Kutaya chiyembekezo. Kutaya Vaquita

Wolemba Mark J. Spalding, Purezidenti

Tsiku la Groundhog Libwerezanso

Sabata ino, ndidamva kuti Vaquita Porpoise ili pachiwopsezo, pamavuto, ndipo ikufunika kutetezedwa mwachangu. Tsoka ilo, ndi mawu omwewo omwe angakhale, ndipo akhala akunenedwa chaka chilichonse kuyambira chapakati pa 1980 pamene ndinayamba kugwira ntchito ku Baja California.

Inde, kwa zaka pafupifupi 30, takhala tikudziwa za udindo wa Vaquita. Tadziwa zomwe zimawopseza kwambiri kupulumuka kwa Vaquita. Ngakhale pamlingo wa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, tadziwa zomwe zikuyenera kuchitidwa kuti apewe kutha.

Kwa zaka zambiri, bungwe la US Marine Mammal Commission lakhala likuwona kuti Vaquita ndiye nyama yotsatira yam'madzi yomwe ingathe kutha, komanso kudzipereka nthawi, mphamvu ndi chuma kulimbikitsa kutetezedwa ndi kutetezedwa. Mawu ambiri ku bungweli anali mtsogoleri wawo, a Tim Ragen, yemwe adapuma pantchito. Mu 2007, ndinali wotsogolera bungwe la North America Commission for Environmental Cooperation la North America Conservation Action Plan for the Vaquita, mmene maboma onse atatu a ku North America anagwirizana kuti agwire ntchito yothetsa ziwopsezozo mwamsanga. Mu 2009, tinali othandizira kwambiri filimu yolembedwa ndi Chris Johnson yotchedwa The "Mwayi Womaliza wa Nambala Wam'chipululu."  Mufilimuyi munalinso chithunzi choyamba cha vidiyo cha nyama yosaonekayi.

Vaquita yomwe ikukula pang'onopang'ono idapezeka koyamba kudzera m'mafupa ndi mitembo m'ma 1950. Mapangidwe ake akunja sanafotokozedwe mpaka m’ma 1980 pamene Vaquita anayamba kuonekera mu maukonde a asodzi. Asodziwo anali pambuyo pa nsomba zotchedwa finfish, shrimp, ndipo posachedwapa, Totoaba yomwe ili pangozi. Vaquita si kalulu wamkulu, nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi pa mapazi 4 m'litali, ndipo amachokera kumpoto kwa Gulf of California, kumene amakhala. Nsomba ya Totoaba ndi nsomba ya m'nyanja, yapadera ku Gulf of California, yomwe zikhodzodzo zake zimafunidwa kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira pamsika wa ku Asia ngakhale kuti malondawo ndi oletsedwa. Kufunaku kudayamba pambuyo poti nsomba yofanana kwambiri yaku China idasowa chifukwa chopha nsomba mopambanitsa.

United States ndiye msika woyamba wazosodza za shrimp kumpoto kwa Gulf of California. Nsomba, monga finfish ndi Totoaba yomwe ili pangozi imagwidwa ndi gillnet. Tsoka ilo, Vaquita ndi m'modzi mwa anthu omwe adakhudzidwa mwangozi, "chiwombankhanga," chomwe chimagwidwa ndi giya. Mbalame yotchedwa Vaquita imakonda kugwira zipsepse za pachifuwa n’kugudubuzika kuti ituluke—koma zimakolana kwambiri. Ndizotonthoza pang'ono kudziŵa kuti amawoneka kuti amafa mofulumira chifukwa cha mantha m'malo mwa kupuma pang'onopang'ono, kowawa.

Vaquita ili ndi malo ang'onoang'ono othawirako kumtunda kwa Nyanja ya Cortez. Malo ake ndi okulirapo pang'ono ndipo malo ake onse, mwatsoka, amagwirizana ndi nsomba zazikulu za shrimp, finfish ndi nsomba zosaloledwa za Totoaba. Ndipo, ndithudi, ngakhale shrimp kapena Totoaba, kapena Vaquita sangathe kuwerenga mapu kapena kudziwa kumene kuopseza kuli. Koma anthu angathe ndipo ayenera.

Lachisanu, pa Chaka chathu Chachisanu ndi chimodzi Southern California Marine Mammal Workshop, panali gulu lokambirana mmene a Vaquita alili panopa. Mfundo yake ndi yomvetsa chisoni, komanso yomvetsa chisoni. Ndipo, kuyankha kwa omwe akukhudzidwa kumakhalabe kokhumudwitsa komanso kosakwanira - ndikuwuluka pamaso pa sayansi, kulingalira bwino, komanso mfundo zenizeni zoteteza.

Mu 1997, tinali ndi nkhawa kale chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha nkhumba za Vaquita komanso kuchepa kwake. Pa nthawiyo panali anthu pafupifupi 567. Nthawi yopulumutsa a Vaquita inali nthawiyo—kukhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito gillnetting ndi kulimbikitsa njira zina zopezera moyo ndi njira zina zikanapulumutsa a Vaquita ndi kukhazikitsa bata m’madera a asodzi. N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti pakati pa anthu oteteza zachilengedwe kapena olamulira sanafune “kungokana” ndi kuteteza malo a akaluluwo.

Barbara Taylor, Jay Harlow ndi akuluakulu ena a NOAA agwira ntchito mwakhama kuti sayansi yokhudzana ndi chidziwitso chathu cha Vaquita ikhale yolimba komanso yosatsutsika. Iwo adatsimikiziranso maboma onsewa kuti alole chombo chofufuzira cha NOAA kuti chizikhala kumtunda kwa Gulf, pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamaso waukulu kujambula ndikuwerengera kuchuluka kwa nyama (kapena kusowa kwake). Barbara Taylor adaitanidwanso ndikuloledwa kukagwira ntchito pa komiti ya pulezidenti wa Mexico ponena za ndondomeko yobwezeretsa boma la Vaquita.

Mu June 2013, boma la Mexico linapereka Regulatory Standard Number 002 yomwe inalamula kuti maukonde amadzimadzi achotsedwe muusodzi. Izi zimayenera kuchitika pafupifupi 1/3 pachaka pazaka zitatu. Izi sizinakwaniritsidwe ndipo zatsalira. Kuphatikiza apo, asayansi m'malo mwake adanenanso kuti kutsekedwa kwathunthu kwa usodzi wonse kudera la Vaquita posachedwa.

Zachisoni, mu US Marine Mammal Commission yamasiku ano komanso pakati pa atsogoleri ena oteteza zachilengedwe ku Mexico, pali kudzipereka kofulumira ku njira yomwe ikanagwira ntchito zaka 30 zapitazo koma masiku ano ndiyoseketsa chifukwa chosakwanira. Madola zikwizikwi ndi zaka zambiri zaperekedwa pakupanga zida zina zopewera kusokoneza usodzi. Kungonena kuti “ayi” sikunali kotheka—osati m’malo mwa Vaquita osauka. M'malo mwake, utsogoleri watsopano ku US Marine Mammal Commission ukulandira "njira yolimbikitsira zachuma," mtundu womwe watsimikiziridwa kuti sukugwira ntchito ndi kafukufuku wamkulu uliwonse - posachedwapa ndi lipoti la World Bank, "Mind, Society, and Behavior."

Ngakhale atayesa kuyika chizindikiro ngati “Vaquita safe shrimp” pogwiritsa ntchito zida zabwino, tikudziwa kuti zimatenga zaka kuti asodzi akwaniritsidwe ndi kulandiridwa bwino ndi asodzi, ndipo zitha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zakezake pa zamoyo zina. Pakali pano, Vaquita ili ndi miyezi, osati zaka. Ngakhale pomwe dongosolo lathu la 2007 lidamalizidwa, 58% ya anthu anali atatayika, ndikusiya anthu 245. Masiku ano chiwerengero cha anthu chikuyerekezeredwa kukhala anthu 97. Kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu ku Vaquita ndi pafupifupi 3 peresenti pachaka. Ndipo, kuchotseratu izi ndikuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono, pafupifupi 18.5%, chifukwa cha zochita za anthu.

Lipoti la ku Mexico lomwe linatulutsidwa pa December 23, 2014 likusonyeza kuti kuletsa kusodza kwa gillnet m’derali kwa zaka ziwiri zokha, kupereka chipukuta misozi chonse cha ndalama zimene asodzi anataya, kukakamiza anthu kuti azitsatira malamulo a m’deralo, komanso chiyembekezo chakuti chiwerengero cha anthu a ku Vaquita chidzawonjezeka. mkati mwa miyezi 24. Mawu awa ndi ndondomeko ya boma yomwe ili yotseguka kuti anthu ayankhepo, choncho sitikudziwa ngati boma la Mexico livomereza kapena ayi.

Tsoka ilo, zachuma zausodzi wosaloledwa wa Totoaba zitha kuwononga dongosolo lililonse, ngakhale zofooka zomwe zili patebulo. Pali malipoti otsimikizika kuti mabungwe ogulitsa mankhwala aku Mexico akugwira nawo ntchito yosodza ya Totoaba potumiza zikhodzodzo za nsomba ku China. Amatchedwanso kuti "crack cocaine wa nsomba" chifukwa zikhodzodzo za Totoaba zikugulitsidwa pafupifupi $8500 pa kilogalamu; ndipo nsombazo zimapita $10,000-$20,000 iliyonse ku China.

Ngakhale zitavomerezedwa, sizikuwonekeratu kuti kutsekedwa kudzakhala kokwanira. Kuti zikhale zogwira mtima ngakhale pang'ono, pamafunika kutsatiridwa kwakukulu komanso koyenera. Chifukwa cha kutenga nawo gawo kwa ma cartel, kukakamiza mwina kuyenera kukhala kwa Asitikali aku Mexico. Ndipo, Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo la ku Mexico liyenera kukhala ndi chidwi choletsa ndi kulanda mabwato ndi zida zophera nsomba, kuchokera kwa asodzi omwe atha kuchitiridwa chifundo ndi ena. Komabe, chifukwa cha mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa nsomba iliyonse, chitetezo ndi kuwona mtima kwa onse okakamiza kukayesedwa kwambiri. Komabe, ndizokayikitsa kuti boma la Mexico lingalandire thandizo lakunja.

Ndipo kunena zoona, dziko la US lilinso ndi mlandu pazamalonda osaloledwa. Taletsa Totoaba yosaloledwa (kapena chikhodzodzo) kumalire a US-Mexico ndi kwina ku California kuti tidziwe kuti LAX kapena ma eyapoti ena akuluakulu ndi malo otumizira. Payenera kuchitidwapo kanthu pofuna kuwonetsetsa kuti boma la China silikuchita nawo kuitanitsa katundu wokololedwa mozemba. Izi zikutanthauza kutengera vutoli pamlingo wa zokambirana zamalonda ndi China ndikuzindikira komwe kuli mabowo muukonde omwe malondawo akudutsamo.

Tiyenera kuchitapo kanthu mosasamala kanthu za Vaquita ndi kutha kwake—m’malo mwa Totoaba yomwe yatsala pang’ono kutha, komanso m’malo mwa chikhalidwe choletsa ndi kuchepetsa malonda oletsedwa a nyama zakuthengo, anthu, ndi katundu. Ndikuvomereza kuti ndikusweka mtima chifukwa cholephera kwathu kuchita zomwe tinkadziwa za zosowa za nyama yapamadzi yapaderayi zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, pamene tinali ndi mwayi ndipo mavuto azachuma ndi ndale anali ochepa kwambiri.

Ndine wodabwitsidwa kuti aliyense amakakamira lingaliro loti titha kupanga njira ya "Vaquita-safe shrimp" ndi anthu 97 okha omwe atsala. Ndine wodabwa kuti North America ikhoza kulola zamoyo kuti ziwonongeke ndi sayansi ndi chidziwitso chonse m'manja mwathu, ndipo chitsanzo chaposachedwapa cha Baiji dolphin kutitsogolera. Ndikufuna kukhala ndi chiyembekezo kuti mabanja osauka asodzi apeza thandizo lomwe angafunikire kuti alowe m'malo mwa ndalama zausodzi wa shrimp ndi finfish. Ndikufuna kukhala ndi chiyembekezo kuti tiyimitsa zonse kuti titseke usodzi wa gillnet ndikuukakamiza motsutsana ndi magulu. Ndikufuna kukhulupirira kuti tingathe.

Chithunzi chovomerezeka ndi Barb Taylor