Chidule cha CHOW 2013

M'munsimu muli chidule cholembedwa cha gulu lirilonse lomwe linachitika mu CHOW 2013 chaka chino.
Yolembedwa ndi ophunzira athu achilimwe: Caroline Coogan, Scot Hoke, Subin Nepal ndi Paula Senff

Chidule cha Keynote Address

Mphepo yamkuntho Sandy inasonyeza bwino lomwe kufunikira kwa kupirira komanso kuthamangitsidwa. Pankhani zake zosiyirana zapachaka, bungwe la National Marine Sanctuary Foundation likufuna kuyang'ana nkhani yosunga nyanja m'njira yotakata yomwe ikukhudza okhudzidwa ndi akatswiri ochokera m'magawo osiyanasiyana.

Dr. Kathryn Sullivan adawonetsa ntchito yofunikira yomwe CHOW imasewera ngati malo ophatikizana ndi luso, kugwirizanitsa ndi kugwirizanitsa pa nkhani. Nyanja imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri padzikoli. Madoko ndi ofunikira pamalonda, 50% ya okosijeni wathu amapangidwa m'nyanja ndipo anthu 2.6 biliyoni amadalira chuma chake kuti apeze chakudya. Ngakhale kuti malamulo angapo oteteza zachilengedwe akhazikitsidwa, mavuto aakulu, monga masoka achilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa zombo zapamadzi m’chigawo cha Arctic, ndi kugwa kwa usodzi zidakalipo. Komabe, kuthamanga kwa chitetezo cham'madzi kumakhalabe kocheperako, pomwe 8% yokha ya malo ku US adasankhidwa kuti asungidwe komanso kusowa kwandalama zokwanira.

Zotsatira za Sandy zidawonetsa kufunikira kwa kulimba kwa madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku zochitika zanyengo zowopsa. Pamene anthu ochulukirachulukira akusamukira ku gombe, kulimba kwawo kumakhala nkhani yodziwiratu zam'tsogolo. Kukambirana kwa sayansi ndikofunikira kuti ateteze chilengedwe chake komanso nzeru za chilengedwe ndi chida chofunikira popanga zitsanzo, kuwunika ndi kufufuza. Zochitika zanyengo zikuyembekezeka kuchitika kaŵirikaŵiri, pamene zamoyo zamitundumitundu zikuchepa, ndipo kusodza mopambanitsa, kuipitsa, ndi kusungunuka kwa asidi m’nyanja kumawonjezera mphamvu. Ndikofunika kulola chidziwitso ichi kulimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu. Superstorm Sandy monga kafukufuku akuwonetsa komwe kuchita ndi kukonzekera zidapambana, komanso komwe zidalephera. Zitsanzo ndizowonongeka zomwe zikuchitika ku Manhattan, zomwe zidamangidwa poyang'ana kukhazikika osati kulimba mtima. Kulimba mtima kuyenera kukhala kuphunzira kuthana ndi vuto ndi njira m'malo mongolimbana nalo. Sandy adawonetsanso mphamvu yachitetezo cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja, chomwe chiyenera kukhala chofunikira pakubwezeretsa. Pofuna kuonjezera kupirira, mbali zake za chikhalidwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa komanso kuopsa kwa madzi pa nyengo yovuta kwambiri. Kukonzekera kwanthawi yake komanso ma chart olondola apanyanja ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pokonzekera zosintha zamtsogolo zomwe nyanja zathu zimakumana nazo, monga masoka achilengedwe kapena kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ku Arctic. Luso lazachilengedwe lakhala ndi zopambana zambiri, monga kuneneratu kwa maluwa a algal ku Nyanja ya Erie ndi madera a No-Take ku Florida Keys kunapangitsa kuti mitundu yambiri ya nsomba ipezeke komanso kuchuluka kwa nsomba zamalonda. Chida china ndi mapu a zigamba za asidi ku West Coast ndi NOAA. Chifukwa cha acidity ya m'nyanja, msika wa nkhono m'derali watsika ndi 80%. Umisiri wamakono ungagwiritsidwe ntchito pothandiza monga chenjezo kwa asodzi.

Kuoneratu zam'tsogolo n'kofunika kuti zigwirizane ndi zomangamanga kuti zigwirizane ndi kusintha kwa nyengo komanso kuwonjezeka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mawonekedwe abwino a nyengo ndi zachilengedwe amafunikira kuti athetsere bwino nkhani za kupezeka kwa data zosafanana ndi zomangamanga zokalamba. Kukhazikika kwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja kuli ndi zinthu zambiri ndipo zovuta zake ziyenera kuthetsedwa mwa kuphatikiza maluso ndi zoyesayesa.

Kodi ndife osatetezeka bwanji? Nthawi Yakusintha kwa Gombe

MODERATOR: Austin Becker, Ph. D. Candidate, Stanford University, Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources PANEL: Kelly A. Burks-Copes, Research Ecologist, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center; Lindene Patton, Chief Climate Product Officer, Zurich Inshuwalansi

Seminala yotsegulira ya CHOW 2013 idayang'ana kwambiri nkhani zokhudzana ndi ngozi zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kutentha kwa dziko m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi njira zothetsera vutoli. Mamita 0.6 mpaka 2 a kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja akuyembekezeredwa ndi 2100 komanso kuwonjezereka kwa mphepo yamkuntho ndi mvula yam'mphepete mwa nyanja. Momwemonso, pali kuyembekezera kukwera kwa kutentha komwe kumapita ku madigiri a 100 + ndikuwonjezeka kwa kusefukira kwa madzi pofika chaka cha 2100. Ngakhale kuti anthu amakhudzidwa makamaka ndi zam'tsogolo, zotsatira za nthawi yayitali ndizofunikira makamaka pokonzekera zomangamanga, zomwe ziyenera kukhalapo. zochitika zam'tsogolo osati zomwe zilipo. US Army Engineer Research and Development Center imayang'ana kwambiri zanyanja chifukwa madera am'mphepete mwa nyanja ali ndi zofunika kwambiri pakukhala ndi moyo tsiku ndi tsiku. M'mphepete mwa nyanja muli chilichonse kuyambira pa zida zankhondo mpaka zoyenga mafuta. Ndipo izi ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pachitetezo cha dziko. Chifukwa chake, USAERDC imafufuza ndikuyika mapulani oteteza nyanja. Pakali pano, kukwera msanga kwa chiwerengero cha anthu ndi kuchepa kwa zinthu chifukwa cha kukwera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu ndizovuta kwambiri m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Pomwe, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kwathandizadi USAERDC kunola njira zofufuzira ndikupeza njira zothetsera mavuto osiyanasiyana (Becker).

Poganizira za malingaliro amakampani a inshuwaransi, kusiyana kofunikira pakukhazikika pakuwonjezeka kwa masoka am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikodetsa nkhawa kwambiri. Dongosolo la ndondomeko za inshuwaransi zomwe zasinthidwa chaka chilichonse sikungoyang'ana kuyankha zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa za kusintha kwa nyengo. Kusowa kwa ndalama zothandizira kukonzanso masoka a federal kukufanana ndi kusiyana kwa chitetezo cha anthu kwazaka 75 ndipo malipiro a tsoka la federal akuwonjezeka. M'kupita kwa nthawi, makampani azinsinsi atha kukhala ochita bwino pakuwongolera ndalama za inshuwaransi zaboma chifukwa amayang'ana kwambiri mitengo yotengera ngozi. Zomangamanga zobiriwira, zodzitchinjiriza zachilengedwe zolimbana ndi masoka, zimakhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu ndipo zikukhala zosangalatsa kwambiri kumakampani a inshuwaransi (Burks-Copes). Monga chidziwitso chaumwini, Burks-Copes adamaliza mawu ake polimbikitsa akatswiri azamakampani ndi zachilengedwe kuti agwiritse ntchito uinjiniya womwe ungathandize kuthana ndi kuchepetsa masoka obwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo m'malo moyambitsa milandu.

Kafukufuku wophatikizana ndi Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo, Dipatimenti ya Mphamvu ndi Army Corps of Engineers adapanga chitsanzo chowunika kukonzekera kwa maziko ndi malo ku zochitika zanyengo. Zopangidwira Norfolk Naval Station pa Chesapeake Bay, zochitika zitha kupangidwa kuti ziwonetsere zotsatira za kukula kwa mkuntho, kutalika kwa mafunde ndi kuuma kwa nyanja. Chitsanzochi chimasonyeza zotsatira za zinthu zopangidwa ndi zomangamanga komanso chilengedwe, monga kusefukira kwa madzi ndi kulowa kwa madzi amchere m'madzi. Kafukufuku woyendetsa ndege adawonetsa kusakonzekera kowopsa ngakhale pakasefukira kwa chaka chimodzi komanso kukwera pang'ono kwa nyanja. Chibowo chapawiri chomwe changopangidwa posachedwapa chakhala chosayenera kuti chichitike mtsogolo. Chitsanzocho chili ndi kuthekera kolimbikitsa kuganiza mozama za kukonzekera mwadzidzidzi komanso kuzindikira nsonga zangozi. Deta yabwino yokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndiyofunika kuti pakhale chitsanzo chabwino (Patton).

Zatsopano Zatsopano: Kugwirizana ndi Zowopsa Zakugombe

MAU OYAMBA: J. Garcia

Nkhani za chilengedwe cha m’mphepete mwa nyanja ndizofunika kwambiri ku Florida Keys ndipo ndondomeko ya Joint Climate Action Plan ikufuna kuthana ndi izi kudzera mu maphunziro ophatikizana, kulumikizana ndi anthu komanso mfundo. Sipanayankhe mwamphamvu ndi Congress ndipo ovota akuyenera kukakamiza akuluakulu osankhidwa kuti alimbikitse kusintha. Pakhala pali chidziwitso chochuluka cha chilengedwe cha anthu ogwira nawo ntchito omwe amadalira chuma cha m'nyanja, monga asodzi.

MODERATOR: Alessandra Score, Lead Scientist, EcoAdapt PANEL: Michael Cohen, Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa Zaboma, Renaissance Re Jessica Grannis, Staff Attorney, Georgetown Climate Center Michael Marrella, Director, Waterfront and Open Space Planning Division, Dipatimenti Yopanga Mapulani a Mzinda John D. Schelling, Earthquake/Tsunami/Volcano Programs Manager, Washington Military Department, Emergency Management Division David Waggonner, Purezidenti, Waggonner & Ball Architects

Pamene kusintha kwa ngozi za m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumakhala kovuta kulosera zosintha zamtsogolo komanso makamaka kusatsimikizika kwa mtundu ndi kuopsa kwa kusintha kumeneku komwe anthu amawona ndizovuta. Kusintha kumaphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana monga kubwezeretsa, kuteteza nyanja, madzi abwino komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo otetezedwa. Komabe, pakali pano cholinga chake ndi kuwunika zotsatira, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito njira kapena kuyang'anira momwe zikuyendera. Kodi cholinga chingasunthidwe bwanji kuchoka pakukonzekera kupita ku kuchitapo kanthu (Zigoli)?

Makampani a inshuwaransi (inshuwaransi yamakampani a inshuwaransi) amakhala ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu chokhudzana ndi masoka ndikuyesera kulekanitsa chiwopsezochi potengera malo. Komabe, makampani opanga inshuwaransi ndi anthu padziko lonse lapansi nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa malamulo ndi zikhalidwe. Choncho makampaniwa ali ndi chidwi chofufuza njira zochepetsera m'malo olamulidwa komanso kuchokera ku zochitika zenizeni zenizeni. Milu ya mchenga ku New Jersey, mwachitsanzo, idachepetsa kwambiri kuwonongeka komwe kunabwera chifukwa cha mphepo yamkuntho Sandy pazochitika zoyandikana nazo (Cohen).

Maboma a maboma ndi ang'onoang'ono akuyenera kukhazikitsa mfundo zosinthira ndikupangitsa kuti zinthu ndi zidziwitso zipezeke kwa anthu am'madera pazovuta zakukwera kwamadzi am'nyanja komanso kutentha kwamizinda (Grannis). Mzinda wa New York wapanga dongosolo la zaka khumi, masomphenya 22, kuti athane ndi kusintha kwa nyengo m'mphepete mwa nyanja (Morella). Nkhani zakuwongolera mwadzidzidzi, kuyankha ndi kuchira ziyenera kuthetsedwa nthawi yayitali komanso yayifupi (Shelling). Ngakhale kuti dziko la US likuwoneka kuti ndilokhazikika komanso lochita mwayi, maphunziro angaphunzire kuchokera ku Netherlands, kumene nkhani za kukwera kwa nyanja ndi kusefukira kwa madzi zimayankhidwa m'njira yowonjezereka komanso yowonjezera, ndikuphatikizidwa kwa madzi pokonzekera mizinda. Ku New Orleans, pambuyo pa mphepo yamkuntho Katrina, kubwezeretsanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja kunakhala cholinga ngakhale kuti kale linali vuto kale. Njira yatsopano ingakhale kusintha kwamkati kwa madzi a New Orleans ponena za machitidwe a chigawo ndi zomangamanga zobiriwira. Chinthu chinanso chofunikira ndi njira yosinthira mibadwo yopereka malingaliro awa ku mibadwo yamtsogolo (Waggonner).

Mizinda yocheperako idawunika kuopsa kwawo ku kusintha kwa nyengo (Score) ndipo malamulo sanapange kusintha kukhala patsogolo (Grannis). Kugawidwa kwazinthu za federal kwa izo ndikofunikira (Marrella).

Pofuna kuthana ndi kusatsimikizika kwina muzoyerekeza ndi zitsanzo ziyenera kumveka kuti dongosolo lonse laukadaulo silingatheke (Waggonner), koma izi siziyenera kuletsedwa kuchitapo kanthu ndikuchita mosamala (Grannis).

Nkhani ya inshuwalansi ya masoka achilengedwe ndiyovuta kwambiri. Ndalama zothandizidwa ndi ndalama zothandizira zimalimbikitsa kukonza nyumba m'madera oopsa; kungayambitse kutaya katundu mobwerezabwereza ndi kukwera mtengo. Kumbali ina, makamaka anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa amafunika kuthandizidwa (Cohen). Chododometsa china chimadza chifukwa cha kugawidwa kwa ndalama zothandizira katundu wowonongeka zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyumba zikhale zolimba m'madera ovuta kwambiri. Nyumbazi zidzakhala ndi mitengo ya inshuwaransi yotsika poyerekeza ndi nyumba zomwe zili m'malo owopsa kwambiri (Marrella). Zoonadi, kugawidwa kwa ndalama zothandizira ndi funso la kusamuka kumakhala nkhani ya chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kutayika kwa chikhalidwe komanso (Waggonner). Kubwereranso kumakhudzanso chifukwa chachitetezo chalamulo cha katundu (Grannis), kutsika mtengo (Marrella) komanso mawonekedwe amalingaliro (Cohen).

Ponseponse, kukonzekera kwadzidzidzi kwayenda bwino kwambiri, koma mafotokozedwe azidziwitso kwa omanga ndi mainjiniya akuyenera kukonzedwa (Waggonner). Mwayi wokonzanso umaperekedwa kudzera mu kayendedwe ka chilengedwe kamene kamayenera kumangidwanso ndipo motero kusinthidwa (Marrella), komanso maphunziro a boma, monga The Resilient Washington, omwe amapereka malingaliro okonzekera bwino (Schelling).

Ubwino wosinthika ukhoza kukhudza anthu onse ammudzi ngakhale ntchito zolimba mtima (Marrella) ndi kupindula ndi masitepe ang'onoang'ono (Grannis). Masitepe ofunikira ndi mawu ogwirizana (Cohen), machitidwe ochenjeza a tsunami (Schelling) ndi maphunziro (Waggonner).

Yang'anani pa Madera Akugombe: Ma Paradigms Atsopano a Federal Service

MODERATOR: Braxton Davis | Director, North Carolina Division of Coastal Management PANEL: Deerin Babb-Brott | Director, National Ocean Council Jo-Ellen Darcy | Mlembi Wothandizira wa Gulu Lankhondo (Civil Works) Sandy Eslinger | NOAA Coastal Services Center Wendi Weber | Mtsogoleri Wachigawo, Northeast Region, US Fish and Wildlife Service

Seminala yomaliza ya tsiku loyamba idawunikira ntchito za boma la feduro ndi mapiko ake osiyanasiyana pankhani yoteteza chilengedwe komanso makamaka chitetezo ndi kasamalidwe ka anthu am'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Mabungwe a Federal posachedwapa ayamba kuzindikira kuti pali zotsatira zoyipa za kusintha kwa nyengo zomwe zikuchitika m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Chifukwa chake, ndalama zoperekera chithandizo pakagwa tsoka zakweranso chimodzimodzi. Bungwe la Congress posachedwapa lavomereza ndalama zokwana madola 20 miliyoni kuti ziphunzire za kusefukira kwa asilikali a Army Corps zomwe zingathe kutengedwa ngati uthenga wabwino (Darcy). Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu ndi zodabwitsa - tikupita kumalo otentha kwambiri, nyengo yaukali komanso kukwera kwa nyanja komwe posachedwapa kudzakhala kumapazi, osati mainchesi; makamaka gombe la New York ndi New Jersey.

Mabungwe a Federal akuyeseranso kuti agwirizane nawo, mayiko ndi mabungwe osapindula kuti agwire ntchito zomwe cholinga chake ndi kukulitsa kulimba kwa nyanja. Izi zimapereka mayiko ndi osapindula njira mphamvu zawo pomwe akupereka mabungwe aboma kuti agwirizanitse luso lawo. Izi zitha kukhala zothandiza pakagwa tsoka ngati mphepo yamkuntho Sandy. Ngakhale kuti mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa mabungwe akuyenera kuwabweretsa pamodzi, palidi kusowa kwa mgwirizano ndi kubwereranso pakati pa mabungwe omwewo (Eslinger).

Kusokonekera kwakukulu kwa kulumikizana kukuwoneka kuti kudachitika chifukwa chosowa deta pamabungwe ena. Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, NOC ndi Army Corps akugwira ntchito kuti deta ndi ziwerengero zawo zikhale zowonekera kwa aliyense ndikulimbikitsa mabungwe onse asayansi omwe amafufuza panyanja kuti deta yawo ipezeke mosavuta kwa aliyense. NOC imakhulupirira kuti izi zidzatsogolera ku banki yokhazikika yomwe ingathandize kusunga zamoyo zam'madzi, nsomba ndi madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kwa mbadwo wamtsogolo (Babb-Brott). Kukulitsa kulimba kwa nyanja ya anthu am'mphepete mwa nyanja, pali ntchito yopitilira dipatimenti yamkati yomwe ikufunafuna mabungwe - achinsinsi kapena apagulu kuti awathandize kuyanjana nawo pagulu. Pomwe, Army Corps imayendetsa kale maphunziro ake onse ndi zolimbitsa thupi kwanuko.

Ponseponse, njira yonseyi ili ngati chisinthiko ndipo nthawi yophunzirira ndiyochedwa kwambiri. Komabe, pali kuphunzira. Mofanana ndi bungwe lina lililonse lalikulu, zimatenga nthawi yaitali kuti zisinthe machitidwe ndi khalidwe (Weber).

M'badwo Wotsatira wa Usodzi

MODERATOR: Michael Conathan, Director, Ocean Policy, Center for American Progress PANEL: Aaron Adams, Director of Operations, Bonefish & Tarpon Trust Bubba Cochran, Purezidenti, Gulf of Mexico Reef Fish Shareholders Alliance Meghan Jeans, Director of Fisheries and Aquaculture Programs, The New England Aquarium Brad Pettinger, Executive Director, Oregon Trawl Commission Matt Tinning, Executive Director, Marine Fish Conservation Network

Kodi padzakhala mbadwo wotsatira wa usodzi? Ngakhale kuti pakhala zopambana zomwe zikusonyeza kuti padzakhala nsomba zogwiritsidwa ntchito mtsogolomu, nkhani zambiri zatsalira (Conathan). Kutayika kwa malo okhala komanso kusowa kwa chidziwitso pa kupezeka kwa malo okhala ndizovuta ndi Florida Keys. Maziko abwino asayansi ndi chidziwitso chabwino ndizofunikira pakuwongolera bwino kwa chilengedwe. Asodzi akuyenera kutengapo mbali ndikuphunzitsidwa za deta iyi (Adams). Kuyankha kwa asodzi kuyenera kukwezedwa. Kupyolera mu kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono monga makamera ndi zolemba zolemba zamagetsi, machitidwe okhazikika angathe kutsimikiziridwa. Usodzi wopanda kutaya ndi wabwino chifukwa umapititsa patsogolo luso la usodzi ndipo uyenera kufunidwa kuchokera kwa asodzi osangalatsa komanso ochita malonda. Chida china chothandiza pa usodzi ku Florida ndi kugawana ndi nsomba (Cochrane). Usodzi wosangalatsa ukhoza kukhala ndi vuto lalikulu ndipo umafunika kuwongolera bwino. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa usodzi wopha nsomba ndi kumasula, mwachitsanzo, kuyenera kudalira mitundu ya zinyama ndipo kungokhala madera, chifukwa sikuteteza kukula kwa anthu nthawi zonse (Adams).

Kupeza zidziwitso zomveka popanga zisankho ndikofunikira, koma kafukufuku nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa chifukwa chandalama. Cholakwika cha machitidwe a Magnuson-Stevens ndikudalira kwake kuchuluka kwa data ndi NOAA kugwira quotas kuti zitheke. Kuti ntchito ya usodzi ikhale ndi tsogolo, ikufunikanso kutsimikizika pa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake (Pettinger).

Nkhani yaikulu ndi momwe makampaniwa amapezera zosowa za kuchuluka kwa nsomba zam'nyanja, m'malo motsogozedwa ndi kapezedwe kazinthu ndi kugawa zoperekedwazo. Misika iyenera kupangidwira mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imatha kusodza mosadukiza (Jeans).

Ngakhale kusodza mochulukitsitsa kwakhala nkhani yayikulu pakusunga m'madzi ku US kwazaka makumi ambiri, kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pakuwongolera ndi kubwezeretsanso masheya kwachitika, monga zikuwonetseredwa ndi lipoti lapachaka la NOAA la Status of Fisheries Report. Komabe, sizili choncho m’maiko ena ambiri, makamaka m’maiko otukuka kumene. Choncho ndikofunikira kuti chitsanzo cha US chigwiritsidwe ntchito kunja popeza 91% ya nsomba zam'madzi ku US zimatumizidwa kunja (Tinning). Malamulo, maonekedwe ndi kukhazikika kwa dongosololi akuyenera kukonzedwa kuti adziwitse ogula za chiyambi ndi ubwino wa nsomba za m'nyanja. Kuphatikizika ndi zothandizira zothandizira ndi okhudzidwa osiyanasiyana ndi makampani, monga kudzera mu Fishery Improvement Project Fund, zimathandizira kupita patsogolo kwakuwonekera bwino (Jeans).

Makampani osodza ayamba kutchuka chifukwa chofalitsa uthenga wabwino (Cochrane). Kayendetsedwe kabwino ka kasamalidwe kabwino kamakhala ndi phindu lalikulu pazachuma (Tinning), ndipo makampaniwo akuyenera kuyikapo ndalama pa kafukufuku, ndi kasungidwe ka zinthu, monga momwe zimachitikira pano ndi 3% ya ndalama zomwe asodzi a ku Florida (Cochrane) amapeza.

Aquaculture ali ndi kuthekera monga gwero la chakudya chokwanira, kupereka "mapuloteni okhudzana ndi anthu" osati zakudya zam'nyanja zabwino (Cochran). Izi zimayenderana ndi zovuta za chilengedwe pakukolola nsomba za forage monga chakudya komanso kutulutsa utsi (Adams). Kusintha kwanyengo kumabweretsa zovuta zina za acidization ya m'nyanja ndi kusintha kwa masheya. Ngakhale kuti mafakitale ena, monga osodza nkhono, amavutika (Tinning), ena kugombe lakumadzulo apindula ndi nsomba zowirikiza kawiri chifukwa cha madzi ozizira (Pettinger).

Mabungwe a Regional Fisheries Management Council ndi mabungwe owongolera bwino omwe amakhudza okhudzidwa osiyanasiyana ndipo amapereka nsanja yogawana zambiri (Tinning, Jeans). Boma la feduro silingakhale lothandiza, makamaka pamlingo wamba (Cochrane), koma magwiridwe antchito a Ma Councils akanatha kuwongolera. Zomwe zikuchitika ndikuyika patsogolo kwa zosangalatsa kuposa usodzi wamalonda ku Florida (Cochrane), koma mbali ziwirizi zili ndi mpikisano wochepa mu Pacific fisheries (Pettinger). Asodzi akuyenera kukhala akazembe, akuyenera kuimiridwa mokwanira ndipo nkhani zawo zikuyenera kuyankhidwa ndi Magnus-Stevens Act (Tinning). Makhonsolo akuyenera kukhazikitsa zolinga zomveka bwino (Tinning) ndikukhala okhazikika kuti athe kuthana ndi zovuta zamtsogolo (Adams) ndikuwonetsetsa tsogolo la usodzi waku US.

Kuchepetsa Chiwopsezo kwa Anthu ndi Chilengedwe: Zosintha kuchokera ku Gulf of Mexico ndi Arctic

MAU OYAMBA: Wolemekezeka Mark Begich PANEL:Larry McKinney | Mtsogoleri, Harte Research Institute ku Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A & M University Corpus Christi Jeffrey W. Short | Environmental Chemist, JWS Consulting, LLC

Msonkhanowu unapereka chidziwitso cha kusintha kwachangu kwa malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Gulf of Mexico ndi Arctic ndipo adakambirana za njira zomwe zingatheke kuthana ndi mavuto omwe akuyenera kukwera chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko m'madera awiriwa.

Gulf of Mexico ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pano. Zimatengera kuzunzidwa kwakukulu kuchokera kudziko lonselo chifukwa pafupifupi zinyalala zonse za fuko zimatsikira ku Gulf of Mexico. Zimakhala ngati malo aakulu otayapo zinthu m’dzikoli. Nthawi yomweyo, imathandiziranso zosangalatsa komanso kafukufuku wasayansi ndi mafakitale komanso kupanga. Kuposa 50% ya usodzi wosangalatsa ku United States umachitika ku Gulf of Mexico, nsanja zamafuta ndi gasi zimathandizira makampani opanga mabiliyoni ambiri.

Komabe, dongosolo lokhazikika silikuwoneka kuti silinachitikepo kuti agwiritse ntchito mwanzeru Gulf of Mexico. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuphunzira za kusintha kwa nyengo ndi mayendedwe a nyanja ku Gulf of Mexico tsoka lililonse lisanachitike ndipo izi ziyenera kuchitidwa pophunzira mbiri yakale komanso zonenedweratu za kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kutentha m'dera lino. Limodzi mwamavuto akulu pakali pano ndikuti pafupifupi zida zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeserera panyanja pofufuza pamtunda wokha. Pali kufunikira kwakukulu kwa kafukufuku wozama wa Gulf of Mexico. Pakadali pano, aliyense m'dzikolo akuyenera kukhala wochita nawo ntchito yoteteza Gulf of Mexico. Ndondomekoyi iyenera kuyang'ana pakupanga chitsanzo chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mibadwo yamakono komanso yamtsogolo. Mtunduwu uyenera kuwonetsa zowopsa zamitundu yonse mdera lino momveka bwino chifukwa zipangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzindikira momwe mungasungire ndalama komanso malo. Pamwamba pa chirichonse, pali kufunikira kwachangu kwa dongosolo loyang'anitsitsa lomwe likuwona Gulf of Mexico ndi chilengedwe chake ndi kusintha kwake. Izi zidzagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga dongosolo lomwe lapangidwa kuchokera ku zochitika ndi kuyang'anitsitsa ndikukhazikitsa njira zobwezeretsa (McKinney).

Arctic, kumbali ina, ndi yofunika mofanana ndi Gulf of Mexico. Mwanjira zina, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti Gulf of Mexico. Arctic imapereka mwayi monga kusodza, kutumiza zombo ndi migodi. Makamaka chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ayezi wambiri wa nyengo, pakhala pali mipata yambiri yotseguka posachedwapa. Usodzi wamafakitale ukuchulukirachulukira, makampani oyendetsa sitima akupeza kuti ndizosavuta kutumiza katundu ku Europe ndipo maulendo amafuta & gasi awonjezeka kwambiri. Kutentha kwa dziko kuli ndi gawo lalikulu kumbuyo kwa zonsezi. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2018, zikunenedwa kuti sipadzakhala madzi oundana a nyengo ku arctic. Ngakhale izi zitha kutsegulira mwayi, zimabweranso ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu. Izi zidzabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa malo pafupifupi nsomba ndi nyama zonse za kumtunda. Pakhala pali milandu ya zimbalangondo za Polar zomwe zamira ngati kusowa kwa ayezi m'derali. Posachedwapa, pakhala malamulo ndi malamulo atsopano omwe akhazikitsidwa kuti athetse kusungunuka kwa ayezi kumtunda. Komabe, malamulowa sasintha nthawi yomweyo mmene nyengo ndi kutentha zimakhalira. Ngati nyanjayi ikhala yopanda madzi oundana kwamuyaya, izi zipangitsa kuti kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kuchuluke, masoka achilengedwe komanso kuwonongeka kwanyengo. Pamapeto pake izi zitha kupangitsa kuti zamoyo zam'madzi zitheretu padziko lapansi (Zamfupi).

Kuyikira Kwambiri Midzi Yam'mphepete mwa nyanja: Mayankho am'deralo ku Mavuto a Padziko Lonse

Mau Oyamba: Cylvia Hayes, Mayi Woyamba wa Oregon Moderator: Brooke Smith, Olankhula COMPASS: Julia Roberson, Ocean Conservancy Briana Goldwin, Oregon Marine Debris Team Rebecca Goldburg, PhD, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Ocean Science Division John Weber, Northeast Regional Ocean Council Boze Hancock, The Nature Conservancy

Cylvia Hayes adatsegula gululi powonetsa mavuto atatu akuluakulu omwe anthu am'mphepete mwa nyanja amakumana nawo: 1) kugwirizana kwa nyanja, kugwirizanitsa anthu am'deralo padziko lonse lapansi; 2) acidification ya nyanja ndi "canary mu mgodi wa malasha" umene uli Pacific Northwest; ndi 3) kufunikira kosintha chitsanzo chathu chachuma kuti tiganizire za kukonzanso, osati kubwezeretsa, kusunga ndi kuyang'anira chuma chathu ndikuwerengera molondola mtengo wa ntchito za chilengedwe. Moderator Brooke Smith anabwerezanso mitu imeneyi pamene akufotokozanso kusintha kwa nyengo ngati "kupatula" m'magulu ena ngakhale kuti zotsatira zenizeni zimamveka pamiyeso yam'deralo komanso zotsatira za ogula athu, gulu la pulasitiki pamadera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mayi Smith anagogomezera zokambirana za zoyesayesa za m'deralo zomwe zikuwonjezera zochitika zapadziko lonse komanso kufunika kolumikizana kwambiri m'madera onse, maboma, mabungwe omwe si a boma, ndi mabungwe apadera.

Julia Roberson anagogomezera kufunika kwa ndalama kuti zoyesayesa za m’deralo “zichuluke.” Madera akumaloko akuwona zotsatira za kusintha kwa dziko lapansi, motero mayiko akuchitapo kanthu kuti ateteze chuma chawo komanso moyo wawo. Kuti apitilize zoyesayesa izi, ndalama zimafunika, ndipo chifukwa chake pali gawo lothandizira pawokha pazaukadaulo ndi njira zothetsera mavuto amderalo. Poyankha funso lomaliza lomwe linayankha kuthedwa nzeru ndi kuti zoyesayesa za munthu payekha zilibe kanthu, Mayi Roberson anagogomezera kufunika kokhala m’gulu la anthu ambiri ndi chitonthozo m’kukhala wotanganidwa ndi kuchita zonse zomwe angathe kuchita.

Briana Goodwin ndi gawo la ntchito ya zinyalala zam'madzi, ndipo adayang'ana zokambirana zake pa kulumikizana kwa anthu am'deralo kudzera m'nyanja. Zinyalala za m'madzi zimagwirizanitsa dziko lapansi ndi nyanja, koma kulemedwa kwa kuyeretsa ndi zotsatira zoopsa zimangowoneka ndi madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mayi Goodwin adawonetsa kugwirizana kwatsopano komwe kumapangidwira kudutsa nyanja ya Pacific, kufika ku boma la Japan ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma kuti aziyang'anira ndi kuchepetsa zinyalala zam'madzi zomwe zimatera ku West Coast. Atafunsidwa za kasamalidwe ka malo kapena nkhani, Mayi Goodwin anagogomezera kasamalidwe ka malo ogwirizana ndi zosowa za anthu ammudzi ndi zothetsera pakhomo. Zochita zotere zimafunikira thandizo kuchokera kwa mabizinesi ndi mabungwe omwe si aboma kuti athandizire ndikulinganiza anthu odzipereka amderalo.

Dr. Rebecca Goldburg anayang'ana kwambiri za momwe "zovuta" za usodzi zikusintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi nsomba zomwe zikuyenda mozungulira komanso nsomba zatsopano zikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Dr. Goldburg anatchula njira zitatu zothanirana ndi masinthidwewa, kuphatikizapo:
1. Kuyang'ana kwambiri pakuchepetsa kupsinjika kosasintha kwanyengo kuti malo azikhala olimba,
2. Kukhazikitsa njira zoyendetsera nsomba zatsopano zisanaphedwe, ndi
3. Kusintha kukhala kasamalidwe ka nsomba zamtundu wa ecosystem based fisheries (EBFM) ngati sayansi yausodzi wamtundu umodzi ikugwa.

Dr. Goldburg anaika maganizo ake kuti kusintha si njira ya "band-aid": kuti muthe kupirira malo okhalamo muyenera kuzolowera zochitika zatsopano ndi kusinthasintha kwanuko.

A John Weber adakonza zoti achitepo kanthu pazoyambitsa ndi zotsatira za ubale pakati pa zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi zovuta zakumaloko. Ngakhale kuti m'mphepete mwa nyanja, madera akumidzi akulimbana ndi zotsatirapo, palibe zambiri zomwe zikuchitika ponena za njira zomwe zimayambitsa. Anagogomezera momwe chilengedwe “sichisamala ndi malire athu akale”, motero tiyenera kugwirira ntchito limodzi pazoyambitsa zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zotulukapo zakomweko. Bambo Weber adanenanso kuti anthu ammudzi sayenera kudikirira kuti boma lichitepo kanthu pavuto la m'deralo, ndipo njira zothetsera mavuto zimachokera kumagulu a anthu ogwira nawo ntchito. Chinsinsi cha kupambana, kwa Bambo Weber, ndikuganizira za vuto lomwe lingathe kuthetsedwa mkati mwa nthawi yokwanira ndipo limapanga zotsatira zenizeni osati pa malo-kapena kasamalidwe ka nkhani. Kukhoza kuyeza ntchito imeneyi ndi zotsatira za kuyesayesa koteroko ndi mbali ina yofunika kwambiri.

Boze Hancock adafotokozanso za ntchito zomwe boma la feduro limalimbikitsa ndikuwongolera zoyesayesa za anthu amderali, omwe nawonso akuyenera kutengera chidwi cha komweko ndi chidwi chawo kuti athe kusintha. Kugwirizanitsa chidwi choterechi kungayambitse kusintha kwapadziko lonse komanso kusintha kwamalingaliro. Kuyang'anira ndi kuyeza ola lililonse kapena dola yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira malo okhala kudzathandiza kuchepetsa kukonzekera mopitirira muyeso ndikulimbikitsa kutenga nawo mbali popanga zotsatira zogwirika, zowerengeka ndi ma metrics. Vuto lalikulu la kayendetsedwe ka nyanja ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala ndi ntchito zawo mkati mwa chilengedwe ndi ntchito kwa anthu ammudzi.

Kukulitsa Kukula Kwachuma: Kupanga Ntchito, Ulendo Wapagombe, ndi Zosangalatsa za Nyanja

Chiyambi: Wolemekezeka Sam Farr Moderator: Isabel Hill, US Department of Commerce, Office of Travel and Tourism Speakers: Jeff Gray, Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary Rick Nolan, Boston Harbor Cruises Mike McCartney, Hawaii Tourism Authority Tom Schmid, Texas State Aquarium Pat Maher, American Hotel & Lodging Association

Poyambitsa zokambiranazo, a Congressman Sam Farr adagwira mawu zomwe zimayika "nyama zakuthengo zowoneka" pamwamba pamasewera onse adziko kuti apeze ndalama. Mfundoyi inagogomezera mutu umodzi wa zokambiranazo: payenera kukhala njira yolankhulira mu "mawu a Wall Street" ponena za chitetezo cha nyanja kuti tipeze chithandizo cha anthu. Mtengo wa ntchito zokopa alendo komanso phindu lake, monga kukhazikitsa ntchito, ziyenera kuwerengedwa. Izi zidathandizidwa ndi woyang'anira Isabel Hill, yemwe adanenanso kuti chitetezo cha chilengedwe nthawi zambiri chimaganiziridwa kukhala chosagwirizana ndi chitukuko cha zachuma. Zokopa alendo ndi maulendo, komabe, zadutsa zolinga zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Executive Order kupanga njira yoyendera dziko; gawo lino lazachuma likutsogola bwino, kupitilira kukula kwachuma konsekonse kuyambira pomwe chuma chatsika.

Otsatirawo adakambirana za kufunika kosintha malingaliro okhudza chitetezo cha chilengedwe, kuchoka ku chikhulupiliro chakuti chitetezo chimalepheretsa kukula kwachuma kukhala ndi lingaliro lakuti kukhala ndi "malo apadera" a m'deralo ndi kopindulitsa pa moyo. Pogwiritsa ntchito Thunder Bay National Sanctuary monga chitsanzo, Jeff Gray anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe malingaliro angasinthire mkati mwa zaka zingapo. Mu 1997, referendum yoti apange malo opatulika idavoteredwa ndi 70% ya ovota ku Alpina, MI, tawuni yazachuma yomwe idakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kugwa kwachuma. Pofika m'chaka cha 2000, malo opatulika adavomerezedwa; pofika chaka cha 2005, anthu adavota osati kungosunga malo opatulika komanso kukulitsa ndi 9 kuwirikiza kukula kwake koyambirira. Rick Nolan adalongosola kusintha kwa bizinesi ya banja lake kuchokera kumakampani osodza maphwando kupita kumalo owonera anamgumi, komanso momwe njira yatsopanoyi yathandizira kuzindikira komanso chidwi choteteza “malo apadera” amderalo.

Chinsinsi cha kusinthaku ndikulankhulirana molingana ndi Mike McCartney ndi ena omwe ali nawo. Anthu adzafuna kuteteza malo awo apadera ngati akumva kuti akukhudzidwa ndi ntchitoyi ndikumvetsera - chikhulupiliro chomwe chimamangidwa kudzera mu njira zoyankhuliranazi chidzalimbikitsa kupambana kwa madera otetezedwa. Chomwe chimapezedwa ndi kulumikizana kumeneku ndi maphunziro komanso chidziwitso chochulukirapo cha chilengedwe mdera lanu.

Pamodzi ndi kuyankhulana pamabwera kufunika kotetezedwa ndi mwayi kuti anthu ammudzi adziwe kuti sakuchotsedwa kuzinthu zawo. Mwanjira imeneyi mutha kuthana ndi zosowa zachuma za anthu ammudzi ndikuchepetsa nkhawa za kuchepa kwachuma ndikukhazikitsa malo otetezedwa. Polola mwayi wofikira ku magombe otetezedwa, kapena kulola kubwereketsa ma jet ski pamasiku ena pamalo onyamula, malo apadera amderalo amatha kutetezedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imodzi. Kulankhula mu "mawu a Wall Street," misonkho ya kuhotelo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyeretsa magombe kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kafukufuku m'dera lotetezedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, kupanga mahotela ndi mabizinesi kukhala obiriwira ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi madzi kumachepetsa mtengo wabizinesi ndikupulumutsa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe. Monga momwe otsogolera adanenera, muyenera kuyika ndalama pazachuma chanu ndi chitetezo chake kuti muthe kuchita bizinesi - yang'anani pakupanga malonda, osati kutsatsa.

Pomaliza zokambiranazo, otsogolera adatsindika kuti "momwe" zimakhalira - kukhala okhudzidwa ndi kumvetsera anthu ammudzi pokhazikitsa malo otetezedwa kudzatsimikizira kupambana. Cholinga chiyenera kukhala pa chithunzi chonse - kuphatikiza onse omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kubweretsa aliyense patebulo kuti akhale eni ake ndikudzipereka ku vuto lomwelo. Malingana ngati aliyense akuimiridwa ndi malamulo omveka bwino, ngakhale chitukuko - kaya ndi zokopa alendo kapena kufufuza mphamvu - zikhoza kuchitika mkati mwa dongosolo loyenera.

Blue News: Zomwe Zimaphimbidwa, ndi Chifukwa Chiyani

Chiyambi: Senator Carl Levin, Michigan

Moderator: Sunshine Menezes, PhD, Metcalf Institute, URI Graduate School of Oceanography Speakers: Seth Borenstein, The Associated Press Curtis Brainard, Columbia Journalism Review Kevin McCarey, Savannah College of Art and Design Mark Schleifstein, NOLA.com ndi The Times-Picayune

Vuto la utolankhani wa zachilengedwe ndi kusowa kwa nkhani zopambana zomwe zanenedwa - ambiri omwe adapezeka pamsonkhano wa Blue News ku Capitol Hill Oceans Week adakweza manja awo kuti agwirizane ndi mawu otere. Senator Levin adayambitsa zokambiranazo ndi zonena zingapo: kuti utolankhani ndi woipa kwambiri; kuti pali nkhani zopambana zokambidwa pakusunga nyanja; ndiponso kuti anthu ayenera kuuzidwa za zipambano zimenezi kuti amvetsetse ndalama, nthaŵi, ndi ntchito zimene zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito pa nkhani za chilengedwe siziri chabe. Zinali zonena zomwe zikanatsutsidwa pamene seneta wachoka mnyumbamo.

Vuto la utolankhani wa chilengedwe ndi mtunda - otsogolera, omwe adayimira ma TV osiyanasiyana, akulimbana ndi kupanga zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Monga momwe wotsogolera Dr. Sunshine Menezes ananenera, atolankhani kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna kufotokoza za nyanja ya dziko lapansi, kusintha kwa nyengo, kapena kukwera kwa asidi koma sangathe. Akonzi ndi chidwi cha owerenga nthawi zambiri amatanthauza kuti sayansi siyimaululika pang'ono m'ma TV.

Ngakhale atolankhani atha kukhazikitsa zolinga zawo - zomwe zikukula ndikubwera kwa mabulogu ndi zofalitsa zapaintaneti - olemba akuyenerabe kuti zinthu zazikuluzikulu zikhale zenizeni komanso zowoneka bwino pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Kukonza kusintha kwa nyengo ndi zimbalangondo za polar kapena acidification ndi miyala yamchere yamchere yomwe ikutha, malinga ndi Seth Borenstein ndi Dr. Menezes, zimapangitsa kuti izi zikhale kutali kwambiri ndi anthu omwe sakhala pafupi ndi matanthwe a coral ndipo samafuna kuwona chimbalangondo. Pogwiritsa ntchito megafauna yachikoka, akatswiri azachilengedwe amapanga mtunda pakati pa Nkhani Zazikulu ndi anthu wamba.

Kusagwirizana kwina kunayambika panthawiyi, monga Kevin McCarey anaumirira kuti zomwe nkhanizi zimafunikira ndi mtundu wa "Kupeza Nemo" yemwe, pobwerera ku thanthwe, amapeza kuti akuphwanyidwa ndi kunyozedwa. Zida zoterezi zimatha kugwirizanitsa miyoyo ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi ndikuthandizira omwe sanakhudzidwebe ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kapena acidity ya m'nyanja kuti aganizire momwe miyoyo yawo ingakhudzire. Chomwe chinagwirizana ndi aliyense wa gululi chinali nkhani yokonza - payenera kukhala funso loyaka moto, koma osati kuyankha - payenera kukhala kutentha - nkhani iyenera kukhala "YATSOPANO".

Kubwereranso ku mawu otsegulira a Senator Levin, a Borenstein adanenetsa kuti nkhani ziyenera kuchokera ku mawu akuti, "zatsopano." M'lingaliro limeneli, chipambano chirichonse kuchokera ku malamulo operekedwa kapena malo opatulika omwe akugwira ntchito mokhudzidwa ndi anthu si "nkhani". Simungathe kunena za nkhani yopambana chaka ndi chaka; mofananamo, simunganenenso za zinthu zazikulu monga kusintha kwa nyengo kapena acidification ya nyanja chifukwa amatsatira zomwezo. Ndi nkhani zosalekeza za kuipiraipira zomwe sizili zosiyana. Palibe chomwe chasintha pamalingaliro amenewo.

Choncho, ntchito ya atolankhani zachilengedwe ndi kudzaza mipata. Kwa Mark Schleifstein wa NOLA.com ndi The Times Picayune ndi Curtis Brainard wa The Columbia Journalism Review, akufotokoza za mavuto ndi zomwe sizikuchitidwa ku Congress kapena kumalo am'deralo ndi momwe olemba zachilengedwe amadziwitsira anthu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake utolankhani wa chilengedwe umawoneka woipa kwambiri - omwe akulemba za chilengedwe akuyang'ana nkhani, zomwe sizikuchitidwa kapena zomwe zingatheke bwino. M'chifaniziro chokongola, Bambo Borenstein adafunsa kuti ndi kangati omvera amawerenga nkhani yofotokoza momwe 99% ya ndege zimatera bwinobwino pamalo oyenerera - mwina kamodzi, koma osati kamodzi pachaka. Nkhani yagona pa zomwe zimalakwika.

Kukambitsirana kwina kunatsatira za kusiyana kwa zoulutsira nkhani - nkhani zatsiku ndi tsiku motsutsana ndi zolemba kapena mabuku. Bambo McCarey ndi Bambo Schleifstein adawonetsa momwe akuvutikira ndi zilema zomwezo pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zenizeni - anthu ambiri amadina nkhani yokhudza mphepo yamkuntho kuposa malamulo opambana ochokera ku Phiri monga momwe zidutswa zachilengedwe zochititsa chidwi za akalulu zimapotozedwa muwonetsero wa Killer Katz. zimayang'aniridwa ndi amuna azaka zapakati pa 18-24. Kutengeka mtima kukuwoneka ponseponse. Komabe mabuku ndi zolemba - zikachita bwino - zitha kuwoneka zokhazikika m'makumbukidwe a mabungwe komanso zikhalidwe kuposa zoulutsira nkhani, malinga ndi a Brainard. Chofunika kwambiri, filimu kapena bukhu liyenera kuyankha mafunso oyaka moto omwe nkhani zatsiku ndi tsiku zingasiye mafunsowa poyera. Chifukwa chake malo ogulitsirawa amatenga nthawi yayitali, ndi okwera mtengo, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala osasangalatsa kuposa momwe amawerengera mwachidule za tsoka laposachedwa.

Mitundu yonse iwiri ya media, komabe, iyenera kupeza njira yolumikizira sayansi kwa anthu wamba. Imeneyi ikhoza kukhala ntchito yovuta kwambiri. Nkhani zazikulu ziyenera kupangidwa ndi zilembo zazing'ono - munthu yemwe angathe kukopa chidwi ndikukhalabe omveka. Vuto lodziwika bwino pakati pa otsogolera, omwe amadziwika ndi kuseka ndi kupukuta kwa maso, akuchokera ku kuyankhulana ndi wasayansi ndikufunsa kuti "wanena chiyani?" Pali mikangano yobadwa nayo pakati pa sayansi ndi utolankhani, wofotokozedwa ndi a McCarey. Zolemba ndi nkhani zankhani zimafunikira mawu achidule, otsimikiza. Komabe, asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito mfundoyi pochita zinthu mogwirizana. Ngati alankhula molakwika kapena otsimikiza kwambiri za lingaliro, gulu la asayansi likhoza kuwagawanitsa; kapena wopikisana naye akhoza kutsina lingaliro. Mpikisano umenewo wozindikiridwa ndi otsogolera amalepheretsa momwe wasayansi angakhale wosangalatsa komanso wofotokozera.

Mkangano wina womveka bwino ndi kutentha kofunikira mu utolankhani ndi cholinga - kuwerenga, "kuuma," - kwa sayansi. Pankhani "Zatsopano", payenera kukhala kusamvana; kwa sayansi, payenera kukhala kutanthauzira komveka kwa mfundo. Koma ngakhale mkati mwa mkangano umenewu muli mfundo zofanana. M'madera onsewa pali funso lozungulira nkhani yolimbikitsa anthu. Gulu la asayansi lagawikana ngati kuli bwino kufunafuna zowona koma osayesa kukopa mfundo kapena ngati mukufunafuna zenizeni muli ndi udindo wofuna kusintha. Otsogolera nawonso anali ndi mayankho osiyanasiyana pafunso lolimbikitsa utolankhani. Bambo Borenstein adanenetsa kuti utolankhani sikutanthauza kulengeza; ndi zomwe zikuchitika kapena zomwe sizikuchitika padziko lapansi, osati zomwe ziyenera kuchitika.

A McCarey adanenanso kuti utolankhani uyenera kubwera ndi cholinga chake; Choncho atolankhani amakhala olimbikitsa choonadi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti atolankhani nthawi zambiri "ali mbali" ndi sayansi pa zowona - mwachitsanzo, pazasayansi zakusintha kwanyengo. Pokhala ochirikiza chowonadi, atolankhani amakhalanso ochirikiza chitetezo. Kwa a Brainard, izi zikutanthawuzanso kuti atolankhani nthawi zina amaoneka ngati odzimvera chisoni ndipo nthawi zina amasanduka mbuzi kwa anthu onse - amawukiridwa ndi ma TV ena kapena m'magawo a ndemanga pa intaneti pofuna kulengeza choonadi.

M'mawu ochenjeza omwewo, oyang'anira gululo adafotokoza zatsopano zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe, kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa atolankhani "pa intaneti" kapena "odziyimira pawokha" osati "ogwira ntchito". Otsogolera adalimbikitsa kuti "wogula asamale" akamawerenga magwero pa intaneti chifukwa pali uphungu wabwino kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi ndalama pa intaneti. Kufalikira kwa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti monga Facebook ndi Twitter kumatanthauzanso kuti atolankhani akhoza kupikisana ndi makampani kapena magwero oyambirira kuti atulutse nkhani. Bambo Schleifstein adakumbukira kuti panthawi yomwe mafuta a BP adatayika malipoti oyambirira adachokera ku BP Facebook ndi masamba a Twitter okha. Zitha kutenga kuchuluka kwakukulu kofufuza, kupereka ndalama, ndi kukwezedwa kuti tichotse malipoti oyambilira, molunjika kuchokera kugwero.

Funso lomaliza lofunsidwa ndi Dr. Menezes lokhudzana ndi ntchito za NGOs - kodi mabungwewa angakwaniritse mipata ya boma ndi ya utolankhani muzochita ndi malipoti? Otsogolera onse adavomereza kuti mabungwe omwe siaboma atha kugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakulengeza za chilengedwe. Iwo ndi siteji yabwino yokonza nkhani yaikulu kupyolera mwa munthu wamng'ono. Bambo Schleifstein adapereka chitsanzo cha mabungwe omwe siaboma omwe amalimbikitsa sayansi ya nzika zomwe zimafotokoza za kutsika kwamafuta ku Gulf of Mexico ndikupereka chidziwitsocho ku bungwe lina la NGO lomwe limachita ma fly-overs kuti awone momwe akutayira komanso momwe boma likuyankhira. Otsogolera onse adagwirizana ndi a Brainard pa khalidwe la utolankhani wa NGO palokha, kutchula magazini akuluakulu angapo omwe amathandizira mfundo zokhwima za utolankhani. Zomwe otsogolera akufuna kuwona polumikizana ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma ndikuchitapo kanthu - ngati NGO ikufuna chidwi ndi media iyenera kuwonetsa zochita ndi chikhalidwe. Ayenera kuganizira za nkhani yomwe idzakambidwe: funso ndi chiyani? Kodi china chake chikusintha? Kodi pali deta yochuluka yomwe ingafanane ndi kusanthula? Kodi pali mitundu yatsopano yomwe ikubwera?

Mwachidule, kodi ndi nkhani "Zatsopano"?

Maulalo Osangalatsa:

Society of Environmental Journalists, http://www.sej.org/ - akulimbikitsidwa ndi mamembala ngati bwalo lofikira atolankhani kapena kufalitsa zochitika ndi mapulojekiti

Kodi mumadziwa? Ma MPA Amagwira Ntchito Ndikuthandizira Chuma Chokhazikika

Oyankhula: Dan Benishek, Lois Capps, Fred Keeley, Jerald Ault, Michael Cohen

US House of Representatives Dan Benishek, MD, chigawo choyamba cha Michigan ndi Louis Capps, California chigawo cha makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi anapereka maulamuliro awiri othandizira pa zokambirana za madera otetezedwa a m'madzi (MPA.) Congressman Benishek wagwira ntchito limodzi ndi malo otetezedwa a Thunder Bay Marine (MPA). ) ndipo amakhulupirira kuti malo opatulikawo ndi “chinthu chabwino koposa chimene chachitika m’dera lino la United States.” Congresswoman Capps, woimira maphunziro a zinyama zakutchire, amawona kufunikira kwa MPAs ngati chida chachuma ndipo amalimbikitsa National Marine Sanctuary Foundation.

Fred Keeley, woyang'anira zokambiranazi, ndi Purezidenti wakale wa Tempore ndipo akuyimira dera la Monterey Bay ku California State Assembly. Kuthekera kwa California kukhudza kukankhira kwabwino kwa malo am'madzi kumatha kuwonedwa ngati njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri yotetezera chilengedwe chathu komanso chuma chathu chamtsogolo.

Funso lalikulu ndilakuti, kodi mumayendetsa bwanji kusowa kwa zinthu za m'nyanja m'njira yopindulitsa? Ndi kudzera mu ma MPA kapena china chake? Kutha kwa gulu lathu kutengera zomwe asayansi apeza n'kosavuta koma malinga ndi ndale, ntchito yopangitsa kuti anthu asinthe moyo wawo imabweretsa mavuto. Boma likuchitapo kanthu poyambitsa pulogalamu yachitetezo koma gulu lathu liyenera kukhulupirira kuti izi zitha kupititsa patsogolo tsogolo lathu zaka zikubwerazi. Titha kuyenda mwachangu ndi ma MPA koma sitingatukule chuma popanda thandizo la dziko lathu.

Wopereka chidziwitso pazachuma kumadera otetezedwa a m'madzi ndi Dr. Jerald Ault, pulofesa wa zamoyo zam'madzi ndi usodzi ku Yunivesite ya Miami ndi Michael Cohen, Mwini / Mtsogoleri wa Santa Barbara Adventure Company. Awiriwa adayandikira mutu wa madera otetezedwa am'madzi m'malo osiyanasiyana koma adawonetsa momwe amagwirira ntchito limodzi kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha chilengedwe.

Dr. Ault ndi wasayansi wotchuka padziko lonse wa zausodzi yemwe wagwira ntchito limodzi ndi Florida Keys coral reefs. Matanthwewa amabweretsa oposa 8.5 biliyoni kuderali ndi ntchito zokopa alendo ndipo sangathe kuchita izi popanda thandizo la MPAs. Amalonda ndi asodzi atha kuwona ubwino wa maderawa pakatha zaka 6. Ndalama zoteteza nyama zakutchire zam'madzi ndizofunikira kuti zisungidwe. Kukhazikika sikungobwera chifukwa choyang'ana muzamalonda kumakhudzanso mbali ya zosangalatsa. Tiyenera kuteteza nyanja pamodzi ndipo kuthandizira ma MPA ndi njira imodzi yochitira izi molondola.

Michael Cohen ndi wazamalonda komanso wophunzitsa ku Channel Islands National Park. Kuwona chilengedwe ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yolimbikitsira chitetezo cham'madzi. Kubweretsa anthu kudera la Santa Barbara ndi njira yake yophunzitsira, anthu opitilira 6,000 pachaka, ndikofunikira bwanji kuteteza nyama zakutchire zam'madzi. Makampani okopa alendo sadzakula ku United States popanda ma MPA. Sipadzakhala zotheka popanda kukonzekera mtsogolo zomwe zidzachepetsa kukula kwachuma cha dziko lathu. Payenera kukhala masomphenya amtsogolo ndipo madera otetezedwa am'madzi ndi poyambira.

Kupititsa patsogolo Kukula kwa Chuma: kuyankhulana ndi Ricks ku Madoko, Malonda, ndi Unyolo Wopereka

Oyankhula: Wolemekezeka Alan Lowenthal: Woimira Nyumba ya US, CA-47 Richard D. Stewart: Co-Director: Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute Roger Bohnert: Wachiwiri Wothandizira Woyang'anira, Ofesi ya Intermodal System Development, Maritime Administration Kathleen Broadwater: Wachiwiri kwa Mtsogoleri Wachiwiri. , Maryland Port Administration Jim Haussener: Executive Director, California Marine Affairs and Navigation Conference John Farrell: Executive Director wa US Arctic Research Commission

Wolemekezeka Alan Lowenthal adayamba ndi mawu oyambira za zoopsa zomwe gulu lathu limatenga popanga madoko ndi ma chain chain. Kuyika ndalama pazomangamanga zamadoko ndi madoko si ntchito yophweka. Ntchito yomanga doko laling'ono ili ndi ndalama zambiri. Ngati doko silisamalidwa bwino ndi gulu logwira ntchito lidzakhala ndi mavuto ambiri osafunikira. Kubwezeretsanso madoko aku United States kungathandize kulimbikitsa kukula kwachuma kudzera mu malonda apadziko lonse lapansi.

Woyang'anira zokambiranazi, Richard D. Stewart, amabweretsa mbiri yosangalatsa yokhala ndi zochitika mu zombo zakuya za m'nyanja, kayendetsedwe ka zombo, ofufuza, woyang'anira doko ndi woyendetsa katundu ndipo panopa ndi Mtsogoleri wa University of Wisconsin's Transportation and Logistics Research Center. Monga mukuwonera ntchito yake mumakampani azamalonda ndi yayikulu ndipo ikufotokoza momwe kuchuluka kwa kufunikira kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana kumadzetsa nkhawa pamadoko athu ndi ma chain chain. Tiyenera kukulitsa kusamva bwino m'machitidwe athu ogawa posintha momwe zinthu ziliri pamadoko am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi ma chain chain kudzera mu netiweki yovuta. Osati chopinga chophweka. Cholinga cha funso la Bambo Stewart chinali chofuna kudziwa ngati boma la federal liyenera kutenga nawo mbali pa chitukuko ndi kubwezeretsa madoko?

Nkhani yochokera pafunso lalikulu idaperekedwa ndi John Farrell yemwe ali gawo la bungwe la arctic Commission. Dr. Farrell amagwira ntchito ndi mabungwe akuluakulu a nthambi kuti akhazikitse ndondomeko ya kafukufuku wa dziko lonse. The Arctic ikukhala yosavuta kupitilira kudzera munjira zakumpoto zomwe zimapangitsa kuyenda kwamakampani m'derali. Vuto ndiloti ku Alaska kulibe zomangamanga zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwira ntchito bwino. Dera silinakonzekere chiwonjezeko chotere kotero kukonzekera kuyenera kuchitika mwachangu. Kuyang'ana kwabwino ndikofunikira koma sitingalakwitse chilichonse ku Arctic. Ndi malo osalimba kwambiri.

Chidziwitso chomwe Kathleen Broadwater wochokera ku Maryland Port Administrator adabweretsa ku zokambirana chinali chokhudza kufunikira kwa maunyolo oyenda kumadoko angakhudze kayendetsedwe ka katundu. Dredging ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pankhani yosamalira madoko koma payenera kukhala malo osungiramo zinyalala zonse zomwe zimabweretsa. Njira imodzi ndiyo kusungitsa zinyalalazo m’madambo motetezedwa kumapanga njira yabwino yotaya zinyalalazo. Kuti tikhalebe opikisana padziko lonse lapansi titha kulinganiza zida zathu zamadoko kuti tiyang'ane kwambiri zamalonda zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi maukonde ogulitsa. Titha kugwiritsa ntchito chuma chaboma koma ndikofunikira kuti padoko zizigwira ntchito paokha. Roger Bohnert amagwira ntchito ndi Office of Intermodal System Development ndipo amayang'ana malingaliro oti akhalebe opikisana padziko lonse lapansi. Bohnert amawona doko lomwe limatenga pafupifupi zaka 75 kotero kuti kupanga njira zabwino kwambiri zamakina operekera zinthu kumatha kupanga kapena kuswa dongosolo lamkati. Kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha chitukuko cha nthawi yayitali kungathandize koma pamapeto pake timafunikira dongosolo lachitukuko cholephera.

Kulankhula komaliza, Jim Haussener, amatenga gawo lofunikira pakukulitsa ndi kusamalira madoko akugombe lakumadzulo kwa California. Amagwira ntchito ndi California Marine Affairs and Navigation Conference omwe amaimira madoko atatu apadziko lonse pamphepete mwa nyanja. Kukhalabe ndi kuthekera kogwira ntchito kwa madoko kungakhale kovuta koma kufunikira kwathu kwapadziko lonse kwa katundu sikungathe kugwira ntchito popanda doko lililonse likugwira ntchito mokwanira. Doko limodzi silingathe kuchita palokha kotero ndi zomangamanga zamadoko athu titha kugwirira ntchito limodzi kuti timange maukonde okhazikika. Zomangamanga zamadoko ndizodziyimira pawokha kuchokera kumayendedwe onse akumtunda koma kupanga njira zogulitsira ndi zoyendera zitha kukulitsa chuma chathu. M'kati mwa zipata za doko n'zosavuta kukhazikitsa machitidwe ogwira ntchito omwe amagwira ntchito pamodzi koma kunja kwa makoma zowonongeka zingakhale zovuta. Kugwira ntchito limodzi pakati pa mabungwe aboma ndi anthu wamba poyang'anira ndi kusamalira ndikofunikira. Cholemetsa cha United States global supply chain chagawanika ndipo chiyenera kupitiliza motere kuti tisunge chuma chathu.