Chinsinsi China Pakuya kwa Nyanja: Migodi ya Nyanja

Wolemba: Carla O. García Zendejas

Ndikuwuluka pamtunda wa 39,000 ft. Pamene ndikuganiza za kuya kwa nyanja, malo amdima amenewo omwe ena a ife tinayamba kuwawona m'mabuku osowa komanso okongola omwe adatidziwitsa za Jacques Cousteau ndi zolengedwa zodabwitsa ndi zamoyo zam'madzi zomwe taphunzira kuzikonda ndi kuzikonda. padziko lonse lapansi. Ena a ife takhala ndi mwayi wosangalala ndi madzi akuya panyanja, kuyang'ana miyala yamchere, pamene tazunguliridwa ndi magulu achidwi a nsomba ndi nsonga zouluka.

Malo ena omwe akupitirizabe kudabwitsa akatswiri a zamoyo zam'madzi ndi aja omwe amapangidwa chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa madzi otentha kuchokera ku akasupe a mapiri ophulika kumene zamoyo zimakhalapo pa kutentha kwambiri. Zina mwa zopezedwa zopezedwa pofufuza akasupe a ziphala zamoto kapena osuta zinali chakuti mapiri a sulfure amene anapangidwa kuchokera ku kuphulikako analenga madontho ochuluka a mchere. Zitsulo zolemera kwambiri monga golide, siliva ndi mkuwa zimaunjikana m'mapiriwa omwe amapangidwa chifukwa cha madzi otentha omwe amachitira panyanja yozizira kwambiri. Zozama izi, zomwe sizinali zachilendo m'mbali zambiri ndizo zomwe makampani opanga migodi padziko lonse lapansi akuyang'ana.

Zochita zamakono zamigodi sizimafanana ndi lingaliro lomwe ambiri aife timakhala nalo ponena za mafakitale. Apita kale kwambiri masiku omwe mumatha kukumba golide ndi nkhwangwa, migodi yodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi yathetsedwa ndi miyala yomwe idapezeka mosavuta kuti ikumbidwe motere. Masiku ano, ma depositi azitsulo zolemera kwambiri omwe akadalipobe pansi ndi ochepa powayerekeza. Chifukwa chake njira yochotsera golide, kapena siliva ndi njira yamankhwala yomwe imachitika mukasuntha matani a dothi ndi miyala yomwe imayenera kugwa kenako kuperekedwa kuchapa mankhwala omwe chinthu chake chachikulu ndi cyanide kuphatikiza mamiliyoni a malita amadzi abwino kuti apeze imodzi. golide wonyezimira, izi zimadziwika kuti cyanide leaching. Chotsatira cha njirayi ndi matope oopsa omwe ali ndi arsenic, mercury, cadmium ndi lead pakati pa zinthu zina zapoizoni, zomwe zimadziwika kuti tailings. Miyendo ya migodi imeneyi nthawi zambiri imayikidwa mu zitunda pafupi ndi migodi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chiwopsezo ku dothi ndi madzi apansi panthaka.

Ndiye kodi migodi imeneyi imamasulira bwanji kuya kwa nyanja, nyanja, kuchotsedwa kwa matani a miyala ndi kuchotsedwa kwa mapiri a mchere omwe ali pansi pa nyanja kungakhudze bwanji zamoyo zam'madzi, kapena malo ozungulira kapena kutumphuka kwa nyanja. ? Kodi cyanide leaching imawoneka bwanji m'nyanja? Kodi chingachitike ndi chiyani ndi ma tails ochokera ku migodi? Chowonadi ndi chakuti sukuluyi idakali pa mafunso awa ndi ena ambiri, ngakhale mwalamulo. Chifukwa, ngati tingowona zomwe migodi yabweretsa kumadera kuchokera ku Cajamarca (Peru), Peñoles (Mexico) mpaka Nevada (USA) mbiri ikuwonekera. Mbiri ya kuchepa kwa madzi, kuyipitsidwa kwazitsulo zapoizoni ndi zotsatira za thanzi zomwe zimayenderana nazo ndizofala m'matauni ambiri amigodi. Zotsatira zomveka bwino ndi mawonekedwe a mwezi omwe amapangidwa ndi ma craters akuluakulu omwe amatha kufika mailosi akuya ndi oposa mailosi awiri m'lifupi. Zopindulitsa zokayikitsa zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi ntchito zamigodi nthawi zonse zimachepa chifukwa cha zovuta zobisika zazachuma komanso mtengo wachilengedwe. Madera padziko lonse lapansi akhala akutsutsana ndi ntchito zamigodi zam'mbuyomu ndi zamtsogolo kwazaka zambiri; milandu yatsutsa malamulo, zilolezo ndi zigamulo kudziko lonse ndi kumayiko ena mosiyanasiyana.

Kutsutsa kotereku kwayamba kale ponena za imodzi mwa ntchito zoyamba zamigodi ku Papua New Guinea, Nautilus Minerals Inc. kampani yaku Canada idapatsidwa chilolezo chazaka 20 kuti ichotse miyala yomwe akuti ili ndi golide wambiri ndi mkuwa 30. mtunda wa makilomita kuchokera ku gombe pansi pa Nyanja ya Bismarck. Pamenepa tikuchita ndi chilolezo chapakhomo ndi dziko kuti liyankhe pazomwe zingakhudzidwe ndi polojekitiyi. Koma chidzachitika ndi chiyani ndi zonena zamigodi zomwe zikuchitika m'madzi apadziko lonse lapansi? Ndani adzayimbidwe mlandu ndikuyankha pazotsatira zoyipa zomwe zingachitike?

Lowani ku International Seabed Authority, yomwe idapangidwa ngati gawo la United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea[1] (UNCLOS), bungwe lapadziko lonseli lili ndi udindo wokwaniritsa msonkhanowu ndikuwongolera ntchito za mineral pansi panyanja, pansi pa nyanja ndi pansi pa nthaka. madzi apadziko lonse. Bungwe la Legal and Technical Commission (lopangidwa ndi mamembala 25 osankhidwa ndi khonsolo ya ISA) likuwunikanso zopempha za ntchito zofufuza ndi migodi, komanso kuwunika ndi kuyang'anira ntchito ndi zotsatira za chilengedwe, chivomerezo chomaliza chaperekedwa ndi 36 membala ISA council. Mayiko ena pakali pano ali ndi makontrakitala a ufulu wokhawo wofufuza ndi China, Russia, South Korea, France, Japan ndi India; madera omwe anafufuzidwa ndi kukula kwa makilomita 150,000.

Kodi ISA ili ndi zida zothana ndi kufunikira kwa migodi ya pansi pa nyanja, kodi idzatha kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa ntchito? Kodi bungwe lapadziko lonseli lomwe lili ndi udindo woteteza nyanja zambiri padziko lapansi ndi lotani? Titha kugwiritsa ntchito tsoka la mafuta a BP ngati chizindikiro cha zovuta zomwe bungwe lalikulu loyang'anira bwino lomwe limapereka ndalama zambiri kumadzi akumayiko aku US ku US

Koma nkhani ina ndi yakuti US sanavomereze Mgwirizano wa UN pa Chilamulo cha Nyanja (mitundu ya 164 yavomereza msonkhanowu), pamene ena amaganiza kuti US sayenera kukhala nawo pa mgwirizanowu kuti ayambe migodi ya nyanja. ntchito zina sagwirizana nazo ndi mtima wonse. Ngati tifuna kufunsa kapena kutsutsa kukhazikitsidwa koyenera kwa kuyang'anira ndi miyezo ya chilengedwe kuti tipewe kuwononga kuya kwa nyanja, tiyenera kukhala nawo pazokambirana. Pamene sitikufuna kutsata mlingo womwewo wa kuunika padziko lonse lapansi timataya kukhulupirika ndi chifuniro chabwino. Choncho ngakhale tikudziwa kuti kukumba pansi pa nyanja ndi ntchito yoopsa, tiyenera kuda nkhawa ndi migodi ya m’nyanja yakuya chifukwa sitikumvetsabe kukula kwake.

[1] Chaka cha 30th cha UNCLOS chinali mutu wankhani yodziwitsa magawo awiri abulogu a Matthew Cannistraro patsamba lino.  

Chonde onani DSM Project's Regional Legislative and Regulatory Framework for Deep Sea Minerals Exploration and Exploitation, yofalitsidwa chaka chatha. Chikalatachi chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pano ndi mayiko a pachilumba cha Pacific kuti aphatikize m'malamulo awo owongolera omwe ali ndi udindo.

Carla García Zendejas ndi loya wodziwika bwino wa zachilengedwe wochokera ku Tijuana, Mexico. Chidziwitso chake ndi momwe amaonera zimachokera ku ntchito yake yaikulu kwa mabungwe apadziko lonse ndi a mayiko pazochitika za chikhalidwe, zachuma ndi zachilengedwe. M'zaka khumi ndi zisanu zapitazi wachita bwino kwambiri pamilandu yokhudzana ndi mphamvu zamagetsi, kuyipitsidwa kwamadzi, chilungamo cha chilengedwe ndi chitukuko cha malamulo aboma owonetsera poyera. Wapatsa mphamvu omenyera ufulu wokhala ndi chidziwitso chozama kuti athe kuthana ndi kuwononga chilengedwe komanso malo owopsa a gasi wachilengedwe omwe amatha kukhala owopsa pa chilumba cha Baja California, US ndi Spain. Carla ali ndi Masters mu Law kuchokera ku Washington College of Law ku American University. Pakali pano ndi Senior Program Officer for Human Rights & Extractive Industries ku Due Process of Law Foundation bungwe lopanda phindu lokhala ku Washington, DC.