Kupanga Lemonade

Olemba: Mark J. Spalding, JD
Dzina Lofalitsidwa: Bungwe la Environmental Forum. January 2011: Voliyumu 28, Nambala 1.
Tsiku Lofalitsidwa: Lolemba, January 31, 2011

Mwezi watha wa Marichi, Purezidenti Obama adayimilira pamalo ochezera a Andrews Air Force ndipo adalengeza njira zake zingapo zopezera ufulu wodziyimira pawokha komanso chuma chosadalira mafuta oyaka. "Tigwiritsa ntchito umisiri watsopano womwe umachepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa kufufuza mafuta," adatero. “Titeteza madera omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito zokopa alendo, zachilengedwe, komanso chitetezo cha dziko lathu. Ndipo sitidzatsogoleredwa ndi maganizo andale, koma ndi umboni wa sayansi.” Obama adanenetsa kuti kutukuka kwa mafuta m'nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Arctic komanso ku Gulf of Mexico kungatheke popanda kuwononga malo ofunikira am'madzi.

Kwa iwo omwe amagwira ntchito yoteteza moyo wa m'nyanja ndi madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, lingaliroli linalephera kuvomereza kuti madzi akuyenda, zamoyo zimasuntha, ndi ntchito zomwe zimawoneka kuti zili kutali kwambiri kuti ziwononge, zingathe ndipo zidzatero. Komanso, chilengezochi sichinavomereze zofooka za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka nyanja ya US - zofooka zomwe zakhala zoonekeratu pambuyo pa kuphulika kwa Deepwater Horizon masabata angapo a Obama atayitana zida.

Dongosolo lathu loyang'anira zam'madzi silinasweka kotero kuti lagawika, lopangidwa pang'ono m'madipatimenti onse aboma. Pakalipano, pali malamulo opitilira 140 ndi mabungwe 20 omwe amayang'anira zochitika zam'nyanja. Bungwe lirilonse liri ndi zolinga zake, zolinga zake, ndi zokonda zake. Palibe dongosolo lomveka bwino, palibe dongosolo lophatikizika lopanga zisankho, palibe masomphenya ogwirizana a ubale wathu ndi nyanja zamasiku ano komanso zamtsogolo.

Yakwana nthawi yomwe boma lathu likuwona kuwonongeka kwa nyanja zathu ngati kuwukira thanzi ndi moyo wabwino wa nzika zaku America komanso chitetezo cha dziko lathu, ndikupanga dongosolo laulamuliro ndi kuyang'anira zomwe zimayika patsogolo thanzi la m'nyanja ndikukhala bwino kwanthawi yayitali. chuma chathu cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'madzi. Zoonadi, mbuna za kumasulira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mfundo zapamwamba zoterozo ziri zazikulu. Mwina ndi nthawi yoti tikhazikitse njira yodzitchinjiriza panyanja ndikuyeretsa chipwirikiti chomwe chimalimbana ndi chipwirikiti pamagombe athu.

Kuyambira 2003, Pew Ocean Commission yoyang'anira wabizinesi, bungwe la boma la US Ocean Commission, ndi gulu loyang'anira mabungwe anena za "motani komanso chifukwa chiyani" kuti pakhale ulamulilo wamphamvu, wophatikizika. Pazosiyana zawo zonse zomwe zingatheke, pali kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa zoyesayesa izi. Mwachidule, makomitiwa akufuna kukweza chitetezo cha chilengedwe; kukhazikitsa utsogoleri wabwino womwe umakhala wophatikiza, wowonekera, woyankha, wogwira ntchito, komanso wogwira ntchito; kugwiritsa ntchito kasamalidwe kazinthu zomwe zimalemekeza ufulu ndi maudindo omwe amakhudzidwa nawo, omwe amaganizira za msika ndi zotsatira za kukula; kuzindikira cholowa chofanana cha anthu ndi kufunikira kwa malo am'nyanja; ndi kuyitanitsa mgwirizano wamtendere wa mayiko kuti ateteze chilengedwe chanyanja. Tsopano titha kupeza njira zomveka komanso zisankho zophatikizika zopanga mfundo zathu zapanyanja, koma kutsindika kwa purezidenti mu dongosolo lotsogola lomwe lidatsatira izi mu Julayi watha ndikukonzekera zofunikira zapanyanja, kapena MSP. Lingaliro loyang'ana malo am'nyanja ili likumveka ngati lingaliro labwino koma limasiyanitsidwa ndikuyang'anitsitsa, zomwe zimalola opanga malamulo kupewa zisankho zovuta zomwe zimafunikira kuti apulumutse zachilengedwe zam'madzi.

Tsoka la Deepwater Horizon liyenera kukhala poyambira pomwe likutikakamiza kuvomereza zoopsa zomveka bwino komanso zomwe zilipo chifukwa cha kusawongolera koyenera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mopanda malire kwa nyanja zathu. Koma zomwe zidachitika zinali zofanana ndi kugwa kwa mgodi waku West Virginia komanso kuphwanyidwa kwa ma levees ku New Orleans: Kulephera kukhazikitsa ndikukhazikitsa zofunika pakukonza ndi chitetezo pansi pa malamulo omwe analipo. Zachisoni, kulepheraku sikudzatha chifukwa tili ndi mawu omveka bwino komanso dongosolo lapulezidenti lomwe likufuna kukonzekera kophatikizana.

Lamulo la Purezidenti Obama, lomwe limazindikiritsa MSP ngati njira yokwaniritsira zolinga zake zaulamuliro, lidatengera malingaliro amagulu awiri a gulu la interagency. Koma kukonza malo am'madzi ndi chida chokha chomwe chimapanga mamapu abwino amomwe timagwiritsira ntchito nyanja. Si njira yaulamuliro. Ilo silimakhazikitsa dongosolo lomwe limaika patsogolo zosowa za zamoyo, kuphatikizapo njira zotetezeka zosamukira, chakudya, malo osungira ana, kapena kusintha kwa kusintha kwa nyanja kapena kutentha kapena chemistry. Sizimapanga ndondomeko ya nyanja yamchere kapena kuthetsa zotsutsana ndi mabungwe omwe amatsutsana nawo komanso zotsutsana ndi malamulo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ngozi. Chomwe tikufunikira ndi bungwe la National Ocean Council kuti likakamize mabungwe kuti agwire ntchito limodzi kuti ateteze zachilengedwe za m'nyanja, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kuteteza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yophatikizana ndi malamulo kuti akwaniritse ndondomekoyi.

Masomphenya a Ulamuliro omwe Tili nawo

Kukonzekera kwa malo a m'nyanja ndi nthawi yaluso yojambula ntchito zomwe zakhala zikuchitika za madera a m'nyanja (monga, madzi a m'boma la Massachusetts), ndi diso logwiritsa ntchito mapu kupanga zisankho zomveka bwino komanso zogwirizana za momwe angagwiritsire ntchito ndi kugawa chuma cha m'nyanja. Zochita za MSP zimasonkhanitsa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito nyanja, kuphatikiza omwe akuchokera ku zokopa alendo, migodi, zoyendera, zolumikizirana ndi matelefoni, usodzi, ndi mafakitale amagetsi, magulu onse aboma, ndi magulu achitetezo ndi zosangalatsa. Ambiri amawona njira iyi yopangira mapu ndi kugawira ngati njira yothetsera kuyanjana kwa anthu ndi nyanja, makamaka, ngati njira yochepetsera mikangano pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito chifukwa MSP imalola kuti kusagwirizana kuchitike pakati pa zolinga za chilengedwe, chikhalidwe, chuma, ndi ulamuliro. Mwachitsanzo, cholinga cha Massachusetts Ocean Act (2008) ndikukhazikitsa kasamalidwe kokwanira kazachuma komwe kamathandizira zachilengedwe komanso moyo wabwino pazachuma, pomwe imalinganiza kagwiritsidwe ntchito kachikhalidwe ndikuganizira za mtsogolo. Boma likukonzekera kukwaniritsa izi pozindikira komwe kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwapadera kudzaloledwa komanso komwe kuli kogwirizana. California, Washington, Oregon, ndi Rhode Island ali ndi malamulo ofanana.

Lamulo la Purezidenti Obama limakhazikitsa ndondomeko ya dziko kuti iwonetsetse chitetezo, kukonza, ndi kubwezeretsa thanzi la nyanja, nyanja, ndi zachilengedwe za m'nyanja zikuluzikulu; kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwa chuma cha m'nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja; sungani cholowa chathu chapanyanja; kuthandizira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosatha ndi mwayi; kupereka kasamalidwe koyenera kuti tiwonjezere kumvetsetsa kwathu ndi kuthekera kochitapo kanthu ku kusintha kwa nyengo ndi acidity ya m'nyanja; ndikugwirizanitsa ndi chitetezo cha dziko lathu komanso zokonda za ndale zakunja. Purezidenti adalamula kugwirizanitsa ntchito zokhudzana ndi nyanja pansi pa bungwe latsopano la National ocean Council. Monga momwe zilili ndi zochitika zonse zokonzekera, msampha suli pakuzindikira zomwe zikuchitika pano, koma kukhazikitsa zatsopano ndi kuzikwaniritsa. MSP yokha siyokwanira kukwaniritsa “chitetezo, kukonza, ndi kubwezeretsa” chuma chathu cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'madzi, monga momwe akuluakulu aboma akunenera.

Lingaliro ndilakuti titha kupeza macheke ndi milingo yochulukirapo pakati pa mabungwe ngati tili ndi mapulani atsatanetsatane amadera. Ndipo izo zikumveka bwino, mu chiphunzitso. Tili ndi kale malo osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi malo komanso madera oletsedwa m'madzi (monga kusungirako kapena kuteteza). Koma zida zathu zowonera sizifika pakuvuta kwa danga lamitundu yambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito kolumikizana ndi kuphatikizika (zina zomwe zingakhale zosemphana) zomwe zimasintha ndi nyengo ndi zachilengedwe. Ndizovutanso kupanga mapu omwe anganene molondola momwe ntchito ndi zosowa ziyenera kusinthira potengera kusintha kwa nyengo.

Tikhoza kuyembekezera kuti mapulani ndi mapu omwe amachokera ku MSP akhoza kusinthidwa pakapita nthawi pamene tikuphunzira, ndipo pamene ntchito zatsopano zokhazikika zimayamba, kapena zamoyo zikusintha khalidwe potengera kutentha kapena chemistry. Komabe, tikudziwa kuti asodzi amalonda, osodza, oyendetsa m'madzi, otumiza, ndi ena ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri amakhala osasunthika akamaliza kupanga mapu. Mwachitsanzo, pamene gulu loteteza zachilengedwe linanena kuti asinthe njira zamasitima ndi liwiro kuti ateteze North Atlantic Right Whale, panali kutsutsidwa kwakukulu komanso kwanthawi yayitali.

Kujambula mabokosi ndi mizere pamapu kumapanga magawo ofanana ndi umwini. Titha kuyembekeza kuti umwini ukhoza kulimbikitsa ukapitawo, koma izi sizokayikitsa m'madzi am'madzi momwe malo onse amakhala amadzimadzi komanso amitundu itatu. M'malo mwake titha kuyembekezera kuti kukhala umwini kumabweretsa kulira kwa kulandidwa pamene kugwiritsidwa ntchito kovomerezeka kwa wina aliyense kuyenera kutchingidwa kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mwatsopano kapena mosayembekezereka. Pankhani yokhala ndi mphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Rhode Island, ndondomeko ya MSP inalephera ndipo malowa adakhazikitsidwa ndi cholembera cha bwanamkubwa.
Kukonzekera kwa malo am'madzi kumawoneka ngati kuyesayesa kulikonse kogwirizana, komwe aliyense amabwera m'chipindamo akusangalala chifukwa "tonse tili patebulo." M'malo mwake, aliyense m'chipindamo amakhalapo kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa zomwe amaika patsogolo. Ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri, nsomba, anamgumi, ndi zinthu zina siziimiridwa mokwanira, ndipo zimakhala zovutitsidwa ndi ziwopsezo zomwe zimachepetsa mikangano pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito anthu.

Kugwiritsa ntchito chida cha MSP

M'dziko labwino, ulamuliro wam'nyanja ungayambe ndi malingaliro a chilengedwe chonse ndikuphatikiza ntchito zathu zosiyanasiyana ndi zosowa zathu. Kasamalidwe ka zinthu zachilengedwe, komwe mbali zonse za malo okhala m'madzi otetezedwa zimatetezedwa, ndizokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo oyendetsera nsomba. Tsopano popeza tili ndi dongosolo lalikulu la MSP, tikuyenera kupita kumalingaliro amalingaliro onse okhudza nyanja. Ngati zotsatira zake ndi kuteteza malo ena ofunikira, MSP "imatha kuthetsa kugawikana, kusagwirizana kwa malo ndi kwakanthawi komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi kasamalidwe ka magawo a 'siloed', pomwe mabungwe omwe amawongolera magawo osiyanasiyana m'malo omwewo amanyalanyaza kwambiri zosowa za magawo ena," malinga ndi Elliott. Norse.

Apanso, pali zitsanzo zabwino zojambulapo. Zina mwazo ndi UNESCO ndi The Nature Conservancy, mabungwe omwe amadziwika kuti amadalira kukonzekera monga chida chotetezera. Malingaliro a UNESCO pakukonzekera malo am'madzi akuganiza kuti ngati cholinga chathu ndikuchita kasamalidwe kabwino ka chilengedwe, tikufunika MSP. Amapereka chithunzithunzi cha MSP, ndikuwunikanso zovuta zomwe zikukumana ndi lingaliroli, komanso kufunikira kwa miyezo yapamwamba yoyendetsera ntchito. Imalumikizanso MSP ndi kasamalidwe ka madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Powunika kusinthika kwa MSP padziko lonse lapansi, ikuwona kufunikira kokhazikitsa, kutenga nawo mbali kwa omwe akukhudzidwa, ndi kuyang'anira ndikuwunika kwanthawi yayitali. Imaganiza zosiyanitsidwa ndi ndale kuti zifotokoze zolinga zachitukuko chokhazikika (zachilengedwe, zachuma, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu) kudzera munjira zokhudzidwa ndi anthu. Imakhazikitsa chitsogozo chobweretsa kayendetsedwe ka nyanja mogwirizana ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka.

Chitsanzo cha TNC ndi "momwe angachitire" kwa oyang'anira omwe amapanga MSP. Ikufuna kumasulira ukatswiri wake wokhudza kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka ku chilengedwe cha m'nyanja ngati njira yowunikira madera am'nyanja kuti akwaniritse zolinga za chilengedwe, zachuma, ndi chikhalidwe. Lingaliro ndikupanga template yomwe ingalimbikitse mgwirizano pakati pa omwe akukhudzidwa, kuphatikiza omwe akutsutsana, kudalira "zambiri zomwe zilipo zasayansi." Momwe mungasungire zolemba za TNC zimapereka upangiri wokonzekera zolinga zingapo, chithandizo cholumikizana, malire a malo, kukula ndi kusamvana, komanso kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kasamalidwe.

Komabe, palibe UNESCO kapena TNC yomwe imayankha mafunso omwe MSP imapanga. Kuti tipindule kwambiri ndi MSP, tiyenera kukhala ndi zolinga zomveka komanso zomveka. Izi zikuphatikizapo kusunga zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mibadwo yamtsogolo; kuwonetsa njira zachilengedwe; kukonzekera zosowa za zamoyo pamene chilengedwe chawo chikusintha chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko; kuwonetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu kuti agwirizane nawo panjira yowonekera kuti agwire ntchito ngati oyang'anira nyanja; kuzindikira zotsatira zochulukirapo kuchokera ku ntchito zambiri; ndi kupeza ndalama zoyendetsera mapulani. Mofanana ndi zoyesayesa zonsezi, kungokhala ndi lamulo sizikutanthauza kuti simukufunikira apolisi. Mosapeŵeka, mikangano idzawonekera pakapita nthawi.

Kuganiza kwa Silver-bullet

Kulandira MSP ngati chida chothandizira chowonera ndikukumbatira malo a placebo m'malo mwaumoyo wa zachilengedwe zam'nyanja - m'malo mwa zenizeni, zotsimikizika, komanso zokhazikika poteteza zinthu zomwe sizingathe kudzilankhula zokha. Kuthamangira kukulitsa kuthekera kwa MSP kumayimira mtundu wa kuganiza kwa siliva komwe kungayambitse kuchepa kwakukulu kwa thanzi la m'nyanja. Chiwopsezo chomwe timakumana nacho ndikuti ndi ndalama zotsika mtengo zomwe zimalipira pokhapokha ngati tili okonzeka kuyika ndalama zambiri muzochitika zenizeni.

Kukonzekera kwapanyanja sikukanalepheretsa ngozi ya Deepwater Horizon, komanso sikungateteze ndi kubwezeretsanso chuma chambiri cha Gulf of Mexico kupita patsogolo. Mlembi wa Navy Ray Mabus wapatsidwa ntchito yoyang'anira kubwezeretsedwa ndi kubwezeretsedwa kwa phompho. M’nkhani yaposachedwapa ya mlendo m’nyuzipepala ya New Orleans Times Picayune, iye analemba kuti: “Chodziŵika bwino n’chakuti anthu a ku Gulf Coast aona mapulani ochuluka kuposa momwe amawerengera—makamaka kuyambira Katrina ndi Rita. Sitiyenera kuyambiranso gudumu kapena kuyambitsa ndondomeko kuyambira pachiyambi. M'malo mwake, palimodzi, tiyenera kupanga dongosolo lomwe liwonetsetse kubwezeretsedwa kwa phompho kutengera zaka zakuwunika komanso luso. ” Kukonzekera si chiyambi; ndi sitepe isanayambe. Tiyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo la pulezidenti kumagwiritsa ntchito MSP kukhazikitsa ndi kuzindikira maudindo a bungwe ndi malamulo ovomerezeka, ndi njira zophatikizira mapulogalamu, kuchepetsa zotsutsana, ndikukhazikitsa njira yolimba yotetezera nyanja.

Payokha, MSP sipulumutsa nsomba imodzi, chinsomba, kapena dolphin. Vuto liri pa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakuchitapo kanthu: Kukhazikika kowona kuyenera kukhala momwe ntchito zina zonse zimawonera, osati kungolankhula patokha patebulo pomwe anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kale mlengalenga.

Kupita Patsogolo

Tsiku lotsatira chisankho cha 2010, membala wa House Natural Resources Committee, a Doc Hastings waku Washington, adatulutsa chikalata chofotokoza zomwe zikuyenera kuchitika kwa anthu ambiri aku Republican omwe akubwera. "Cholinga chathu chikhala kuti oyang'anira aziyankha ndikupeza mayankho ofunikira pazinthu zingapo kuphatikiza . . . akukonzekera kutseka mbali zazikulu za nyanja zathu kudzera m'njira yolakwika yosankha malo." Monga a David Helvarg waku Blue Frontier adalemba ku Grist, "Mu 112th Congress, tiyembekezere kuwona Ocean Council yomwe yakhazikitsidwa kumene ya Purezidenti Obama ikuwukiridwa ngati boma lina lowononga boma." Kuphatikiza pa kukhala pampando wampando wa komiti yemwe akubwera, tiyenera kukhala ozindikira zandalama zopititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha nyanja mu Congress yatsopano. Munthu sayenera kuchita masamu kuti adziwe kuti mapulogalamu atsopano sangathe kulipidwa ndi ndalama zatsopano.

Chifukwa chake, kuti tikhale ndi mwayi uliwonse, tiyenera kufotokoza momveka bwino momwe MSP ndi kayendetsedwe kabwino ka nyanja zimayenderana ndi ntchito zambiri, ndikusintha chuma. Tiyeneranso kufotokozera bwino momwe kukhazikitsa kayendetsedwe kabwino kanyanja kungachepetse kuchepa kwa bajeti yathu. Izi zitha kukhala zotheka mwa kuphatikiza mabungwe omwe ali ndi udindo ndikuwongolera kuchotsedwa ntchito kulikonse. Tsoka ilo, zikuwoneka kuti sizingatheke kuti oimira omwe asankhidwa kumene, omwe akufuna malire pa ntchito za boma, adzawona phindu lililonse mu kayendetsedwe kabwino ka nyanja.

Titha kuyang'ana chitsanzo cha dziko lina kuti tipeze chitsogozo. Ku United Kingdom, zoyesayesa za a Crown Estate kuti amalize MSP yokwanira m'zilumba zonse za ku Britain, zophatikizidwa ndi mfundo zamphamvu zaku UK zongowonjezwdwa, zazindikira malo enaake ndikuteteza mwayi wosodza ndi zosangalatsa womwe ulipo. Zimenezi zapangitsanso ntchito masauzande ambiri m’matauni ang’onoang’ono okhala ndi madoko ku Wales, Ireland, ndi Scotland. Pamene a Conservatives adatenga mphamvu kuchokera ku Labor Party chaka chino, kufunikira kopitirizabe kupititsa patsogolo zoyesayesa za MSP ndi kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zowonjezera sikunachepetse patsogolo.

Kukwaniritsa ulamulilo wophatikizika wa zinthu za m'nyanja yathu kumafuna kulingalira za zovuta zake zonse za nyama, zomera, ndi zinthu zina zapansi pa nyanja, mkati mwa mtsinje wa madzi, mmene zimakhalira ndi madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi malo amlengalenga pamwamba pake. Ngati titi tigwiritse ntchito bwino MSP ngati chida, pali mafunso omwe tiyenera kuyankha munjirayi.

Choyamba, tiyenera kukhala okonzeka kuteteza zinthu za m'nyanja zomwe zambiri za chuma chathu ndi chikhalidwe chathu zimadalira. Kodi “kulingalira mozama” kungachepetse bwanji mikangano pakati pa oyendetsa sitima ndi mabwato; madera akufa ndi moyo wa nsomba; nsomba zam'madzi ndi zam'madzi; maluwa a algal ndi mabedi a oyster; mabwalo a ngalawa ndi matanthwe a coral; Anangumi am'mphepete mwa nyanja omwe adathawa; kapena zoolera mafuta ndi mvuwo?

Tiyenera kuzindikira njira zandale ndi zachuma zomwe zikuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsetsa kuti mamapu a MSP akukhalabe amakono, pamene deta yatsopano ikupezeka kapena zinthu zikusintha. Tiyenera kuyesetsanso kuonetsetsa kuti maboma, mabungwe omwe siaboma, ndi opereka ndalama amayang'ana kwambiri pakukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi malamulo omwe tili nawo kale m'mabuku komanso kugawa kapena kugawa mapulani omwe amachokera ku ndondomeko ya MSP. onetsetsani kuti ndi yolimba kuposa momwe dziko lapansi lakhalira.

Ngati zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa mapu zikufunika kusinthidwa kapena kutumizidwa kwina, tiyenera kukhala okonzeka kuteteza milandu yolanda. Momwemonso, bungwe lazamalamulo liyenera kupanga inshuwaransi, kusungitsa chitetezo, ndikuwononga malangizo obweza mkati mwa MSP omwe amathetsa zovuta zazinthu zomwe zidawonongeka koma osaphatikiza madola amisonkho kuti abweze. Kuphatikiza apo, njira za MSP ziyenera kuthandizira kuzindikira njira zoyendetsera ngozi ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe pazinthu zomwe zili ndi mwayi wochepa wa ngozi zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe zokhudzana ndi mafakitale, makamaka ngati mwayi wa ngoziyo uli wochepa kwambiri, koma kukula kwake ndi kukula kwa ngoziyo. zazikulu, monga momwe zakhudzira Deepwater Horizon pa ntchito masauzande ambiri, 50,000 masikweya mailosi a nyanja ndi magombe, mamiliyoni a ma kiyubiki mita a madzi a m’nyanja, mazana a mitundu ya zamoyo, ndi zaka 30-kuphatikiza, osatchulapo kutayika kwa nyanja. gwero lamphamvu.

Mkati mwa dongosolo lothana ndi mavutowa pali kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito bwino MSP ngati chida. Zingathandize kuteteza ntchito zomwe zilipo ndikuthandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito zatsopano m'madera athu a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ngakhale kuti zimalimbikitsa thanzi la zinthu za m'nyanja zomwe dziko lathu limadalira. Ndi masomphenya, mgwirizano, ndi kuzindikira zofooka zake, tingagwiritse ntchito chida ichi kuti tikwaniritse zomwe tikufunikiradi: kulamulira kwanyanja kophatikizana m'mabungwe, maboma, ndi okhudzidwa a mitundu yonse.