Kufunafuna Malo Opatulika a Aleutian Islands Archipelago

Wolemba Mark J. Spalding ndi Catharine Cooper

Mtundu wa blog iyi idayikidwa koyamba patsamba laling'ono la National Geographic's Ocean Views

Makilomita 4,405 kuchokera pomwe timagwirana chanza ku Washington DC pali zilumba zambiri zokongola zomwe zimapempha kuti alowemo ku Marine Sanctuary. Kuchokera ku nsonga ya chilumba cha Alaska, zilumba za Aleutian zimakhala ndi zamoyo zam'madzi zolemera kwambiri komanso zamoyo zambiri zamoyo zam'madzi, komanso ndi imodzi mwa nyama zam'madzi, mbalame zam'nyanja, nsomba ndi nkhono padziko lapansi. Zilumba 69 (14 zazikulu zophulika ndi 55 zazing'ono) zimapanga mtunda wa makilomita 1,100 kulowera ku Kamchatka Peninsula ku Russia, ndikulekanitsa Nyanja ya Bering ndi Pacific Ocean.

Pano pali zamoyo zingapo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, kuphatikiza mikango ya Steller, otters, albatross amchira wamfupi, ndi anamgumi a humpback. Nawa madutsa omwe amapereka njira zofunika kwambiri zoyendera anangumi ambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi zisindikizo za ubweya wakumpoto, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zopezera malo odyetserako chakudya ndi kuswana. Pano pali nyumba ya miyala yamtengo wapatali ya korali yamadzi ozizira yomwe imadziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Nayi chilengedwe chomwe chathandizira zosowa za anthu am'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Alaska kwazaka zambiri.

Pamwamba, kulira kwa mphungu ya dazi. M'madzi, mumamveka mabingu a chinsomba cha humpback whale. Chapatali, utsi umakhala wopindika pamwamba pa mapiri ophulika. M'mphepete mwa nyanjayi, m'munsi mwa zitunda muli chipale chofewa chobiriwira.

Poyang'ana koyamba, chipululuchi chikuwoneka chowoneka bwino, chosasunthika, chosakhudzidwa ndi zowonongeka zomwe zimakhudza mabwato omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri. Koma amene amakhala, kugwira ntchito, kapena kufufuza m’derali aona kusintha kwakukulu m’zaka 25 zapitazi.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zowoneka bwino kwambiri pazachilengedwe zam'madzi ndi kutayika kapena kutsala pang'ono kutha kwa mitundu ingapo, kuphatikiza mikango ya m'nyanja ya Steller ndi otters am'nyanja. Nyama zoyamwitsa zofiirira zofiirira mpaka zofiira zofiirira nthawi ina zinkawoneka pafupifupi pamiyala iliyonse. Koma ziwerengero zawo zidatsika ndi 75% pakati pa 1976 ndi 1990, ndipo zidatsika ndi 40% ina pakati pa 1991 ndi 2000. Ziwerengero za otter zam'madzi zomwe zidatsala pang'ono kufika 100,000 mu 1980 zacheperachepera 6,000.

Zinanso zomwe zikusowa pa chithunzi chodziwika bwino cha unyolo wa Aleutian ndi nkhanu za mfumu ndi shrimp, masukulu a silvery smelt, ndi nkhalango zobiriwira za pansi pa nyanja. Shark, pollock ndi urchins tsopano akulamulira madzi awa. Potchedwa "kusintha kwaulamuliro" ndi George Estes wa US Geological Survey, kuchuluka kwa nyama zolusa ndi zolusa kwakwezedwa.

Ngakhale kuti derali ndi lakutali komanso lokhala ndi anthu ochepa, zotumiza ku zilumba za Aleutian zikuwonjezeka, ndipo zachilengedwe za m'derali zikupitirizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochita zamalonda. Kutaya kwamafuta kumachitika pafupipafupi mochititsa mantha, nthawi zambiri samafotokozeredwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kosasinthika. Derali likadali lovuta kulipeza, ndipo mipata yayikulu ya data ilipo pa kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi nyanja. Kufunika komvetsetsa bwino za chilengedwe cha m'madzi ndikofunikira kuti muthe kuyendetsa bwino ndikuthana ndi zoopsa zamtsogolo.

Ndinayamba kugwira nawo ntchito yokhudzana ndi chilengedwe cha Alaska mu 2000. Monga mutu wa Alaska Oceans Program, ndinathandizira kupanga maulendo angapo kuti athetse mavuto omwe akukhudza derali - monga kufunikira kokhazikitsa malire abwino pa trawling pansi pa nyanja ya Bering - chifukwa Alaska Conservation Foundation. Tinathandizira kulimbikitsa njira zolimbikitsira zachilengedwe zowongolera kasamalidwe ka usodzi, kukulitsa mapulogalamu odziwa kuwerenga ndi kulemba panyanja, kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Shipping Safety Partnership, ndi kulimbikitsa zoyesayesa zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zadziko lonse posankha zakudya zam'nyanja zokhazikika. Tinapanga Alaska Oceans Network, yomwe imapereka mauthenga ogawana pakati pa magulu oteteza zachilengedwe monga Oceana, Ocean Conservancy, Earthjustice, World Wildlife Fund, Alaska Marine Conservation Council, ndi Trustees for Alaska. Ndipo nthawi yonseyi, tinkafufuza njira zomwe anthu aku Aleutian akufuna kuti tsogolo lokhazikika lanyanja livomerezedwe ndikukondweretsedwa.

Lero, monga nzika yokhudzidwa komanso CEO wa The Ocean Foundation (TOF), ndikugwirizana nawo pakufuna kusankhidwa kwa Aleutian Islands National Marine Sanctuary (AINMS). Kukhazikitsidwa ndi Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, ndipo yosainidwa ndi Center for Biological Diversity, Eyak Preservation Council, Center for Water Advocacy, North Gulf Oceanic Society, TOF, ndi Marine Endeavors, malo opatulika adzapereka chitetezo chowonjezera ku ziwopsezo zambiri zomwe zikukumana ndi madzi a Aleutian. Madzi onse a m'zisumbu zonse za Aleutian Islands - kuchokera ku 3 mpaka 200 mailosi kumpoto ndi kumwera kwa zilumbazi - mpaka kumtunda wa Alaska ndi madzi a federal kuchokera kuzilumba za Pribilof ndi Bristol Bay, akuganiziridwa kuti aphatikizidwe. Malo opatulikawa angaphatikizepo madera akunyanja pafupifupi 554,000 square nautical miles (nm2), omwe angapange malo otetezedwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, komanso amodzi mwa malo akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Kuti anthu a ku Aleuti ndi oyenera kutetezedwa kuyambira 1913, pamene Purezidenti Taft, mwa Executive Order, adakhazikitsa "Aleutian Islands Reserve monga Preserve for Native Birds, Animals and Fish." Mu 1976, UNESCO idasankha The Aleutian Islands Biosphere Reserve, ndipo 1980 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) idakhazikitsa Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge ndi maekala 1.3 miliyoni a Aleutian Islands Wilderness.

Ngakhale ndi mayina awa, ma Aleutians amafunikira chitetezo china. Chiwopsezo chachikulu ku AINMS yomwe ikufunsidwa ndi nsomba mopitilira muyeso, kukula kwamafuta ndi gasi, mitundu yowononga, komanso kuchuluka kwa zombo. Kuwonjezeka kwa zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo kumawonjezera zoopsa zinayizi. Madzi a Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands ndi acidic kwambiri kuposa madzi ena onse apanyanja padziko lapansi, chifukwa cha kuyamwa kwa CO2, ndipo madzi oundana akubwerera m'nyanja asintha momwe derali lilili.

National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA) idakhazikitsidwa mu 1972 kuti iteteze malo am'madzi am'madzi ndi malo apadera am'nyanja. Malo opatulika amayendetsedwa pazifukwa zambiri, pokhapokha ngati ntchitozo zikugwirizana ndi chitetezo chazinthu ndi Mlembi wa Zamalonda, yemwe amasankha kudzera muzochitika zapagulu zomwe zidzaloledwa komanso malamulo omwe adzagwiritsidwe ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

NMSA inavomerezedwanso mu 1984 kuti iphatikizepo makhalidwe a "mbiri" ndi "chikhalidwe" pazochitika za chilengedwe. Izi zidakulitsa ntchito yayikulu yosungiramo zinthu zam'madzi kupitilira chilengedwe, zosangalatsa, maphunziro, kafukufuku kapena kukongola.

Ndi ziwopsezo zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira kumadzi a Aleutian, zolinga zomwe zaperekedwa ku Aleutian Islands Marine National Marine Sanctuary ndi:

1. Kuteteza malo okhala mbalame za m’nyanja, zoyamwitsa zam’madzi, ndi nsomba, ndi kubwezeretsanso kuchulukana kwa anthu ndiponso kuti zinthu za m’madzi za m’madzi zikhale zolimba;
2. Kuteteza ndi kupititsa patsogolo zamoyo zam'madzi za ku Alaska;
3. Kuteteza ndi kupititsa patsogolo mausodzi ang'onoang'ono a m'mphepete mwa nyanja;
4. Kuzindikira, kuyang'anira, ndi kuteteza malo apadera a pansi pa nyanja, kuphatikizapo miyala yamchere yamadzi ozizira;
5. Kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa chilengedwe kuchokera ku zombo, kuphatikizapo kutaya mafuta ndi katundu woopsa, ndi kugunda kwa zombo za whale;
6. Kuchotsa zoopsa za chilengedwe kuchokera ku chitukuko cha mafuta ndi gasi m'nyanja;
7. Kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira kuopsa kwa kuyambika kwa zamoyo zam'madzi;
8. Kuchepetsa ndi kusamalira zinyalala za m’madzi;
9. Kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha zokopa alendo panyanja; ndi
10. Kupititsa patsogolo kumvetsetsa kwasayansi za dera.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo opatulika kudzawonjezera mwayi wofufuza za sayansi ya m'nyanja, maphunziro ndi kuyamikiridwa kwa chilengedwe cha m'nyanja, ndikuthandizira kumvetsetsa bwino za zovuta ndi ziwopsezo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa ndi zamtsogolo. Kuyang'ana mwapadera pamadzi a Subbarctic ndi Arctic, kulimba kwa zachilengedwe zam'madzi, komanso kuchira ku kusodza kochulukira ndi zotsatira zake kudzatulutsa chidziwitso chatsopano chothandizira kupanga mfundo zopititsa patsogolo chuma komanso kuthekera kwanthawi yayitali kwa malo opatulika. Maphunziro adzakulitsidwa kuti afufuze momwe zinthu zilili mkati mwa derali, monga momwe ma corals amadzi ozizira amagwirira ntchito, ntchito ya mitundu yamalonda mu intaneti ya zakudya za m'nyanja, ndi kuyanjana kwa mbalame za m'nyanja ndi zinyama zam'madzi.

Pakali pano pali malo khumi ndi anayi a US National Marine Sanctuaries, iliyonse ili ndi malangizo ake enieni ndi chitetezo, chilichonse chosiyana ndi malo ake komanso zachilengedwe. Pamodzi ndi chitetezo, malo osungiramo madzi a m'nyanja amapereka phindu lachuma kupitirira madzi, kuthandizira pafupifupi ntchito za 50,000 muzochitika zosiyanasiyana kuyambira pa usodzi ndi kudumpha pansi mpaka kufufuza ndi kuchereza alendo. M'malo opatulika onse, pafupifupi $ 4 biliyoni amapangidwa m'zachuma zam'deralo ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Pafupifupi onse a Aleutians amatetezedwa ngati gawo la Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge ndi Aleutian Islands Wilderness, motero National Marine Sanctuary idzabweretsa zatsopano. kuyang'anira kuderali, ndikubweretsa chiwerengero chonse cha malo opatulika kufika khumi ndi asanu - khumi ndi asanu malo okongola modabwitsa, okhala ndi mbiri yakale, chikhalidwe ndi zachuma. Zilumba za Aleutian zikuyenera kutchulidwa, chifukwa cha chitetezo chawo komanso mtengo womwe adzabweretse ku banja lopatulika.

Kugawana nawo malingaliro a Dr. Linwood Pendleton, (ndiye) a NOAA:

"Ndikukhulupirira kuti malo osungiramo nyanja zam'madzi ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pazachilengedwe zam'nyanja, ndipo chifukwa cha chiyembekezo chathu chowonetsetsa kuti chuma cha m'nyanja chomwe timadalira ndi chokhazikika komanso chothandiza kwa mibadwo ikubwera."

Chithunzi cha Whale mwachilolezo cha NOAA