Kutumiza kwa Arctic ndi Tsoka Likudikirira Kuti Lichitike

Wolemba Richard Steiner

Pamene wonyamula katundu waku Malaysia a Selendang Ayu adakhazikika ku Alaska's Aleutian Islands zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo sabata ino, chinali chikumbutso chomvetsa chisoni cha kuwopsa kwa zombo zakumpoto. Pamene tikuyenda kuchokera ku Seattle kupita ku China, mumkuntho woopsa wa Bering Sea ndi mphepo ya 70-knot ndi nyanja ya 25-foot, injini ya sitimayo inalephera. Pamene inkakokera kumtunda, kunalibe kukoka kwa m'nyanja yokwanira kuinyamula, ndipo inakafika pachilumba cha Unalaska pa December 8, 2004. Anthu 335,000 oyendetsa sitimayo anatayika, ndipo inasweka pakati, ndipo katundu wake wonse ndi oposa XNUMX. magaloni amafuta olemera adataya mafuta m'madzi a Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge). Mofanana ndi kutayikira kwina kwakukulu kwa m’madzi, kutayikira kumeneku kunalibe kusungidwa, ndipo kunapha zikwizikwi za mbalame za m’nyanja ndi zinyama zina za m’madzi, kutseka nsomba, ndi kuipitsa mailosi ambiri a m’mphepete mwa nyanja.

Monga masoka ambiri am'mafakitale, tsoka la Selendang Ayu lidachitika chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kowopsa kwa zolakwika za anthu, mavuto azachuma, kulephera kwamakina, kusasamala komanso kuyang'anira boma, ([PDF]Kukhazikitsa mbendera ya Malaysian Bulk Carrier M/V Selendang Ayu pa). Kwa nthawi ndithu, tsokali lidayang'ana kwambiri za ngozi ya zombo za kumpoto. Koma ngakhale zinthu zina zowopsa zinayankhidwa, kusasamala kunabwereranso. Masiku ano, tsoka la Selendang laiwalika, ndipo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zombo zapamadzi, chiwopsezochi ndi chachikulu kuposa kale.

Tsiku lililonse, zombo zazikulu zamalonda za 10-20 - zombo zonyamula, zonyamulira zambiri, zonyamula magalimoto, ndi akasinja akasinja - zimayenda "njira yayikulu yozungulira" pakati pa Asia ndi North America motsatira unyolo wa Aleutian wamakilomita 1,200. Pamene malonda akukwera chifukwa cha kutsika kwachuma, zotumiza motsatira njira iyi zikuchulukirachulukira. Ndipo pamene kutentha kwa dziko kukupitirira kusungunula madzi oundana a m’nyanja yachilimwe, kuchuluka kwa sitima zapamadzi kukukweranso kwambiri kudutsa nyanja ya Arctic. Chilimwe chapitachi, zombo zamalonda zokwana 46 zinadutsa kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya kumpoto pakati pa Ulaya ndi Asia kudutsa chigawo cha Russia.Barents Observer), kuwonjezereka kowirikiza kakhumi kuposa zaka ziwiri zokha zapitazo. Katundu wopitilira 1 miliyoni adakokedwa m'njira zonse ziwiri m'chilimwe chino (kuwonjezeka kwa 50% kuposa 2011), ndipo zambiri mwazinthu izi zinali zowopsa zamafuta amafuta monga mafuta a dizilo, mafuta a jet, ndi mpweya wamafuta. Ndipo sitima yoyamba yamadzimadzi yotchedwa Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) m'mbiri yakale inayenda ulendowu chaka chino, itanyamula LNG kuchokera ku Norway kupita ku Japan mu theka la nthawi yomwe ikadatengera kuyenda njira yabwinobwino ya Suez. Kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi gasi omwe amatumizidwa ku Northern Sea Route akuyembekezeka kufika matani 40 miliyoni pachaka pofika chaka cha 2020. Palinso kuchuluka kwa magalimoto oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi (makamaka kuzungulira Greenland), zombo za usodzi, ndi zombo zotumizira mafuta ndi gasi kumtunda ndi migodi. .

Iyi ndi bizinesi yowopsa. Izi ndi zombo zazikulu, zonyamula mafuta ndi katundu wowopsa, zoyenda panyanja zachinyengo m'mphepete mwa nyanja zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zachilengedwe, zoyendetsedwa ndi makampani omwe malonda awo nthawi zambiri amawononga chitetezo, komanso popanda njira zopewera kapena njira zothanirana ndi ngozi. Ambiri mwa magalimotowa amakhala akunja komanso "panjira yosalakwa," pansi pa Mbendera Yabwino, yokhala ndi Gulu Lothandizira, komanso chitetezo chochepa. Ndipo zonsezi zimachitika mosawoneka, osaganizira za anthu ndi owongolera boma. Iliyonse mwamayendedwe a sitimawa imayika moyo wamunthu pachiwopsezo, chuma, komanso chilengedwe, ndipo chiwopsezo chikukula chaka chilichonse. Kutumiza kumadzetsa kuyambika kwa zamoyo zam'madzi, phokoso lapansi pamadzi, kumenyedwa ndi sitima zapamadzi pa nyama zam'madzi, ndi mpweya wochuluka. Koma pamene zina za zombo zimenezi zimanyamula malita mamiliyoni ambiri a mafuta olemera, ndi matanki amanyamula magaloni mamiliyoni makumi ambiri a mafuta kapena makemikolo, mwachionekere mantha aakulu koposa ndiwo kutayikira koopsa.

Poyankha kwa Selengang tsoka, mgwirizano wa mabungwe omwe si a boma, Amwenye a ku Alaska, ndi asodzi amalonda adagwirizana mu Shipping Safety Partnership kuti alimbikitse chitetezo chokwanira m'njira za Aleutian ndi Arctic. Mu 2005, Mgwirizanowu udafuna kutsata zenizeni za zombo zonse, zokoka zopulumutsira m'nyanja, zotengera zadzidzidzi, mapangano oyenda, malo omwe apewedwe, kuchuluka kwachuma, zothandizira kuyenda bwino, kuyendetsa bwino ndege, kulumikizana koyenera. ma protocol, zida zabwino zoyankhira kutayikira, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zonyamula katundu, komanso kuwunika kwa ngozi zapamadzi. Zina mwa izi ("zipatso zotsika kwambiri") zakhazikitsidwa: malo owonjezera otsata amangidwa, zotengera zonyamula zonyamula zimakhazikitsidwa kale ku Dutch Harbor, pali ndalama zambiri komanso zida zoyankhira zotayika, Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment inali. zomwe zidachitika (MABUKU > Zokhudzana > AMSA - US Arctic Research ...), ndipo kuwunika kwa ngozi ya zombo za Aleutian kukuchitika (Aleutian Islands Risk Assessment Project Home Tsamba).

Koma pochepetsa chiwopsezo chonse cha zombo za ku Arctic ndi Aleutian, galasi likadali mwina gawo limodzi lodzaza, magawo atatu mwa atatu opanda kanthu. Dongosolo ili kutali ndi chitetezo. Mwachitsanzo, kutsata zombo zapamadzi kumakhalabe kosakwanira, ndipo komabe palibe zida zamphamvu zopulumutsira panyanja zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa njira. Poyerekeza, pambuyo pa Exxon Valdez, Prince William Sound tsopano ali ndi anthu khumi ndi amodzi operekeza & mayankho amakoka pa standby kwa akasinja ake (Pipeline ya Alyeska – TAPS – SERVS). M’magazini yotchedwa Aleutians, lipoti la mu 2009 la National Academy of Sciences linati: “Palibe njira zimene zilipo zimene zingathandizire kulimbana ndi ngalawa zazikulu m’nyengo yozizira kwambiri.”
Mtsinje wa ING OBMadera awiri odetsa nkhawa kwambiri, omwe ambiri mwa zombozi amayenda, ndi Unimak Pass (pakati pa Gulf of Alaska ndi Bering Sea kum'mawa kwa Aleutians), ndi Bering Strait (pakati pa Bering Sea ndi Arctic Ocean). Popeza kuti madera amenewa amathandiza nyama za m’nyanja zambiri, mbalame za m’nyanja, nsomba, nkhanu, ndiponso zokolola zambiri kuposa zamoyo zonse za m’nyanja zapamadzi padziko lonse, ngoziyo n’njodziwikiratu. Kutembenuka kumodzi kolakwika kapena kutayika kwa mphamvu kwa tanki yodzaza kapena yonyamula katundu m'njirazi zitha kubweretsa tsoka lalikulu. Chifukwa chake, onse a Unimak Pass ndi Bering Strait adalimbikitsidwa mu 2009 kuti atchulidwe padziko lonse lapansi ngati Madera Ovuta Kwambiri Panyanja, ndi Zipilala Zapamadzi Zapamadzi kapena Malo Opatulika, koma boma la US silinachitepo kanthu pamalingaliro awa (Musamayembekezere Malo Opatulika Atsopano Panyanja Pansi ... - Maloto Wamba).

Mwachiwonekere, tiyenera kupeza chothandizira pa izi tsopano, tsoka lotsatira lisanachitike. Malingaliro onse a Shipping Safety Partnership kuyambira 2005 (pamwambapa) akuyenera kukhazikitsidwa nthawi yomweyo kudutsa njira za Aleutian ndi Arctic, makamaka kutsatira mosalekeza ndi kupulumutsa zombo. Makampani ayenera kulipira zonse kudzera pa chindapusa chonyamula katundu. Ndipo, maboma ayenera kukakamiza International Maritime Organisation's Guidelines for Ships Operating in Arctic ice-kutidwa ndi madzi oundana, kupititsa patsogolo kufufuza ndi kupulumutsa mphamvu, ndikukhazikitsa Regional Citizens 'Advisory Councils (Prince William Sound Regional Citizens 'Advisory Council) kuyang'anira ntchito zonse zamalonda zam'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Kutumiza kwa Arctic ndi tsoka lomwe likuyembekezera kuchitika. Sikuti ngati, koma pamene ndi kumene tsoka lotsatira lidzachitika. Izo zikhoza kukhala usikuuno kapena zaka kuchokera pano; ikhoza kukhala ku Unimak Pass, Bering Strait, Novaya Zemlya, Baffin Island, kapena Greenland. Koma zidzachitika. Maboma aku Arctic ndi makampani oyendetsa zombo ayenera kuyesetsa kwambiri kuchepetsa ngoziyi momwe angathere, ndipo posachedwa.

Richard Steiner amatsogolera Oasis Earth pulojekiti - mlangizi wapadziko lonse lapansi wogwira ntchito ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma, maboma, mafakitale, ndi mabungwe kuti afulumizitse kusintha kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chilengedwe chokhazikika. Oasis Earth imachita Kuwunika Mwachangu kwa mabungwe omwe siaboma m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene pazovuta zachitetezo, amawunikanso zowunikira zachilengedwe, ndikuchita maphunziro otukuka bwino.