nchịkọta data ntọala gụnyere nyocha na nkewa. Ọbụlagodi na-anọghị na ozi a, akụrụngwa ga-agụnye ịgbanye oke osimiri, na-eme ka mmiri dị na kọlụm mmiri wee rụgharịa na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. Ntucha nke ala oké osimiri iji wepụ nodules ga-ebibi ebe obibi miri emi nke ụdị mmiri dị ndụ na ihe nketa omenala dị n'ógbè ahụ. Anyị maara na ikuku ikuku dị omimi nwere ndụ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị mkpa karịsịa. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ndị a na-agbanwe n'ụzọ pụrụ iche maka enweghị ìhè anyanwụ na oke nrụgide nke mmiri miri emi nwere ike ịba uru dị ukwuu maka nyocha na mmepụta ọgwụ, ihe nchebe, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. A mabeghị nke ọma gbasara ụdị ndị a, ebe obibi ha, na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi iji guzobe usoro ntọala zuru oke nke enwere ike inwe nleba anya gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị, na-ebelatakwa imepụta usoro iji chebe ha na nyochaa mmetụta nke Ngwuputa.

Oke osimiri abụghị naanị mpaghara oke osimiri nke ga-enwe mmetụta nke DSM. Ọkpụkpụ sedimenti (nke a makwaara dị ka oké ifufe mmiri n'okpuru mmiri), yana mkpọtụ na mmetọ ọkụ, ga-emetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ mmiri. Ọkpụkpụ mmiri sedimenti, ma nke sitere na onye na-anakọta ma na-ekpofu mmiri mgbe ewepụtara ya, nwere ike gbasaa 1,400 kilomita n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Mmiri mkpofu nwere ọla na nsị nwere ike imetụta gburugburu ebe obibi n'etiti mmiri gụnyere azụ̀ na azụ̀ azụ̀. Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, usoro Ngwuputa ihe ga-eweghachite sedimenti, ndị na-emepụta ihe, na mmiri n'oké osimiri. A maara ntakịrị ihe banyere mmetụta nke slurry a na gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere: ihe ọla na ndị na-edozi ya ga-agwakọta na slurry ma ọ bụrụ na slurry ga-egbu egbu, na ihe ga-eme ụdị anụmanụ dị n'ime mmiri nke nwere ike ikpughe na mmiri. plums.

Achọkwuru nyocha iji ghọta n'ezie mmetụta nke slurry a na gburugburu oke osimiri dị omimi. Na mgbakwunye, amabeghị mmetụta nke ụgbọ ala nnakọta. Emere ihe ngosi nke ogbunigwe n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Peru na 1980 na mgbe e legharịrị saịtị ahụ na 2020, saịtị ahụ egosighi ihe akaebe ọ bụla nke mgbake. Ya mere ọgbaghara ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpata nsonaazụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịte aka.

Enwekwara Omenala Ọdịbendị n'okpuru mmiri (UCH) nọ n'ihe egwu. Nnyocha e mere na nso nso a gosipụtara ihe nketa omenala dị n'okpuru mmiri dị iche iche n'Oké Osimiri Pasifik na n'ime mpaghara ndị a na-egwupụta akụ na-atụ aro, gụnyere arịa na gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara ihe nketa omenala ụmụ amaala, ahia Manila Galleon, na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Ihe ọhụrụ a na-eme maka igwu ala mmiri gụnyere iwebata ọgụgụ isi nke ejiri achọpụta mineral. AI amụtabeghị n'ụzọ ziri ezi ịkọwapụta saịtị dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala nke nwere ike ibute mbibi nke Ọdịbendị Omenala Ọdịda Anyanwụ (UCH). Nke a na-enye nsogbu n'obi n'ịtụle nnabata na-eto eto nke UCH na Middle Passage na ohere enwere ike ibibi saịtị UCH tupu achọpụta ya. Ebe ọ bụla akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ omenala nke e nwetara n'ụzọ nke igwe ndị a na-egwuputa ihe ka a ga-ebibi n'otu aka ahụ.

Ndị na-akwado

Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke òtù dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a iji kwado maka nchebe nke oke osimiri Njikọ nchekwa oke osimiri miri emi (nke Ocean Foundation bụ onye so na ya) nakweere nkwekọ zuru oke nke ntinye aka na ụkpụrụ akpachara anya ma na-ekwu okwu n'ụda a gbanwere. The Ocean Foundation bụ onye nnabata mmefu ego nke Mgbasa Ozi Ngwuputa Oke Osimiri miri emi (DSMC), oru ngo nke lekwasịrị anya na mmetụta DSM nwere ike ime na gburugburu mmiri na oke osimiri na obodo. Enwere ike ịchọta mkparịta ụka ndị ọzọ gbasara ndị isi egwuregwu Ebe a.

Azụ n'elu

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2. Ebe a ga-amalite ịmụ gbasara Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)

The Environmental Justice Foundation. N'ebe abyss: Olee otú ịgba ọsọ na-egwupụta ihe n'oké osimiri na-eyi ndị mmadụ na ụwa anyị egwu egwu. (2023). Eweghachitere Maachị 14, 2023, site na https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpJL_1EzAts

The Environmental Justice Foundation. (2023, Maachị 7). N'ebe abyss: Olee otú ịgba ọsọ na-egwupụta ihe n'oké osimiri na-eyi ndị mmadụ na ụwa anyị egwu egwu. Environmental Justice Foundation. Eweghachitere Maachị 14, 2023, site na https://ejfoundation.org/reports/towards-the-abyss-deep-sea-mining

Akụkọ teknụzụ sitere na Environmental Justice Foundation, na-eso vidiyo dị n'elu, na-akọwapụta etu e si eme ogbunigwe miri emi n'oké osimiri na-emebi usoro gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri pụrụ iche.

IUCN (2022). Nkọwa okwu: Ngwuputa oke osimiri. International Union for Conservation of Nature. https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/deep-sea-mining

Mkpirisi akụkọ banyere DSM, ụzọ ndị a na-atụ anya ugbu a, mpaghara mmasị nrigbu yana nkọwa nke mmetụta atọ dị na gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere ọgba aghara nke oke osimiri, sediment plumes, na mmetọ. Nkenkenke n'ihu gụnyere ndụmọdụ amụma iji chebe mpaghara a, gụnyere nkwụsịtụ dabere na ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya.

Imbler, S., & Corum, J. (2022, Ọgọst 29). Akụ̀ na ụba miri emi: Ngwuputa ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. Nke New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/08/
29/ụwa/miri-oke osimiri-ọgaranya-mining-nodules.html

Isiokwu a na-emekọrịta ihe na-egosipụta ọdịiche dị n'oké osimiri dị omimi na mmetụta a na-atụ anya ya nke igwu mmiri miri emi. Ọ bụ ihe magburu onwe ya iji nyere aka ịghọta ókè oke osimiri ga-esi na-egwupụta ala miri emi maka ndị ọhụrụ na isiokwu a.

Amon, DJ, Levin, LA, Metaxas, A., Mudd, GM, Smith, CR (2022, Maachị 18) Na-aga na njedebe miri emi na-amaghị ka igwu mmiri: Anyị chọrọ igwu mmiri miri emi? Otu Ụwa. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.02.013

Nkọwa sitere n'aka otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ụzọ ndị ọzọ iji dozie mgbanwe ihu igwe na-ejighị DSM. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-agbagha arụmụka ahụ na achọrọ DSM maka mgbanwe ume ike na batrị, na-agba ume mgbanwe na akụ na ụba okirikiri. A tụlekwara iwu mba ụwa dị ugbu a na ụzọ iwu na-aga n'ihu.

Mgbasa ozi DSM (2022, Ọktoba 14). Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ihe egwu Blue. Vidiyo. https://dsm-campaign.org/blue-peril.

Luick, J. (2022, Ọgọst). Nka nka: Nlereanya Oceanographic nke Benthic na Midwater Plumes E buru amụma maka Ngwuputa miri emi nke ụlọ ọrụ metals na mpaghara Clarion Clipperton nke Oke Osimiri Pasifik zubere, https://dsm-campaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Blue-Peril-Technical-Paper.pdf

Ihe ndetu teknụzụ sitere na Blue Peril Project, na-eso ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi ihe egwu Blue. Ihe ndetu a na-akọwa nchọcha na nlegharị anya eji ṅomie ihe ndị a na-egwupụta ihe ndị a hụrụ na ihe nkiri Blue Peril.

GEM. (2021). Ogbe Pacific, Geoscience, Ike na Ngalaba Maritime. https://gem.spc.int

Secretariat nke Pacific Community, Geoscience, Energy, na Maritime Division na-enye ọmarịcha ngwa nke na-ejikọta akụkụ ala, oceanographic, akụ na ụba, iwu na gburugburu ebe obibi nke SBM. Akwụkwọ ndị ahụ bụ ngwaahịa nke ụlọ ọrụ nkwado European Union / Pacific Community.

Leal Filho, W.; Abubakar, IR; Nunes, C.; Platje, J.; Ozuyar, PG; Will, M.; Ngwu, GJ; Al-Amin, AQ; Hunt, JD; Li, C. Ngwuputa ala mmiri miri emi: Ihe ndetu na ụfọdụ nwere ike na ihe egwu dị na mmịpụta mineral na-adịgide adịgide site n'oké osimiri. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050521

Nlebanya zuru oke nke akwụkwọ DSM nke oge a na-eleba anya n'ihe egwu, mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, na ajụjụ gbasara iwu ruo mgbe ebipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-egosi ihe ọmụmụ abụọ gbasara ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-agba ume nyocha na nlebara anya na Ngwuputa na-adigide.

Miller, K., Thompson, K., Johnson, P. na Santillo, D. (2018, Jenuarị 10). Nleba anya nke Ngwuputa Ngwuputa nke oke osimiri tinyere onodu mmepe nke ugbua, mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, na oghere ihe omuma na sayensi mmiri. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00418

Kemgbe etiti afọ 2010, enweela mmasị n'ịchọgharị na mpụta ihe ndị dị n'oké osimiri. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime mpaghara ndị achọpụtara maka ngwuputa ala mmiri n'ọdịnihu ka amatala dị ka ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri adịghị ike. Taa, ụfọdụ ọrụ ngwuputa ala mmiri na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ime mpaghara shelf kọntinent nke mba-steeti, n'ozuzu n'ebe dị omimi nke na-emighị emi, yana ndị ọzọ na ọkwa dị elu nke nhazi. Ntụleghachi a na-ekpuchi: ọnọdụ mmepe DSM dị ugbu a, mmetụta ndị nwere ike ime na gburugburu ebe obibi, na ejighị n'aka na ọdịiche dị na ihe ọmụma sayensị na nghọta nke na-eme ka nyocha ntọala na mmetụta na-esiri ike maka oke osimiri. Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ a karịrị afọ atọ ugbu a, ọ bụ nleba anya dị mkpa nke amụma DSM akụkọ ihe mere eme ma na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè n'oge a maka DSM.

IUCN. (2018, Julaị). Nkọwa okwu: Ngwuputa omimi nke oke osimiri. International Union for Conservation of Nature. PDF. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/deep-sea_mining_issues_brief.pdf

Ka ụwa na-eche ihu na-ebelata oke ala nke mineral ọtụtụ na-ele anya n'oké osimiri miri emi maka isi mmalite ọhụrụ. Otú ọ dị, ikpochapụ nke ala oké osimiri na mmetọ site na usoro Ngwuputa nwere ike ihichapụ ụdị nile ma mebie ala oké osimiri ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ - ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ogologo oge. Akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-akpọ maka ọmụmụ ihe ndabere ọzọ, nyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, iwu kwalitere, yana mmepe nke teknụzụ ọhụrụ na-ebelata mmebi na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ogbunigwe dị n'oké osimiri kpatara.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. na Wilhem, C. (2018). Ngwuputa ihe omimi nke oke osimiri: ihe ịma aka gburugburu ebe obibi na-arị elu. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN na Gallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

Oké osimiri ahụ nwere nnukwu akụ na ụba ịnweta, ụfọdụ nwere nnukwu ihe pụrụ iche. Mgbochi iwu na 1970s na 1980s gbochiri mmepe nke ogbunigwe miri emi, ma ka oge na-aga, a na-aza ọtụtụ ajụjụ gbasara iwu ndị a site n'aka International Seabed Authority na-enye ohere maka mmasị na-eto eto na igwu mmiri miri emi. Akuko IUCN gosiputara mkparita uka ugbua gbasara mmepe ya maka ulo oru ngwuputa ihe n'oke osimiri.

MIDAS. (2016). Ijikwa mmetụta nke nrigbu akụrụngwa miri emi. Mmemme Framework nke asaa nke European Union maka nyocha, mmepe teknụzụ na ngosipụta, Agreement Grant No. 603418. Seascape Consultants Ltd na-ahazi MIDAS. http://www.eu-midas.net/

Ihe nkwado nke ọma EU na-akwado ijikwa mmetụta nke Deep-seA reSource nrigbu (MIDAS) Project na-arụ ọrụ site na 2013-2016 bụ mmemme nyocha multidisciplinary na-enyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ịwepụta ịnweta ịnweta na ike sitere na gburugburu oke osimiri. Ọ bụ ezie na MIDAS anaghịzi arụ ọrụ nyocha ha na-enye ihe ọmụma.

Center for Biological Diversity. (2013). Ngwuputa ihe omimi nke oke osimiri FAQ. Center for Biological Diversity.

Mgbe Center for Biological Diversity gbara akwụkwọ na-ama aka United State ikike na exploratory Ngwuputa ha mepụtakwara ndepụta dị peeji atọ nke ajụjụ ndị a na-ajụkarị na Ngwuputa Oke Osimiri miri emi. Ajụjụ gụnyere: Ego ole ka ọla ndị dị n'oké osimiri bara? (ihe dị ka ijeri $150), DSM ọ dị ka ịwepu Ngwuputa? (Ee). Ọ̀ bughi oké osimiri nke di omimi, ọ bughi ebe tọb͕ọrọ n'efu na nke ndu nādighi ya? (Mba). Biko mara na azịza ndị dị na ibe ahụ dị omimi karị ma dabara adaba maka ndị na-ege ntị na-achọ azịza nye nsogbu dị mgbagwoju anya nke DSM nke edobere n'ụzọ dị mfe nghọta na-enweghị nzụlite sayensị. Enwere ike ịchọta ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara ikpe ahụ n'onwe ya Ebe a.

Azụ n'elu

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3. Ihe egwu egwu egwu nke oke osimiri nwere na gburugburu

Thompson, KF, Miller, KA, Wacker, J., Derville, S., Laing, C., Santillo, D., & Johnston, P. (2023). Ntụle ngwa ngwa dị mkpa iji nyochaa mmetụta ndị nwere ike ime na cetaceans sitere na ogbunigwe miri emi nke oke osimiri. Oke na Sayensị mmiri mmiri, 10, 1095930. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1095930

Ọrụ Ngwuputa Ngwuputa nke oke osimiri nwere ike wetara ihe egwu di egwu na nke a na-enweghi ike imeghari na gburugburu ebe obibi, karisia umu anumanu nke mmiri. Ụda ndị a na-emepụta site na ọrụ Ngwuputa, nke a na-eme atụmatụ ịga n'ihu awa 24 kwa ụbọchị na omimi dị iche iche, na-ejikọta na ugboro ole cetaceans na-ekwurịta okwu. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egwuputa ihe na-eme atụmatụ ịrụ ọrụ na mpaghara Clarion-Clipperton, nke bụ ebe obibi maka ọtụtụ cetaceans gụnyere ma baleen na ezé ezé. Achọkwuru nyocha iji chọpụta mmetụta dị n'ahụ anụ mamma nke mmiri tupu ọrụ DSM ọ bụla amalitere. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-ekwu na nke a bụ otu n'ime nchọpụta mbụ na-enyocha mmetụta a, ma na-agba ume maka mkpa nyocha ọzọ gbasara mmetọ mkpọtụ DSM na whale na cetaceans ndị ọzọ.

Hitchin, B., Smith, S., Kröger, K., Jones, D., Jaeckel, A., Mestre, N., Ardron, J., Escobar, E., van der Grient, J., & Amaro, T. (2023). Ọnụ ụzọ na Ngwuputa ihe omimi nke oke osimiri: ihe mbido maka mmepe ha. Iwu mmiri, 149, 105505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105505

Ọnụ ụzọ ga-abụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke iwu nleba anya gburugburu ebe obibi ngwuputa ogbunigwe na oke osimiri. Ọnụ ụzọ bụ ego, ọkwa, ma ọ bụ oke nke egosi atụpụtara, emepụtara ma jiri ya nyere aka zere mgbanwe achọghị. N'ihe gbasara njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ọnụ ụzọ na-enye oke nke, mgbe ọ ruru, na-egosi na ihe egwu ga - ma ọ bụ atụ anya - ọ ga - emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ na - adịghị ize ndụ, ma ọ bụ nye ịdọ aka ná ntị mbụ maka ihe omume dị otú ahụ. Ọnụ ụzọ maka DSM kwesịrị ịbụ SMART (kpọmkwem, nke a na-atụle, nke a ga-enweta, dị mkpa, oge a na-ejikọta), gosi ya nke ọma ma nwee nghọta, kwe ka nchọpụta mgbanwe, na-ejikọta ya na omume njikwa na ebumnuche / ebumnobi gburugburu ebe obibi, tinye nlezianya kwesịrị ekwesị, nye maka usoro nrube isi/mmanye, ma bụrụ nke gụnyere.

Carreiro-Silva, M., Martins, I., Riou, V., Raimundo, J., Caetano, M., Bettencourt, R., Rakka, M., Cerqueira, T., Godinho, A., Morato, T ., & Colaço, A. (2022). Mmetụta n'ọrụ na toxicological nke sedimenti Ngwuputa omimi nke oke osimiri na-adaba na ebe obibi na-akpụ mmiri oyi octocoral. Oke na Sayensị mmiri mmiri, 9, 915650. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.915650

Ọmụmụ banyere mmetụta nke sedimenti akwụsịla akwụsị site na DSM na coral mmiri oyi, iji chọpụta ihe nrụpụta na toxicological nke sedimenti. Ndị nchọpụta ahụ nwalere mmeghachi omume nke coral na ikpughe na irighiri sulfide na quartz. Ha chọpụtara na mgbe ikpughe ogologo oge, coral ahụ nwetara nrụgide physiological na ike ọgwụgwụ nke metabolic. Mmetụta nke coral na sediments na-egosi mkpa ọ dị maka ebe nchekwa mmiri, ebe nchekwa, ma ọ bụ mpaghara ndị a họpụtara na-abụghị nke Ngwuputa.

Amon, DJ, Gollner, S., Morato, T., Smith, CR, Chen, C., Christensen, S., Currie, B., Drazen, JC, TF, Gianni, M., et al. (2022). Ntụle nke ọdịiche sayensị metụtara njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi dị irè nke ngwungwu miri emi. Iwu Mar. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006.

Iji ghọta gburugburu oke osimiri miri emi na mmetụta Ngwuputa na ndụ, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ a mere nyocha nke akwụkwọ nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ na DSM. Site na nyochaa nhazi nke ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 300 ndị ọgbọ na-enyocha kemgbe 2010, ndị nchọpụta kwadoro mpaghara nke oke osimiri na ihe ọmụma sayensị maka njikwa ihe akaebe, na-achọpụta na naanị 1.4% nke mpaghara nwere ihe ọmụma zuru oke maka njikwa dị otú ahụ. Ha na-arụ ụka na imechi oghere sayensị metụtara ogbunigwe miri emi bụ nnukwu ọrụ dị mkpa iji rụzuo oke ọrụ iji gbochie mmerụ ahụ siri ike ma hụ na nchekwa dị mma ga-achọkwa ntụzịaka doro anya, nnukwu akụrụngwa, na nhazi na mmekorita siri ike. Ndị ode akwụkwọ kwubiri akụkọ a site n'ịtụpụta maapụ ụzọ dị elu nke ihe omume gụnyere ịkọwapụta ebumnuche gburugburu ebe obibi, guzobe atụmatụ iru mba ụwa iji wepụta data ọhụrụ, na synthesize data dị ugbu a iji mechie oghere sayensị ndị bụ isi tupu atụle nrigbu ọ bụla.

van der Grient, J., & Drazen, J. (2022). Na-enyocha ike nke obodo ndị dị n'ime oke osimiri nwere ike ịwapụta ngwuputa site na iji data mmiri na-emighị emi. Sayensị nke mkpokọta gburugburu ebe obibi, 852, 158162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022. 158162.

Ngwuputa ihe omimi nke oke osimiri nwere ike inwe nnukwu mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime obodo miri emi site na nchikota-ụgbọ ala na mkpọpu sedimenti. Dabere na ọmụmụ nke ngwuputa mmiri na-emighị emi, nchikota sedimenti ndị a kwụsịtụrụ nwere ike ime ka ụmụ anụmanụ kubie ume, mebie ihe ha na-eme, gbanwee àgwà ha, na-amụba onwu, belata mmekọrịta dị iche iche, ma nwee ike ime ka anụmanụ ndị a metọọ ọla n'ime oke osimiri. N'ihi obere sedimenti dị ala kwụsịtụrụ na gburugburu oke osimiri dị omimi, mmụba dị ntakịrị na mkpokọta sedimenti kwụsiri ike nwere ike ibute nnukwu nsonaazụ. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ chọpụtara na myirịta dị na ụdị na ntụziaka nke nzaghachi anụmanụ na ụbara nkwụsịtụ nke sedimenti akwụsịtụ n'ofe ebe mmiri na-emighị emi na-egosi nzaghachi yiri nke ahụ na ebe obibi ndị na-enweghị atụ nwere ike ịtụ anya, gụnyere oké osimiri.

R. Williams, C. Erbe, A. Duncan, K. Nielsen, T. Washburn, C. Smith, Mkpọtụ sitere na ogbunigwe miri emi nwere ike gbasaa oke oke osimiri, Sayensị, 377 (2022), https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science. abo2804

Nnyocha sayensị gbasara mmetụta nke mkpọtụ sitere na ọrụ ngwupụta ala miri emi n'oké osimiri na gburugburu ebe obibi miri emi.

DOSI (2022). "Gịnị ka oké osimiri miri emi na-emere gị?" Nkọwa amụma mmalite nke Deep Ocean Stewardship. https://www.dosi-project.org/wp-content/uploads/deep-ocean-ecosystem-services- brief.pdf

Mkpirisi amụma dị mkpirikpi gbasara ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na uru nke oke osimiri dị mma n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi miri emi na mmetụta anthropogenic na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a.

Paulus E., (2021). Na-eme ka ìhè dị na ụdị dị iche iche nke oke osimiri dị omimi - Ebe obibi dị oke mfe n'ihu mgbanwe mgbanwe mmadụ, Frontiers na Science Marine, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.667048

Ntụleghachi nke usoro maka ịchọpụta ụdị dị iche iche nke oke osimiri dị omimi yana ka nnyonye anya anthropogenic ga-esi metụta ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche dị ka ogbunigwe miri emi n'oké osimiri, ịhịa aka n'ahụ, mmetọ rọba na mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, (2021). Ịma Aka Mkpa Maka Ngwuputa Ngwuputa Oke Osimiri miri emi site n'echiche nke achọrọ igwe, ụdị dị iche iche, ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, na ịkekọrịta uru, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161.

N'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, mwepu nke mineral sitere na oke osimiri nke oke osimiri miri emi na-abawanye mmasị nye ndị na-etinye ego na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egwuputa ihe. Na n'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ọ dịghị azụmahịa-ọnụ ọgụgụ-ọnụ ọgụgụ miri emi Ngwuputa oké osimiri na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ihi na-egwupụta minerals na-aghọ ihe aku na uba eziokwu arụmụka. Onye dere akwụkwọ a na-eleba anya n'ezie mkpa nke mineral dị omimi nke oke osimiri, ihe egwu dị na ọrụ dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na enweghị ikekọrịta uru ziri ezi nye obodo zuru ụwa ọnụ ugbu a na maka ọgbọ n'ọdịnihu.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH et al. Ọdịda mmetụta nke ngwuputa nodule miri emi nke etiti mmiri na-emetụta oke sedimenti, ọgba aghara na ọnụ ụzọ. gburugburu ụwa gburugburu 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8

Ọrụ nyocha ihe omimi nke polymetallic nodule nke oke osimiri abawanyela nke ukwuu n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, mana a ka na-eguzobe ọkwa a tụrụ anya na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. Otu ihe na-eche banyere gburugburu ebe obibi bụ mwepu nke sedimenti n'ime kọlụm etiti mmiri. Anyị mere ọmụmụ ihe ubi raara onwe ya nye site na iji sedimenti sitere na mpaghara Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. A na-enyocha ma na-enyocha plume ahụ site na iji ngwa arụpụtara na nke ọhụrụ, gụnyere nha ụda na ọgba aghara. Ọmụmụ ihe ubi anyị na-ekpughe na ịmegharị ihe nwere ike ịdabere n'ịkọpụta njirimara nke plọm mmiri dị n'akụkụ ebe a na-agbapụta ya yana mmetụta nchịkọta sedimenti adịghị mkpa. A na-eji ụdị plume ahụ kwọọ simulation ọnụọgụ nke ọrụ ahịa na mpaghara Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. Isi ihe ewepụrụ bụ na ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ mmetụta nke pọmpụ na-emetụta nke ọma site n'ụkpụrụ nke ọkwa oke gburugburu gburugburu ebe obibi anabatara, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sedimenti ewepụtara, na mgbasawanye ọgba aghara na Mpaghara Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH et al. Ọdịda mmetụta nke ngwuputa nodule miri emi nke etiti mmiri na-emetụta oke sedimenti, ọgba aghara na ọnụ ụzọ. gburugburu ụwa gburugburu 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8. PDF.

Ọmụmụ banyere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke sedimenti plumes si na miri emi polymetallic nodule Ngwuputa. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta mechara nyocha nke ubi a na-achịkwa iji chọpụta ka sedimenti si ebi ma mee ka sedimenti plume yiri nke a ga-eme n'oge a na-egwupụta akụ miri emi nke oké osimiri azụmahịa. Ha kwadoro ntụkwasị obi nke ngwa nlegharị anya ha wee kpụrụ simulation ọnụọgụ nke ọrụ ngwuputa ihe.

Hallgren, A.; Hansson, A. Akụkọ na-emegiderịta onwe ya nke Ngwuputa oke osimiri. nkwado 2021, 13, 5261. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095261

A na-enyocha ma gosipụta akụkọ anọ dị n'akụkụ ogbunigwe miri emi, gụnyere: iji DSM maka mgbanwe na-adịgide adịgide, nkekọrịta uru, oghere nyocha, na ịhapụ naanị mineral. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ kwetara na akụkọ mbụ bụ isi n'ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka DSM na esemokwu na akụkọ ndị ọzọ dị ugbu a, gụnyere oghere nyocha na ịhapụ naanị mineral. A na-eme ka ịhapụ mineral naanị dị ka ajụjụ gbasara ụkpụrụ na otu iji nyere aka mee ka ịnweta usoro nhazi na mkparịta ụka.

van der Grient, JMA, na JC Drazen. "Nkwekọrịta ohere enwere ike dị n'etiti azụ azụ nke oke osimiri na igwu mmiri miri emi na mmiri mba ụwa." Iwu mmiri, vol. 129, Julaị 2021, p. 104564. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104564.

Ọmụmụ ihe na-enyocha njupụta nke nkwekọrịta DSM na ebe obibi azụ azụ tuna. Ọmụmụ ihe na-agbakọ mmetụta ọjọọ nke DSM tụrụ anya na azụ azụ maka RFMO ọ bụla na mpaghara nwere nkwekọrịta DSM. Ndị ode akwụkwọ na-adọ aka na ntị na ngwupụta akụ na ụba nwere ike imetụta mba ndị dị na Pacific Island.

de Jonge, DS, Stratmann, T., Lins, L., Vanreusel, A., Purser, A., Marcon, Y., Rodrigues, CF, Ravara, A., Esquete, P., Cunha, MR, Simon- Lledó, E., van Breugel, P., Sweetman, AK, Soetaert, K., & van Oevelen, D. (2020). Ụdị ihe oriri-web nke Abyssal na-egosi mgbake mgbake carbon na-adịghị mma na obere microbial loop afọ 26 ka emechara nnwale ọgba aghara sedimenti. Ọganihu na Oceanography, 189, 102446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102446

N'ihi ọchịchọ a na-atụ anya n'ọdịnihu maka ọla ndị dị oke egwu, a na-atụ anya ugbu a na mbara ala abyssal nke ejiri polymetallic nodules kpuchie ya maka igwu ala miri emi. Iji mụtakwuo maka mmetụta nke igwu ala miri emi, ndị dere akwụkwọ a lere anya mmetụta ogologo oge nke nnwale 'DISturbance and reCOLonization' (DISCOL) na Peru Basin bụ nke hụrụ ule nke ịkọ ugbo n'elu ala. oké osimiri n'ala na 1989. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ahụ na-egosi ihe ngosi nke benthic nri web e mere na atọ dị iche iche na saịtị: n'ime 26 afọ ịkọ egwu egwu (IPT, doro kpọmkwem mmetụta si n'ịkọ ubi), n'èzí egwu egwu (OPT, kpughere na edoziri). nke sedimenti eweghachiri), yana na saịtị ntụaka (REF, enweghị mmetụta). Ihe achọpụtara na ma ngụkọta mpụta nke sistemu echere na ịnya igwe microbial loop belatara nke ukwuu (site na 16% na 35%, n'otu n'otu) n'ime egwu ịkọ ugbo ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa abụọ ndị ọzọ. Nsonaazụ na-egosi na nri-web na-arụ ọrụ, na karịsịa microbial loop, agbakebeghị site na ọgbaghara ahụ e wetara na saịtị abyssal afọ 26 gara aga.

Alberts, EC (2020, June 16) "Ngwuputa oke osimiri: ngwọta gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ọdachi na-abịa?" Akụkọ Mongabay. E si na: https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/deep-sea-mining-an-environmental-solution-or-impending-catastrophe/

Ọ bụ ezie na ogbunigwe miri emi amalitebeghị n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke ụwa, ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egwuputa ihe n'ụwa 16 nwere nkwekọrịta iji nyochaa oke osimiri maka mineral n'ime Clarion Clipperton Mpaghara (CCZ) na Eastern Pacific Ocean, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ nwere nkwekọrịta iji chọpụta maka nodules. n'Oké Osimiri India na Western Pacific Ocean. Akụkọ ọhụrụ sitere na Mgbasa Ozi Ngwuputa Mmiri miri emi na Mining Watch Canada na-atụ aro na mining polymetallic nodule ga-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, ụdị dịgasị iche iche, azụ azụ, na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba nke mba ndị dị n'àgwàetiti Pacific, nakwa na ngwungwu a chọrọ nlezianya anya.

Chin, A., na Hari, K., (2020). Na-ebu amụma mmetụta nke ogbunigwe polymetallic nodules miri emi dị na Oke Osimiri Pasifik: Nlebanya nke akwụkwọ sayensị, Mgbasa Ozi Ngwuputa Osimiri miri emi na MiningWatch Canada, ibe 52.

Ngwuputa mmiri miri emi na Pacific bụ mmasị na-eto eto nye ndị na-etinye ego, ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egwupụta akụ, na ụfọdụ akụ na ụba agwaetiti, Otú ọ dị, a maghị obere mmetụta nke DSM. Akụkọ ahụ nyochara ihe karịrị 250 ndị ọgbọ nyochara akụkọ sayensị na-achọpụta na mmetụta nke nsị polymetallic nodules dị omimi ga-adị ukwuu, dị njọ ma dịgidere ruo ọgbọ dị iche iche, na-ebute mfu ụdịdị a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha. Nyocha a chọpụtara na igwu mmiri dị omimi ga-enwe mmetụta siri ike na nke na-adịte aka na oke osimiri ma nwee ike ibute nnukwu ihe ize ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri yana ịkụ azụ, obodo, na ahụike mmadụ. Mmekọrịta nke ndị bi n'àgwàetiti Pacific na oké osimiri adịghị etinye aka na mkparịta ụka nke DSM na mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na omenala amaghị ebe uru akụ na ụba na-anọgide na-enyo enyo. A na-atụ aro akụrụngwa a maka ndị niile na-ege ntị nwere mmasị na DSM.

Drazen, JC, Smith, CR, Gjerde, KM, Haddock, SHD et al. (2020) Ekwesịrị ịtụle gburugburu ebe obibi nke etiti mmiri mgbe ị na-enyocha ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke ogbunigwe miri emi. PNAS 117, 30, 17455-17460. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011914117. PDF.

Ntụleghachi nke mmetụta nke ogbunigwe miri emi dị n'oké osimiri na gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'etiti mmiri. Ebe obibi dị n'etiti mmiri nwere 90% nke biosphere na akụ azụ maka ịkụ azụ ahịa na nchekwa nri. Mmetụta nwere ike ime nke DSM gụnyere sedimenti plumes na ọla ndị na-egbu egbu na-abanye n'agbụ nri na mpaghara oke osimiri mesopelagic. Ndị nchọpụta na-akwado ịkwalite ụkpụrụ ntọala gburugburu ebe obibi ka ịgụnye ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi nke etiti mmiri.

Christiansen, B., Denda, A., & Christiansen, S. Mmetụta nwere ike nke igwu ala mmiri dị na pelagic na benthopelagic biota. Iwu mmiri 114, 103442 (2020).

Ngwuputa ihe omimi nke oke osimiri nwere ike imetụta biota pelagic, mana ogo na oke ya ka edoghi anya n'ihi enweghi ihe omuma. Ọmụmụ ihe a na-agbasa karịa ọmụmụ nke obodo benthic (macroinvertibrates dị ka crustaceans) ma na-eleba anya n'ime ihe ọmụma nke ugbu a banyere gburugburu ebe obibi pelagic (mpaghara dị n'etiti oké osimiri na dị n'elu ala oké osimiri) na-achọpụta ihe ọjọọ ndị e kere eke nwere ike ime, ma enweghị ike ịbụ. buru amụma n'oge a n'ihi enweghị ihe ọmụma. Enweghị ihe ọmụma a na-egosi na a chọrọ ozi ndị ọzọ iji ghọta nke ọma mmetụta dị mkpirikpi na ogologo oge nke DSM na gburugburu oké osimiri.

Orcutt, BN, et al. Mmetụta nke igwu mmiri miri emi na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi microbial. Limnology na Oceanography 65 (2020).

Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ndị obodo dị omimi nke microbial na-enye n'ihe gbasara ogbunigwe miri emi na nnyonye anya ụmụ mmadụ ndị ọzọ. Ndị dere ya na-atụle mfu nke microbial obodo na hydrothermal vents, mmetụta na carbon sequestration ikike nke nodule ubi, na-egosi mkpa ọzọ nnyocha na microbial obodo na n'okpuru mmiri oké osimiri. A na-atụ aro nyocha ndị ọzọ iji guzobe usoro ihe ndabere biogeochemical maka microorganisms tupu ewebata ogbunigwe miri emi nke oke osimiri.

B. Gillard et al., Ngwongwo anụ ahụ na hydrodynamic nke ogbunigwe miri emi nke oké osimiri na-emepụta, abyssal sedimenti na-adaba na Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ-etiti Pacific). Elementa 7, 5 (2019), https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/ doi/10.1525/elementa.343/112485/Physical-and-hydrodynamic-properties-of-deep-sea

Ọmụmụ nka na ụzụ gbasara mmetụta anthropogenic nke ngwupụta ala dị omimi nke oke osimiri, na-eji ụdị iji nyochaa mwepu nke sedimenti. Ndị nchọpụta chọpụtara na ọnọdụ ndị metụtara Ngwuputa na-emepụta sedimenti sitere na mmiri na-akpụ nnukwu mkpokọta, ma ọ bụ ígwé ojii, nke na-abawanye n'ogo yana nnukwu ọnụọgụ mmiri. Ha na-egosi na sedimenti ahụ na-edobe ngwa ngwa n'ime mpaghara ahụ na mpaghara ọgbaghara ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gbagwojuru anya site na oke osimiri.

Cornwall, W. (2019). Ugwu ndị zoro ezo n'ime oké osimiri bụ ebe na-ekpo ọkụ ndụ. Ịgbapụta akụ̀ ga-emebi ha? Sayensị. https://www.science.org/content/article/ mountains-hidden-deep-sea-are-biological-hot-spots-will-mining-ruin-them

Edemede dị nkenke banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe ọmụma dị ugbu a banyere oke osimiri, otu n'ime ebe obibi ndụ mmiri miri emi nke atọ dị n'ihe egwu maka igwu mmiri miri emi. Ọdịiche dị na nyocha banyere mmetụta nke Ngwuputa n'elu oke osimiri ebutela atụmatụ nyocha na nyocha ọhụrụ, mana usoro ihe ọmụmụ nke oke osimiri ka ka na-amụchaghị nke ọma. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ ichekwa oke osimiri maka ebumnuche nyocha. Ịkpọ azụ̀ emerụlarị ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke ọtụtụ oké osimiri ndị na-emighị emi site n'iwepụ coral, a na-atụkwa anya na ngwá ọrụ e ji emepụta ihe ga-eme ka nsogbu ahụ ka njọ.

Ndị Pew Charitable Trusts (2019). Ngwuputa ihe omimi nke oke osimiri na ikuku ikuku mmiri na-eyi ihe di iche iche egwu. Ndị Pew Charitable Trusts. PDF

Mpempe akwụkwọ akụkọ na-akọwapụta nsonaazụ nke ogbunigwe miri emi na ikuku hydrothermal, otu n'ime ebe obibi ndụ atọ dị n'okpuru mmiri nke egwu ogbunigwe miri emi nke azụmahịa na-eyi egwu. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ekwu na ikuku ikuku na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma ga-eyi ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ egwu egwu ma nwee ike imetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ndị agbata obi. Usoro ndị a tụrụ aro maka ichekwa ikuku mmiri mmiri gụnyere ịchọpụta njirisi maka sistemu ikuku ikuku na-arụ ọrụ na nke anaghị arụ ọrụ, hụ na nghọta sayensị siri dị maka ndị na-eme mkpebi ISA wee tinye usoro njikwa ISA maka ikuku ikuku hydrothermal na-arụ ọrụ.

Maka ozi izugbe karịa na DSM, Pew nwere webụsaịtị echekwabara nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ, nyocha nke ụkpụrụ, na akụkọ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịbara ndị ọhụrụ na DSM na ọha mmadụ n'ozuzu aka: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/seabed-mining-project.

D. Aleynik, ME Inall, A. Dale, A. Vink, Mmetụta nke eddies dịpụrụ adịpụ na-agbasa na mgbasa ozi na saịtị abyssal na-egwuputa ihe na Pacific. Sci. Nnochite anya 7, 16959 (2017) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16912-2

Nyocha nke mmetụta nke oké osimiri counter iyi (eddies) nwere ike ịgbasa nke ngwuputa plumes na sochirinụ sedimenti. Mgbanwe dị ugbu a na-adabere n'ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere tides, ifufe elu, na eddies. A na-ahụ mmụba na-esi na mmiri iyi na-agbasa ma gbasaa mmiri, yana sedimenti nwere ike ibu mmiri, ngwa ngwa n'ebe dị anya.

JC Drazen, TT Sutton, Iri nri n'ime omimi: ihe omumu ihe omumu nke azu miri emi. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 9, 337–366 (2017) doi: 10.1146/anurev-mmiri-010816-060543

Ọmụmụ gbasara njikọta oghere nke oke osimiri dị omimi site na omume nri nke azụ dị n'oké osimiri. Na ngalaba "Anthropogenic Effects" nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, ndị odee na-atụle mmetụta nwere ike ịnweta ngwungwu miri emi nke oke osimiri nwere ike inwe na azụ mmiri dị omimi n'ihi na amaghi ama ama ama ama n'ọgbara oghere nke ọrụ DSM. 

Mgbasa Ozi Ngwuputa Oke Osimiri miri emi. (2015, Septemba 29). Ngwuputa ogbunigwe miri emi nke mbụ n'ụwa leghaara nsonaazụ nke mmetụta ya na oke osimiri anya. Mgbasa ozi. Mgbasa Ozi Ngwuputa Oke Osimiri miri emi, Economist at Large, MiningWatch Canada, EarthWorks, Oasis Earth. PDF

Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-egwuputa ihe n'oké osimiri na-achụso ndị na-etinye ego na Eshia Pacific Deep Sea Mining Summit, nkatọ ọhụrụ sitere na Mgbasa Ozi Ngwuputa Osimiri miri emi na-ekpughe ntụpọ enweghị mgbanaka na Environmental and Social Benchmarking Analysis nke Solwara 1 oru ngo nke Nautilus Minerals nyere. Chọta akụkọ a n'uju ebe a.

Azụ n'elu

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4. Echiche International Seabed Authority

International Seabed Authority. (2022). Banyere ISA. International Seabed Authority. https://www.isa.org.jm/

Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu guzobere International Seabed Authority, ikike kachasị elu n'elu oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ nke United Nations guzobere n'okpuru 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) na mgbanwe n'ụdị 1994 Agreement of UNCLOS. Dịka nke 2020, ISA nwere obodo 168 (gụnyere European Union) ma kpuchie 54% nke oke osimiri. Enyere ISA iwu iji hụ na nchekwa dị mma nke gburugburu mmiri sitere na mmetụta ọjọọ nwere ike ibilite site na mmemme metụtara oke osimiri. Weebụsaịtị International Seabed Authority dị mkpa maka akwụkwọ gọọmentị yana akwụkwọ sayensị yana mkparịta ụka ọmụmụ ihe na-enwe mmetụta siri ike na mkpebi ISA.

Morgera, E., & Lily, H. (2022). Ntinye aka ọhaneze na International Seabed Authority: Nnyocha iwu gbasara ikike mmadụ nke mba ụwa. Nyochaa nke European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 31 (3), 374 – 388. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12472

Nyocha gbasara iwu gbasara ikike mmadụ na mkparita uka maka iwu ngwuputa ogbunigwe miri emi na International Seabed Authority. Edemede a na-ekwu na enweghi ikere òkè ọha na eze ma na-arụ ụka na nzukọ ahụ leghaara ọrụ ndị ruuru mmadụ anya n'ime nzukọ ISA. Ndị ode akwụkwọ na-akwado usoro usoro iji kwalite ma gbaa ndị mmadụ ume itinye aka na mkpebi.

Woody, T., & Halper, E. (2022, Eprel 19). Ọsọ n'ala: N'ọsọ iji gwuo ala oke osimiri maka mineral ndị a na-eji na batrị EV, ònye na-achọ gburugburu ebe obibi? Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-04-19/gold-rush-in-the-deep-sea-raises-questions-about-international-seabed-authority

Otu akụkọ na-eme ka ntinye aka nke Michael Lodge, bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke International Seabed Authority, na The Metals Company, bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nwere mmasị n'ịgwupụta ala miri emi.

Nkwupụta nke onye ọka iwu maka International Seabed Authority nyere. (2022, Eprel 19). Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/ 2022-04-19/statements-provided-by-attorney-for-international-seabed-authority

Nchịkọta nzaghachi sitere n'aka onye ọka iwu jikọtara ya na ISA na isiokwu gụnyere: nnwere onwe nke ISA dị ka nzukọ na-abụghị UN, ọdịdị nke Michael Lodge, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ISA na vidiyo nkwado maka The Metals Company (TMC) , na na nchegbu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ISA enweghị ike ịhazi na isonye na Ngwuputa.

Na 2022, NY Times bipụtara usoro akụkọ, akwụkwọ, na pọdkastị gbasara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti The Metals Company, otu n'ime ndị na-ebu ụzọ na-agba mbọ maka ogbugba ogbunigwe miri emi, yana Michael Lodge, onye ode akwụkwọ ode akwụkwọ ugbu a nke International Seabed Authority. Ntụle ndị a nwere nyocha nke New York Times banyere ogbunigwe miri emi nke oke osimiri, ndị isi egwuregwu na-akwalite ikike nke m, yana mmekọrịta a na-enyo enyo n'etiti TMC na ISA.

Lipton, E. (2022, Ọgọọst 29). Data nzuzo, obere agwaetiti na ọchịchọ maka akụ dị n'elu oke osimiri. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/world/ deep-sea-mining.html

Ngosipụta omimi miri emi n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ebute ụzọ ngwungwu ogbunigwe miri emi gụnyere The Metals Company (TMC). A na-atụle mmekọrịta chiri anya nke TMC na Michael Lodge na International Seabed Authority, yana nchegbu gbasara nha anya gbasara ndị ga-erite uru na mmemme dị otú ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na a ga-egwupụta akụ. Akụkọ ahụ na-enyocha ajụjụ gbasara otu ụlọ ọrụ Canada, TMC, si bụrụ onye na-agba ọsọ n'ihu na mkparịta ụka DSM mgbe a tụrụ aro ka a na-egwuputa ihe na-enye aka ego nye mba ndị dara ogbenye na Pacific Island.

Lipton, E. (2022, Ọgọọst 29). Nnyocha na-eduga na ala nke Pacific. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/insider/ mining-investigation.html

Akụkụ nke usoro NY Times "Ọsọ maka Ọdịnihu", isiokwu a na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti The Metals Company na ndị isi n'ime International Seabed Authority. Akụkọ ahụ kọwara mkparịta ụka na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti onye nta akụkọ nyocha na ndị isi ọkwa dị elu na TMC na ISA, na-enyocha na ịjụ ajụjụ gbasara mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke DSM.

Kittroeff, N., Reid, W., Johnson, MS, Bonja, R., Baylen, LO, Chow, L., Powell, D., & Wood, C. (2022, Septemba 16). Nkwa na ihe egwu na ala nke oke osimiri. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/ podcasts/the-daily/electric-cars-sea-mining-pacific-ocean.html

Pọdkastị nkeji 35 gbara Eric Lipton ajụjụ ọnụ, onye nta akụkọ nyocha NY Times nke na-agbaso mmekọrịta dị n'etiti The Metals Company na International Seabed Authority.

Lipton, E. (2022) Mpempe akwụkwọ ahọpụtara n'ime oke osimiri. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/ 22266044-seabed-mining-selected-documents-2022

Usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ NY Times chekwara na-edekọ mmekọrịta mbụ dị n'etiti Michael Lodge, onye ode akwụkwọ ISA ugbu a na Nautilus Minerals, ụlọ ọrụ TMC nwetara malite na 1999.

Ardron JA, Ruhl HA, Jones DO (2018). Ịgbakwunye nghọta n'ime ọchịchị nke ogbunigwe miri emi na mpaghara gafere ikike mba. Mar. Pol. 89, 58–66 . doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.021

Nnyocha 2018 nke International Seabed Authority chọpụtara na ọ dị mkpa ka ọ dịkwuo nghọta iji melite aza ajụjụ, karịsịa gbasara: ịnweta ozi, mkpesa, ntinye aka ọha, mmesi obi ike, ozi nrube isi na nzere ntozu, na ike nyochaa na ngosi mkpebi.

Lodge, M. (2017, Mee 26). International Seabed Authority na Deep Seabed Ngwuputa. UN Chronicle, Mpịakọta 54, Isi nke 2, p. 44 – 46 . https://doi.org/10.18356/ea0e574d-en https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/journals/15643913/54/2/25

Ala dị n'oké osimiri, dị ka ụwa nke ụwa, mejupụtara ọdịdị ala pụrụ iche na ebe obibi nke nnukwu ebe nchekwa mineral, na-abụkarị n'ụdị bara ụba. Akụkọ a dị mkpirikpi na nke nwere ike ịnweta na-ekpuchi isi ihe ndị na-egwupụta ihe n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri site n'echiche nke United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) na nhazi nke usoro nchịkwa maka irigbu akụ ndị a.

International Seabed Authority. (2011, Julaị 13). Atụmatụ nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi maka mpaghara Clarion-Clipperton, nakweere July 2012. International Seabed Authority. PDF

Site n'ikike iwu nke United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea nyere ikike, ISA wepụtara atụmatụ nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi maka Mpaghara Clarion-Clipperton, mpaghara ebe a na-egwupụta ihe omimi nke oke osimiri ga-ewere ọnọdụ na ebe ọtụtụ ikike. n'ihi na ewepụtara DSM. Akwụkwọ a bụ iji chịkwaa manganese nodule prospecting na Pacific.

International Seabed Authority. (2007, Julaị 19). Mkpebi nke Mgbakọ gbasara iwu gbasara nyocha na nyocha maka nodules polymetallic na Mpaghara. International Seabed Authority, maliteghachiri nnọkọ nke iri na atọ, Kingston, Jamaica, 9-20 Julaị ISBA/13/19.

Na Julaị 19th, 2007 International Seabed Authority (ISA) nwere ọganihu na ụkpụrụ sulfide. Akwụkwọ a dị mkpa na ọ na-emezi aha na ndokwa nke iwu 37 ka ụkpụrụ maka nyocha ugbu a gụnyere ihe na saịtị nke ihe ochie ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịdị. Akwụkwọ ahụ tụlere n'ihu na ọnọdụ mba dị iche iche nke gụnyere echiche na saịtị dị iche iche nke akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka ahia ohu na akụkọ achọrọ.

Azụ n'elu

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5. Ngwuputa ihe omimi nke oke osimiri na di iche iche, nha anya, nsonye, ​​na ikpe ziri ezi

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., na Dahl, A. (2021). 'Ụdị ọdịnala ọdịnala nke njikwa akụrụngwa nke oke osimiri na ọnọdụ nke ogbunigwe miri emi na Pacific: Ịmụta na njikọ mmekọrịta mmekọrịta ọha na eze n'etiti obodo Island na mpaghara oke osimiri', Front. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

Nyocha sayensị nke ebe obibi mmiri na ihe nketa ọdịnala a na-apụghị ịhụ anya n'okpuru mmiri na Pacific Islands tụrụ anya na DSM ga-emetụta ya. A na-esonyere nlebanya a na nyocha iwu nke usoro iwu dị ugbu a iji chọpụta omume kachasị mma maka ichekwa na ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi site na mmetụta DSM.

Bourrel, M., Thiele, T., Currie, D. (2018). Ihe nketa nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ dị ka ụzọ iji nyochaa na ịkwalite nha nha nha n'ime ogbunigwe miri emi. Iwu mmiri, 95, 311-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.07.017. PDF.

N'ịtụle ihe nketa nkịtị nke ụkpụrụ mmadụ n'ime gburugburu ya na ojiji ya na UNCLOS na ISA. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-akọwapụta usoro iwu kwadoro na ọnọdụ iwu kwadoro nke ihe nketa nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ nakwa ka esi eji ya eme ihe na ISA. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-akwado usoro usoro ihe omume a ga-emejuputa na ọkwa niile nke iwu nke oké osimiri iji kwalite nha anya, ikpe ziri ezi, ịkpachara anya, na nkwanye ùgwù nke ọgbọ n'ọdịnihu.

Jaeckel, A., Ardron, JA, Gjerde, KM (2016) Ịkekọrịta uru nke ihe nketa nkịtị nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ - Ọchịchị Ngwuputa Ngwuputa miri emi dị njikere? Iwu mmiri, 70, 198-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.03.009. PDF.

Site na oghere nke ihe nketa nkịtị nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ, ndị nyocha ahụ na-achọpụta mpaghara mmezi maka ISA na ụkpụrụ gbasara ihe nketa nkịtị nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ. Akụkụ ndị a gụnyere nghọta, uru ego, ụlọ ọrụ, nnyefe teknụzụ na iwulite ikike, nha anya n'etiti ọgbọ na akụrụngwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mmiri.

Rosembaum, Helen. (2011, Ọktoba). N'ime Omimi Anyị: Ngwuputa ala mmiri dị na Papua New Guinea. Mining Watch Canada. PDF

Akụkọ a kọwara oke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta ọha na eze a na-atụ anya ya n'ihi ngwuputa ala nke oke osimiri na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya na Papua New Guinea. Ọ na-akọwapụta ntụpọ miri emi dị na Nautilus Minerals EIS dị ka ule ezughị ezu nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na nsí nke usoro ya na ụdị ikuku ikuku, ma ọ tụlebeghị nke ọma mmetụta nsị na ihe ndị dị n'ime eriri nri mmiri.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. na Wilhem, C. (2018). Ngwuputa ihe omimi nke oke osimiri: ihe ịma aka gburugburu ebe obibi na-arị elu. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN na Gallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

Oké osimiri ahụ nwere nnukwu akụ na ụba ịnweta, ụfọdụ nwere nnukwu ihe pụrụ iche. Mgbochi iwu na 1970s na 1980s gbochiri mmepe nke ogbunigwe miri emi, ma ka oge na-aga, a na-aza ọtụtụ ajụjụ gbasara iwu ndị a site n'aka International Seabed Authority na-enye ohere maka mmasị na-eto eto na igwu mmiri miri emi. Akuko IUCN gosiputara mkparita uka ugbua gbasara mmepe ya maka ulo oru ngwuputa ihe n'oke osimiri.

Azụ n'elu

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6. Nkà na ụzụ na mineral Market echiche

Ihe mmalite ihu igwe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. (October 2023). Ọgbọ na-esote batrị EV na-ewepụ mkpa maka Ngwuputa oke osimiri. Ihe mmalite ihu igwe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. eweghachiri October 30, 2023
https://www.blueclimateinitiative.org/sites/default/files/2023-10/whitepaper.pdf

Ọganihu na teknụzụ batrị ụgbọ ala eletrik (EV), yana ntinye ngwa ngwa nke teknụzụ ndị a, na-eduga na ngbanwe nke batrị EV dabere na cobalt, nickel, na manganese. N'ihi ya, igwu mmiri miri emi nke ọla ndị a adịghị mkpa, uru akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ihe amamihe dị na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Moana Simas, Fabian Aponte, na Kirsten Wiebe (Ụlọ ọrụ SINTEF), Economy Circular and Critical Minerals for the Green Transition, p. 4-5. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/ downloads/the_future_is_circular___sintef mineralsfinalreport_nov_2022__1__1.pdf

Nnyocha e mere na Nọvemba 2022 chọpụtara na “nkwenye nke kemịkalụ dị iche iche maka batrị ụgbọ ala eletrik na ịpụ na batrị lithium-ion maka ngwa ndị na-anọ ọdụ nwere ike ibelata mkpokọta cobalt, nickel na manganese site na 40-50% nke mkpokọta chọrọ n'etiti 2022 na 2050 ma e jiri ya tụnyere teknụzụ dị ugbu a yana ọnọdụ azụmahịa-dị ka ọ na-adị.

Dunn, J., Kendall, A., Slattery, M. (2022) Batrị lithium-ion ụgbọ ala eletrik arụgharịrị ụkpụrụ ọdịnaya maka US - ebumnuche, ụgwọ, na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. Akụrụngwa, Nchekwa na imegharị ihe 185, 106488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022. 106488.

Otu arụmụka maka DSM bụ ịkwalite mgbanwe n'ime akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, x loop recycling system.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161

Edemede a na-enyocha nnukwute ejighị n'aka nke dị n'ihe gbasara ogbunigwe miri emi nke oke osimiri. Karịsịa, anyị na-enye echiche na: (1) arụmụka na-achọsi ike igwu ala mmiri miri emi iji nye mineral maka mgbanwe ike ndụ ndụ ndụ, na-eji ụlọ ọrụ batrị eletriki eletrik dị ka ihe atụ; (2) ihe egwu dị na ụdị ndụ dị iche iche, ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara; na (3) enweghi ikere òkè n'ụzọ ziri ezi nye obodo zuru ụwa ọnụ ugbu a na maka ọgbọ n'ọdịnihu.

Mgbasa Ozi Ngwuputa Oke Osimiri miri emi (2021) Ndụmọdụ ndị na-eketa òkè: Ngwakọta azụmaahịa echere n'etiti Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation na DeepGreen. (http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/Advice-to-SOAC-Investors.pdf)

Nhazi nke The Metals Company wetara nlebara anya nke Mgbasa Ozi Ngwuputa Oké Osimiri miri emi na òtù ndị ọzọ dị ka The Ocean Foundation, na-ebute ndụmọdụ ndị na-eketa òkè a banyere ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ na-etolite site na Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation na DeepGreen merger. Akuko a na-ekwu maka enweghị ike nke DSM, ụdị nkọwa nke Ngwuputa, ụgwọ, na ihe ize ndụ metụtara njikọ na nnweta.

Yu, H. na Leadbetter, J. (2020, Julaị 16) Bacterial Chemolihoautotrophy site na Oxidation Manganese. Ọdịdị. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2468-5 https://scitechdaily.com/microbiologists-discover-bacteria-that-feed-on-metal-ending-a-century-long-search/

Ihe akaebe ọhụrụ na-egosi na nje bacteria na-eri ígwè na nsị nke nje bacteria a nwere ike inye otu nkọwa maka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ịnweta ịnweta n'elu ala oké osimiri. Isiokwu ahụ na-arụ ụka na ọ dị mkpa ka a gụchaa ọmụmụ ihe tupu e gwuo ala mmiri.

European Union (2020) Atụmatụ Omume Economy okirikiri: Maka Europe dị ọcha yana asọmpi karịa. European Union. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/pdf/circular-economy/new_circular_economy_action_plan. pdf

Ndị European Union nọ na-eme ihe n'ịmejuputa aku na uba okirikiri. Akụkọ a na-enye akụkọ na-aga n'ihu na echiche iji mepụta usoro amụma ngwaahịa na-adigide, mesie ụdọ ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa isi ike, na-eji obere ihe mkpofu na ịbawanye uru, na ịbawanye uru nke akụ na ụba okirikiri maka mmadụ niile.

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7. Ntinye ego, ESG, na ihe gbasara ịsa ahịhịa

Mmemme Ego United Nations Environment Programment Initiative (2022) Ihe mgbakwunye mmiri na-emerụ ahụ: Ịghọta ihe egwu na mmetụta dị n'ịkwado ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-abụghị nke ọhụrụ. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Harmful-Marine-Extractives-Deep-Sea-Mining.pdf

Otu United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) weputara akụkọ a ezubere iche maka ndị na-ege ntị na ngalaba ego, dị ka ụlọ akụ, ndị na-ahụ maka mkpuchi, na ndị na-etinye ego, n'ihe gbasara ego, ndu na ihe egwu ndị ọzọ dị n'ime ogbunigwe miri emi. A na-atụ anya na a ga-eji akụkọ a mee ihe dị ka ihe enyemaka maka ụlọ ọrụ ego iji mee mkpebi maka itinye ego n'ime ala mmiri. Ọ na-emechi site n'igosi na DSM adabaghị na enweghị ike ịkwado ya na nkọwa nke akụ na ụba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-adịgide adịgide.

WWF (2022). Deep Seabed Mining: Ntuziaka WWF maka ụlọ ọrụ ego. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/ wwf_briefing_financial_institutions_dsm.pdf

Nke World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) mebere ya, ndetu a dị nkenke na-akọwapụta ihe egwu DSM wetara ma na-agba ụlọ ọrụ ego ume ịtụle na mejuputa atumatu iji belata ihe egwu itinye ego. Akụkọ ahụ na-atụ aro ka ụlọ ọrụ ego kwenye n'ihu ọha ka ha ghara itinye ego na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egwupụta akụ DSM, na-etinye aka na mpaghara ahụ, ndị na-etinye ego na ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị ndị na-egwupụta akụ nwere ike igosipụta ọchịchọ iji mineral iji gbochie DSM. Akụkọ a gara n'ihu depụta ụlọ ọrụ, otu mba ụwa, na ụlọ ọrụ ego bụ ndị, dịka akụkọ a, bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado na/ma ọ bụ mepụta amụma iji wepụ DSM na Pọtụfoliyo ha.

Ihe mmemme ego nke United Nations Environment Programme (2022) Ihe mgbakwunye mmiri na-emerụ ahụ: Ịghọta ihe egwu na mmetụta dị n'ịkwado ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-abụghị nke ọhụrụ. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/publications/harmful-marine-extractives-deep-sea-mining/;/;

Nyocha banyere mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi maka ụlọ ọrụ ntinye ego na ego na ihe ize ndụ DSM nwere na ndị na-etinye ego. Nkenke a na-elekwasị anya na mmepe, ọrụ, na mmechi nke DSM nwere ike ime ma mechie na ndụmọdụ maka mgbanwe maka mgbanwe ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide, na-arụ ụka na ọ dịghị ụzọ ọ bụla iji kpachapụ anya guzobe ụlọ ọrụ a n'ihi ụkọ na nkwenye sayensị.

Nyocha Bonitas, (2021, Ọktọba 6) TMC the metals co. https://www.bonitasresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2021/10/ BonitasResearch-Short-TMCthemetalsco-Nasdaq-TMC-Oct-6-2021.pdf?nocookies=yes

Nnyocha n'ime The Metals Company na azụmahịa ya tupu na post abanye n'ahịa ngwaahịa dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ọha. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-egosi na TMC nyere ndị na-ahụ maka Tonga Offshore Mining Limited (TOML) ugwo nfefe, mmụba nke mmefu nyocha, na-arụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ ikike iwu na-enyo enyo maka TOML.

Bryant, C. (2021, Septemba 13). Nde $500 nke ego SPAC na-apụ n'anya n'okpuru oke osimiri. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/ 2021-09-13/tmc-500-million-cash-shortfall-is-tale-of-spac-disappointment-greenwashing?leadSource=uverify%20wall

N'ịgbaso mpụta mbụ ahịa nke DeepGreen na Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition merger, na-ekepụta ụlọ ọrụ Metals a na-ere n'ihu ọha, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere nchegbu mbụ site n'aka ndị investors bụ ndị wepụrụ nkwado ego ha.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ, H., Steeds, O. (2021, Jun 1). Jidere Mkpagharị Anyị Nkeji 10: Ngwuputa oke osimiri. Podcast ozi Nekton. https://catchourdrift.org/episode10 deepseamining/

Ihe omume pọdkastị nkeji 50 na ndị ọbịa pụrụ iche Dr. Diva Amon iji kparịta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ogbunigwe miri emi nke oke osimiri, yana Gerrard Barron, Onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke Ụlọ ọrụ Metals.

Singh, P. (2021, Mee) .Deep Seabed Mining and Sustainable Development Goal 14, W. Leal Filho et al. (eds.), Ndụ N'okpuru Mmiri, Encyclopedia nke UN Sustainable Development Goals https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71064-8_135-1

Nlebanya na nrute nke ogbunigwe miri emi nke oke osimiri nwere ebumnuche mmepe Sustainable 14, Ndụ N'okpuru Mmiri. Onye edemede ahụ na-egosi mkpa ọ dị ime ka DSM na UN Sustainable Development Goals dị ná mma, karịsịa Goal 14, na-ekerịta na "ngwuputa ogbunigwe miri emi nwere ike ime ka ọrụ ngwupụta ala na-akawanye njọ, na-ebute nsonaazụ jọgburu onwe ya na-eme n'otu oge n'elu ala na n'oké osimiri." ( peeji nke 10).

BBVA (2020) Usoro gburugburu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. https://shareholdersandinvestors.bbva.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Environmental-and-Social-Framework-_-Dec.2020-140121.pdf.

BBVA's Environmental and Social Framework bu n'obi kesaa ụkpụrụ na ntuziaka maka itinye ego n'ime Ngwuputa, Agribusiness, ume, akụrụngwa, na ngalaba nchekwa na ndị ahịa na-ekere òkè na ụlọ akụ na itinye ego na BBVA. N'ime ọrụ Ngwuputa ihe amachibidoro, BBVA depụtara ogbunigwe n'oké osimiri, na-egosi enweghị mmasị n'ozuzu iji kwado ndị ahịa ma ọ bụ ọrụ ndị nwere mmasị na DSM.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, na Lily, H. (2020) ., Ihe ịma aka na nkwado nke ngwuputa ala miri emi. Mba. Na-akwado. 3, 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

Nyochaa nyocha nke ugbu a banyere ogbunigwe miri emi nke oke osimiri n'ihe gbasara mmepe na-adigide. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-atụle mkpali maka ogbunigwe miri emi nke oke osimiri, ihe nkwado nkwado, nchegbu gbasara iwu na echiche, yana ụkpụrụ omume. Edemede a kwụsịrị na ndị edemede na-akwado akụ na ụba okirikiri iji zere igwu ala mmiri miri emi.

Azụ n'elu

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8. Ọrụ na nkwụghachi ụgwọ echiche

Proelss, A., Steenkamp, ​​RC (2023). Ọrụ n'okpuru Nkebi XI UNCLOS (Ngwupụta Mmiri miri emi). Na: Gailhofer, P., Krebs, D., Proelss, A., Schmalenbach, K., Verheyen, R. (eds) Ọrụ ụlọọrụ maka mmerụ ahụ gburugburu gburugburu. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13264-3_13

Isi akwụkwọ nke Nọvemba 2022 nke chọpụtara na, “[g]aps na iwu ụlọ ugbu a nwere ike ibute enweghị nnabata na [UNCLOS] Nkeji edemede 235, nke gụnyere ọdịda nke ọrụ nleba anya nke steeti ma nwee ike ikpughe steeti na ụgwọ. ” Nke a dị mkpa n'ihi na ekwuputala ya na nanị ịmepụta iwu ụlọ iji chịkwaa DSM na Mpaghara nwere ike ichekwa steeti ndị na-akwado ya. 

Ndụmọdụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere akụkọ ahụ Ọrụ na Ọrụ maka mmebi na-esite na mmemme na Mpaghara: Attribution of Liabilty, nke Tara Davenport nwekwara: https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ responsibility-and-liability-damage-arising-out-activities-area-attribution-liability/

Craik, N. (2023). Ịchọpụta ọkọlọtọ maka ụgwọ maka mmerụ ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi sitere na Ọrụ Ngwuputa Ngwuputa miri emi nke oke osimiri, p. 5 https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ determining-standard-liability-environmental-harm-deep-seabed-mining-activities/

Ndị Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Secretariat Commonwealth na Secretariat nke International Seabed Authority (ISA) mebere ihe gbasara ọrụ maka ọrụ Ngwuputa miri emi iji nyere aka n'ịkọwa okwu gbasara iwu nke ọrụ na ibu ọrụ na-akwado mmepe nke nrigbu. ụkpụrụ maka oke osimiri miri emi. CIGI, na mmekorita ya na ISA Secretariat na Commonwealth Secretariat, na 2017, kpọrọ ndị ọkachamara n'iwu iwu ka ha guzobe otu Legal Working Group on Liability for Environmental Harm from Activities in the Area (LWG) iji kparịta ụgwọ metụtara mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi, na ebumnuche ya. nke inye Commissionlọ Ọrụ Iwu na Nka na ụzụ, yana ndị otu ISA nyocha miri emi nke okwu gbasara iwu na ụzọ ndị nwere ike.

Mackenzie, R. (2019, Febụwarị 28). Ọrụ iwu maka mmerụ ahụ gburugburu site na Ọrụ Ngwuputa Ngwuputa nke oke osimiri: Na-akọwa mmebi gburugburu. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Okwu ndị dịịrị maka Ngwuputa ihe omimi nke oke osimiri nwere nhazi na nleba anya, yana nyocha isiokwu asaa miri emi. Ọ bụ Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Commonwealth Secretariat na Secretariat nke International Seabed Authority (ISA) mepụtara oru ngo a iji nyere aka n'ịkọwa okwu gbasara iwu gbasara ọrụ na ibu ọrụ na-akwado mmepe nke iwu nrigbu maka oke osimiri. CIGI, na mmekorita ya na ISA Secretariat na Commonwealth Secretariat, na 2017, kpọrọ ndị isi ndị ọkachamara gbasara iwu ka ha guzobe otu Legal Working Group on Liability for Environmental Harm from Activities in the Area, iji kparịta ụgwọ metụtara mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi, na ebumnuche nke inye Kọmịshọna Iwu na nka na ụzụ, yana ndị otu ISA nwere nyocha miri emi nke okwu gbasara iwu na ụzọ ndị nwere ike.”) 

Maka ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara ihe gbasara ụgwọ ọrụ metụtara Deep Seabed Mining, biko hụ Centre for International Governance Innovation's (CIGI) usoro akpọrọ: Ihe gbasara ụgwọ maka Deep Seabed Mining Series, nke enwere ike ịnweta na: https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Davenport, T. (2019, Febụwarị 7). Ọrụ na ụgwọ maka mmebi na-esite na mmemme dị na mpaghara: Ndị ahịa nwere ike ime na ebe enwere ike. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Akwụkwọ a na-enyocha ihe dị iche iche metụtara ịchọpụta ndị na-azọrọ na ha nwere mmasị zuru oke nke iwu iji weta nkwubi okwu maka mmebi na-esite na ihe omume na mpaghara gafere ikike obodo (guzobere) yana ma ndị na-azọrọ na ha nwere ohere ịnweta nzuko mkpezi esemokwu iji kwado ihe ndị dị otú ahụ. , bụrụ ụlọ ikpe mba ụwa, ụlọikpe ma ọ bụ ụlọ ikpe mba (nnweta). Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-arụ ụka na isi ihe ịma aka dị n'ihe gbasara ogbunigwe miri emi nke oke osimiri bụ na mmebi nwere ike imetụta ma ọdịmma onye ọ bụla na nke otu mba ụwa, na-eme mkpebi nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-eguzobe ọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya.

Ụlọ esemokwu Seabed nke ITLOS, Ọrụ na Ọrụ nke States na-akwado ndị mmadụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-asọpụrụ ihe omume na mpaghara (2011), Echiche ndụmọdụ, Mba 17 (SDC Advisory Opinion 2011) https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents /cases/case_no_17/17_adv_op_010211_en.pdf

Echiche nkwekọ ọnụ nke a na-ehotakarị na akụkọ ihe mere eme sitere na International Tribunal for the Law of the Seabed Disputes Chamber, na-akọwapụta ikike na ibu ọrụ maka ịkwado steeti. Echiche a bụ ụkpụrụ kachasị elu nke ịdị uchu kwesịrị ekwesị gụnyere ọrụ iwu itinye n'ọrụ ịkpachara anya, omume gburugburu ebe obibi kacha mma na EIA. N'ụzọ dị mkpa, ọ na-achị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe nwere otu ọrụ gbasara nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mba ndị mepere emepe iji zere ịzụ ahịa forum ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ "ọkọlọtọ nke mma".

Azụ n'elu

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9. Ngwuputa ala mmiri na ihe nketa omenala n'okpuru mmiri

Iji lens biocultural wuo pilina (mmekọrịta) na kai lipo (ihe ndị dị omimi nke oke osimiri) | Ụlọ ọrụ nke National Marine Sanctuaries. (2022). Eweghachitere Maachị 13, 2023, site na https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/ teachers/utilizing-a-biocultural-lens-to-build-to-the-kai-lipo.html

Webinar nke Hōkūokahalelani Pihana, Kainalu Steward, na J. Hauʻoli Lorenzo-Elarco dị ka akụkụ nke usoro US National Marine Sanctuary Foundation na Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Usoro a bu n'obi ime ka ọ pụta ìhè mkpa ọ dị ịbawanye nsonye ụmụ amaala na sayensị oke osimiri, STEAM (Sayensị, Teknụzụ, Injinịa, Art, na Math), yana ọrụ na ngalaba ndị a. Ndị na-ekwu okwu na-atụle ọrụ nkewa na nyocha nke oke osimiri n'ime Ncheta na Johnston Atoll ebe ụmụ amaala Hawaii sonyere dị ka ndị nkuzi.

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., na Dahl, A. (2021). 'Ụdị ọdịnala ọdịnala nke njikwa akụrụngwa nke oke osimiri na ọnọdụ nke ogbunigwe miri emi na Pacific: Mụta site na njikọ mmekọrịta mmekọrịta ọha na eze n'etiti obodo Island na mpaghara oke osimiri', N'ihu. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

Nyocha sayensị nke ebe obibi mmiri na ihe nketa ọdịnala a na-apụghị ịhụ anya n'okpuru mmiri na Pacific Islands tụrụ anya na DSM ga-emetụta ya. A na-esonyere nlebanya a na nyocha iwu nke usoro iwu dị ugbu a iji chọpụta omume kachasị mma maka ichekwa na ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi site na mmetụta DSM.

Jeffery, B., McKinnon, JF na Van Tilburg, H. (2021). Ihe nketa omenala n'okpuru mmiri na Pacific: Gburugburu na ntụzịaka n'ọdịnihu. Akwụkwọ akụkọ International nke Asia Pacific Studies 17 (2): 135–168: https://doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.6

Edemede a na-akọwapụta ihe nketa ọdịnala dị n'okpuru mmiri nke dị n'ime oke osimiri Pasifik n'ụdị nke ọdịnala ụmụ amaala, ahia Manila Galleon, yana ihe ndị sitere na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Mkparịta ụka nke edemede atọ a na-ekpughe ụdị oge dị iche iche nke UCH na oke osimiri Pasifik.

Turner, PJ, Cannon, S., DeLand, S., Delgado, JP, Eltis, D., Halpin, PN, Kanu, MI, Sussman, CS, Varmer, O., & Van Dover, CL (2020). Na-echeta ngafe etiti na oke osimiri Atlantic na mpaghara gafere ikike mba. Iwu mmiri, 122, 104254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104254

N'ịkwado nkwado na ikpe ziri ezi maka afọ iri mba ụwa maka ndị mmadụ n'Africa (2015-2024), ndị nchọpụta na-achọ ụzọ ha ga-esi cheta ma sọpụrụ ndị nwetara otu n'ime njem 40,000 si Africa gaa America dị ka ndị ohu. A na-eme nchọpụta maka ihe ndị dị n'ime ala na oke osimiri mba ụwa ("Area") na Atlantic Basin, nke International Seabed Authority (ISA) na-achị. Site na Mgbakọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na Iwu nke Oké Osimiri (UNCLOS), Steeti ndị otu ISA nwere ọrụ ichekwa ihe gbasara ihe mgbe ochie na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị na mpaghara ahụ. Ihe ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe atụ dị mkpa nke ihe nketa omenala n'okpuru mmiri ma nwee ike ijikọta ya ihe nketa omenala a na-apụghị ịhụ anya, dị ka egosipụtara site na njikọ okpukpe, omenala omenala, nka na akwụkwọ. Edemede, egwu, nka na akwụkwọ n'oge a na-egosi mkpa oke osimiri Atlantic dị na ebe nchekwa omenala ndị obodo Afrịka, mana ISA ka amatabeghị ihe nketa omenala a. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-atụ aro icheta ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ weere dị ka ihe nketa omenala ụwa. Ụzọ ndị a na-agafe mpaghara oke osimiri Atlantic ebe enwere mmasị na igwu ala miri emi. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-atụ aro ịghọta Middle Passage tupu ikwe ka DSM na nrigbu ịnweta mee.

Evans, A na Keith, M. (2011, Disemba). Ntụle nke saịtị ihe ochie na ọrụ ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri na mmanụ gas. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/ MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Amanda%20M. %20Evans_Paper_01.pdf

Na United States, Gulf of Mexico, ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas chọrọ ka Bureau of Ocean Energy Management iji nye nyocha ihe ochie nke ihe onwunwe nwere ike na mpaghara ọrụ ha dị ka ọnọdụ nke usoro ntinye akwụkwọ ikike. Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ a na-elekwasị anya na nyocha mmanụ na gas, akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ usoro maka ikike.

Bingham, B., Foley, B., Singh, H., na Camilli, R. (2010, Nọvemba). Ngwa Robotic maka nkà mmụta ihe ochie nke mmiri miri emi: iji ụgbọ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri nyochaa ụgbọ mmiri ochie. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ubi Robotics DOI: 10.1002/rob.20359. PDF.

Iji ụgbọ ala nọ n'okpuru mmiri (AUV) nke kwụụrụ onwe ya bụ teknụzụ bụ isi eji achọpụta na nyocha saịtị ọdịnala dị n'okpuru mmiri dịka nyocha nke saịtị Chios dị n'Oké Osimiri Aegean gosipụtara nke ọma. Nke a na-egosi ikike maka teknụzụ AUV ka etinyere na nyocha nke ụlọ ọrụ DSM mere iji nyere aka chọpụta saịtị ndị dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na etinyeghị teknụzụ a na ngalaba DSM mgbe ahụ enwere ike ibibi saịtị ndị a tupu achọpụtara ha.

Azụ n'elu

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10. Ikikere Ọha (Oku Moratorium, mmachi gọọmentị, na nkọwa ụmụ amaala)

Kaikonen, L., & Virtanen, EA (2022). Ngwuputa mmiri na-emighị emi na-emebi ebumnuche nkwado zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ụdị na Ọmụmụ Ihe Ọmụmụ & Mgbanwe, 37(11), 931-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.08.001

A na-akwalite akụrụngwa ịnweta ala dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ka nhọrọ na-adigide iji gboo mkpa ígwè na-abawanye ụba. Agbanyeghị, ngwuputa mmiri na-emighị emi megidere ebumnuche nchekwa na nkwado mba ụwa yana a ka na-emepebe iwu nhazi ya. Ọ bụ ezie na isiokwu a na-ekwu maka igwu mmiri na-emighị emi, arụmụka na ọ dịghị ihe ezi uche dị na ya na-akwado igwu mmiri na-emighị emeri nwere ike itinye n'oké osimiri dị omimi, karịsịa n'ihe gbasara enweghị atụnyere omume dị iche iche nke Ngwuputa.

Hamley, GJ (2022). Mmetụta nke igwu ala mmiri na Mpaghara maka ikike mmadụ nwere ahụike. Nyochaa nke European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 31 (3), 389 – 398. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12471

Nyocha nke iwu a na-egosi mkpa ọ dị ịtụle ahụike mmadụ na mkparịta ụka gbasara ogbunigwe miri emi. Onye edemede ahụ na-ekwu na ọtụtụ n'ime mkparịta ụka na DSM lekwasịrị anya n'ihe gbasara ego na gburugburu ebe obibi nke omume ahụ, ma na ahụike mmadụ anọghị ya. Dị ka arụmụka n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, "ikike mmadụ nwere ahụike, dabere na ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke mmiri. Na ndabere nke a, States nọ n'okpuru ngwugwu ọrụ n'okpuru ikike ahụike gbasara nchebe nke mmiri di iche iche ... Analysis of the draft regime for the exploitation period of seabed Ngwuputa na-egosi na, ka ọ dị ugbu a, States emezughị ibu ọrụ ha n'okpuru. ikike ahụ ike.” Onye edemede ahụ na-enye ndụmọdụ maka ụzọ isi tinye ahụike mmadụ na ikike mmadụ n'ime mkparịta ụka gburugburu ogbunigwe miri emi na ISA.

Njikọ nchekwa oke osimiri miri emi. (2020). Ngwuputa ihe omimi nke oke osimiri: Sayensị na mmetụta enwere ike ime 2. Njikọ Nchekwa Oké Osimiri miri emi. http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/02_DSCC_FactSheet2_DSM_ science_4pp_web.pdf

Nkwụsị maka igwu mmiri dị omimi dị mkpa n'ihi nchegbu banyere adịghị ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị omimi, enweghị ozi gbasara mmetụta dị ogologo oge, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọrụ Ngwuputa n'ime oke osimiri. Mpempe akwụkwọ akụkọ anọ ahụ na-ekpuchi egwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke ogbunigwe miri emi na mbara ala abyssal, oke osimiri, na ikuku mmiri.

Mengerink, KJ, et al., (2014, Mee 16). Oku maka nlekọta nke miri-osimiri. Nzukọ amụma, oké osimiri. AAAS. Sayensị, Vol. 344. PDF

A na-eyirị oke osimiri dị omimi egwu site n'ọtụtụ ihe omume anthropogenic na igwu ala mmiri bụ ihe egwu ọzọ dị ịrịba ama nke enwere ike ịkwụsị. Ya mere, mkpokọta nke ndị isi ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị n'oké osimiri emeela nkwupụta ọha na eze ịkpọ oku maka nlekọta miri emi nke oke osimiri.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, na Lily, H. (2020) ., Ihe ịma aka na nkwado nke ngwuputa ala miri emi. Mba. Na-akwado. 3, 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

The Ocean Foundation na-atụ aro ka a nyochaa ụgwọ iwu ugbu a, gụnyere California Seabed Mining Prevention Act, Washington's Banyere mgbochi nke ogbunigwe nke mineral siri ike, na nkwekọrịta amachibidoro Oregon maka nyocha maka mineral siri ike. Ndị a nwere ike inye aka na-eduzi ndị ọzọ n'imepụta iwu iji belata mmebi nke ngwupụta ala mmiri na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè isi ihe ndị na-egwupụta ihe n'akụkụ mmiri na-adabereghị na mmasị ọha.

• California - https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/ billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1832& showamends=false
• Washington - https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=5145&Initiative=false &Year=2021
• Oregon - https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_ 274.610

Njikọ nchekwa Deepsea. (2022). Mgbochi nke Ngwuputa Mmiri miri emi: Gọọmenti na ndị omeiwu. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-governments-and-parliamentarians/

Ruo Disemba 2022, steeti iri na abụọ ewerela mkpebi megide Deep Seabed Mining. Steeti anọ ewepụtala njikọ aka iji kwado moratorium DSM (Palau, Fiji, Federated States of Micronesia, na Samoa, steeti abụọ ekwupụtala nkwado maka mkpegharị ahụ (New Zealand na ọgbakọ French Polynesia. Steeti isii akwadola nkwụsịtụ (Germany, Costa Rica, Chile, Spain, Panama na Ecuador), ebe France kwadoro maka mmachibido iwu.

Njikọ nchekwa Deepsea. (2022). Mgbochi nke Ngwuputa Mmiri miri emi: Gọọmenti na ndị omeiwu. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-fishing-sector/

Ndị otu Deepsea Conservation Coalition achịkọtala ndepụta otu dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ na-akpọ maka nkwụsịtụ na DSM. Ndị a gụnyere: Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọkachamara Ọkachamara Ọkachamara Azụ Azụ nke Africa, EU Advisory Councils, International Pole and Line Foundation, Norwegian Fisheries Association, South African Tuna Association, na South African Hake Long Line Association.

Thaler, A. (2021, Eprel 15). Ndị isi ụdị asị Mba na Ngwuputa oke osimiri, maka oge a. DSM Observer. https://dsmobserver.com/2021/04/major-brands-say-no-to-deep-sea-mining-for-the-moment/

Na 2021, ọtụtụ nnukwu teknụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala wepụtara nkwupụta na ha kwadoro moratorium DSM maka oge a. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị a gụnyere Google, BMW<Volvo, na Samsung SDI bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke World Wide Fund For Nature's Global Deep-Sea Mining Moratorium Campaign. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe doro anya kpatara ịsụ ude dị iche iche, ekwuru na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a nwere ike iche ihe ịma aka maka ọnọdụ ha na-adịgide adịgide, ebe ọ bụ na mineral ndị dị n'oké osimiri agaghị edozi nsogbu nke mmetụta ndị na-emerụ ahụ nke Ngwuputa nakwa na igwu mmiri miri emi agaghị ebelata nsogbu ndị metụtara ya. Ngwuputa ihe nke uwa.

Companieslọ ọrụ gara n'ihu na-abanye na Mgbasa Ozi, gụnyere Patagonia, Scania, na Triodos Bank, maka ozi ndị ọzọ hụ. https://sevenseasmedia.org/major-companies-are-pledging-against-deep-sea-mining/.

Gọọmentị Guam (2021). MINA'TRENTAI SAIS NA LIHESLATURAN GUÅHAN Mkpebi. Ndị omebe iwu Guam nke iri atọ na isii - Iwu Ọhaneze. (36). si https://www.guamlegislature.com/36th_Guam _Legislature/COR_Res_36th/Res.%20No.% 20210-36%20(COR).pdf

Guam abụrụla onye ndu na-agba mbọ maka ịkwụsị ọrụ na Ngwuputa Ngwuputa ma kwadoo ka gọọmentị etiti US wepụta iwu mgbochi na mpaghara akụ na ụba pụrụiche ha, yana maka International Seabed Authority wepụta iwu mgbochi n'ime oke osimiri.

Oberle, B. (2023, Maachị 6). Akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe nke Director General IUCN degaara ndị otu ISA na ogbunigwe miri emi. Nkwupụta ọnwa nke IUCN DG. https://www.iucn.org/dg-statement/202303/iucn-director-generals-open-letter-isa-members-deep-sea-mining

Na 2021 IUCN Congress na Marseille, Ndị otu IUCN tozuru oke ịnabata Mkpebi 122 na-akpọ ka a kwụsị ọrụ ngwuputa ogbunigwe miri emi ma ọ gwụla ma ruo mgbe a ghọtara ihe egwu dị na ya nke ọma, na-eme nyocha siri ike na nke doro anya, a na-emejuputa ụkpụrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ mmetọ, na-ahụ na a na-eme usoro akụ na ụba okirikiri, ọha mmadụ na-etinye aka, na-ekwe nkwa na ọchịchị ahụ. nke DSM bụ ihe doro anya, aza ajụjụ, gụnyere, dị irè, yana ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. E kwughachiri mkpebi a n'akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ IUCN, Dr. Bruno Oberle ka ewepụtara ya na ntụzịaka na nzụkọ International Seabed Authority nke March 2023 mere na Jamaica.

Njikọ nchekwa oke osimiri miri emi (2021, Nọvemba 29). N'ime oke omimi: Ezi ọnụ ahịa nke igwu mmiri miri emi. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuUjDkcINOE

Azụ n'elu | LAghachi n'ime nchọpụta