M'ndandanda wazopezekamo

1. Introduction
2. Mbiri ya Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Nyanja
3. Malamulo ndi Malamulo
4. Usodzi wa IUU ndi Ufulu Wachibadwidwe
5. Maupangiri Ogwiritsa Ntchito Zakudya Zam'madzi
6. Kusamutsidwa ndi Kuletsedwa
7. Ulamuliro wa Nyanja
8. Kuphwanya Zombo ndi Kuphwanya Ufulu Wachibadwidwe
9. Njira Zothetsera

1. Introduction

Tsoka ilo, kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu kumachitika osati pamtunda komanso panyanja. Kuzembetsa anthu, katangale, kudyera masuku pamutu, ndi kuphwanya malamulo ena, kuphatikizapo kusowa kwa apolisi ndi kutsatiridwa koyenera kwa malamulo a mayiko, ndizochitika zomvetsa chisoni za zochitika zambiri zapanyanja. Kuchulukirachulukiraku kwa kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu panyanja komanso nkhanza zachindunji kapena zachindunji za m'nyanja zimayendera limodzi. Kaya kukhale m’njira ya usodzi wosaloledwa kapena kuthaŵa moumiriza kwa mayiko a m’zisumbu za m’mphepete mwa nyanja, nyanja ikusefukira ndi umbanda.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwathu molakwika zinthu za m'nyanja komanso kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya kwangowonjezera kupezeka kwa zochitika zam'nyanja zosaloledwa. Kusintha kwa nyengo kochititsidwa ndi anthu kwachititsa kuti nyanja zizitentha, madzi a m’nyanja achuluke, ndiponso kuti mphepo yamkuntho ichuluke, zomwe zikuchititsa kuti anthu a m’mphepete mwa nyanja athawe m’nyumba zawo ndi kukafunafuna zopezera zofunika pa moyo kwina popanda thandizo la ndalama kapena mayiko. Kupha nsomba mopambanitsa, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nsomba zotsika mtengo, kwakakamiza asodzi a m’derali kupita kutali kuti akapeze nsomba zopezeka kapena kukwera ngalawa zosodza zosaloledwa ndi boma kuti alipidwe pang’ono kapena osalipidwa ayi.

Kupanda kutsatiridwa, kuwongolera, ndi kuyang'anira nyanja yamchere si nkhani yachilendo. Zakhala zovuta nthawi zonse kwa mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi omwe ali ndi udindo woyang'anira nyanja. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, maboma akupitirizabe kunyalanyaza udindo woletsa kutulutsa mpweya komanso kupereka thandizo ku mayiko amene akuthaŵa.

Njira yoyamba yopezera njira yothetsera kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu wochuluka panyanja ndi kuzindikira. Pano tapanga zina mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri zokhudzana ndi mutu waufulu wa anthu ndi nyanja.

Ndemanga Yathu pa Ntchito Yokakamiza ndi Kugulitsa Anthu mu Gawo la Usodzi

Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu am'madzi amadziwikiratu kuti asodzi amakhalabe pachiwopsezo choponderezedwa ndi ufulu wa anthu m'zombo zopha nsomba. Ogwira ntchito amakakamizika kugwira ntchito zovuta ndipo nthawi zina zowopsa kwa maola ambiri ndi malipiro ochepa kwambiri, poopsezedwa ndi mphamvu kapena chifukwa cha ukapolo wa ngongole, zomwe zimachititsa kuti azizunzidwa mwakuthupi ndi m'maganizo ndipo ngakhale imfa. Monga momwe bungwe la International Labor Organisation linanenera, malo opha nsomba ali ndi chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amafa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. 

Malinga ndi UN Trafficking Protocol, kuzembetsa anthu kumaphatikizapo zinthu zitatu:

• kulembera anthu mwachinyengo kapena mwachinyengo;
• kumathandizira kusuntha kupita kumalo odyetsedwa; ndi
• kugwiriridwa pa kopita.

Mu gawo lausodzi, kugwira ntchito mokakamiza komanso kuzembetsa anthu kumaphwanya ufulu wa anthu ndikuwopseza kukhazikika kwa nyanja. Poganizira kulumikizana kwa ziwirizi, njira yolumikizirana zinthu zambiri ndiyofunika ndipo kuyesetsa kuyang'ana pa kutsata kokwanira sikukwanira. Ambiri aife ku Europe ndi United States titha kukhalanso olandira zakudya zam'madzi zomwe zimagwidwa ndi ntchito yokakamiza. Kusanthula koyamba za nsomba zochokera ku Ulaya ndi ku US zikusonyeza kuti nsomba zochokera kunja ndi zogwidwa m'nyumba zikaphatikizidwa m'misika yam'deralo, chiopsezo chogula nsomba zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi ukapolo wamakono chimawonjezeka pafupifupi nthawi 8.5, poyerekeza ndi nsomba zogwidwa m'nyumba.

Ocean Foundation imathandizira kwambiri bungwe la International Labor Organisation "Global Action Programme yolimbana ndi ntchito yokakamiza komanso kuzembetsa asodzi panyanja" (GAPfish), zomwe zikuphatikizapo: 

• Kukhazikitsa njira zokhazikika zopewera kuphwanyidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu ndi ntchito kwa asodzi m'malo olembera anthu ntchito ndi odutsa;
• Kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu za mayiko kuti awonetsetse kutsatira malamulo a mayiko ndi mayiko pa sitima zapamadzi zowulutsa mbendera yawo pofuna kupewa ntchito yokakamiza;
• Kuchulukirachulukira kwa mayiko omwe ali ndi madoko kuti athe kuthana ndi kuthana ndi mavuto omwe akukakamizidwa kugwira ntchito yosodza; ndi 
• Kukhazikitsidwa kwa anthu odziwa zambiri ogwiritsira ntchito mokakamiza muusodzi.

Pofuna kupewa kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yokakamiza komanso kuzembetsa anthu m'gulu lausodzi, The Ocean Foundation sidzagwirizana kapena kugwira ntchito ndi (1) mabungwe omwe angakhale ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha ukapolo wamakono m'ntchito zawo, malinga ndi chidziwitso cha Global Slavery Index. pakati pa zinthu zina, kapena (2) mabungwe omwe alibe kudzipereka kwapagulu kuti awonetsetse kuti azitha kufufuza bwino komanso kuwonekera ponseponse pazakudya zam'madzi. 

Komabe, kukhazikitsa malamulo panyanja panyanja kumakhala kovuta. Komabe, m’zaka zaposachedwapa njira zatsopano zaumisiri zikugwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsatira zombo ndi kulimbana ndi kuzembetsa anthu m’njira zatsopano. Zochita zambiri panyanja zazitali zikutsatira 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea lomwe limatanthawuza mwalamulo kugwiritsa ntchito nyanja ndi nyanja pothandiza munthu payekha komanso wamba, makamaka, lidakhazikitsa madera azachuma okha, ufulu woyenda panyanja, ndikupanga International Seabed Authority. Pazaka zisanu zapitazi, pakhala kukakamiza kwa a Geneva Declaration on Human Rights at Sea. Kuyambira pa February 26^th, 2021 mtundu womaliza wa Declaration ukuwunikiridwa ndipo udzaperekedwa m'miyezi ikubwerayi.

2. Mbiri ya Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Nyanja

Vitani, P. (2020, December 1). Kuthana ndi Kuponderezedwa kwa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe Ndikofunikira pa Moyo Wokhazikika pa Nyanja ndi Pamtunda. World Economic Forum.  https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/12/how-tackling-human-rights-abuses-is-critical-to-sustainable-life-at-sea-and-on-land/

Nyanja ndi yayikulu kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa apolisi. Chifukwa chake ntchito zoletsedwa ndi zoletsedwa zikuchulukirachulukira ndipo madera ambiri padziko lonse lapansi akuwona kusintha kwachuma chawo komanso chikhalidwe chawo. Kulemba mwachidule kumeneku kumapereka chidziwitso chapamwamba kwambiri cha vuto la kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu pa ntchito ya usodzi ndipo kumapereka njira zothandizira monga kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama zaukadaulo, kuwunika kowonjezereka, komanso kufunikira kothana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kusodza kwa IUU.

Dipatimenti Yaboma. (2020). Lipoti la Kuzembetsa Anthu. Ofesi Yaboma Yoyang'anira ndi Kuthana ndi Kuzembetsa Anthu. PDF. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-trafficking-in-persons-report/.

Lipoti la Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP) ndi lipoti lapachaka lofalitsidwa ndi dipatimenti ya boma ya United States lomwe limaphatikizapo kufufuza za mchitidwe wozembetsa anthu m’dziko lililonse, kulonjeza njira zothana ndi kuzembetsa anthu, nkhani za ozunzidwa, ndi zimene zikuchitika masiku ano. TIP idazindikira Burma, Haiti, Thailand, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, South Korea, China ngati mayiko omwe akulimbana ndi kuzembetsa ndi kukakamiza anthu pantchito ya usodzi. Dziwani kuti lipoti la TIP la 2020 lidayika Thailand ngati Gawo 2, komabe, magulu ena olimbikitsa amatsutsa kuti Thailand iyenera kutsitsidwa kukhala Mndandanda wa Gulu Lachiwiri chifukwa sanachite mokwanira kuthana ndi kuzembetsa antchito osamukira kwawo.

Urbina, I. (2019, Ogasiti 20). Nyanja ya Outlaw: Maulendo Odutsa Pamalire Omaliza Osasinthika. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.

Nyanjayi ndi yayikulu kwambiri kwa apolisi okhala ndi madera akuluakulu omwe alibe mphamvu zomveka padziko lonse lapansi. Ambiri mwa zigawo zazikuluzikuluzi ali ndi upandu wochuluka kuyambira kwa ozembetsa anthu kupita kwa achifwamba, ozembetsa kupita kwa osunga ndalama, opha nyama popanda chilolezo kupita ku akapolo omangidwa. Wolemba mabuku, Ian Urbina, akugwira ntchito yosonyeza mikangano ya ku Southeast Asia, Africa, ndi m’madera ena. Buku la Outlaw Ocean lachokera pa malipoti a Urbina ku New York Times, nkhani zosankhidwa zitha kupezeka apa:

1. "Stowaways and Crimes In the Scofflaw Ship." The New York Times, 17 July 2015.
   Pokhala mwachidule za dziko losayeruzika la m'nyanja zazitali, nkhaniyi ikukamba za nkhani ya anthu awiri oyenda m'sitima ya scofflaws ya Dona Liberty.
2.  "Kupha pa Nyanja: Kujambulidwa pavidiyo, Koma Opha Amamasuka." The New York Times, Julayi 20, 2015.
   Zithunzi za amuna anayi opanda zida akuphedwa pakati pa nyanja pazifukwa zomwe sizikudziwikabe.
3. ” ‘Akapolo A M’nyanja:’ Mavuto a Anthu Amene Amadyetsa Ziweto ndi Ziŵeto.” The New York Times, Julayi 27, 2015.
   Mafunso a amuna omwe athawa ukapolo m'mabwato opha nsomba. Amafotokozanso za kumenyedwa kwawo ndi kuipiraipira pamene maukonde amaponyedwa kuti agwire zomwe zimakhala chakudya cha ziweto ndi ziweto.
4. "A Renegade Trawler, Amasaka Ma Miles 10,000 ndi Vigilantes." The New York Times, Julayi 28, 2015.
   Kufotokozanso za masiku 110 omwe mamembala a bungwe loyang'anira zachilengedwe, Sea Shepherd, adatsata ngalawa yodziwika bwino yopha nsomba mosaloledwa.
5.  "Wonyengedwa Ndi Ngongole Pamtunda, Wozunzidwa Kapena Wosiyidwa Panyanja. ” The New York Times, 9 Novembala 2015.
   "Mabungwe oyendetsa magalimoto" osaloledwa amapusitsa anthu akumidzi ku Philippines ndi malonjezo abodza a malipiro apamwamba ndikuwatumiza ku zombo zodziwika bwino chifukwa chachitetezo choyipa komanso mbiri yantchito.
6. "Maritime 'Repo Men': Malo Omaliza Ochitira Zombo Zobedwa." The New York Times, Disembala 28, 2015.
   Maboti masauzande ambiri amabedwa chaka chilichonse, ndipo ena amawapeza atamwa mowa, mahule, asing’anga ndi chinyengo chamtundu wina.
7. "Palau vs. The Poachers." Magazini ya New York Times, February 17, 2016.
   Paula, dziko lakutali laling'ono lalikulu la Philadelphia ali ndi udindo woyang'anira nyanja yayikulu pafupifupi kukula kwa dziko la France, m'dera lomwe lili ndi zida zazikulu, zombo zoyendetsedwa ndi boma zothandizidwa ndi boma, maukonde otsetsereka komanso malo okopa nsomba oyandama otchedwa FADs. . Kuchita kwawo mwaukali kungakhazikitse muyezo wotsatira malamulo panyanja.

Tickler, D., Meeuwig, JJ, Bryant, K. et al. (2018). Ukapolo wamakono ndi Mpikisano wa Nsomba. Nature Kulumikizana Vol. 9,4643 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07118-9

Pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi pakhala chizoloŵezi cha kuchepa kwa phindu m'makampani a usodzi. Pogwiritsa ntchito Global Slavery Index (GSI), olembawo akutsutsa kuti mayiko omwe ali ndi nkhanza zogwirira ntchito amagawananso kuchuluka kwa nsomba zam'madzi zakutali komanso kusapereka malipoti osowa nsomba. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa phindu, pali umboni wa nkhanza zogwira ntchito komanso ukapolo wamakono womwe umadyera antchito kuti achepetse ndalama.

Associated Press (2015) Associated Press Investigation into Slaves at Sea ku Southeast Asia, mndandanda wa magawo khumi. [filimu]. https://www.ap.org/explore/seafood-from-slaves/

Kufufuza kwa Associated Press kunali kumodzi mwazofufuza zozama zazakudya zam'nyanja, ku US ndi kunja. M’kupita kwa miyezi khumi ndi isanu ndi itatu, atolankhani anayi a The Associated Press analondolera zombo, kupeza akapolo, ndi kuloŵa m’malole afiriji kuti aulule nkhanza za ntchito ya usodzi ku Southeast Asia. Kafukufukuyu wachititsa kuti akapolo oposa 2,000 amasulidwe komanso kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga kwa ogulitsa akuluakulu komanso boma la Indonesia. Atolankhani anayiwa adapambana Mphotho ya George Polk ya Lipoti Lakunja mu February 2016 chifukwa cha ntchito yawo. 

Ufulu Wachibadwidwe pa Nyanja. (2014). Ufulu Wachibadwidwe pa Nyanja. London, United Kingdom. https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/

Ufulu Wachibadwidwe Panyanja (HRAS) watuluka ngati nsanja yodziyimira payokha yaufulu wachibadwidwe wapanyanja. Chiyambireni kukhazikitsidwa kwake mu 2014, HRAS yakhala ikulimbikitsa kwambiri kuti achulukitse kukhazikitsidwa komanso kuyankha pazaufulu wa anthu oyenda panyanja, asodzi, ndi moyo wina wapanyanja padziko lonse lapansi. 

Nsomba. (2014, Marichi). Trafficked II - Chidule Chatsopano Chokhudza Kuponderezedwa Kwa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe M'makampani a Zakudya Zam'madzi. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Trafficked_II_FishWise_2014%20%281%29.compressed.pdf

Trafficked II yolembedwa ndi FishWise imapereka chidule cha nkhani zaufulu wa anthu pagulu lazakudya zam'madzi komanso zovuta zomwe zikufunika kusintha makampani. Lipotili litha kukhala ngati chida cholumikizira mabungwe omwe siaboma otetezedwa komanso akatswiri odziwa za ufulu wa anthu.

Treves, T. (2010). Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Lamulo la Nyanja. Berkeley Journal ya International Law. Gawo 28, Gawo 1. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Human%20Rights%20and%20the%20Law%20of%20the%20Sea.pdf

Wolemba mabuku wina dzina lake Tillio Treves amaona Lamulo la Panyanja potengera malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe omwe amatsimikizira kuti ufulu wa anthu umagwirizana ndi Lamulo la Nyanja. Treves amadutsa milandu yomwe imapereka umboni wodalirana kwa Lamulo la Nyanja ndi ufulu wa anthu. Ndi nkhani yofunikira kwa iwo omwe akuyang'ana kuti amvetse mbiri yazamalamulo yomwe ikukhudzana ndi kuphwanyidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu pamene ikuwunikira momwe Lamulo la Panyanja linapangidwira.

3. Malamulo ndi Malamulo

United States International Trade Commission. (2021, February). Zakudya Zam'nyanja Zopezedwa Pogwiritsa Ntchito Usodzi Wosaloledwa, Wosatchulidwa Lipoti, ndi Wosalamuliridwa: Zotengera Kumayiko Ena ku US ndi Impact Economic pa US Commercial Fisheries. United States International Trade Commission Publication, No. 5168, Investigation No. 332-575. https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub5168.pdf

Bungwe la US International Trade Commission lapeza kuti pafupifupi $2.4 biliyoni ya ntchito zogulitsira nsomba zochokera kunja zimachokera ku usodzi wa IUU mu 2019, makamaka nkhanu zosambira, shrimp, yellowfin tuna, ndi sikwidi. Akuluakulu omwe amatumiza kunja kwa IUU yolanda m'madzi amachokera ku China, Russia, Mexico, Vietnam, ndi Indonesia. Lipotili likuwunika bwino za usodzi wa IUU ndikuwonetsa kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe m'maiko omwe amagulitsa nsomba zam'madzi kuchokera ku US. Makamaka, lipotilo lidapeza kuti 99% ya zombo zaku China za DWF ku Africa akuti zidapangidwa ndi usodzi wa IUU.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2020). Nenani ku Congress Human Trafficking mu Seafood Supply Chain, Gawo 3563 la National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 (PL 116-92). Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda. https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2020-12/DOSNOAAReport_HumanTrafficking.pdf?null

Motsogozedwa ndi Congress, NOAA idasindikiza lipoti lokhudza kuzembetsa anthu pagulu lazakudya zam'madzi. Lipotilo limatchula mayiko 29 omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chozembetsa anthu m'gawo lazakudya zam'nyanja. Malangizo othana ndi kuzembetsa anthu m'gulu la usodzi akuphatikizapo kufalikira kumayiko omwe adalembedwa, kulimbikitsa zoyesayesa zapadziko lonse lapansi kuti athe kuthana ndi kuzembetsa anthu, komanso kulimbikitsa mgwirizano ndi mafakitale kuti athane ndi kuzembetsa anthu m'gulu lazakudya zam'nyanja.

Greenpeace. (2020). Bizinesi Ya Nsomba: Momwe Kudutsira Panyanja Kumathandizira Usodzi Wosaloledwa, Wopanda Malipoti, komanso Wosalamuliridwa Zomwe Zimawononga Nyanja Zathu. Greenpeace International. PDF. https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-international-stateless/2020/02/be13d21a-fishy-business-greenpeace-transhipment-report-2020.pdf

Greenpeace yazindikira zombo 416 "zowopsa" zomwe zimagwira ntchito panyanja zazikulu ndikuthandizira usodzi wa IUU uku zikuphwanya ufulu wa ogwira ntchito. Greenpeace imagwiritsa ntchito deta yochokera ku Global Fishing Watch kuwonetsa pamlingo waukulu momwe magulu oyenda panyanja amakhudzidwa ndikusintha ndikugwiritsa ntchito mbendera kuti zithandizire kutsata malamulo ndi chitetezo. Mipata yopitilira ulamuliro imalola kuti kusachita bwino m'madzi apadziko lonse lapansi kupitirire. Lipotili limalimbikitsa Pangano la Padziko Lonse la Panyanja Padziko Lonse kuti lipereke njira yokwanira yoyendetsera kayendetsedwe ka nyanja.

Oceana. (2019, June). Usodzi Wosaloledwa ndi Ufulu Wachibadwidwe Panyanja: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zaukadaulo Kuwunikira Makhalidwe Okayikitsa. 10.31230/osf.io/juh98. PDF.

Usodzi wosaloleka, Wopanda Malipoti, ndi Wosalamuliridwa (IUU) ndi vuto lalikulu pakuwongolera usodzi wamalonda ndi kasungidwe ka nyanja. Pamene usodzi wamalonda ukuchulukirachulukira, nsomba zikucheperachepera monga momwe zimakhalira usodzi wa IUU. Lipoti la Oceana limaphatikizapo maphunziro amilandu atatu, yoyamba pakumira kwa Oyang 70 pagombe la New Zealand, yachiwiri panyanja ya Hung Yu ndi Taiwanese, ndipo yachitatu ndi chotengera chonyamula katundu cha renown Reefer chomwe chimagwira ntchito kugombe la Somalia. Pamodzi maphunziro amilanduwa amathandizira mfundo yoti makampani omwe ali ndi mbiri yosatsata malamulo, akaphatikizidwa ndi kuyang'anira koyipa ndi malamulo ofooka a mayiko, zimapangitsa usodzi wamalonda kukhala pachiwopsezo chakuchita zoletsedwa.

Human Rights Watch. (2018, Januware). Unyolo Wobisika: Kuponderezedwa Kwaufulu ndi Ntchito Yokakamiza M'makampani Osodza ku Thailand. PDF.

Mpaka pano, dziko la Thailand silinachitepo kanthu mokwanira kuti lithetse mavuto a nkhanza za ufulu wa anthu m'makampani a nsomba ku Thailand. Lipotili likuwonetsa anthu ogwira ntchito mokakamizidwa, kusagwira ntchito bwino, njira zolembera anthu ntchito, komanso zovuta zantchito zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale nkhanza. Ngakhale njira zambiri zakhazikitsidwa kuyambira pomwe lipotili linasindikizidwa mu 2018, kafukufukuyu ndi wofunikira kuti aliyense amene akufuna kudziwa zambiri za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ku Thailand asodzi.

International Organisation for Migration (2017, January 24). Lipoti lokhudza Kuzembetsa Anthu, Kukakamiza Ntchito ndi Upandu Wausodzi pamakampani a usodzi aku Indonesia. IOM Mission ku Indonesia. https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/country/docs/indonesia/Human-Trafficking-Forced-Labour-and-Fisheries-Crime-in-the-Indonesian-Fishing-Industry-IOM.pdf

Lamulo latsopano la boma kutengera kafukufuku wa IOM wokhudza kuzembetsa anthu m'malo osodza ku Indonesia lithana ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu. Ili ndi lipoti logwirizana la Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP), Indonesia Presidential Task Force to Combat Illegal Fishing, International Organisation for Migration (IOM) Indonesia, ndi Coventry University. Lipotilo limalimbikitsa kutha kwa kugwiritsa ntchito Mbendera Zothandizira ndi Zombo Zosodza ndi Zosodza, kukonza zolembetsa zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi zizindikiritso za zombo, kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito ku Indonesia ndi Thailand, komanso kuchulukitsitsa kwamakampani osodza kuti awonetsetse kuti akutsatira ufulu wa anthu, kuwonjezereka kutsata ndi kuyendera, kulembetsa koyenera kwa anthu othawa kwawo, ndi kugwirizanitsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana.

Braestrup, A., Neumann, J., ndi Gold, M., Spalding, M. (ed), Middleburg, M. (ed). (2016, Epulo 6). Ufulu Wachibadwidwe & Nyanja: Ukapolo ndi Shrimp pa mbale Yanu. White Paper. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/SlaveryandtheShrimponYourPlate1.pdf

Mothandizidwa ndi Ocean Leadership Fund ya The Ocean Foundation, pepalali linapangidwa ngati gawo la mndandanda wopenda kugwirizana pakati pa ufulu wa anthu ndi nyanja yathanzi. Monga gawo lachiwiri la mndandanda, pepala loyera ili likuyang'ana kuzunzika kophatikizana kwa chuma chaumunthu ndi chuma chachilengedwe chomwe chimatsimikizira kuti anthu a ku US ndi UK akhoza kudya shrimp kanayi monga momwe adachitira zaka makumi asanu zapitazo, ndi theka la mtengo.

Alifano, A. (2016). Zida Zatsopano Za Mabizinesi Azakudya Zam'madzi Kuti Amvetsetse Kuopsa Kwa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Kupititsa patsogolo Kutsatiridwa ndi Anthu. Nsomba. Seafood Expo North America. PDF.

Mabungwe akuwunikiridwa kwambiri ndi anthu chifukwa cha nkhanza zantchito, kuthana ndi izi, Fishwise yoperekedwa ku 2016 Seafood Expo North America. Ulalikiwu unaphatikizapo zambiri zochokera ku Fishwise, Humanity United, Verite, ndi Seafish. Amayang'ana kwambiri kupha nsomba zamtchire zam'nyanja ndikulimbikitsa malamulo azisankho owonekera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zopezeka pagulu kuchokera ku malo otsimikizika.

Nsomba. (2016, June 7). ZOCHITIKA: Kufotokozera mwachidule za Kuzembetsa Anthu ndi Nkhanza mu Zakudya za Shrimp ku Thailand. Nsomba. Santa Cruise, California. PDF.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2010, dziko la Thailand lakhala likuwunikiridwa kwambiri za milandu yambiri yotsatiridwa ndi kuphwanya ntchito. Mwachindunji, pali zolembedwa za anthu omwe akugulitsidwa akukakamizika kukwera mabwato kutali ndi gombe kukapha nsomba kuti adye nsomba, zochitika ngati ukapolo m'malo opangira nsomba, kuchitira nkhanza ogwira ntchito kudzera ku ukapolo wangongole komanso kuwamana zolemba. Chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ogwira nawo ntchito osiyanasiyana ayamba kuchitapo kanthu kuti ateteze kuphwanya kwa ntchito pamagulu operekera zakudya zam'nyanja, komabe, pali zambiri zomwe zikuyenera kuchitika.

Usodzi Wosaloledwa: Ndi Mitundu Iti ya Nsomba Ili Pachiwopsezo Chachiwopsezo Chochokera Kusodzi Zosaloledwa ndi Zosanenedweratu? (2015, October). World Wildlife Fund. PDF. https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/publications/834/files/original/Fish_Species_at_Highest_Risk_ from_IUU_Fishing_WWF_FINAL.pdf?1446130921

Bungwe la World Wildlife Fund linapeza kuti nsomba zopitirira 85 peresenti zikhoza kuonedwa kuti zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha usodzi wosaloledwa, wosadziwika, komanso wosavomerezeka (IUU). Usodzi wa IUU uli paliponse m'mitundu ndi madera.

Couper, A., Smith, H., Ciceri, B. (2015). Asodzi ndi Olanda: Kuba, Ukapolo ndi Usodzi pa Nyanja. Pluto Press.

Bukuli likufotokoza kwambiri za kudyeredwa kwa nsomba ndi asodzi m'makampani apadziko lonse lapansi omwe saganizira kwenikweni za kuteteza kapena ufulu wa anthu. Alastair Couper analembanso buku la 1999, Maulendo a Abuse: Seafarers, Human Rights, and International Shipping.

Environmental Justice Foundation. (2014). Ukapolo M'nyanja: Kusautsika Kukupitirirabe kwa Osamukira Kumayiko Ena Kumagawo a Usodzi ku Thailand. London. https://ejfoundation.org/reports/slavery-at-sea-the-continued-plight-of-trafficked-migrants-in-thailands-fishing-industry

Lipoti la Environmental Justice Foundation likuwunika mozama bizinesi yazakudya zam'madzi ku Thailand komanso kudalira kwake pakuzembetsa anthu kuti akagwire ntchito. Ili ndi lipoti lachiwiri la EJF pankhaniyi, losindikizidwa dziko la Thailand litatsitsidwa ku Gulu Lachitatu Loyang'anira lipoti la US Department of State's Trafficking in Persons. Ili ndi limodzi mwa malipoti abwino kwambiri kwa iwo omwe akuyesera kumvetsetsa momwe kuzembetsa anthu kwakhalira gawo lalikulu la bizinesi ya usodzi ndi chifukwa chake palibe chomwe chakwaniritsidwa kuti chiletse.

Field, M. (2014). Kugwira: Momwe Makampani Asodzi Anayambitsiranso Ukapolo ndi Kufunkha M'nyanja. AWA Press, Wellington, NZ, 2015. PDF.

Mtolankhani wanthawi yayitali a Michael Field adayamba kuwulula za kuzembetsa anthu m'malo opha nsomba ku New Zealand, kuwonetsa ntchito yomwe mayiko olemera angachite popititsa patsogolo ntchito yaukapolo pakusodza kwambiri.

Mgwirizano wamayiko. (2011). Transnational Organised Crime in the Fishing Industry. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Vienna. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/TOC_in_the_Fishing%20Industry.pdf

Kafukufukuyu wa UN akuyang'ana kugwirizana pakati pa umbanda wopangidwa ndi mayiko ena ndi ntchito ya usodzi. Imatchula zifukwa zingapo zomwe bizinesi ya usodzi ili pachiwopsezo cha umbanda wolinganizidwa ndi njira zomwe zingathe kulimbana ndi chiwopsezo chimenecho. Zimapangidwira omvera a atsogoleri ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi omwe angabwere pamodzi ndi UN kuti athane ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu chifukwa cha zigawenga.

Agnew, D., Pearce, J., Pramod, G., Peatman, T. Watson, R., Beddington, J., ndi Pitcher T. (2009, July 1). Kuyerekeza Kuchuluka kwa Usodzi Wosaloledwa Padziko Lonse. PLOS One.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004570

Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nsomba zapadziko lonse zomwe zimagwidwa ndi nsomba zam'nyanja zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi zotsatira za machitidwe a IUU akusodza ofanana pafupifupi mapaundi 56 biliyoni a nsomba zam'madzi chaka chilichonse. Usodzi wochuluka chonchi wa IUU ukutanthauza kuti chuma cha padziko lonse chikukumana ndi kuwonongeka pakati pa madola 10 ndi 23 biliyoni chaka chilichonse. Mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene ali pachiopsezo chachikulu. IUU ndi vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe lidakhudza gawo lalikulu lazakudya zam'madzi zomwe zimadyedwa ndikulepheretsa ntchito zokhazikika komanso kukulitsa kusamalidwa bwino kwazinthu zam'madzi.

Conathan, M. ndi Siciliano, A. (2008) Tsogolo la Chitetezo cha Zakudya Zam'madzi - Kulimbana ndi Usodzi Wosavomerezeka ndi Chinyengo Cham'nyanja. Center for American Progress. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/IllegalFishing-brief.pdf

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act ya 2006 yakhala yopambana kwambiri, kotero kuti kusodza kochulukira kwatha m'madzi aku US. Komabe, anthu aku America akudyabe mamiliyoni a matani a nsomba zam'nyanja zomwe zimagwidwa mosakhazikika chaka chilichonse - kuchokera kunja.

4. Usodzi wa IUU ndi Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

Task Force on Human Trafficking in Fishing in International Waters. (2021, Januware). Task Force on Human Trafficking in Fishing in International Waters. Nenani ku Congress. PDF.

Pofuna kuthana ndi vuto lomwe likukulirakulira la kuzembetsa anthu m'makampani asodzi, bungwe la United States Congress lidalamula kuti afufuze. Zotsatira zake ndi gulu la interagency lomwe lidafufuza zophwanya ufulu wa anthu pantchito yausodzi kuyambira Okutobala 2018 mpaka Ogasiti 2020. Lipotili likuphatikizapo malamulo apamwamba a 27 ndi malingaliro a zochitika zomwe zikuphatikizapo, kupititsa patsogolo chilungamo pa ntchito yokakamiza, kuvomereza zilango zatsopano kwa olemba ntchito omwe apezeka kuti ali ndi vuto. kuchita zinthu zankhanza, kuletsa chindapusa cholembera anthu ntchito pa zombo zausodzi za ku United States, kuphatikizira kulimbikira, kutsata mabungwe okhudzana ndi kuzembetsa anthu kudzera m'chilango, kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chida chowunikira komanso chiwongolero, kulimbikitsa kusonkhanitsa deta, kusanthula, ndi kusanthula. , ndi kukhazikitsa maphunziro kwa oyendera zombo, owona, ndi anzawo akunja.

Dipatimenti Yachilungamo. (2021). Table of Boma la US Logwirizana ndi Kuzembetsa Anthu mu Usodzi M'madzi Akunja. https://www.justice.gov/crt/page/file/1360371/download

Table of Boma la US Logwirizana ndi Kugulitsa Anthu Kusodza M'madzi Padziko Lonse likuwunikira ntchito zomwe boma la United States likuchita pofuna kuthana ndi nkhawa zaufulu wa anthu pamakampani ogulitsa nsomba zam'madzi. Lipotilo lagawidwa ndi Dipatimenti ndipo limapereka chitsogozo pa ulamuliro wa bungwe lililonse. Gomeli lili ndi Dipatimenti Yachilungamo, Dipatimenti Yoona za Ntchito, Dipatimenti Yoona za Chitetezo cha Dziko, Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda, Dipatimenti ya Boma, Ofesi ya United States Trade Representative, Dipatimenti ya Treasury, ndi Internal Revenue Service. Gome ilinso ndi zambiri za bungwe la federal, maulamuliro, mtundu waulamuliro, kufotokozera, ndi kukula kwaulamuliro.

Ufulu Wachibadwidwe pa Nyanja. (2020, Marichi 1). Chidziwitso Chachidule cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe pa Nyanja: Kodi Mfundo Zotsogola za 2011 za UN Zikugwira Ntchito Mogwira Ntchito Ndi Kugwiritsidwa Ntchito Molimba M'makampani A Maritime.https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/HRAS_UN_Guiding_Principles_Briefing_Note_1_March_2020_SP_LOCKED.pdf

Mfundo Zotsogola za UN za 2011 zimachokera ku zochitika zamakampani ndi boma komanso lingaliro lakuti mabungwe ali ndi udindo wolemekeza ufulu wa anthu. Lipotili likuyang'ana m'zaka khumi zapitazi ndipo limapereka kusanthula kwakanthawi kopambana komanso madera omwe ayenera kukonzedwanso kuti akwaniritse chitetezo ndi kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu. Lipotilo likuwonetsa kusowa kwa mgwirizano wapagulu komanso kusintha kogwirizana kwa mfundo zomwe zidagwirizana ndizovuta komanso kuwongolera ndi kutsatiridwa ndikofunikira. Zambiri pa Mfundo Zotsogola za 2011 za UN zitha kupezeka apa.

Teh LCL, Caddell R., Allison EH, Finkbeiner, EM, Kittinger JN, Nakamura K., et al. (2019). Udindo wa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe Pakukwaniritsa Zakudya Zam'madzi Zoyenerana ndi Anthu. PLoS ONE 14(1): e0210241. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210241

Mfundo zazakudya zam'madzi zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ziyenera kuzikidwa pa malamulo omveka bwino ndi kuthandizidwa ndi mphamvu zokwanira komanso chifuniro cha ndale. Olembawo adapeza kuti malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe nthawi zambiri amalankhula za ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso ndale, koma amakhala ndi njira yayitali yothana ndi ufulu wachuma, chikhalidwe, ndi chikhalidwe. Pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadziko lonse maboma atha kuyika malamulo adziko kuti athetse kusodza kwa IUU.

Mgwirizano wamayiko. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights

Chikalata cha United Nations cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe chimakhazikitsa muyeso woteteza ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi chitetezo chawo chonse. Chikalatacho chamasamba 500 chimanena kuti anthu onse amabadwa mwaufulu ndi ofanana mu ulemu ndi ufulu, popanda tsankho, ndipo sadzagwidwa ukapolo, kuchitidwa nkhanza, nkhanza, kapena kuchitiridwa zinthu zonyozeka, pakati pa maufulu ena. Chilengezochi chalimbikitsa mapangano makumi asanu ndi awiri a ufulu wa anthu, adamasuliridwa m'zinenero zoposa XNUMX ndipo akupitiriza kutsogolera ndondomeko ndi zochita lero.

5. Maupangiri Ogwiritsa Ntchito Zakudya Zam'madzi

Nakamura, K., Bishop, L., Ward, T., Pramod, G., Thomson, D., Tungpuchayakul, P., and Srakaew, S. (2018, July 25). Kuwona Ukapolo M'maketani Ogulitsira Zakudya Zam'madzi. Sayansi Yotsogola, E1701833. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/7/e1701833

Njira zoperekera zakudya zam'madzi ndizogawika kwambiri ndi ambiri mwa ogwira ntchito ngati ma subcontractors kapena kudzera mwa ma broker zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa komwe kumachokera nsomba zam'madzi. Kuti athane ndi izi, ofufuza adapanga dongosolo ndikupanga njira yowunika kuopsa kwa ntchito yokakamiza mumayendedwe operekera zakudya zam'madzi. Dongosolo la mfundo zisanu, lotchedwa Labor Safe Screen, lidapeza kuti kudziwitsa bwino za momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito kuti makampani azakudya athe kuthana ndi vutoli.

Pulogalamu ya Nereus (2016). Tsamba Lachidziwitso: Usodzi wa Akapolo ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zakudya Zam'madzi ku Japan. Nippon Foundation - University of British Columbia. PDF.

Ntchito yokakamiza ndi ukapolo wamakono ndi vuto lofala m’makampani a usodzi a masiku ano. Kudziwitsa ogula, a Nippon Foundation adapanga chiwongolero chomwe chikuwonetsa mitundu ya nkhanza zogwiritsidwa ntchito pausodzi kutengera dziko lomwe adachokera. Buku lalifupili likuwunikira maiko omwe ali ndi mwayi wotumiza kunja nsomba zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mokakamiza panthawi ina muzogulitsa zawo. Ngakhale bukhuli likulunjika kwa owerenga aku Japan, limasindikizidwa mu Chingerezi ndipo limapereka chidziwitso chabwino kwa aliyense amene akufuna kukhala odziwa zambiri. Olakwa kwambiri, malinga ndi kalozera, ndi Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, ndi Myanmar.

Warne, K. (2011) Alekeni Adye Nsomba: Kusokonekera Komvetsa Chisoni kwa Nkhalango Za M'nyanja. Island Press, 2011.

Kupanga nsomba zam'madzi padziko lonse lapansi kwawononga kwambiri mitengo ya mangrove ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya madera otentha ndi otentha padziko lonse lapansi-ndipo kuli ndi zotsatira zoyipa pazamoyo za m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso kuchuluka kwa nyama zam'madzi.

6. Kusamutsidwa ndi Kuletsedwa

Ofesi ya United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2021, May). Lethal Disregard: Kusaka ndi Kupulumutsa ndi Chitetezo cha Osamukira ku Central Mediterranean Sea. Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa United Nations. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Migration/OHCHR-thematic-report-SAR-protection-at-sea.pdf

Kuyambira Januware 2019 mpaka Disembala 2020 Ofesi ya United Nations Yoona za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe idafunsa anthu osamukira, akatswiri, ndi ogwira nawo ntchito kuti adziwe momwe malamulo, mfundo, ndi machitidwe ena zakhudzira chitetezo chaufulu wa anthu othawa kwawo. Lipotilo likuyang'ana kwambiri ntchito zosaka ndi kupulumutsa anthu osamukira ku Libya ndi pakati pa Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Lipotilo likutsimikizira kuti kusowa kwa chitetezo cha ufulu wa anthu kwachitika zomwe zachititsa kuti mazana ambiri aphedwe panyanja chifukwa cha kusamuka kolephera. Mayiko a ku Mediterranean akuyenera kuthetsa ndondomeko zomwe zinathandizira kapena kulepheretsa kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ndipo ayenera kukhala ndi zizoloŵezi zomwe zingateteze anthu ambiri othawa kwawo kunyanja.

Vinke, K., Blocher, J., Becker, M., Ebay, J., Fong, T., and Kambon, A. (2020, September). Mayiko Kwawo: Kupanga Ndondomeko za Mayiko a Zilumba ndi Zisumbu Zokhudza Kusuntha kwa Anthu potengera Kusintha kwa Nyengo. Germany Cooperation. https://disasterdisplacement.org/portfolio-item/home-lands-island-and-archipelagic-states-policymaking-for-human-mobility-in-the-context-of-climate-change

Zilumba ndi madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja akukumana ndi kusintha kwakukulu chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo kuphatikizapo: kusowa kwa malo olimako, kutali, kutayika kwa nthaka, ndi zovuta za chithandizo chopezeka panthawi ya masoka. Mavuto amenewa akuchititsa anthu ambiri kusamuka m’mayiko awo. Lipotilo likuphatikizapo maphunziro a zochitika ku Eastern Caribbean (Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Dominica, ndi St. Lucia), The Pacific (Fiji, Kiribati, Tuvalu, ndi Vanuatu), ndi The Philippines. Pofuna kuthana ndi izi, ogwira nawo ntchito m'mayiko ndi m'madera ayenera kutsata ndondomeko zoyendetsera kusamuka, kukonzekera kusamuka, ndi kuthetsa kusamuka kuti achepetse mavuto omwe angakhalepo chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa anthu.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2018, Ogasiti). Kupanga Mapu a Kusuntha kwa Anthu (Kusamuka, Kusamuka ndi Kusamuka Kwadongosolo) ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo mu Njira Zamayiko, Ndondomeko ndi Malamulo a Malamulo. International Organisation for Migration (IOM). PDF.

Pamene kusintha kwa nyengo kukakamiza anthu ambiri kusiya nyumba zawo, njira zosiyanasiyana zamalamulo zatuluka. Lipotili limapereka nkhani ndi kusanthula kwa ndondomeko zoyenera zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi malamulo omwe alipo okhudzana ndi kusamuka, kusamuka, ndi kusamuka kokonzekera. Lipotili ndi zotsatira za United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Task Force on Displacement.

Greenshack Dotinfo. (2013). Othawa kwawo ku Nyengo: Alaska Pamphepete Pamene Okhala ku Newtok Akuthamangira Kuyimitsa Mudzi Kugwa M'nyanja. [Filimu].

Kanemayu ali ndi banja lina la ku Newtok, Alaska, lomwe limafotokoza mmene dziko lawo lasinthira: kukwera kwa nyanja, mphepo yamkuntho, ndi kusintha kwa mbalame zimene zimasamuka. Amakambirana za kufunika kosamukira kumalo otetezeka, apakati pa dziko. Komabe, chifukwa cha zovuta zolandila ndi chithandizo, akhala akudikirira kwa zaka zambiri kuti asamuke.

Puthucherril, T. (2013, April 22). Kusintha, Kukwera kwa Nyanja ndi Kuteteza Madera Akumphepete mwa Nyanja Osamutsidwa: Njira Zomwe Zingatheke. Global Journal of Comparative Law. Vol. 1. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/sea%20level%20rise.pdf

Kusintha kwanyengo kudzakhudza kwambiri miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Pepalali likufotokoza zochitika ziwiri zakusamuka chifukwa cha kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja ndipo likufotokoza kuti gulu la "othawa kwawo chifukwa cha nyengo" lilibe malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Wolembedwa ngati kuwunika kwalamulo, pepalali likufotokoza momveka bwino chifukwa chake omwe adasamutsidwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwanyengo sadzapatsidwa ufulu wawo wachibadwidwe.

Environmental Justice Foundation. (2012). Fuko Lili Pachiwopsezo: Zokhudza Kusintha kwa Nyengo pa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Kusamuka Kukakamizika ku Bangladesh. London. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/A_Nation_Under_Threat.compressed.pdf

Dziko la Bangladesh lili pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kusintha kwa nyengo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso chuma chochepa, mwa zina. Lipotili la Environmental Justice Foundation lapangidwira iwo omwe ali ndi maudindo m'mabungwe oteteza zachilengedwe komanso mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, komanso mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi. Ikufotokoza za kusowa kwa chithandizo ndi kuzindikirika mwalamulo kwa 'othawa kwawo panyengo' ndipo imalimbikitsa thandizo lachangu ndi zida zatsopano zomangirira kuti zizindikiridwe.

Environmental Justice Foundation. (2012). Palibe Malo Ngati Kunyumba - Kuteteza Kuzindikirika, Chitetezo ndi Thandizo kwa Othawa kwawo ku Nyengo. London.  https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/NPLH_briefing.pdf

Othawa kwawo chifukwa cha nyengo amakumana ndi mavuto odziwika, chitetezo, komanso kusowa kwa chithandizo. Chidulechi cha bungwe la Environmental Justice Foundation chikukambirana za zovuta zomwe anthu omwe sangakwanitse kuthana ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Lipotili lakonzedwa kuti liwonetsere anthu ambiri omwe akufuna kumvetsetsa kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, monga kutayika kwa nthaka, komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo.

Bronen, R. (2009). Kukakamizika Kusamuka kwa Madera Amtundu Wachi Alaska Chifukwa Cha Kusintha Kwa Nyengo: Kupanga Kuyankha Kwa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe. University of Alaska, Resilience and Adaptation Program. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/forced%20migration%20alaskan%20community.pdf

Kukakamizika Kusamuka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo kukukhudza madera ena omwe ali pachiwopsezo kwambiri ku Alaska. Wolemba Robin Bronen amafotokoza momwe boma la Alaska layankhira kusamuka kokakamiza. Pepalali limapereka zitsanzo zam'mutu kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuphunzira za kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ku Alaska ndikuwonetsa dongosolo lamabungwe kuti athe kuthana ndi kusamuka kwa anthu chifukwa cha nyengo.

Claus, CA ndi Mascia, MB (2008, May 14). Njira Yoyendetsera Ufulu wa Katundu Kumvetsetsa Kusamuka Kwa Anthu Kuchokera Kumadera Otetezedwa: Nkhani ya Madera Otetezedwa M'madzi. Conservation Biology, World Wildlife Fund. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/A%20Property%20Rights%20Approach%20to% 20Understanding%20Human%20Displacement%20from%20Protected%20Areas.pdf

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) ndi maziko a njira zambiri zotetezera zachilengedwe komanso njira yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko cha anthu komanso gwero la ndalama zamagulu kuphatikizapo njira zotetezera zachilengedwe. Zotsatira za kugawanso ufulu kuzinthu za MPA zimasiyana pakati pa magulu a anthu, zomwe zimayambitsa kusintha kwa anthu, kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu, komanso chilengedwe. Nkhaniyi imagwiritsa ntchito madera otetezedwa am'madzi ngati njira yowunikira zotsatira za kugawanso maufulu omwe akuchititsa kusamuka kwa anthu am'deralo. Ikufotokoza zovuta ndi mikangano yokhudzana ndi ufulu wa katundu wokhudzana ndi kusamutsidwa.

Alisopp, M., Johnston, P., and Santillo, D. (2008, January). Kutsutsa Makampani a Aquaculture pa Kukhazikika. Greenpeace Laboratories Technical Note. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Aquaculture_Report_Technical.pdf

Kukula kwa zamalonda zam'madzi ndi njira zopangira zopangira zidapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zambiri pazachilengedwe komanso anthu. Lipotili lapangidwira iwo omwe akufuna kumvetsetsa zovuta zamakampani olima m'madzi ndipo limapereka zitsanzo za nkhani zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuyesa njira yothetsera malamulo.

Lonergan, S. (1998). Udindo wa Kuwonongeka kwa Chilengedwe mu Kusamuka kwa Anthu. Lipoti la Project Change and Security Project, Nkhani 4: 5-15.  https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/The%20Role%20of%20Environmental%20Degradation% 20in%20Population%20Displacement.pdf

Chiwerengero cha anthu amene anasamutsidwa m’nyumba zawo chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe n’chochuluka. Kufotokozera zovuta zomwe zimatsogolera ku mawu otere lipotili limapereka mafunso ndi mayankho okhudza kusamuka komanso ntchito ya chilengedwe. Pepalali likumaliza ndi ndondomeko za ndondomeko ndikugogomezera kufunika kwa chitukuko chokhazikika monga njira yopezera chitetezo cha anthu.

7. Ulamuliro wa Nyanja

Gutierrez, M. ndi Jobbins, G. (2020, June 2). China's Distanti-water Fishing Fleet: Sikelo, Impact, ndi Ulamuliro. Overseas Development Institute. https://odi.org/en/publications/chinas-distant-water-fishing-fleet-scale-impact-and-governance/

Kuchepa kwa nsomba zapakhomo kukuchititsa kuti mayiko ena apite patsogolo kuti akwaniritse kuchuluka kwa nsomba zam'madzi. Zombo zazikulu kwambiri zamadzi akutali (DWF) ndi zombo zaku China, zomwe zili ndi DWF pafupifupi zombo za 17,000, Lipoti laposachedwa linapeza kuti zombozi zinali zazikulu nthawi 5 mpaka 8 kuposa zomwe zidanenedwa kale ndipo pafupifupi zombo za 183 zimaganiziridwa kuti zikukhudzidwa. mu IUU nsomba. Ma trawler ndi zombo zofala kwambiri, ndipo pafupifupi zombo za ku China zokwana 1,000 zimalembetsedwa kumayiko ena kupatula China. Pakufunika kuchita zinthu moonekera poyera komanso kulamulira bwino komanso kutsatiridwa ndi malamulo okhwima. 

Ufulu Wachibadwidwe pa Nyanja. (2020, Julayi 1). Fisheries Observer Imfa pa Nyanja, Ufulu Wachibadwidwe & Udindo & Maudindo a Mabungwe Osodza. PDF. https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/HRAS_Abuse_of_Fisheries_Observers_REPORT_JULY-2020_SP_LOCKED-1.pdf

Sikuti pali nkhawa zaufulu wachibadwidwe wa ogwira ntchito m'gawo lazasodzi, palinso madandaulo a Fisheries Observers omwe amagwira ntchito yothana ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu panyanja. Lipotilo likufuna chitetezo chabwino kwa onse ogwira ntchito zausodzi ndi Oyang'anira Usodzi. Lipotilo likuwunikira kafukufuku womwe ukupitilira wa imfa ya Fishery Observers ndi njira zopititsira patsogolo chitetezo kwa onse owonera. Lipotili ndi loyamba pamndandanda wopangidwa ndi Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ku Nyanja, lipoti lachiwiri la mndandanda, lomwe lidasindikizidwa mu Novembala 2020, lidzayang'ana kwambiri malingaliro omwe angachitike.

Ufulu Wachibadwidwe pa Nyanja. (2020, Novembala 11). Kupanga Malangizo ndi Ndondomeko Pothandizira Chitetezo, Chitetezo & Ubwino wa Owonera Asodzi. PDF.

Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ku Nyanja watulutsa malipoti angapo kuti athetsere nkhawa za omwe amawona za usodzi pofuna kudziwitsa anthu. Lipotili likuyang'ana kwambiri malingaliro oti athetsere nkhawa zomwe zawonetsedwa mu mndandanda wonsewo. Malingalirowa ndi awa: zidziwitso zopezeka poyera zopezeka pagulu (VMS), chitetezo kwa oyang'anira usodzi ndi inshuwaransi ya akatswiri, kupereka zida zotetezera zolimba, kuwunika ndi kuyang'anira, kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu, kupereka malipoti kwa anthu, kuchuluka komanso kufufuza kowonekera, ndipo pamapeto pake kuthana ndi kuganiza mopanda chilango kuchokera ku chilungamo pamlingo wa boma. Lipotili likutsata za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ku Nyanja, Fisheries Observer Imfa pa Nyanja, Ufulu Wachibadwidwe & Udindo & Maudindo a Mabungwe Osodza idasindikizidwa mu Julayi 2020.

United States Department of State. (2016, September). Kusintha Mafunde: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zatsopano ndi Mgwirizano Polimbana ndi Kuzembetsa Anthu M'gawo la Zakudya Zam'madzi. Ofesi Yoyang'anira ndi Kuthana ndi Kuzembetsa Anthu. PDF.

Dipatimenti ya boma, mu 2016 Trafficking in Persons inanena kuti mayiko oposa 50 adadandaula za ntchito yokakamiza yopha nsomba, kukonza nsomba zam'madzi, kapena ulimi wa m'madzi zomwe zimakhudza amuna, akazi, ndi ana m'madera onse padziko lonse lapansi. Pofuna kuthana ndi izi mabungwe ambiri apadziko lonse ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma ku Southeast Asia akugwira ntchito yopereka chithandizo chachindunji, kupereka maphunziro a anthu ammudzi, kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu za machitidwe osiyanasiyana a chilungamo (kuphatikizapo Thailand ndi Indonesia), kuonjezera kusonkhanitsa deta nthawi yeniyeni, ndi kulimbikitsa maunyolo odalirika.

8. Kuphwanya Zombo ndi Kuphwanya Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

Daems, E. ndi Goris, G. (2019). Chinyengo cha Magombe Abwinoko: Kusweka kwa zombo ku India, eni zombo ku Switzerland, akukakamiza ku Belgium. NGO Shipbreaking Platform. Magazini ya MO. PDF.

Kumapeto kwa moyo wa sitima yapamadzi, zombo zambiri zimatumizidwa ku mayiko otukuka kumene, zimayikidwa m’mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi kusweka, zodzaza ndi zinthu zapoizoni, ndipo zimaphwasulidwa m’mphepete mwa nyanja za Bangladesh, India, ndi Pakistan. Ogwira ntchito omwe amaphwanya zombo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito manja awo opanda kanthu m'malo oopsa komanso oopsa omwe amachititsa kuwonongeka kwa chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe komanso ngozi zakupha. Msika wa zombo zakale ndi opaque ndipo makampani oyendetsa sitima, ambiri omwe amakhala ku Switzerland ndi mayiko ena a ku Ulaya, nthawi zambiri amapeza kuti ndi zotsika mtengo kutumiza zombo ku mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene ngakhale kuti akuvulazidwa. Lipotili likufuna kubweretsa chidwi pa nkhani ya kusweka kwa zombo ndikulimbikitsa kusintha kwa ndondomeko kuti athetse kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu pa magombe osweka zombo. Zowonjezera za lipotilo ndi glossary ndi mawu oyamba abwino kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuphunzira zambiri za mawu ndi malamulo okhudzana ndi kusweka kwa zombo.

Heidegger, P., Jenssen, I., Reuter, D., Mulinaris, N. ndi Carlsson, F. (2015). Kodi Mbendera Imapanga Kusiyana Kotani: Chifukwa Chake Udindo Wa Eni Sitima Woonetsetsa Kuti Zowonongeka Zowonongeka Zowonongeka Zikufunika Kuti Zipitirire Pa Ulamuliro Wa State Flag. NGO Shipbreaking Platform. PDF. https://shipbreakingplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/FoCBriefing_NGO-Shipbreaking-Platform_-April-2015.pdf

Chaka chilichonse zombo zazikulu zoposa 1,000, kuphatikizapo akasinja, zombo zonyamula katundu, zombo zonyamula anthu, ndi zida zamafuta, zimagulitsidwa kuti zigwetse 70% zomwe zimathera m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku India, Bangladesh, kapena Pakistan. European Union ndiye msika umodzi waukulu kwambiri wotumizira zombo zamoyo kumayendedwe auve komanso oopsa. Ngakhale European Union yakonza miyeso yowongolera makampani ambiri amaphwanya malamulowa polembetsa sitimayo kudziko lina ndi malamulo ocheperako. Mchitidwewu wosintha mbendera ya sitimayo uyenera kusintha ndipo zida zambiri zamalamulo ndi zandalama zolanga makampani oyendetsa sitima ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti aletse ufulu wa anthu komanso kuphwanya kwachilengedwe kwa magombe osweka zombo.

Heidegger, P., Jenssen, I., Reuter, D., Mulinaris, N., ndi Carlsson, F. (2015). Kodi Mbendera Imapanga Kusiyana Kotani? NGO Shipbreaking Platform. Brussels, Belgium. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/FoCBriefing_NGO-Shipbreaking-Platform_-April-2015.pdf

The Shipbreaking Platform imalangiza pa malamulo atsopano omwe cholinga chake ndi kuwongolera zobwezeretsanso zombo, zomwe zimatengera malamulo a EU ofanana. Iwo ati malamulo ozikidwa pa mbendera zokomera (FOC) adzasokoneza kuthekera kowongolera kusweka kwa zombo chifukwa cha zopinga zomwe zili mkati mwa dongosolo la FOC.

Lipman, Z. (2011). Malonda a Zinyalala Zowopsa: Chilungamo Chachilengedwe Ndi Kukula Kwachuma. Environmental Justice and Legal Process, Macquarie University, Australia. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Trade%20in%20Hazardous%20Waste.pdf

Pangano la Basel, lomwe likufuna kuletsa kunyamula zinyalala zowopsa kuchokera kumayiko otukuka kupita kumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene omwe amakhala m'malo osatetezeka komanso olipira antchito awo ochepa, ndiye mfundo ya pepalali. Ikufotokoza za malamulo okhudzana ndi kuyimitsa kusweka kwa zombo ndi zovuta zoyesa kuti Msonkhanowu uvomerezedwe ndi mayiko okwanira.

Dann, B., Gold, M., Aldalur, M. ndi Braestrup, A. (mkonzi wa mndandanda), Mkulu, L. (ed), Neumann, J. (ed). (2015, Novembala 4). Ufulu Wachibadwidwe & Nyanja: Kusweka kwa Sitima ndi Poizoni.  White Paper. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/TOF%20Shipbreaking%20White%20Paper% 204Nov15%20version.compressed%20%281%29.pdf

Mothandizidwa ndi Ocean Leadership Fund ya The Ocean Foundation, pepalali linapangidwa ngati gawo la mndandanda wopenda kugwirizana pakati pa ufulu wa anthu ndi nyanja yathanzi. Monga gawo limodzi mwazotsatizana, pepala loyera ili likuwunikira kuopsa kokhala ophwanya zombo komanso kusowa kwa chidziwitso cha mayiko ndi ndondomeko yoyendetsera bizinesi yaikulu yotere.

International Federation for Human Rights. (2008). Mayadi Osokoneza Ana: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ana M'makampani Obwezeretsanso Sitima ku Bangladesh. NGO Shipbreaking Platform. PDF. https://shipbreakingplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Report-FIDH_Childbreaking_Yards_2008.pdf

Ofufuza omwe amafufuza malipoti okhudza kuvulala ndi imfa ya ogwira ntchito kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 adapeza kuti owona mobwerezabwereza amawona ana pakati pa ogwira ntchito komanso akugwira nawo ntchito zosweka zombo. Lipotili - lomwe lidachita kafukufuku kuyambira 2000 mpaka 2008 - lidayang'ana kwambiri malo osweka zombo ku Chittagong, Bangladesh. Iwo adapeza kuti ana ndi achinyamata ochepera zaka 18 amapanga 25% ya ogwira ntchito ndi malamulo apakhomo omwe amawunikira nthawi yogwira ntchito, malipiro ochepa, malipiro, maphunziro, ndi zaka zogwirira ntchito sizimaganiziridwa nthawi zonse. Kwa zaka zambiri kusintha kukubwera kudzera m'milandu ya kukhoti, koma pali zambiri zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti akhazikitse ndondomeko zoteteza ana omwe akugwiriridwa.

Greenpeace ndi International Federation for Human Rights. (2005, Disembala).Mapeto a Zombo Zamoyo - Mtengo Waumunthu Wosweka Zombo.https://wayback.archive-it.org/9650/20200516051321/http://p3-raw.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/planet-2/report/2006/4/end-of-life-the-human-cost-of.pdf

Lipoti lophatikizana la Greenpeace ndi FIDH limafotokoza zamakampani omwe akusweka zombo kudzera muakaunti yaumwini kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito osweka zombo ku India ndi Bangladesh. Lipotili likufuna kuti achitepo kanthu kwa omwe akugwira nawo ntchito yonyamula katundu kuti atsatire malamulo ndi ndondomeko zatsopano zomwe zimayang'anira ntchito zamakampaniwo.

BWINO KUTI KAFUFUZENI