BWINO KUTI KAFUFUZENI

M'ndandanda wazopezekamo

1. Introduction
2. Komwe Mungayambire Kuphunzira za Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)
3. Zowopsa za Deep Seabed Mining ku Chilengedwe
4. Malingaliro a Ulamuliro wa Seabed Padziko Lonse
5. Deep Seabed Mining and Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Justice
6. Tekinoloje ndi Msika Zolingalira Zamsika
7. Financing, ESG kuganizira, ndi Greenwashing Concers
8. Zolinga ndi Malipiro
9. Deep Seabed Mining ndi Underwater Cultural Heritage
10. Chiphaso cha Social (Kuyimitsa, Kuletsa Boma, ndi Ndemanga Zachibadwidwe)

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1. Introduction

Kodi Deep Seabed Mining ndi chiyani?

Kuzama kwa migodi ya pansi pa nyanja (DSM) ndi bizinesi yomwe ingathe kuchita malonda yomwe ikuyesera kukumba ma mineral deposits kuchokera pansi pa nyanja, ndi chiyembekezo chochotsa mchere wamtengo wapatali monga manganese, mkuwa, cobalt, zinki, ndi zitsulo zachilendo. Komabe, migodi imeneyi ikufuna kuwononga chilengedwe chotukuka komanso cholumikizana chomwe chili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo: m'nyanja yakuya.

Ma mineral deposits ochititsa chidwi amapezeka m'malo atatu omwe ali pansi pa nyanja: maphompho, ma seamounts, ndi ma hydrothermal vents. Zigwa zaphompho ndi malo otalikirapo a pansi pa nyanja pansi pomwe pali matope ndi ma mineral deposits, omwe amatchedwanso ma polymetallic nodule. Izi ndiye chandamale chachikulu cha DSM, chomwe chimayang'ana kwambiri ku Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ): dera lomwe lili ndi zigwa zaphompho kwambiri ngati dziko la United States, lomwe lili m'madzi apadziko lonse lapansi komanso kuyambira kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Mexico mpaka pakati. Nyanja ya Pacific, kumwera kwa zilumba za Hawaii.

Kodi Deep Seabed Mining Ingagwire Ntchito Motani?

Zamalonda za DSM sizinayambe, koma makampani osiyanasiyana akuyesera kuti akwaniritse. Pakali pano njira zopangira migodi ya nodule zikuphatikizapo kutumizidwa kwa galimoto ya migodi, kawirikawiri makina aakulu kwambiri ooneka ngati thalakitala lalitali la nsanjika zitatu, mpaka pansi pa nyanja. Ikafika pansi pa nyanjayo, galimotoyo idzapukuta mainchesi anayi pamwamba pa nyanjayo, n’kutumiza matope, miyala, nyama zophwanyidwa, ndi tinatake toyenda m’chombo chomwe chikudikirira pamwamba pake. M'sitimayo, mcherewo umasanjidwa ndipo zotsalira zamadzi otayira zotsalira za dothi, madzi, ndi zomangira zimabwezeredwa kunyanja kudzera m'madzi otayira.

DSM ikuyembekezeka kukhudza magawo onse am'nyanja, kuyambira zinyalala zotayidwa m'kati mwamadzi mpaka kumigodi ndi kugwedera pansi panyanja. Palinso chiwopsezo chochokera ku slurry yemwe angakhale wapoizoni (slurry = chisakanizo cha zinthu zowundana) otayidwa pamwamba pa nyanja.

Kodi Deep Seabed Mining Ndi Chiwopsezo Chotani ku Zachilengedwe?

Zochepa zimadziwika ponena za malo okhala ndi chilengedwe cha pansi pa nyanja. Choncho, kuunika koyenera kusanachitike, pakufunika kusonkhanitsa deta yoyambira ndi kufufuza ndi kupanga mapu. Ngakhale ngati palibe chidziwitso chimenechi, zidazo zidzaphatikizapo kukumba pansi pa nyanja, kuchititsa kuti madzi ayambe kusungunuka ndi kukhazikikanso m'madera ozungulira. Kukokoloka kwa pansi pa nyanja kuti mutulutse tinthu tambirimbiri kuwononga malo okhala m'nyanja zamoyo zam'madzi komanso chikhalidwe cham'deralo. Tikudziwa kuti malo olowera kunyanja ali ndi zamoyo zam'madzi zomwe zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri. Zina mwa zamoyozi zimasinthidwa mwapadera ndi kusowa kwa dzuwa ndipo kuthamanga kwa madzi akuya kungakhale kofunikira kwambiri pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha mankhwala, zida zodzitetezera, ndi ntchito zina zofunika. Palibe zokwanira zodziwika za zamoyozi, malo awo, ndi chilengedwe chogwirizana nacho kuti tikhazikitse maziko oyenerera omwe pangakhale kuunika koyenera kwa chilengedwe, makamaka kupanga njira zozitetezera ndi kuyang'anira momwe migodi imakhudzira.

Pansi panyanja si malo okhawo a m'nyanja omwe angamve zovuta za DSM. Miyendo ya matope (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti mkuntho wa fumbi la pansi pa madzi), komanso phokoso ndi kuipitsidwa kwa kuwala, zidzakhudza gawo lalikulu la madzi. Nthambi za zinyalala, zonse zochokera kwa otolera ndi zotayidwa pambuyo pochotsa, zimatha kufalikira Makilomita 1,400 m'njira zingapo. Madzi otayira okhala ndi zitsulo ndi poizoni amatha kusokoneza chilengedwe chapakati pamadzi kuphatikizapo nsomba ndi nsomba. Monga taonera pamwambapa, ntchito ya migodi idzabweretsa dothi lotayirira, zopangira zinthu, ndi madzi kunyanja. Zochepa kwambiri zimadziwika za zotsatira za slurry pa chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo: ndi zitsulo ndi zopangira zosakaniza zomwe zingasakanizidwe mu slurry ngati slurry ingakhale yapoizoni, komanso zomwe zingachitike ndi zinyama zambiri za m'madzi zomwe zingathe kuwonetsedwa ndi plums.

Kafukufuku wochulukirapo akufunika kuti amvetsetse zotsatira za slurry iyi pa chilengedwe chakuya kwa nyanja. Kuonjezera apo, zotsatira za galimoto yosonkhanitsa sizidziwika. Kuyerekezera kwa migodi ya pansi pa nyanja kunachitika pagombe la Peru m'zaka za m'ma 1980 ndipo pomwe malowa adawonedwanso mu 2020, malowa sanawonetse umboni wochira. Motero chisokonezo chilichonse chikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira za nthawi yaitali za chilengedwe.

Palinso Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) yomwe ili pachiwopsezo. Maphunziro aposachedwa akuwonetsa zosiyanasiyana m'madzi chikhalidwe cholowa m'nyanja ya Pacific ndi m'madera omwe akuyembekezeredwa migodi, kuphatikizapo zinthu zakale ndi zachilengedwe zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu amtundu wamtundu, malonda a Manila Galleon, ndi nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Zatsopano za migodi ya pansi pa nyanja zikuphatikizapo kukhazikitsidwa kwa nzeru zopangira ntchito zozindikiritsa mchere. AI sinaphunzirebe kuzindikira molondola malo omwe ali ndi mbiri yakale komanso chikhalidwe chomwe chingayambitse chiwonongeko cha Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH). Izi zikuvutitsa makamaka poganizira kukula kwa kuvomereza kwa UCH ndi Middle Passage komanso kuthekera kuti masamba a UCH atha kuwonongedwa asanatulukidwe. Malo aliwonse a mbiri yakale kapena zachikhalidwe omwe agwidwa m'makina amigodiwa athanso kuwonongedwa.

Nyuzipepala

Mabungwe omwe akuchulukirachulukira pakali pano akugwira ntchito yolimbikitsa chitetezo chakuya kwa nyanja.The Mgwirizano wa Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (omwe Ocean Foundation ndi membala) amatengera kudzipereka kwathunthu ku Precautionary Principle ndipo amalankhula m'mawu osinthidwa. Ocean Foundation ndi gulu lazachuma la Deep Sea Mining Campaign (DSMC), pulojekiti yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri zotsatira zomwe DSM angakumane nazo pazachilengedwe zam'madzi ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi madera. Kukambitsirana kowonjezera kwa osewera akulu kungapezeke Pano.

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2. Komwe Mungayambire Kuphunzira za Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)

Bungwe la Environmental Justice Foundation. Kuphompho: Momwe kuthamangira kumigodi yakuya kumawopseza anthu ndi dziko lathu lapansi. (2023). Idabwezedwa pa Marichi 14, 2023, kuchokera https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpJL_1EzAts

Bungwe la Environmental Justice Foundation. (2023, Marichi 7). Kuphompho: Momwe kuthamangira kumigodi yakuya kumawopseza anthu ndi dziko lathu lapansi. Environmental Justice Foundation. Idabwezedwa pa Marichi 14, 2023, kuchokera https://ejfoundation.org/reports/towards-the-abyss-deep-sea-mining

Lipoti laukadaulo lochokera ku Environmental Justice Foundation, lotsagana ndi kanema pamwambapa, likuwonetsa momwe migodi yakuya yakuya imawonongera zachilengedwe zapadera zam'madzi.

IUCN (2022). Nkhani Mwachidule: Kukumba pansi pa nyanja. Bungwe la International Union for Conservation of Nature. https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/deep-sea-mining

Lipoti laling'ono la DSM, njira zomwe zikuperekedwa pano, madera omwe anthu amadyera masuku pamutu komanso kufotokoza zovuta zitatu zazikulu za chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo kusokonezeka kwa pansi pa nyanja, matope, ndi kuipitsa. Chidulechi chikuphatikizanso ndondomeko zoteteza dera lino, kuphatikizapo kuimitsidwa malinga ndi mfundo zodzitetezera.

Imbler, S., & Corum, J. (2022, August 29). Kulemera m'nyanja yakuya: Kukumba malo okhala kutali. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/08/
29/world/deep-sea-riches-mining-nodules.html

Nkhani yokambiranayi ikuwonetsa zamoyo zapanyanja zakuzama komanso zotsatira zomwe zikuyembekezeka chifukwa cha migodi yakuya. Ndi chida chabwino kwambiri chothandizira kumvetsetsa momwe chilengedwe chanyanja chidzakhudzidwira ndi migodi yakuya yakuya kwa omwe angophunzira kumene.

Amon, DJ, Levin, LA, Metaxas, A., Mudd, GM, Smith, CR (2022, March 18) Kulowera kumapeto kwakuya osadziwa kusambira: Kodi timafunikira migodi yakuya? Dziko Limodzi. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.02.013

Ndemanga yochokera ku gulu la asayansi pa njira zina zothetsera kusintha kwa nyengo popanda kugwiritsa ntchito DSM. Pepalali likutsutsa mfundo yakuti DSM ndiyofunikira pa kusintha kwa mphamvu zowonjezereka ndi mabatire, kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa chuma chozungulira. Lamulo lapadziko lonse lapansi pano komanso njira zotsogola zikukambidwanso.

DSM Campaign (2022, October 14). Webusaiti ya Blue Peril. Kanema. https://dsm-campaign.org/blue-peril.

Luick, J. (2022, Ogasiti). Chidziwitso chaukadaulo: Kujambula kwa Oceanographic kwa Benthic ndi Midwater Plumes Zonenedweratu za Migodi Yakuya Yokonzedwa ndi The Metals Company ku Clarion Clipperton Zone ya Pacific Ocean, https://dsm-campaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Blue-Peril-Technical-Paper.pdf

Ndemanga yaukadaulo yochokera ku Blue Peril Project, yotsagana ndi kanema wachidule wa Blue Peril. Cholembachi chikufotokoza kafukufuku ndi mafanizo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsanzira migodi yomwe imawonedwa mufilimu ya Blue Peril.

GEM. (2021). Pacific Community, Geoscience, Energy and Maritime Division. https://gem.spc.int

Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Geoscience, Energy, and Maritime Division imapereka zida zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimapanga zinthu zachilengedwe, zanyanja, zachuma, zamalamulo, komanso zachilengedwe za SBM. Mapepala ndi zopangidwa ndi bungwe la European Union / Pacific Community cooperative.

Leal Filho, W.; Abubakar, IR; Nunes, C.; Platje, J.; Ozuyar, PG; Chifuniro, M.; Nagy, GJ; Al-Amin, AQ; Hunt, JD; Li, C. Deep Seabed Mining: Chidziwitso pa Zomwe Zingatheke ndi Zowopsa za Kutulutsa Mchere Wokhazikika ku Nyanja. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050521

Kuwunikiranso mwatsatanetsatane zolemba zamakono za DSM zomwe zikuyang'ana zoopsa, zovuta zachilengedwe, ndi mafunso azamalamulo mpaka kusindikizidwa kwa pepala. Pepalali likupereka maphunziro awiri okhudza kuopsa kwa chilengedwe ndikulimbikitsa kafukufuku ndi chidwi pa migodi yokhazikika.

Miller, K., Thompson, K., Johnson, P. ndi Santillo, D. (2018, January 10). Chidule cha Migodi ya Seabed Kuphatikizapo Mkhalidwe Wamakono Wachitukuko, Zowonongeka Zachilengedwe, ndi Knowledge Gaps Frontiers mu Marine Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00418

Kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2010, pakhala pali chidwi chofuna kufufuza ndi kuchotsa mchere wa m'nyanja. Komabe, madera ambiri omwe azindikiridwa kuti adzakumbidwa m'tsogolomu akuzindikiridwa kale ngati zachilengedwe zosatetezeka zapanyanja. Masiku ano, ntchito zina za migodi m'nyanja za m'nyanja zikuchitika kale m'mashelufu a mayiko, makamaka m'madera akuya kwambiri, ndipo ena ali pakukonzekera bwino. Ndemangayi ikukhudza: momwe chitukuko cha DSM chilili pano, zomwe zingachitike pa chilengedwe, kusatsimikizika ndi mipata ya chidziwitso cha sayansi ndi kumvetsetsa komwe kumapangitsa kuwunika koyambira ndi zotsatira zovuta makamaka kunyanja yakuya. Ngakhale kuti nkhaniyi yatha zaka zitatu, ndikuwunikiranso kofunikira kwa mfundo za DSM za mbiri yakale ndikuwunikira kukakamiza kwamakono kwa DSM.

IUCN. (2018, Julayi). Nkhani Mwachidule: Migodi ya Deep-Sea. International Union for Conservation of Nature. PDF. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/deep-sea_mining_issues_brief.pdf

Pamene dziko lapansi likuyang'anizana ndi kuchepa kwa mchere wapadziko lapansi ambiri akuyang'ana kunyanja yakuya kuti apeze magwero atsopano. Komabe, kukokoloka kwa pansi pa nyanja ndi kuipitsidwa ndi njira za migodi kumatha kuwononga zamoyo zonse ndikuwononga pansi panyanja kwazaka zambiri - ngati sichoncho. Tsambali likufuna kuti pakhale maphunziro ochulukirapo, kuwunika momwe chilengedwe chikuyendera, kuwongolera malamulo, komanso kupanga umisiri watsopano womwe ungachepetse kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha migodi yapanyanja.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. ndi Wilhem, C. (2018). Kugwetsa pansi pamadzi: vuto lomwe likukulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirachochochozamazamaya. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN ndi Gallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

M'nyanja yamchere muli mchere wochuluka kwambiri, womwe uli wosiyana kwambiri. Zoletsa zamalamulo mzaka za m'ma 1970 ndi 1980 zidalepheretsa chitukuko cha migodi yakuya, koma m'kupita kwa nthawi ambiri mwa mafunso azamalamulowa adayankhidwa kudzera ku International Seabed Authority kulola kuti chidwi chokulirapo pa migodi yakuya panyanja. Lipoti la IUCN likuwunikira zokambirana zaposachedwa zokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha migodi ya m'nyanja.

MIDAS. (2016). Kuwongolera Zotsatira za Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zam'nyanja Yakuya. European Union's Seventh Framework Programme yofufuza, chitukuko chaukadaulo ndi ziwonetsero, Grant Agreement No. 603418. MIDAS idalumikizidwa ndi Seascape Consultants Ltd. http://www.eu-midas.net/

Kuwongolera kwamphamvu kwa EU komwe kumathandizidwa ndi EU pakugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za Deep-seA reSource (MIDAS) Pulojekiti yomwe ikugwira ntchito kuyambira 2013-2016 inali ntchito yofufuza zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yofufuza momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira kuchotsa mchere ndi mphamvu zamagetsi m'madera akuya kwa nyanja. Ngakhale MIDAS sikugwiranso ntchito kafukufuku wawo ndi wophunzitsa kwambiri.

Center for Biological Diversity. (2013). Mafunso a Deep-Sea Mining. Center for Biological Diversity.

Pamene Center for Biological Diversity inapereka mlandu wotsutsa zilolezo za United States pa migodi yofufuza inapanganso mndandanda wamasamba atatu wa mafunso omwe amafunsidwa kawirikawiri pa Deep Sea Mining. Mafunso ndi awa: Kodi zitsulo zakuzama za m'nyanja ndizofunika zingati? (pafupifupi $ 150 trilioni), Kodi DSM ikufanana ndi kuvula migodi? (Inde). Kodi nyanja yakuya si yabwinja ndi yopanda moyo? (Ayi). Chonde dziwani kuti mayankho omwe ali patsambali ndi ozama kwambiri komanso oyenerera kwa omvera omwe akufunafuna mayankho ku zovuta zovuta za DSM zomwe zimayikidwa m'njira yosavuta kumvetsetsa popanda chidziwitso cha sayansi. Zambiri pamilandu yokha zitha kupezeka Pano.

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3. Zowopsa za Deep Seabed Mining ku Chilengedwe

Thompson, KF, Miller, KA, Wacker, J., Derville, S., Laing, C., Santillo, D., & Johnston, P. (2023). Kuwunika kwachangu ndikofunikira kuti awone zomwe zingachitike pa cetaceans kuchokera kumigodi yakuya pansi panyanja. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1095930. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1095930

Ntchito za Deep Sea Mining zitha kubweretsa chiwopsezo chachikulu komanso chosasinthika ku chilengedwe, makamaka kwa nyama zam'madzi. Phokoso lopangidwa kuchokera ku ntchito zamigodi, zomwe zikuyenera kupitilira maola 24 patsiku mozama mosiyanasiyana, zimayenderana ndi ma frequency omwe ma cetaceans amalumikizana. Makampani a migodi akukonzekera kugwira ntchito ku Clarion-Clipperton Zone, komwe kumakhala anthu angapo a cetaceans kuphatikiza anamgumi a baleen ndi mano. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka akufunika kuti adziwe zotsatira za zinyama zam'madzi ntchito zamalonda za DSM zisanayambe. Olembawo amawona kuti iyi ndi imodzi mwa maphunziro oyambirira omwe amafufuza za izi, ndikulimbikitsanso kufunikira kwa kafukufuku wochuluka pa DSM phokoso la kuipitsidwa kwa nyumbu ndi cetaceans.

Hitchin, B., Smith, S., Kröger, K., Jones, D., Jaeckel, A., Mestre, N., Ardron, J., Escobar, E., van der Grient, J., & Amaro, T. (2023). Miyezo ya migodi yakuya: Chiyambi cha chitukuko chawo. Ndondomeko ya Marine, 149, 105505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105505

Ma Thresholds adzakhala gawo lachibadwidwe la malamulo ozama kwambiri a migodi ndi malamulo. Poyambira ndi kuchuluka, mulingo, kapena malire a chizindikiro choyezedwa, chomwe chimapangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandiza kupewa kusintha kosafunikira. Pankhani ya kayendetsedwe ka chilengedwe, malire amapereka malire omwe, akafika, amasonyeza kuti chiopsezo chidzakhala - kapena chikuyembekezeka - kukhala chovulaza kapena chosatetezeka, kapena chimapereka chenjezo loyambirira la zochitika zoterezi. Dongosolo la DSM liyenera kukhala la SMART (Mwachindunji, Choyezera, Chotheka, Choyenera, Chokhazikika pa Nthawi), kuwonetsedwa momveka bwino komanso chomveka, kulola kuzindikira kusintha, kukhudzana mwachindunji ndi zochita za kasamalidwe ndi zolinga/zolinga za chilengedwe, kuphatikizira kusamala koyenera, kupatsa kutsata / kukakamiza, ndikuphatikiza.

Carreiro-Silva, M., Martins, I., Riou, V., Raimundo, J., Caetano, M., Bettencourt, R., Rakka, M., Cerqueira, T., Godinho, A., Morato, T. ., & Colaço, A. (2022). Zimango ndi toxicological zotsatira za zinyalala za migodi ya m'nyanja yakuya pamadzi opangira madzi ozizira octocoral. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 915650. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.915650

Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zotsatira za matope oyimitsidwa kuchokera ku DSM pa ma corals amadzi ozizira, kuti adziwe momwe mawotchiwo amachitira ndi toxicological zotsatira za matope. Ofufuzawo adayesa momwe ma coral amachitira ndi tinthu tating'ono ta sulfide ndi quartz. Adapeza kuti atakhala nthawi yayitali, ma coral adakumana ndi kupsinjika kwa thupi komanso kutopa kwa metabolic. Kukhudzika kwa matanthwe ku dothi kumasonyeza kufunikira kwa malo otetezedwa a m'nyanja, malo otetezedwa, kapena madera osankhidwa omwe alibe migodi.

Amon, DJ, Gollner, S., Morato, T., Smith, CR, Chen, C., Christensen, S., Currie, B., Drazen, JC, TF, Gianni, M., et al. (2022). Kuwunika kwa mipata yasayansi yokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe kabwino ka chilengedwe ka migodi yakuya. Mar. Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006.

Pofuna kumvetsetsa chilengedwe cha m'nyanja yakuya ndi zotsatira za migodi pa moyo, olemba kafukufukuyu adawunikiranso zolemba zowunikira anzawo pa DSM. Kupyolera mu ndondomeko yowonongeka ya zolemba zowunikidwa ndi anzawo a 300 kuyambira 2010, ofufuza adavotera madera a pansi pa nyanja pa chidziwitso cha sayansi kuti ayang'anire umboni, akupeza kuti 1.4% yokha ya zigawo zomwe zili ndi chidziwitso chokwanira pa kayendetsedwe kameneka. Akunena kuti kutseka mipata ya sayansi yokhudzana ndi migodi yakuya ndi ntchito yayikulu yomwe ndiyofunika kukwaniritsa udindo waukulu wopewa kuvulaza kwambiri ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo chokwanira ndipo pafunika chitsogozo chomveka bwino, zida zokulirapo, mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu. Olembawo amamaliza nkhaniyi popereka mapu amisewu apamwamba omwe amaphatikizapo kufotokozera zolinga za chilengedwe, kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yofikira padziko lonse lapansi kuti apange deta yatsopano, ndikugwirizanitsa deta yomwe ilipo kuti itseke mipata yayikulu ya sayansi isanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

van der Grient, J., & Drazen, J. (2022). Kuwunika momwe anthu am'madzi akuya akuvutikira kumigodi pogwiritsa ntchito deta yamadzi osaya. Sayansi ya The Total Environment, 852, 158162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022. 158162.

Migodi ya m'nyanja yakuya ikhoza kukhala ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu pazachilengedwe pamadera akuzama anyanja kuchokera pamagalimoto osonkhanitsira ndi zinyalala zotulutsa. Kutengera ndi kafukufuku wa migodi ya m'madzi osaya, matope oyimitsidwawa amatha kupangitsa nyama kuziziritsa, kuwononga makutu awo, kusintha machitidwe awo, kuchulukitsa kufa, kuchepetsa kuyanjana kwamitundu, ndipo kungayambitse nyamazi kuipitsidwa ndi zitsulo munyanja yakuya. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zinyalala zomwe zimayimitsidwa m'madera akuzama a nyanja, kuwonjezeka kochepa kwambiri kwa dothi loyimitsidwa kungayambitse mavuto aakulu. Olembawo adapeza kuti kufanana kwa mtundu ndi njira zomwe nyama zimayankhira pakuwonjezeka kwa dothi loyimitsidwa pamtunda wamadzi osaya kukuwonetsa mayankho omwewo m'malo omwe sali oimiridwa amatha kuyembekezera, kuphatikiza panyanja yakuya.

R. Williams, C. Erbe, A. Duncan, K. Nielsen, T. Washburn, C. Smith, Phokoso lochokera ku migodi ya m’nyanja yakuya limatha kufalikira kumadera akuluakulu a nyanja, Science, 377 (2022), https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science. abo2804

Kufufuza kwasayansi pazovuta zaphokoso lochokera ku migodi yakuya pansi pa nyanja pazachilengedwe zapanyanja zakuzama.

DOSI (2022). “Kodi Deep Ocean Ikuchitirani Chiyani?” Chidule cha Ndondomeko ya Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative. https://www.dosi-project.org/wp-content/uploads/deep-ocean-ecosystem-services- brief.pdf

Chidule chachidule cha mfundo zokhuza ntchito za chilengedwe ndi maubwino a nyanja yathanzi pazachilengedwe zapanyanja zakuzama komanso momwe anthropogenic amakhudzira zachilengedwe izi.

Paulus E., (2021). Kuunikira pa Zamoyo Zam'nyanja Yakuya-Malo Ovuta Kwambiri Poyang'anizana ndi Kusintha kwa Anthropogenic, Frontiers in Marine Science, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.667048

Kuwunikiridwa kwa njira yodziwira zamoyo zakuzama za m'nyanja ndi momwe zamoyo zosiyanasiyanazi zidzakhudzidwire ndi kusokonekera kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu monga migodi ya pansi pa nyanja, kusodza mopitirira muyeso, kuwononga pulasitiki, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, (2021). Kutsutsa Kufunika Kwa Migodi Yam'nyanja Yakuya Kuchokera Pakuwona Kufunika Kwa Zitsulo, Zamoyo Zosiyanasiyana, Ntchito Zachilengedwe Zachilengedwe, ndi Kugawana Bwino, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161.

Pazaka zingapo zapitazi, kuchotsedwa kwa mchere kuchokera pansi pa nyanja zakuya kwadzetsa chidwi kwa osunga ndalama ndi makampani amigodi. Ndipo ngakhale kuti palibe migodi yozama ya pansi pa nyanja ya malonda yomwe yachitikapo pali chitsenderezo chachikulu chakuti migodi ikhale yotsutsana ndi zachuma. Mlembi wa pepalali akuyang'ana zofunikira zenizeni za mchere wa m'nyanja zakuya, kuopsa kwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana ndi ntchito za chilengedwe komanso kusowa kwa phindu lofanana kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi pano komanso kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH et al. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya mitsinje ya m'madzi akuya m'madzi amakhudzidwa ndi kuthira kwa dothi, chipwirikiti ndi zinyalala. Commun Earth Environ 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8

Ntchito yofufuza za migodi ya m'nyanja yakuya ya polymetallic nodule yakula kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa, koma kuchuluka kwa momwe chilengedwe chikuyembekezeka chikukhudzidwira. Chodetsa nkhaŵa chimodzi cha chilengedwe ndicho kutayira kwa matope m'kati mwa madzi. Tidachita kafukufuku wodzipereka pogwiritsa ntchito matope ochokera ku Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. Chingwecho chinayang'aniridwa ndikutsatiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa komanso zatsopano, kuphatikiza miyeso ya ma acoustic ndi chipwirikiti. Kafukufuku wathu wam'munda akuwonetsa kuti kufananiza kumatha kuneneratu modalirika zamadzi apakati pamadzi pafupi ndi kutulutsa komanso kuti kuphatikizika kwa dothi sikuli kofunikira. Mtundu wa plume umagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa kayesedwe kachiwerengero kantchito yamalonda mu Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. Zofunikira kwambiri ndizoti kukula kwa chiwombankhanga kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mayendedwe ovomerezeka ndi chilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa dothi lotayidwa, komanso kusokonezeka kwachisokonezo mu Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH et al. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya mitsinje ya m'madzi akuya m'madzi amakhudzidwa ndi kuthira kwa dothi, chipwirikiti ndi zinyalala. Commun Earth Environ 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8. PDF.

Kafukufuku wokhudza chilengedwe cha matope a sediment kuchokera ku migodi ya deep sea polymetallic nodule. Ofufuzawo adamaliza mayeso owongolera kuti adziwe momwe zinyalala zimakhazikika ndikufanizira matope ofanana ndi omwe angachitike panthawi yamigodi yakuya panyanja. Iwo anatsimikizira kudalirika kwa mapulogalamu awo opangira ma modeling ndipo anatengera mawerengero a chiwerengero cha ntchito ya migodi.

Hallgren, A.; Hansson, A. Nkhani Zotsutsana za Deep Sea Mining. zopezera 2021, 13, 5261. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095261

Nkhani zinayi zozungulira migodi yakuya zakuya zimawunikiridwa ndikuperekedwa, kuphatikiza: kugwiritsa ntchito DSM pakusintha kokhazikika, kugawana phindu, mipata yofufuza, ndikusiya mcherewo. Olembawo amavomereza kuti nkhani yoyamba imakhala yaikulu muzokambirana zambiri za DSM ndi mikangano ndi nkhani zina zomwe zilipo, kuphatikizapo mipata ya kafukufuku ndikusiya mchere wokha. Kusiya mchere kumawonetsedwa ngati funso loyenera komanso lothandizira kuwonjezera mwayi wowongolera njira ndi zokambirana.

van der Grient, JMA, ndi JC Drazen. "Mgwirizano Wotheka wa Malo Pakati pa Usodzi Wam'nyanja Zam'madzi ndi Migodi Yapanyanja Yakuya M'madzi Akunja." Marine Policy, vol. 129, Julayi 2021, p. 104564. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104564.

Kafukufuku wowunikanso kuphatikizika kwa mapangano a DSM ndi malo osodza nsomba. Kafukufukuyu amawerengera zoyipa zomwe DSM ikuyembekezeka pakugwira nsomba pa RFMO iliyonse m'magawo omwe ali ndi makontrakitala a DSM. Olembawo akuchenjeza kuti migodi ndi kutulutsa migodi kumatha kukhudza makamaka mayiko aku Pacific Island.

de Jonge, DS, Stratmann, T., Lins, L., Vanreusel, A., Purser, A., Marcon, Y., Rodrigues, CF, Ravara, A., Esquete, P., Cunha, MR, Simon- Lledó, E., van Breugel, P., Sweetman, AK, Soetaert, K., & van Oevelen, D. (2020). Mtundu wapa intaneti wa Abyssal ukuwonetsa kuchira kwa mpweya wachilengedwe komanso kuwonongeka kwa ma microbial loop pazaka 26 pambuyo poyeserera kusokoneza kwa dothi. Kupita patsogolo mu Oceanography, 189, 102446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102446

Chifukwa cha zomwe zanenedweratu za kufunikira kwa zitsulo zovuta kwambiri, zigwa zaphompho zomwe zili ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta polymetallic pano zikuyembekezeredwa migodi yakuya. Pofuna kudziwa zambiri za zotsatira za migodi yakuya, olemba a pepalali adawona zotsatira za nthawi yayitali za kuyesa kwa 'DISturbance and reCOLonization' (DISCOL) ku Peru Basin komwe kunayesa kulima Pansi pa nyanja mu 1989. Olembawo adawonetsa zowonera pazakudya za benthic zidapangidwa m'malo atatu osiyana: mkati mwa 26-year old pillow tracks (IPT, yomwe idakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi kulima), kunja kwa njanji za pulawo (OPT, zowonekera pokhazikika. za matope oyimitsidwanso), komanso pamasamba (REF, palibe chokhudza). Zomwe zapeza kuti zonse zomwe zikuyerekezedwa ndi mayendetsedwe amtundu uliwonse komanso kuyendetsa njinga kwapang'onopang'ono kudachepetsedwa kwambiri (ndi 16% ndi 35%, motsatana) mkati mwanjira zolimira poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera kwina kuwiri. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito a intaneti, makamaka ma microbial loop, sanachira ku chisokonezo chomwe chidachitika pamalo aphompho zaka 26 zapitazo.

Alberts, EC (2020, June 16) "Migodi ya m'nyanja yakuya: yankho la chilengedwe kapena tsoka lomwe likubwera?" Mongabay News. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/deep-sea-mining-an-environmental-solution-or-impending-catastrophe/

Ngakhale kuti migodi ya m’nyanja yakuya sinayambike kudera lililonse la dziko lapansi, makampani 16 a migodi yapadziko lonse ali ndi makontrakitala ofufuza migodi ya m’nyanja ya Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) ku Eastern Pacific Ocean, ndipo makampani ena ali ndi makontrakitala oti afufuze ma nodule. ku Indian Ocean ndi Western Pacific Ocean. Lipoti latsopano la Deep Sea Mining Campaign ndi Mining Watch Canada likusonyeza kuti migodi ya polymetallic nodule ingasokoneze zachilengedwe, zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, usodzi, ndi chikhalidwe ndi zachuma m'mayiko a zilumba za Pacific, komanso kuti migodi imeneyi ikufunika kusamala.

Chin, A., and Hari, K., (2020). Kuneneratu za zotsatira za migodi ya migodi yakuya ya polymetallic nodules ku Pacific Ocean: Ndemanga ya mabuku a Sayansi, Deep Sea Mining Campaign ndi MiningWatch Canada, masamba 52.

Migodi ya m'nyanja yakuya ku Pacific ikukula chidwi kwa osunga ndalama, makampani amigodi, ndi chuma chazilumba zina, komabe, zochepa zomwe zimadziwika za zotsatira zenizeni za DSM. Lipotilo likuwunikiranso za asayansi opitilira 250 omwe adawona kuti kukhudzidwa kwa migodi yakuya ya polymetallic nodule kungakhale kokulirapo, kowopsa, komanso kopitilira mibadwo, zomwe zikupangitsa kuti mitundu yamitundu iwonongeke. Ndemangayi ipeza kuti migodi ya m'nyanja yakuya idzakhala ndi zotsatira zowopsya komanso zokhalitsa panyanja zanyanja ndipo zikhoza kukhala zoopsa kwambiri ku chilengedwe cha m'nyanja komanso pa usodzi, madera, ndi thanzi la anthu. Ubale wa anthu a pachilumba cha Pacific kunyanja sunaphatikizidwe bwino pazokambirana za DSM ndipo zotsatira za chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe sizidziwika pamene ubwino wachuma umakhala wokayikitsa. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu onse omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi DSM.

Drazen, JC, Smith, CR, Gjerde, KM, Haddock, SHD Et al. (2020) Zachilengedwe zapakati pamadzi ziyenera kuganiziridwa powunika kuopsa kwa chilengedwe cha migodi yapanyanja yakuya. PNAS 117, 30, 17455-17460. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011914117. PDF.

Ndemanga ya zotsatira za migodi yakuya panyanja pazachilengedwe zapakati pamadzi. Zachilengedwe zapakati pamadzi zili ndi 90% yachilengedwe chonse ndi nsomba zosodza zamalonda ndi chitetezo cha chakudya. Zomwe zingachitike ndi DSM ndikuphatikiza zinyalala ndi zitsulo zapoizoni zomwe zimalowa muzakudya mu mesopelagic ocean zone. Ofufuza amalimbikitsa kuwongolera miyezo yoyambira zachilengedwe kuti aphatikizire maphunziro apakati pamadzi.

Christiansen, B., Denda, A., & Christiansen, S. Zomwe zingatheke za migodi ya pansi pa nyanja pa pelagic ndi benthopelagic biota. Ndondomeko ya Marine 114, 103442 (2020).

Kukumba pansi pa nyanja kungathe kukhudza pelagic biota, koma kuopsa kwake ndi kukula kwake sikudziwika bwino chifukwa chosowa chidziwitso. Kafukufukuyu akupitilira kupitilira kafukufuku wa madera a benthic (macroinvertibrates monga crustaceans) ndikuyang'ana chidziwitso chapano cha chilengedwe cha pelagic (dera lomwe lili pakati pa nyanja ndi pamwamba pa nyanja) ndikuzindikira kuvulaza kwa zolengedwa zomwe zitha kuchitika, koma sizingachitike. zonenedweratu panthawiyi chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chidziwitso. Kuperewera kwa chidziwitsoku kukuwonetsa kuti zambiri zimafunikira kuti mumvetsetse bwino zotsatira zazifupi komanso zazitali za DSM panyanja.

Orcutt, BN, et al. Zotsatira za migodi ya m'nyanja yakuya pa ntchito za microbial ecosystem. Limnology ndi Oceanography 65 (2020).

Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi ntchito za chilengedwe zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi midzi ya m'nyanja yakuya mokhudzana ndi migodi yakuya ndi kusokoneza kwina kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Olembawo akukambirana za kutayika kwa midzi ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pa hydrothermal vents, zotsatira za kuthekera kwa carbon sequestration m'minda ya nodule, ndikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa kafukufuku wambiri pamagulu a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'madzi apansi pamadzi. Kafukufuku wochulukirapo akulimbikitsidwa kuti akhazikitse maziko a biogeochemical kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tisanayambitse migodi yakuya yakuya.

B. Gillard et al., Physical and hydrodynamic properties of deep sea mining-generated, abyssal sediment plumes mu Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (kummawa chapakati Pacific). Elementa 7, 5 (2019), https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/ doi/10.1525/elementa.343/112485/Physical-and-hydrodynamic-properties-of-deep-sea

Kafukufuku waukadaulo pazovuta za anthropogenic za migodi yakuzama ya m'nyanja, pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo kusanthula kutulutsa kwamatope. Ofufuza anapeza kuti zochitika zokhudzana ndi migodi zimapanga matope opangidwa ndi madzi omwe amapanga magulu akuluakulu, kapena kuti mitambo, yomwe inkakula kukula ndi matope akuluakulu. Amasonyeza kuti matopewo amabwereranso kumalo komwe kukuchitika chipwirikiticho pokhapokha ngati atavuta ndi mafunde a m’nyanja.

Cornwall, W. (2019). Mapiri obisika m'nyanja yakuya ndi malo otentha kwambiri. Kodi migodi idzawawononga? Sayansi. https://www.science.org/content/article/ mountains-hidden-deep-sea-are-biological-hot-spots-will-mining-ruin-them

Nkhani yachidule yokhudza mbiri yakale komanso chidziwitso chaposachedwa cha zombo zapamadzi, imodzi mwamalo atatu azachilengedwe omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha migodi yakuya. Mipata pa kafukufuku wa zotsatira za migodi pa zombo zapamadzi zadzetsa malingaliro atsopano a kafukufuku ndi kufufuza, koma biology ya seamounts idakali yosawerengeka bwino. Asayansi akugwira ntchito yoteteza zida zankhondo kuti zifufuze. Kuweta nsomba kwawononga kale zamoyo zosiyanasiyana za m’nyanja zosazama kwambiri pochotsa miyala ya m’madzi, ndipo zipangizo zamigodi zikuyembekezeka kukulitsa vutoli.

The Pew Charitable Trusts (2019). Migodi ya Kuzama kwa Nyanja Pamalo a Hydrothermal Vents Imawopseza Zamoyo Zosiyanasiyana. Pew Charitable Trusts. PDF

Tsamba lofotokoza za zotsatira za migodi ya m'nyanja yakuya pamapopu otenthetsera madzi, imodzi mwa malo atatu okhala pansi pamadzi omwe ali pachiwopsezo ndi migodi yazamalonda. Asayansi anena kuti malo ogwetsera migodi adzawopseza zamoyo zamitundumitundu ndipo zitha kusokoneza zachilengedwe zoyandikana nazo. Njira zotsatila zotetezera mpweya wotentha wa hydrothermal zikuphatikizapo kudziwa njira zamakina omwe akugwira ntchito komanso osagwira ntchito, kuwonetsetsa kuti zidziwitso za sayansi zikuwonekera poyera kwa opanga zisankho za ISA ndikuyika makina owongolera a ISA a mpweya woyaka.

Kuti mumve zambiri za DSM, Pew ili ndi tsamba lokhazikika lazowonjezera zowonjezera, mwachidule malamulo, ndi zolemba zina zomwe zingakhale zothandiza kwa omwe ali atsopano ku DSM ndi anthu onse: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/seabed-mining-project.

D. Aleynik, ME Inall, A. Dale, A. Vink, Impact of remotely generated eddies on plume dispersion at abyssal mining sites in the Pacific. Sci. Rep. 7, 16959 (2017) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16912-2

Kuwunika momwe ma ocean counter currents (eddies) amakhudzira kufalikira kwa migodi ndi dothi lotsatira. Kusiyanasiyana kwamakono kumadalira zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo mafunde, mphepo yamkuntho, ndi eddies. Kuchulukirachulukira kuchokera ku mafunde a eddy kumapezeka kuti kumafalikira ndikumwaza madzi, komanso matope omwe amatha kutengedwa ndi madzi, mwachangu pamtunda waukulu.

JC Drazen, TT Sutton, Kudyera mwakuya: Kudyetsa zachilengedwe za nsomba za m'nyanja yakuya. Anu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 9, 337-366 (2017) doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060543

Kafukufuku wokhudza kulumikizana kwa malo akunyanja yakuzama kudzera m'madyedwe a nsomba za m'nyanja yakuya. Mugawo la "Anthropogenic Effects" la pepalali, olembawo akukambirana za momwe migodi yakuya yakuya yomwe ingakhudzire nsomba za m'nyanja zakuya chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwa malo kwa zochitika za DSM. 

Deep Sea Mining Campaign. (2015, September 29). Lingaliro loyamba la migodi ya m'nyanja yakuya padziko lonse lapansi likunyalanyaza zotsatira zake panyanja. Kutulutsidwa kwa Media. Deep Sea Mining Campaign, Economist at Large, MiningWatch Canada, EarthWorks, Oasis Earth. PDF

Pamene nyanja yakuya migodi makampani kuthamangitsa osunga ndalama pa Asia Pacific Deep Nyanja Migodi Summit, ndi kudzudzula kwatsopano ndi Deep Sea migodi Campaign limasonyeza indefensible zolakwa mu Environmental ndi Social Benchmarking Analysis wa ntchito Solwara 1 wotumidwa ndi Nautilus Minerals. Pezani lipoti lonse pano.

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4. Malingaliro a Ulamuliro wa Seabed Padziko Lonse

International Seabed Authority. (2022). Za ISA. International Seabed Authority. https://www.isa.org.jm/

The International Seabed Authority, olamulira apamwamba panyanja padziko lonse lapansi adakhazikitsidwa ndi United Nations pansi pa 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) komanso kusinthidwa mwanjira ya 1994 Agreement of UNCLOS. Pofika 2020, ISA ili ndi mayiko 168 (kuphatikiza European Union) ndipo imaphimba 54% yanyanja. ISA ili ndi udindo wowonetsetsa chitetezo chokwanira cha chilengedwe cha m'nyanja ku zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zingabwere chifukwa cha zochitika zokhudzana ndi nyanja. Webusayiti ya International Seabed Authority ndiyofunikira kwambiri pazolembedwa zovomerezeka komanso zolemba zasayansi ndi zokambirana zomwe zimakhala ndi chikoka champhamvu pakupanga zisankho za ISA.

Morger, E., & Lily, H. (2022). Kutengapo gawo kwa anthu ku International Seabed Authority: Kusanthula kwamalamulo adziko lonse lapansi pazaufulu wa anthu. Ndemanga ya European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 31 (3), 374-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12472

Kusanthula kwazamalamulo pazaufulu wa anthu pazokambilana zokhuza malamulo okhudza migodi ya pansi pa nyanja ku International Seabed Authority. Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa kusowa kwa kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu ndipo ikunena kuti bungweli lanyalanyaza udindo waufulu wa anthu pamisonkhano ya ISA. Olembawo amalimbikitsa njira zingapo zolimbikitsira ndikulimbikitsa anthu kutenga nawo mbali popanga zisankho.

Woody, T., & Halper, E. (2022, April 19). Mpikisano wopita pansi: Pothamangira kukakumba pansi panyanja pansi pamadzi a mchere omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mabatire a EV, ndani amayang'anira chilengedwe? Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-04-19/gold-rush-in-the-deep-sea-raises-questions-about-international-seabed-authority

Nkhani yosonyeza kukhudzidwa kwa Michael Lodge, mlembi wamkulu wa International Seabed Authority, ndi The Metals Company, imodzi mwamakampani omwe akufuna kukumba pansi pa nyanja.

Ndemanga zoperekedwa ndi loya wa International Seabed Authority. (2022, Epulo 19). Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/ 2022-04-19/statements-provided-by-attorney-for-international-seabed-authority

Mayankho opangidwa ndi loya wolumikizidwa ndi ISA pamitu yophatikizira: kudziyimira pawokha kwa ISA ngati bungwe kunja kwa UN, kuwonekera kwa Michael Lodge, mlembi wamkulu wa ISA muvidiyo yotsatsira ya The Metals Company (TMC) , ndi nkhawa za asayansi zomwe ISA silingathe kuwongolera ndi kutenga nawo mbali pantchito zamigodi.

Mu 2022, NY Times idasindikiza zolemba zingapo, zikalata, ndi podcast pa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa The Metals Company, m'modzi mwa otsogola akukankhira migodi yakuya pansi panyanja, ndi Michael Lodge, mlembi wamkulu wa International Seabed Authority. Mawu otsatirawa ali ndi kafukufuku wa New York Times wa migodi ya pansi pa nyanja, osewera akuluakulu akukankhira luso la mgodi, ndi ubale wokayikitsa pakati pa TMC ndi ISA.

Lipton, E. (2022, Ogasiti 29). Zambiri zachinsinsi, zilumba zazing'ono komanso kufunafuna chuma pansi panyanja. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/world/ deep-sea-mining.html

Kuwunikiridwa mozama kwamakampani omwe akutsogolera ntchito zamigodi pansi pa nyanja kuphatikiza The Metals Company (TMC). Ubale wapamtima wa TMC ndi Michael Lodge ndi International Seabed Authority ukukambidwa komanso nkhawa za opindula ndi ntchito zotere ngati migodi ingachitike. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mafunso okhudza momwe kampani yaku Canada, TMC, idakhala patsogolo pazokambirana za DSM pomwe migodi idapangidwa kuti ipereke thandizo lazachuma kumayiko osauka a Pacific Island.

Lipton, E. (2022, Ogasiti 29). Kufufuza kumatsogolera kumunsi kwa Pacific. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/insider/ mining-investigation.html

Gawo la mndandanda wa NY Times "Race to the future", nkhaniyi ikuwunikanso ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa The Metals Company ndi akuluakulu a International Seabed Authority. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zokambirana ndi kuyanjana pakati pa mtolankhani wofufuza ndi akuluakulu akuluakulu a TMC ndi ISA, kufufuza ndi kufunsa mafunso okhudza chilengedwe cha DSM.

Kitroeff, N., Reid, W., Johnson, MS, Bonja, R., Baylen, LO, Chow, L., Powell, D., & Wood, C. (2022, September 16). Lonjezani ndi zoopsa pansi pa nyanja. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/ podcasts/the-daily/electric-cars-sea-mining-pacific-ocean.html

Kanema wa mphindi 35 wofunsa Eric Lipton, mtolankhani wofufuza wa NY Times yemwe amatsatira ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa The Metals Company ndi International Seabed Authority.

Lipton, E. (2022) Seabed Mining Selected Documents. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/ 22266044-seabed-mining-selected-documents-2022

Zolemba zingapo zosungidwa ndi NY Times zolembera za kuyanjana koyambirira pakati pa Michael Lodge, mlembi wamkulu wa ISA wapano, ndi Nautilus Minerals, kampani yomwe idapezedwa ndi TMC kuyambira 1999.

Ardron JA, Ruhl HA, Jones DO (2018). Kuphatikizirapo kuwonekera poyang'anira migodi yakuya m'madera opitilira ulamuliro wa dziko. Mar. Pol. 89, 58-66. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.021

Kuwunika kwa 2018 kwa International Seabed Authority kunapeza kuti kuwonekera momveka bwino ndikofunikira kuti pakhale kuyankha, makamaka zokhudzana ndi: kupeza zidziwitso, kupereka malipoti, kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu, kutsimikizira zaubwino, zidziwitso zakutsatiridwa ndi kuvomereza, komanso kuthekera kowunikiranso ndikuwonekera zisankho.

Lodge, M. (2017, May 26). International Seabed Authority ndi Deep Seabed Mining. UN Chronicle, Volume 54, Nkhani 2, pp. 44 - 46. https://doi.org/10.18356/ea0e574d-en https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/journals/15643913/54/2/25

Pansi panyanja, monga dziko lapansi, pali malo apadera komanso malo okhala ndi mchere wambiri, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wolemera. Lipoti lalifupi komanso lofikirikali likukhudzana ndi zofunikira za migodi ya pansi pa nyanja malinga ndi momwe bungwe la United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) likuyendera komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka chuma kameneka.

International Seabed Authority. (2011, July 13). Dongosolo la kasamalidwe ka chilengedwe la Clarion-Clipperton Zone, lovomerezedwa ndi July 2012. International Seabed Authority. PDF

Ndi ulamuliro walamulo woperekedwa ndi United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, ISA inakhazikitsa dongosolo la kasamalidwe ka chilengedwe ku Clarion-Clipperton Zone, dera limene migodi yakuya kwambiri ya pansi pa nyanja idzachitikira komanso kumene zilolezo zambiri. za DSM zaperekedwa. Chikalatacho ndikuwongolera kufufuza kwa manganese nodule ku Pacific.

International Seabed Authority. (2007, July 19). Chigamulo cha Msonkhano wokhudzana ndi malamulo okhudza kufufuza ndi kufufuza ma polymetallic nodules m'deralo. International Seabed Authority, Inayambiranso Gawo lakhumi ndi chitatu, Kingston, Jamaica, 9-20 July ISBA/13/19.

Pa July 19th, 2007 International Seabed Authority (ISA) inapita patsogolo pa malamulo a sulfide. Chikalatachi n'chofunika chifukwa chimakonza mutu ndi ndondomeko za lamulo la 37 kuti malamulo ofufuza tsopano akuphatikizapo zinthu ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale kapena mbiri yakale. Chikalatacho chikukambirananso za mayiko osiyanasiyana omwe ali ndi malingaliro pamasamba osiyanasiyana odziwika bwino monga malonda a akapolo komanso malipoti ofunikira.

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5. Deep Seabed Mining and Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Justice

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., and Dahl, A. (2021). 'Traditional Dimensions of Seabed Resource Management in the Context of Deep Sea Mining in the Pacific: Learning From the Socio-Ecological Interconnectivity Between Island Communities and the Ocean Realm', Front. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

Kuwunika kwasayansi kwa malo okhala m'madzi komanso chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino cha pansi pamadzi ku Pacific Islands chikuyembekezeka kukhudzidwa ndi DSM. Ndemangayi ikutsatiridwa ndi kuwunika kwalamulo kwa malamulo omwe alipo tsopano kuti adziwe njira zabwino zotetezera ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe ku zotsatira za DSM.

Bourrel, M., Thiele, T., Currie, D. (2018). Kufanana kwa cholowa cha anthu ngati njira yowunikira ndi kupititsa patsogolo chilungamo pamigodi yakuya. Marine Policy, 95, 311-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.07.017. PDF.

Poganizira mfundo za cholowa chofanana cha anthu mkati mwake ndikugwiritsa ntchito mu UNCLOS ndi ISA. Olemba amazindikira maulamuliro azamalamulo komanso momwe zilili mwalamulo za cholowa cha anthu onse komanso momwe chimagwiritsidwira ntchito pa ISA. Olembawo amalimbikitsa njira zingapo zomwe ziyenera kutsatiridwa pamagulu onse a malamulo apanyanja kuti alimbikitse chilungamo, chilungamo, kusamala, ndi kuzindikira mibadwo yamtsogolo.

Jaeckel, A., Ardron, JA, Gjerde, KM (2016) Kugawana maubwino a cholowa chodziwika bwino cha anthu - Kodi ulamuliro wa migodi wakuzama wa m'nyanja wakonzeka? Marine Policy, 70, 198-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.03.009. PDF.

Kupyolera mu lens ya cholowa wamba cha anthu, ofufuzawo amazindikira madera omwe angasinthidwe mu ISA ndi malamulo okhudzana ndi cholowa chofanana cha anthu. Maderawa akuphatikiza kuwonekera, zopindulitsa pazachuma, Enterprise, kusinthana kwaukadaulo ndi kukulitsa luso, mgwirizano pakati pa mibadwo yambiri, ndi zinthu zapamadzi zam'madzi.

Rosembaum, Helen. (2011, October). Kuchokera Kuzama Kwathu: Kukumba Pansi pa Nyanja ku Papua New Guinea. Mining Watch Canada. PDF

Lipotilo limafotokoza za kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chikuyembekezeka chifukwa cha migodi yomwe sinachitikepo pansi pa nyanja ku Papua New Guinea. Ikuwonetsa zolakwika zazikulu mu Nautilus Minerals EIS monga kuyezetsa kosakwanira kwa kampani pakuwopsa kwa njira yake pamitundu yotulutsa mpweya, ndipo sikunaganizire mokwanira zakupha kwa zamoyo zomwe zili muzakudya zam'madzi.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. ndi Wilhem, C. (2018). Kugwetsa pansi pamadzi: vuto lomwe likukulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirakulirachochochozamazamaya. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN ndi Gallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

M'nyanja yamchere muli mchere wochuluka kwambiri, womwe uli wosiyana kwambiri. Zoletsa zamalamulo mzaka za m'ma 1970 ndi 1980 zidalepheretsa chitukuko cha migodi yakuya, koma m'kupita kwa nthawi ambiri mwa mafunso azamalamulowa adayankhidwa kudzera ku International Seabed Authority kulola kuti chidwi chokulirapo pa migodi yakuya panyanja. Lipoti la IUCN likuwunikira zokambirana zaposachedwa zokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha migodi ya m'nyanja.

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6. Tekinoloje ndi Msika Zolingalira Zamsika

Blue Climate Initiative. (Ogasiti 2023). Mabatire a Next Generation EV Amachotsa Kufunika Kwa Migodi Yakuzama kwa Nyanja. Blue Climate Initiative. Idabwezedwa pa Okutobala 30, 2023
https://www.blueclimateinitiative.org/sites/default/files/2023-10/whitepaper.pdf

Kutsogola kwaukadaulo wa batri yagalimoto yamagetsi (EV), komanso kuchulukitsidwa kwa matekinolojewa, kumabweretsa kusinthidwa kwa mabatire a EV omwe amadalira cobalt, faifi tambala, ndi manganese. Chotsatira chake, kukumba kwakuya kwazitsulozi sikofunikira, kopindulitsa pazachuma, kapena koyenera kwa chilengedwe.

Moana Simas, Fabian Aponte, ndi Kirsten Wiebe (SINTEF Industry), Circular Economy and Critical Minerals for the Green Transition, pp. 4-5. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/ downloads/the_future_is_circular___sintef mineralsfinalreport_nov_2022__1__1.pdf

Kafukufuku wa Novembala 2022 adapeza kuti "kutengera ma chemistry osiyanasiyana a mabatire agalimoto yamagetsi ndikuchoka ku mabatire a lithiamu-ion kuti agwiritse ntchito osasunthika kumatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa cobalt, faifi tambala, ndi manganese ndi 40-50% ya kuchuluka kwamafuta pakati pa 2022 ndi 2050. XNUMX poyerekeza ndi matekinoloje amakono ndi zochitika zamabizinesi monga mwachizolowezi.

Dunn, J., Kendall, A., Slattery, M. (2022) Galimoto yamagetsi ya lithiamu-ion batire yobwezeretsanso zomwe zili mu US - zolinga, ndalama, ndi zotsatira za chilengedwe. Zothandizira, Kusamalira ndi Kubwezeretsanso 185, 106488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022. 106488.

Mtsutso umodzi wa DSM ndikupititsa patsogolo kusintha kwa green, x loop recycling system.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, Kutsutsa Kufunika Kwa Migodi Yam'nyanja Yakuya Kuchokera Pakuwona Kufuna Kwachitsulo, Zamoyo Zosiyanasiyana, Ntchito Zachilengedwe, ndi Kugawana Bwino, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161

Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa kusatsimikizika kwakukulu komwe kulipo pokhudzana ndi migodi ya pansi pa nyanja. Makamaka, timapereka malingaliro pa: (1) zotsutsana kuti migodi yakuya ya pansi pa nyanja ikufunika kuti ipereke mchere wowonjezera mphamvu zobiriwira, pogwiritsa ntchito mafakitale amagetsi amagetsi monga fanizo; (2) kuopsa kwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, ntchito za chilengedwe ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe; ndi (3) kusowa kwa phindu lofanana kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi pano komanso kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo.

Deep Sea Mining Campaign (2021) Upangiri Wama Shareholder: Kugwirizana kwa bizinesi komwe akufunsidwa pakati pa Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation ndi DeepGreen. (http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/Advice-to-SOAC-Investors.pdf)

Kupangidwa kwa The Metals Company kudadzetsa chidwi cha Deep Sea Mining Campaign ndi mabungwe ena monga The Ocean Foundation, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale upangiri wa ogawana nawo za kampani yatsopano yopangidwa kuchokera ku Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation ndi mgwirizano wa DeepGreen. Lipotili likukambirana za kusakhazikika kwa DSM, kuyerekezera kwa migodi, ngongole, ndi zoopsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuphatikiza ndi kupeza.

Yu, H. ndi Leadbetter, J. (2020, July 16) Bacterial Chemolihoautotrophy via Manganese Oxidation. Chilengedwe. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2468-5 https://scitechdaily.com/microbiologists-discover-bacteria-that-feed-on-metal-ending-a-century-long-search/

Umboni watsopano ukusonyeza kuti mabakiteriya amene amadya zitsulo ndi chimbudzi cha bakiteriya ameneyu angapereke kufotokoza kumodzi kwa kuchuluka kwa mchere wambiri pansi pa nyanja. Nkhaniyi ikunena kuti maphunziro ochulukirapo akuyenera kumalizidwa pansi panyanjapo asanakumbidwe.

European Union (2020) Circular Economy Action Plan: Kwa Europe yoyera komanso yopikisana kwambiri. Mgwirizano wamayiko aku Ulaya. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/pdf/circular-economy/new_circular_economy_action_plan. pdf

European Union yakhala ikupita patsogolo pakukhazikitsa chuma chozungulira. Lipotili limapereka lipoti lakupita patsogolo ndi malingaliro kuti apange ndondomeko yokhazikika ya ndondomeko yazinthu, kutsindika maunyolo ofunika kwambiri amtengo wapatali, kugwiritsa ntchito zowonongeka pang'ono ndi kuonjezera mtengo, ndikuwonjezera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chuma chozungulira kwa onse.

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7. Financing, ESG kuganizira, ndi Greenwashing Concers

United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (2022) Zofukula Zowopsa za Marine: Kumvetsetsa kuopsa ndi zovuta zakupeza ndalama zopangira mafakitale osawonjezeka. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Harmful-Marine-Extractives-Deep-Sea-Mining.pdf

Bungwe la United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) lidatulutsa lipoti ili lolunjika kwa anthu omwe ali m'gawo lazachuma, monga mabanki, ma inshuwaransi, ndi osunga ndalama, pazachuma, zachilengedwe, ndi zoopsa zina zamigodi yakuya. Lipotili likuyembekezeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la mabungwe azachuma kupanga zisankho pazachuma zakuya zamigodi. Imamaliza ndikuwonetsa kuti DSM sichikugwirizana ndipo sichingagwirizane ndi tanthauzo la chuma chokhazikika cha buluu.

WWF (2022). Deep Seabed Mining: kalozera wa WWF wamabungwe azachuma. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/ wwf_briefing_financial_institutions_dsm.pdf

Wopangidwa ndi World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), memo yachidule iyi ikufotokoza za ngozi zomwe DSM imayika ndipo imalimbikitsa mabungwe azachuma kuti aganizire ndi kukhazikitsa ndondomeko zochepetsera chiopsezo cha ndalama. Lipotilo likusonyeza kuti mabungwe azachuma adzipereke poyera kuti asaike ndalama zawo kumakampani amigodi ku DSM, kuchita nawo bizinesi, osunga ndalama, ndi makampani omwe si amigodi omwe anganene kuti akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito migodi kuti aletse DSM. Lipotilo limatchulanso makampani, mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, ndi mabungwe azachuma omwe, malinga ndi lipotilo, asayina chiletso ndi/kapena kupanga mfundo zochotsa DSM m'magawo awo.

United Nations Environment Program Finance Initiative (2022) Zofukula Zowopsa Zam'madzi: Kumvetsetsa kuwopsa ndi zotsatirapo zakupereka ndalama zopangira zopangira zosawonjezedwanso. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/publications/harmful-marine-extractives-deep-sea-mining/;/;

Kuwunika kwa chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe pazachuma ndi mabungwe azandalama komanso chiwopsezo cha DSM chomwe chimabweretsa kwa osunga ndalama. Chidulechi chimayang'ana pa chitukuko, ntchito, ndi kutsekedwa kwa DSM ndipo chimamaliza ndi malingaliro a kusintha kwa njira yokhazikika, akutsutsa kuti sipangakhale njira yodzitetezera kukhazikitsidwa kwa makampaniwa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa sayansi.

Bonitas Research, (2021, Okutobala 6) TMC the Metals Co. https://www.bonitasresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2021/10/ BonitasResearch-Short-TMCthemetalsco-Nasdaq-TMC-Oct-6-2021.pdf?nocookies=yes

Kufufuza kwa The Metals Company ndi machitidwe ake asanalowe mumsika ngati kampani yaboma. Chikalatacho chikusonyeza kuti TMC idapereka ndalama zochulukirapo kwa omwe sanatchulidwe a Tonga Offshore Mining Limited (TOML), kukwera kwamitengo yazinthu zoyendera, yogwira ntchito ndi chilolezo chokayikitsa chazamalamulo cha TOML.

Bryant, C. (2021, September 13). $ 500 Miliyoni Ya Ndalama za SPAC Zitha Pansi pa Nyanja. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/ 2021-09-13/tmc-500-million-cash-shortfall-is-tale-of-spac-disappointment-greenwashing?leadSource=uverify%20wall

Kutsatira kuphatikizika kwa msika wa DeepGreen ndi Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition, kupanga kampani yogulitsa pagulu ya The Metals Company, kampaniyo idakumana ndi nkhawa kuyambira osunga ndalama omwe adasiya thandizo lawo lazachuma.

Scales, H., Steeds, O. (2021, June 1). Gwirani gawo la 10 la Drift: Kukumba m'nyanja yakuya. Nekton Mission Podcast. https://catchourdrift.org/episode10 deepseamining/

Chigawo cha podcast cha mphindi 50 ndi alendo apadera Dr. Diva Amon kukambirana za chilengedwe cha migodi yakuya pansi pa nyanja, komanso Gerrard Barron, Wapampando ndi CEO wa The Metals Company.

Singh, P. (2021, May).Deep Seabed Mining and Sustainable Development Goal 14, W. Leal Filho et al. (eds.), Life Below Water, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71064-8_135-1

Ndemanga pa mphambano ya migodi ya pansi pa nyanja ndi Sustainable Development Goal 14, Moyo Pansi pa Madzi. Wolembayo akuwonetsa kufunikira koyanjanitsa DSM ndi Zolinga Zachitukuko Zokhazikika za UN, makamaka Goal 14, kugawana kuti "migodi yakuya pansi panyanja ikhoza kukulitsa ntchito za migodi yapadziko lapansi, zomwe zimabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimachitika nthawi imodzi pamtunda ndi panyanja." (tsamba 10).

BBVA (2020) Environmental and Social Framework. https://shareholdersandinvestors.bbva.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Environmental-and-Social-Framework-_-Dec.2020-140121.pdf.

Bungwe la BBVA's Environmental and Social Framework likufuna kugawana mfundo ndi malangizo oyendetsera ndalama mkati mwa migodi, bizinesi yaulimi, mphamvu, zomangamanga, ndi chitetezo ndi makasitomala omwe akutenga nawo gawo pamabanki a BBVA ndi ndalama. Pakati pa ntchito zoletsedwa za migodi, BBVA imatchula migodi ya pansi pa nyanja, kusonyeza kusafuna kuthandiza ndi ndalama makasitomala kapena mapulojekiti omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi DSM.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, ndi Lily, H. (2020)., Zovuta za kukhazikika kwa migodi ya pansi pa nyanja. Nat. Thandizani. 3, 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

Ndemanga ya kafukufuku wamakono pa migodi yakuya ya pansi pa nyanja pa nkhani ya chitukuko chokhazikika. Olembawo amakambilana zolimbikitsa za migodi yakuya, zokhuza kukhazikika, nkhawa zamalamulo ndi malingaliro, komanso zamakhalidwe. Nkhaniyi ikutha ndi olemba kuthandizira chuma chozungulira kuti apewe migodi yakuya pansi pa nyanja.

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8. Zolinga ndi Malipiro

Proelss, A., Steenkamp, ​​RC (2023). Liability Under Part XI UNCLOS (Deep Seabed Mining). Mu: Gailhofer, P., Krebs, D., Proelss, A., Schmalenbach, K., Verheyen, R. (eds) Udindo wa Corporate for Transboundary Environmental Harm. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13264-3_13

Mutu wa buku la Novembala 2022 womwe udapeza kuti, "[g]malamulo apanyumba apano atha kuphatikizira kusatsata [UNCLOS] Ndime 235, zomwe zimabweretsa kulephera kwa zomwe Boma likuyenera kuchita komanso kutha kuyika mayiko paudindo. ” Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa zidanenedwa kale kuti kungopanga lamulo lanyumba kuti lizilamulira DSM m'derali zitha kuteteza mayiko omwe amathandizira. 

Malingaliro ena akuphatikiza nkhani ya Udindo ndi Udindo Pa Zowonongeka Zomwe Zimachitika M'derali: Kuperekedwa kwa Liabilty, komanso lolemba Tara Davenport: https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ responsibility-and-liability-damage-arising-out-activities-area-attribution-liability/

Craik, N. (2023). Kuzindikira Muyezo wa Liability for Environmental Harm kuchokera ku Deep Seabed Mining Activities, p. 5 https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ determining-standard-liability-environmental-harm-deep-seabed-mining-activities/

The Liability Issues for Deep Seabed Mining Project idapangidwa ndi Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Commonwealth Secretariat ndi Secretariat of the International Seabed Authority (ISA) kuti athandizire kufotokozera nkhani zamalamulo zaudindo ndi udindo womwe ukuthandizira chitukuko cha nkhanza. malamulo a m'nyanja yakuya. CIGI, mothandizana ndi ISA Secretariat ndi Commonwealth Secretariat, mu 2017, adapempha akatswiri otsogolera azamalamulo kuti apange Gulu Logwira Ntchito Pazachitetezo cha Zowonongeka Zachilengedwe kuchokera ku Zochitika m'dera (LWG) kuti akambirane za udindo wokhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, ndi cholinga. kupatsa bungwe la Legal and Technical Commission, komanso mamembala a ISA kuunika mozama pa nkhani zazamalamulo zomwe zingachitike.

Mackenzie, R. (2019, February 28). Ngongole Yalamulo pa Kuwonongeka kwa Zachilengedwe kuchokera ku Ntchito Za Migodi ya Deep Seabed: Kufotokozera Kuwonongeka Kwachilengedwe. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

The Liability Issues for Deep Seabed Mining ili ndi kaphatikizidwe ndi mwachidule, komanso kusanthula kwa mitu isanu ndi iwiri yozama. Ntchitoyi idapangidwa ndi Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Commonwealth Secretariat ndi Secretariat of the International Seabed Authority (ISA) kuti athandizire kufotokozera nkhani zamalamulo zaudindo ndi udindo womwe ukuthandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito m'madzi akuya. CIGI, mothandizana ndi ISA Secretariat ndi Commonwealth Secretariat, mu 2017, idapempha akatswiri otsogola azamalamulo kuti apange Gulu Logwira Ntchito Lamalamulo pa Liability for Environmental Harm from Activities in Area kuti akambirane za udindo wokhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, ndi cholinga chopereka Legal and Technical Commission, komanso mamembala a ISA ndikuwunika mozama nkhani zazamalamulo ndi njira zomwe zingachitike.") 

Kuti mumve zambiri pazamavuto okhudzana ndi Deep Seabed Mining, chonde onani mndandanda wa Center for International Governance Innovation's (CIGI) wotchedwa: Liability Issues for Deep Seabed Mining Series, womwe ungapezeke pa: https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Davenport, T. (2019, February 7). Udindo ndi Udindo pa Zowonongeka Zomwe Zimachitika M'derali: Omwe Angathe Kuyembekezera ndi Possible Forum. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Pepalali likuwunikira nkhani zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi kuzindikira odzinenera omwe ali ndi chidwi chokwanira mwalamulo kuti abweretse chiwongola dzanja chowonongeka chifukwa cha zochitika zomwe zikuchitika mdera lomwe lili m'malo adziko (oyimilira) komanso ngati odandaulawo ali ndi mwayi wopita ku msonkhano wothetsa mikangano kuti athe kuweruza milanduyi. , kaya ndi khoti lapadziko lonse lapansi, bwalo lamilandu kapena makhoti adziko lonse (kufikira). Pepalali likunena kuti vuto lalikulu pankhani ya migodi ya pansi pa nyanja ndikuti kuwonongeka kungakhudze zofuna za anthu onse komanso gulu lonse la mayiko, zomwe zimapangitsa kudziwa kuti ndi wochita masewera ati amene ali ndi ntchito yovuta.

Seabed Disputes Chamber of the ITLOS, Maudindo ndi Zofunikira za Mayiko Othandizira Anthu ndi Mabungwe Molemekeza Zochita M'derali (2011), Malingaliro a Advisory, No 17 (SDC Advisory Opinion 2011) https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents /cases/case_no_17/17_adv_op_010211_en.pdf

Lingaliro lomwe limatchulidwa kawirikawiri komanso lodziwika bwino kuchokera ku International Tribunal for the Law of the Seabed Disputes Chamber, lomwe limafotokoza za ufulu ndi udindo wothandizira mayiko. Lingaliro ili ndi miyezo yapamwamba kwambiri yolimbikira kuphatikiza udindo walamulo wotsatira mosamala, machitidwe abwino a chilengedwe, ndi EIA. Chofunika kwambiri, likulamula kuti mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene ali ndi udindo wofanana ndi wa maiko otukuka kuti apewe kugula kapena "mbendera yabwino".

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9. Seabed Mining ndi Underwater Cultural Heritage

Kugwiritsa ntchito lens ya biocultural pomanga pilina (Ubale) ku kai lipo (Zamoyo za m'nyanja yakuya) | Ofesi ya National Marine Sanctuaries. (2022). Idabwezedwa pa Marichi 13, 2023, kuchokera https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/ teachers/utilizing-a-biocultural-lens-to-build-to-the-kai-lipo.html

Webinar yolembedwa ndi Hōkūokahalelani Pihana, Kainalu Steward, ndi J. Hauʻoli Lorenzo-Elarco monga gawo la US National Marine Sanctuary Foundation mndandanda pa Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Zotsatizanazi zikufuna kuwunikira kufunikira kokulitsa kutenga nawo gawo kwa Amwenye mu sayansi yam'nyanja, STEAM (Sayansi, Ukadaulo, Umisiri, Luso, ndi Masamu), ndi ntchito m'magawo awa. Olankhulawa akukambirana za ntchito yojambula mapu ndi kufufuza za nyanja mkati mwa Monument ndi Johnston Atoll komwe nzika zaku Hawaii zidatenga nawo gawo ngati ophunzira.

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., and Dahl, A. (2021). 'Traditional Dimensions of Seabed Resource Management in the Context of Deep Sea Mining in the Pacific: Learning From the Socio-Ecological Interconnectivity Between Island Communities and the Ocean Realm', Patsogolo. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

Kuwunika kwasayansi kwa malo okhala m'madzi komanso chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino cha pansi pamadzi ku Pacific Islands chikuyembekezeka kukhudzidwa ndi DSM. Ndemangayi ikutsatiridwa ndi kuwunika kwalamulo kwa malamulo omwe alipo tsopano kuti adziwe njira zabwino zotetezera ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe ku zotsatira za DSM.

Jeffery, B., McKinnon, JF ndi Van Tilburg, H. (2021). Chikhalidwe chapansi pamadzi ku Pacific: Mitu ndi mayendedwe amtsogolo. International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 17 (2): 135–168: https://doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.6

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za chikhalidwe cha pansi pa madzi chomwe chili mkati mwa nyanja ya Pacific m'magulu a chikhalidwe cha anthu amtundu wawo, malonda a Manila Galleon, komanso zinthu zakale za Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Kukambitsirana kwa magulu atatuwa kukuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwakanthawi komanso malo a UCH munyanja ya Pacific.

Turner, PJ, Cannon, S., DeLand, S., Delgado, JP, Eltis, D., Halpin, PN, Kanu, MI, Sussman, CS, Varmer, O., & Van Dover, CL (2020). Kukumbukira Middle Passage pa nyanja ya Atlantic ku Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction. Ndondomeko ya Marine, 122, 104254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104254

Pothandizira kuzindikira ndi chilungamo kwa International Decade for People of African Descent (2015-2024), ofufuza akufunafuna njira zokumbukira ndi kulemekeza omwe adakumana nawo limodzi mwa maulendo 40,000 kuchokera ku Africa kupita ku America monga akapolo. Kufufuza kwa mineral resources panyanja yapadziko lonse (“Area”) ku Atlantic Basin kukuchitika kale, molamulidwa ndi International Seabed Authority (ISA). Kupyolera mu Mgwirizano wa United Nations pa Lamulo la Nyanja (UNCLOS), Mayiko Amembala a ISA ali ndi udindo woteteza zinthu zakale ndi mbiri yakale zomwe zimapezeka mderali. Zinthu zoterezi zingakhale zitsanzo zofunika za chikhalidwe cha pansi pa madzi ndipo zikhoza kumangirizidwa cholowa cha chikhalidwe chosaoneka, monga umboni wokhudzana ndi chipembedzo, miyambo ya chikhalidwe, zojambulajambula ndi zolemba. Ndakatulo zamakono, nyimbo, zaluso, ndi zolemba zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa nyanja ya Atlantic mu African diasporic culture memory, koma cholowa cha chikhalidwechi sichinavomerezedwe ndi ISA. Olembawo akupempha chikumbutso cha njira zomwe sitimazo zidatenga ngati cholowa chadziko lonse lapansi. Njirazi zimadutsa madera omwe ali pansi pa nyanja ya Atlantic komwe kuli chidwi cha migodi yakuya ya pansi pa nyanja. Olembawo amalimbikitsa kuzindikira Middle Passage asanalole DSM ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mchere kuti zichitike.

Evans, A ndi Keith, M. (2011, December). Kulingalira kwa Malo Ofukula Zakale mu Ntchito Zobowola Mafuta ndi Gasi. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/ MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Amanda%20M. %20Evans_Paper_01.pdf

Ku United States, Gulf of Mexico, ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale amafuta ndi gasi akufunika ndi Bureau of Ocean Energy Management kuti apereke zowunikira zakale zazinthu zomwe zingatheke mdera lawo la projekiti monga momwe angagwiritsire ntchito chilolezo. Ngakhale kuti chikalatachi chikuyang'ana pa kufufuza kwa mafuta ndi gasi, chikalatacho chikhoza kukhala ngati ndondomeko ya zilolezo.

Bingham, B., Foley, B., Singh, H., ndi Camilli, R. (2010, November). Zida za Robotic za Archaeology ya Madzi Akuya: Kufufuza Sitima Yakale Yosweka ndi Galimoto Yodziyimira Pansi pa Madzi. Journal of Field Robotic DOI: 10.1002 / rob.20359. PDF.

Kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto oyenda pansi pamadzi (AUV) ndiukadaulo wofunikira womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira ndi kuphunzira malo olowa m'madzi apansi pamadzi monga momwe zawonetsedwera bwino ndi kafukufuku wa malo a Chios ku Nyanja ya Aegean. Izi zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwaukadaulo wa AUV kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito pa kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi makampani a DSM kuti athandizire kuzindikira malo omwe ali ndi mbiri yakale komanso chikhalidwe. Komabe, ngati lusoli silikugwiritsidwa ntchito kumunda wa DSM ndiye kuti pali kuthekera kwamphamvu kuti malowa awonongeke asanapezeke.

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10. Chiphaso cha Social (Kuyimitsa, Kuletsa Boma, ndi Ndemanga Zachibadwidwe)

Kaikkonen, L., & Virtanen, EA (2022). Kukumba m'madzi osaya kumalepheretsa zolinga zapadziko lonse lapansi. Zochitika mu Ecology & Evolution, 37(11), 931-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.08.001

Zida zamchere zam'mphepete mwa nyanja zimalimbikitsidwa ngati njira yokhazikika kuti ikwaniritse zofuna zachitsulo zomwe zikuwonjezeka. Komabe, migodi ya m'madzi osaya ikusemphana ndi zolinga za mayiko otetezedwa ndi kukhazikika ndipo malamulo ake owongolera akupangidwabe. Ngakhale kuti nkhaniyi ikukamba za migodi ya madzi osaya, mfundo yakuti palibe zifukwa zokomera migodi ya madzi osaya ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kunyanja yakuya, makamaka ponena za kusowa koyerekeza ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana a migodi.

Hamley, GJ (2022). Zotsatira za migodi ya m'nyanja m'dera la Ufulu waumunthu waumoyo. Ndemanga ya European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 31 (3), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12471

Kusanthula kwalamulo uku kumapereka kufunikira koganizira za thanzi la anthu pazokambirana zozungulira migodi yakuya m'nyanja. Wolembayo akunena kuti zokambirana zambiri mu DSM zakhala zikuyang'ana pazachuma komanso zachilengedwe zomwe zimachitika mchitidwewu, koma thanzi laumunthu silinawonekere. Monga momwe pepalalo linanenera, “ufulu wa munthu wokhala ndi thanzi, umadalira zamoyo za m’madzi. Pachifukwa ichi, mayiko ali ndi udindo pazaufulu wa zaumoyo okhudzana ndi kuteteza zamoyo zosiyanasiyana za m'nyanja… ufulu wathanzi. " Wolembayo akupereka malingaliro a njira zophatikizira thanzi la anthu ndi ufulu wa anthu pazokambirana mozungulira migodi yakuya panyanja ku ISA.

Mgwirizano wa Deep Sea Conservation Coalition. (2020). Migodi Yakuya Kwambiri: Sayansi ndi Zomwe Zingatheke Zomwe Zingatheke Tsamba 2. Deep Sea Conservation Coalition. http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/02_DSCC_FactSheet2_DSM_ science_4pp_web.pdf

Kuyimitsidwa kwa migodi ya m'nyanja yakuya ndikofunikira chifukwa chokhudzidwa ndi kusatetezeka kwa zamoyo zapanyanja zakuya, kusowa kwa chidziwitso chokhudza zotsatira za nthawi yayitali, komanso kuchuluka kwa ntchito zamigodi m'nyanja yakuya. Tsambali lamasamba anayi limafotokoza za kuopsa kwa chilengedwe cha migodi ya m'nyanja yakuya m'zigwa za abyssal, seamounts, ndi ma hydrothermal vents.

Mengerink, KJ, et al., (2014, May 16). Kuyitanira kwa Utsogoleri wa Deep-Ocean Stewardship. Policy Forum, Nyanja. AAAS. Sayansi, Vol. 344. PDF

Nyanja yakuya ikuopsezedwa kale ndi zochitika zingapo za anthropogenic ndipo migodi ya pansi pa nyanja ndi chiwopsezo china chachikulu chomwe chingaimitsidwe. Chifukwa chake gulu la akatswiri otsogola am'madzi apanga chilengezo chapoyera choyitanitsa ukapitawo wakuzama kwanyanja.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, ndi Lily, H. (2020)., Zovuta za kukhazikika kwa migodi ya pansi pa nyanja. Nat. Thandizani. 3, 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

Ocean Foundation imalimbikitsa kuwunikanso mabilu apano a malamulo, kuphatikiza California Seabed Mining Prevention Act, Washington's Prevention of kupewa migodi ya pansi pa nyanja ya mchere wovuta, ndi mapangano oletsedwa a Oregon ofufuza migodi yolimba. Izi zitha kuthandiza kutsogolera ena pakukhazikitsa malamulo kuti achepetse kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha migodi ya pansi pa nyanja kuwonetsa mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe migodi ya m'nyanjayi sikugwirizana ndi zofuna za anthu.

• California - https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/ billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1832& showamends=false
• Washington - https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=5145&Initiative=false &Year=2021
• Oregon - https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_ 274.610

Deepsea Conservation Coalition. (2022). Kukaniza Migodi Yakuzama kwa Nyanja: Maboma ndi Aphungu. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-governments-and-parliamentarians/

Pofika Disembala 2022, mayiko 12 adachitapo kanthu motsutsana ndi Deep Seabed Mining. Maiko anayi apanga mgwirizano kuti athandizire kuimitsidwa kwa DSM (Palau, Fiji, Federated States of Micronesia, ndi Samoa, mayiko awiri anena kuti athandizira kuimitsidwa (New Zealand ndi French Polynesia Assembly. Mayiko asanu ndi limodzi athandizira kuyimitsa (Germany, Costa Rica, Chile, Spain, Panama, ndi Ecuador), pomwe France idalimbikitsa chiletso.

Deepsea Conservation Coalition. (2022). Kukaniza Migodi Yakuzama kwa Nyanja: Maboma ndi Aphungu. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-fishing-sector/

Bungwe la Deepsea Conservation Coalition lalemba mndandanda wamagulu asodzi omwe akufuna kuyimitsa DSM. Izi zikuphatikizapo: African Confederation of Professional Artisanal Fishing Organisations, EU Advisory Councils, International Pole and Line Foundation, Norwegian Fisheries Association, South African Tuna Association, ndi South African Hake Long Line Association.

Thaler, A. (2021, Epulo 15). Makampani Aakulu Akuti Ayi ku Migodi Yakuzama kwa Nyanja, Kwakanthawi. Wowonera wa DSM. https://dsmobserver.com/2021/04/major-brands-say-no-to-deep-sea-mining-for-the-moment/

Mu 2021, makampani akuluakulu angapo aukadaulo ndi zamagalimoto adanenanso kuti amathandizira kuyimitsidwa kwa DSM pakadali pano. Makampaniwa kuphatikiza Google, BMW<Volvo, ndi Samsung SDI onse adasaina World Wide Fund For Nature's Global Deep-sea Mining Moratorium Campaign. Ngakhale zifukwa zomveka zokulirakulira zimasiyanasiyana, zidadziwika kuti makampaniwa atha kukumana ndi zovuta kuti akhale okhazikika, popeza kuti mchere wa m'nyanja zakuya sungathe kuthetsa vuto lazowopsa za migodi komanso kuti migodi ya m'nyanja yakuzama sikungachepetse mavuto okhudzana ndi migodi yapadziko lapansi.

Makampani apitiliza kusaina ku Campaign, kuphatikiza Patagonia, Scania, ndi Triodos Bank, kuti mudziwe zambiri onani https://sevenseasmedia.org/major-companies-are-pledging-against-deep-sea-mining/.

Boma la Guam (2021). I MINA'TRENTAI SAIS NA LIHESLATURAN GUÅHAN MASANGANALA. 36 Guam Legislature - Malamulo apagulu. (2021). kuchokera https://www.guamlegislature.com/36th_Guam _Legislature/COR_Res_36th/Res.%20No.% 20210-36%20(COR).pdf

Guam wakhala mtsogoleri wokakamiza kuyimitsa migodi ndipo adalimbikitsa boma la US kuti likhazikitse ziletso m'dera lawo la Exclusive-Economic Zone, komanso kuti International Seabed Authority ikhazikitse lamulo loletsa kulowa m'nyanja yakuya.

Oberle, B. (2023, Marichi 6). Kalata yotseguka ya Director General wa IUCN kwa Mamembala a ISA pa migodi ya m'nyanja yakuya. Chithunzi cha IUCN DG. https://www.iucn.org/dg-statement/202303/iucn-director-generals-open-letter-isa-members-deep-sea-mining

Pamsonkhano wa 2021 wa IUCN ku Marseille, mamembala a IUCN adavota kuti avomereze Chisankho 122 kuyitanitsa kuyimitsidwa kwa migodi ya m'nyanja yakuya pokhapokha ndipo mpaka zoopsa zitadziwika bwino, kuunika kokhazikika ndi kowonekera, ndondomeko yowononga ndalama ikutsatiridwa, kuwonetsetsa kuti njira yoyendetsera chuma ikuchitika, anthu akukhudzidwa, ndi chitsimikizo chakuti utsogoleri ya DSM ndi yowonekera, yoyankha, yophatikiza, yothandiza, komanso yosamalira chilengedwe. Chigamulochi chinatsimikiziridwanso mu kalata yolembedwa ndi Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa IUCN, Dr. Bruno Oberle kuti akaperekedwe patsogolo pa msonkhano wa March 2023 International Seabed Authority womwe unachitikira ku Jamaica.

Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (2021, Novembara 29). Mwakuya Kwambiri: Mtengo Weniweni wa Migodi Yakuya Panyanja. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuUjDkcINOE

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