Zamoyo Zam'mphepete mwa Nyanja Ndi Mzere Wathu Woyamba Wachitetezo Kulimbana ndi Mkuntho

Mphepo zamkuntho zaposachedwapa Harvey, Irma, Jose, ndi Maria, zomwe zotsatira zake ndi zowonongeka zidakalipobe ku Caribbean ndi United States, zimatikumbutsa kuti magombe athu ndi omwe amakhala pafupi nawo ali pachiopsezo. Pamene mikuntho ikuchulukirachulukira ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi chiyani chomwe tingasankhe kuti titetezerenso magombe athu ku mvula yamkuntho ndi kusefukira kwa madzi? Njira zodzitetezera zopangidwa ndi anthu, monga makoma am'madzi, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zodula kwambiri. Ayenera kusinthidwa nthawi zonse pamene madzi a m'nyanja akukwera, amawononga zokopa alendo, ndipo kuwonjezera konkire kungawononge malo achilengedwe a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Komabe, chilengedwe cha amayi chinapanga dongosolo lake lochepetsera chiopsezo, lomwe limakhudza zachilengedwe zachilengedwe. Zachilengedwe za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, monga madambo, milu, nkhalango za oyster, oyster bed, matanthwe a coral, udzu wa m'nyanja, ndi nkhalango za mangrove zingathandize kuti mafunde ndi mvula yamkuntho isakokoloke ndi kusefukira m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Pakalipano, pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu a gombe la United States amatetezedwa ndi chimodzi mwa zachilengedwe za m'mphepete mwa nyanjazi. 

Tiyeni titengere madambo mwachitsanzo. Sikuti amangosunga kaboni m'nthaka ndi zomera (mosiyana ndi kuitulutsa mumlengalenga monga CO₂) komanso zimathandiza kuti nyengo yathu ya padziko lonse isamayende bwino, komanso imakhala ngati masiponji omwe amatha kutsekereza madzi a pamwamba, mvula, chipale chofewa, madzi apansi panthaka, ndi madzi osefukira, kuwateteza kuti asatsetserekere kumtunda, ndiyeno kuwamasula pang’onopang’ono. Izi zingathandize kuchepetsa kusefukira kwa madzi komanso kuchepetsa kukokoloka. Ngati titati tisunge ndi kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe za m'mphepete mwa nyanjazi, titha kupeza chitetezo chomwe nthawi zambiri chimachokera ku zinthu monga ma levees.

Kukwera mtengo kwachangu kukuwononga ndikuchotsa zachilengedwe zam'mphepete mwa nyanjazi. Mu kafukufuku watsopano wa Narayan et. al (2017), olembawo adapereka zotsatira zosangalatsa za mtengo wa madambo. Mwachitsanzo, pa nthawi ya mphepo yamkuntho Sandy mu 2012, madambo analepheretsa ndalama zokwana madola 625 miliyoni kuwononga katundu. Sandy adapha anthu osachepera 72 ku US komanso pafupifupi $ 50 biliyoni pakuwonongeka kwa kusefukira kwamadzi. Zowopsa zachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa mphepo. Madambowa adakhala ngati chitetezo m'mphepete mwa nyanja polimbana ndi mvula yamkuntho. M'madera onse a 12 am'mphepete mwa nyanja ya East Coast, madambo adatha kuchepetsa zowonongeka kuchokera ku mphepo yamkuntho Sandy ndi pafupifupi 22% kudutsa zip-code zomwe zaphatikizidwa mu phunziroli. Misewu yoposa 1,400 ya misewu ndi misewu yayikulu idatetezedwa ndi madambo ochokera ku mphepo yamkuntho Sandy. Ku New Jersey makamaka, madambo amaphimba pafupifupi 10% ya madzi osefukira ndipo akuti achepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mphepo yamkuntho Sandy pafupifupi 27% yonse, zomwe zimatanthawuza pafupifupi $ 430 miliyoni.

Kafukufuku wina wa Guannel et. al (2016) adapeza kuti pakakhala machitidwe angapo (monga matanthwe a coral, madambo a m'nyanja, ndi mitengo ya mangrove) zomwe zimathandizira kutetezedwa kwa madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, malo okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja amachepetsa mphamvu zamafunde zilizonse zomwe zikubwera, kusefukira kwa madzi, komanso kutayika kwa dothi. Pamodzi, machitidwewa amateteza bwino gombe osati dongosolo limodzi kapena malo okhala okha. Kafukufukuyu adapezanso kuti mitengo ya mangrove yokha imatha kupereka chitetezo chokwanira. Makorali ndi udzu wa m'nyanja ndiwo amathandizira kwambiri kuchepetsa chiwopsezo cha kukokoloka kwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikulimbikitsa bata m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kuchepetsa mafunde a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndikuwonjezera kulimba kwa magombe motsutsana ndi zoopsa zilizonse. Mitengo ya mangrove ndiyothandiza kwambiri poteteza magombe pansi pa mphepo yamkuntho komanso yopanda mphepo. 

Zamoyo za m'mphepete mwa nyanjazi sizofunikira kokha pazochitika zazikulu zanyengo monga mphepo yamkuntho. Amachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa kusefukira kwa madzi chaka chilichonse m'malo ambiri, ngakhale ndi mphepo yamkuntho yaying'ono. Mwachitsanzo, matanthwe a coral amatha kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mafunde akugunda gombe ndi 85%. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Kum'mawa kwa US komanso Gulf Coast ndi yotsika kwambiri, magombe ali ndi matope kapena mchenga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kukokoloka, ndipo maderawa ali pachiopsezo cha kusefukira kwa madzi ndi mvula yamkuntho. Ngakhale pamene zachilengedwe zimenezi zawonongeka kale, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi miyala ina yamchere, kapena nkhalango za mangrove, zachilengedwe zimenezi zimatitetezabe ku mafunde ndi mafunde. Ngakhale zili choncho, tikupitirizabe kuchotsa malowa kuti tipeze malo ochitira masewera a gofu, mahotela, nyumba, ndi zina zotero. M’zaka 60 zapitazi, chitukuko cha m’matauni chathetsa theka la nkhalango za mitengo ya mangrove za ku Florida. Timachotsa chitetezo chathu. Pakadali pano, FEMA imawononga theka la madola biliyoni pachaka pochepetsa chiwopsezo cha kusefukira kwa madzi, poyankha madera akumaloko. 

Ndithudi pali njira zomangiranso madera amene anasakazidwa ndi mphepo yamkuntho m’njira imene idzawakonzekeretse bwino kaamba ka mvula yamkuntho yamtsogolo, ndi kusunganso zamoyo zofunika zimenezi. Malo okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja akhoza kukhala njira yoyamba yodzitetezera ku mphepo yamkuntho, ndipo mwina sangakhale chinthu chomwe chimathetsa mavuto athu onse a kusefukira kwa madzi osefukira kapena mvula yamkuntho, koma ndizofunika kupezerapo mwayi. Kuteteza ndi kuteteza zachilengedwezi kudzateteza madera athu am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikuwongolera thanzi lazachilengedwe m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja.