MMPA: Zaka 45 Zoteteza Zinyama Zam'madzi

Mu October, tinakondwerera zaka 45 za chitetezo cha anamgumi, ma dolphin, pirpoise, seal, sea mikango, manatee, dugongs, walrus, otters, ndi polar bears, zomwe zinatsatira Purezidenti Nixon kusaina lamulo la Marine Mammal Protection Act. Tikayang’ana m’mbuyo, tingathe kuona mmene tapitira.

"Amerika anali woyamba, ndi mtsogoleri, ndipo akadali mtsogoleri lero pa chitetezo cha nyama zam'madzi"
- Patrick Ramage, International Fund for Animal Welfare

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1960, zinaonekeratu kuti nyama za m’madzi zinali zochepa kwambiri m’madzi onse a ku United States. Anthu anayamba kudziŵa kuti nyama zoyamwitsa za m’madzi zinali kuzunzidwa, kuzisaka mopambanitsa, ndipo zinali pangozi yaikulu ya kutha. Kafukufuku watsopano adawonekera wowonetsa luntha ndi malingaliro a nyama zam'madzi, zomwe zidayambitsa mkwiyo pakuzunzidwa kwawo ndi magulu ambiri omenyera zachilengedwe komanso magulu osamalira nyama. The Caribbean monk seal inali isanawoneke m'madzi a Florida kwa zaka zoposa khumi. Zamoyo zinanso zinali pangozi yoti zitheretu. Mwachionekere chinachake chinayenera kuchitidwa.

Lamulo la US Marine Mammal Protection Act, kapena MMPA, linakhazikitsidwa mu 1972 poyankha kuchepa kwa mitundu ingapo ya zinyama zam'madzi chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Lamuloli limadziwika kwambiri chifukwa chofuna kusamutsa chidwi chofuna kuteteza zamoyo kuchokera ku zachilengedwe kupita ku zachilengedwe, komanso kuchoka pakuchitapo kanthu kupita kuchitetezo. Lamuloli linakhazikitsa ndondomeko yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuteteza kuti nyama za m’nyanja zichepe kwambiri moti zamoyo kapena chiwerengero cha anthu chisiya kukhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa chilengedwe. Choncho, MMPA imateteza mitundu yonse ya zinyama zam'madzi m'madzi a United States. Kuzunza, kudyetsa, kusaka, kugwira, kutolera, kapena kupha nyama zam'madzi ndi zoletsedwa pansi pa lamuloli. Pofika chaka cha 2022, lamulo la chitetezo cha m'madzi la m'madzi lidzafuna kuti dziko la US liletse kutumizidwa kunja kwa nsomba za m'nyanja zomwe zimapha nyama za m'nyanja pamlingo woposa zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ku US kuti zitheke.

Kupatulapo pazochitika zoletsedwazi zikuphatikiza kafukufuku wasayansi wololedwa ndikuwonetsedwa pagulu m'mabungwe omwe ali ndi zilolezo (monga malo am'madzi kapena malo asayansi). Kuonjezera apo, kuletsa kugwidwa sikugwira ntchito kwa mbadwa za Alaska za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, omwe amaloledwa kusaka ndi kutenga anamgumi, zisindikizo, ndi ma walrus kuti apeze moyo komanso kupanga ndi kugulitsa ntchito zamanja. Zochita zomwe zimathandizira chitetezo cha United States, monga zomwe zimachitidwa ndi US Navy, zingathenso kumasulidwa ku zoletsedwa zomwe zili pansi pa lamuloli.

Mabungwe osiyanasiyana m'boma ndi omwe ali ndi udindo woyang'anira zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimatetezedwa pansi pa MMPA.

National Marine Fisheries Service (mkati mwa Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda) ili ndi udindo woyang'anira anamgumi, ma dolphin, porpoises, seals, ndi mikango ya m'nyanja. US Fish and Wildlife Service, mkati mwa Dipatimenti Yam'kati, imayang'anira ma walrus, manatee, dugongs, otters, ndi polar bears. Fish & Wildlife Service ilinso ndi udindo wothandizira kutsatiridwa kwa ziletso zoyendetsa kapena kugulitsa nyama zam'madzi kapena zinthu zosaloledwa zopangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, mkati mwa Dipatimenti ya Zaulimi, ili ndi udindo pa malamulo okhudza kayendetsedwe ka malo omwe ali ndi zinyama zam'madzi zomwe zili mu ukapolo.

MMPA ikufunanso kuti bungwe la National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) lizichita kafukufuku wa pachaka wa zinyama za m’madzi. Pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa chiwerengerochi, mamenejala akuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti kasamalidwe kawo kakugwirizana ndi cholinga chothandizira mitundu yonse ya anthu okhala ndi moyo wathanzi (OSP).

Nanga ndi chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kusamala za MPA? Kodi zikugwira ntchito?

MMPA yakhala yopambanadi pamagawo ambiri. Panopa nyama zambiri za m’madzi za m’nyanja zili bwino kuposa mmene zinalili mu 1972. Nyama za m’madzi m’madzi a ku United States tsopano zili ndi zamoyo zochepa kwambiri m’magulu amene ali pachiopsezo ndipo zina zili m’magulu amene “zimadetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri.” Mwachitsanzo, ku New England ndi ku California, mikango, njovu, ndi zosindikizira zapanyanja ku Pacific Coast zachira modabwitsa. Kuwonera anamgumi ku US tsopano ndi bizinesi ya madola mabiliyoni chifukwa MMPA (ndipo pambuyo pake International Moratorium on whaling) yathandiza chinsomba cha buluu cha Pacific, komanso ma humpbacks a Atlantic ndi Pacific.

Chitsanzo china cha chipambano cha MMPA chili ku Florida kumene nyama zoyamwitsa zodziwika bwino za m’madzi zimaphatikizapo dolphin yotchedwa bottlenose dolphin, Florida manatee, ndi North Atlantic right whale. Nyama zoyamwitsazi zimadalira kwambiri madera otentha a Florida, kupita kumadzi a Florida kukabereka, chakudya, komanso ngati nyumba m'miyezi yozizira. Ntchito zokopa alendo zimadalira kukongola kwa nyama za m’madzi zimenezi ndiponso kuziona kuthengo. Ochita zosangalatsa, oyendetsa ngalawa, ndi alendo ena amathanso kudalira kuona zinyama zam'madzi kuti ziwongolere zochitika zawo zakunja. Ku Florida makamaka, chiwerengero cha manatee chakwera mpaka pafupifupi 6300 kuyambira 1991, pomwe akuti ndi anthu pafupifupi 1,267. Mu 2016, kupambana kumeneku kudapangitsa US Fish and Wildlife Service kunena kuti zomwe zili pachiwopsezo zilembedwe kuti ziwopsezedwe.

Ngakhale ofufuza ndi asayansi ambiri atha kutchula zopambana pansi pa MMPA, sizikutanthauza kuti MMPA ilibe zovuta. Mavuto akadalipo kwa mitundu ingapo. Mwachitsanzo, North Pacific ndi Atlantic right whales awona kusintha pang'ono ndipo amakhalabe pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kufa chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Chiwerengero cha anamgumi a Atlantic right whale akuti chinafika pachimake mu 2010, ndipo chiwerengero cha akazi sichinachuluke mokwanira kuti chikhale ndi kubereka. Malinga ndi Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 30% ya kufa kwa Atlantic right whale kumachitika chifukwa cha kugunda kwa zombo ndi kukokera maukonde. Tsoka ilo, zida zamalonda zophera nsomba ndi ntchito zoyendetsa sitima zapamadzi sizimapewa mosavuta ndi anamgumi oyenerera, ngakhale kuti MMPA imapereka zolimbikitsira popanga njira ndiukadaulo zochepetsera kuyanjana.

Ndipo ziwopsezo zina zimakhala zovuta kutsata chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa nyama zam'madzi komanso zovuta zakuwakakamiza panyanja. Boma la federal limapereka zilolezo pansi pa MMPA zomwe zimatha kulola kuti "kungochitika mwangozi" pazochitika monga kuyesa zivomezi zamafuta ndi gasi - koma zotsatira zenizeni za kuyesa kwa zivomezi nthawi zambiri zimaposa zomwe makampani akuganiza. Dipatimenti ya Interior Environmental Studies ikuyerekeza kuti malingaliro a zivomezi omwe akuwunikidwa posachedwa angayambitse zoopsa zoposa 31 miliyoni za nyama zam'madzi ku Gulf ndi 13.5 miliyoni zowononga zinyama za m'nyanja ya Atlantic, zomwe zingathe kupha kapena kuvulaza ma dolphin 138,000 ndi anamgumi - kuphatikizapo anamgumi asanu ndi anayi omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha North Atlantic right whales, omwe malo awo amaberekera ali kumphepete mwa nyanja ya Florida.

Momwemonso, dera la Gulf of Mexico limadziwika kuti ndilofala kwambiri pamilandu yolimbana ndi ma dolphin a mabotolo ngakhale kuti MMPA imaletsa kuzunzidwa kapena kuvulaza nyama zam'madzi. Mabala a zipolopolo, mivi, ndi mabomba a mapaipi ndi zina mwa zowononga zosaloledwa zopezeka m’mitembo ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja, koma zigawengazo zapita kalekale. Ofufuza apeza umboni woti nyama zam'madzi zadulidwa ndikusiyidwa kuti zidyetse shaki ndi zilombo zina m'malo mongonena kuti zangochitika mwangozi monga momwe MMPA imafunira - zingakhale zovuta kuphwanya chilichonse.

Kuphatikiza apo, Lamuloli silinagwire bwino ntchito pothana ndi zovuta zina (phokoso la anthropogenic, kuchepa kwa nyama, mafuta ndi kutayira kwina kwapoizoni, ndi matenda, kungotchulapo ochepa). Njira zamakono zotetezera sizingalepheretse kuwonongeka kwa mafuta otayira kapena ngozi ina yowononga. Njira zamakono zotetezera nyanja sizingagonjetse kusintha kwa nsomba zomwe zimadya nyama, kuchulukana kwa chakudya ndi malo omwe amachokera ku zifukwa zina osati nsomba zambiri. Ndipo njira zamakono zotetezera nyanja sizingathetse imfa za poizoni zomwe zimachokera ku magwero a madzi opanda mchere monga cyanobacteria omwe anapha otters a m'nyanja ndi mazana ambiri pa Pacific Coast yathu. Titha kugwiritsa ntchito MMPA ngati njira yothanirana ndi ziwopsezozi.

Sitingayembekezere kuti Marine Mammal Protection Act ateteze nyama iliyonse. Zomwe zimachita ndizofunikira kwambiri. Zimapatsa cholengedwa chilichonse cha m'madzi kukhala chotetezedwa kuti chizitha kusamuka, kudyetsa, ndi kubereka popanda kusokonezedwa ndi anthu. Ndipo, pamene pali kuvulazidwa ndi zochita za anthu, limapereka chilimbikitso chofuna kupeza njira zothetsera mavuto ndi kulanga ophwanya malamulo chifukwa cha kuzunza mwadala. Tikhoza kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa madzi oipitsidwa, kuchepetsa phokoso la zochitika za anthu, kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwe zimadya nyama, ndi kupewa zoopsa zodziwika monga kufufuza kosafunikira kwa mafuta ndi gasi m'madzi athu a m'nyanja. Nyama zathanzi za m'nyanja zimathandizira kuti zamoyo ziziyenda bwino m'nyanja yathu, komanso m'nyanja zomwe zimatha kusunga mpweya. Tonsefe tikhoza kuchitapo kanthu kuti apulumuke.

Sources:

http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/marine-mammal-protection-act.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/

http://www.joeroman.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/The-Marine-Mammal-Protection-Act-at-40-status-recovery-and-future-of-U.S.-marine-mammals.pdf      (pepala labwino loyang'ana kupambana / kugwa kwa Act pazaka 40).

"Zinyama Zam'madzi," Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/mammals/aquatic/

House Report No. 92-707, "1972 MMPA Legislative History," Animal Legal and Historical Center, https://www.animallaw.info/statute/us-mmpa-legislative-history-1972

"The Marine Mammal Protection Act ya 1972, Yosinthidwa 1994," The Marine Mammal Center, http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/marine-mammal-protection-act.html

“Chiŵerengero cha Anthu a Manatee Chawonjezeka ndi 500 peresenti, Salinso Pangozi,”

Good News Network, lofalitsidwa 10 Jan 2016, http://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/manatee-population-has-rebounded-500-percent/

"North Atlantic Right Whale," Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/mammals/aquatic/

"North Atlantic Right Whale Faces Extinction, lolemba Elizabeth Pennisi, Science. ”http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/11/north-atlantic-right-whale-faces-extinction

"Mwachidule cha Kuwonjezeka kwa Zochitika za Bottlenose Harassment ku Gulf ndi Possible Solutions" ndi Courtney Vail, Whale & Dolphin Conservation, Plymouth MA. Juni 28, 2016  https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2016.00110/full

"Kutayika kwa Mafuta a Deepwater Horizon: Zotsatira Zakale pa Akamba a M'nyanja, Nyama Zam'madzi," 20 April 2017 National Ocean Service  https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/news/apr17/dwh-protected-species.html