Nkhani za Nangumi

Nyanja ndi malo osawoneka bwino kotero kuti padakali zambiri zoti tiphunzirepo. Moyo wa anamgumi akuluakulu nawonso ngwoonekeratu—ndi zodabwitsa zimene sitikuzidziŵabe ponena za zolengedwa zochititsa chidwi zimenezi. Chimene tikudziwa n’chakuti nyanja siilinso yawo, ndipo m’njira zambiri tsogolo lawo limaoneka loipa. Sabata yatha ya Seputembala, ndidakhala ndi gawo loyang'anira tsogolo labwino kwambiri pamsonkhano wamasiku atatu wonena za "Nkhani Za Nangumi: Zakale, Zamakono ndi Zam'tsogolo" zokonzedwa ndi Library of Congress ndi International Fund for Animal Welfare.

Gawo lina la msonkhanowu linagwirizanitsa anthu amtundu wa Arctic (ndi kugwirizana kwawo ndi anamgumi) ku mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha Yankee whaling ku New England. M'malo mwake, idafika mpaka kudziwitsa mbadwa za akapitao atatu osodza anamgumi omwe anali ndi mabanja ofanana ku Massachusetts ndi Alaska. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mamembala a mabanja atatu ochokera ku Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard ndi New Bedford anakumana ndi asuweni awo (a mabanja atatu omwewo) ochokera kumadera aku Barrow ndi malo otsetsereka a kumpoto kwa Alaska. Ndinkayembekezera kuti msonkhano woyamba wa mabanja ofanana udzakhala wovuta pang'ono, koma m'malo mwake adakondwera ndi mwayi wowona zosonkhanitsa zithunzi ndikuyang'ana kufanana kwa banja mu maonekedwe a makutu awo kapena mphuno.

Poyang'ana zam'mbuyo, tidaphunziranso nkhani yodabwitsa ya Civil War ya kampeni ya CSS Shenandoah yolimbana ndi ma whalers a Union ku Bering Sea ndi Arctic pofuna kuthetsa mafuta am'madzi omwe adapaka mafakitale aku North. Woyendetsa sitima ya ku Britain yotchedwa Shenandoah anauza omwe adawagwira ngati akaidi kuti Confederacy inali mgwirizano ndi anamgumi polimbana ndi adani awo omwe amafa. Palibe amene anaphedwa, ndipo anamgumi ambiri “anapulumutsidwa” ndi zochita za kapitawo ameneyu kusokoneza nyengo yonse yoweta anamgumi. Zombo zamalonda makumi atatu ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, makamaka New Bedford whaleships zinagwidwa, ndipo zinamizidwa kapena kumangidwa.

Michael Moore, mnzathu wa ku Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, adanena kuti kusaka nyama zamasiku ano ku Arctic sikukupereka msika wamalonda padziko lonse lapansi. Kusaka kotereku sikuli pamlingo wa nyengo yopha anamgumi a ku Yankee, ndipo kuli kosiyanadi ndi zoyesayesa zamakampani zopha anamgumi azaka za zana la 20 zomwe zinatha kupha anamgumi ochuluka m’zaka ziŵiri zokha monga momwe zinachitikira zaka 150 za ku Yankee.

Monga mbali ya msonkhano wathu wa malo atatu, tinachezera fuko la Wampanoag pa Munda Wamphesa wa Martha. Omwe anatichereza anatipatsa chakudya chokoma. Kumeneko, tinamva nkhani ya Moshup, chimphona chogwira anangumi m’manja n’kuwayatsa m’matanthwe kuti apatse anthu ake chakudya. Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti iye analoseranso za kubwera kwa azungu ndipo anapatsa mtundu wake kusankha kukhala pakati pa anthu, kapena kukhala anamgumi. Iyi ndi nkhani yoyambira ya orca omwe ndi achibale awo.
 

Poyang'ana zomwe zilipo, ophunzirawo adawona kuti kutentha kwa nyanja kukukwera, chemistry yake ikusintha, madzi oundana ku Arctic akuchepa ndipo mafunde akuyenda. Kusintha kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti chakudya cha nyama zoyamwitsa za m’madzi chikusinthanso—kumalo ndi nyengo. Tikuwona zinyalala zambiri zam'madzi ndi mapulasitiki m'nyanja, phokoso lowopsa komanso losatha, komanso kuchulukana koopsa komanso kochititsa mantha kwa poizoni m'zinyama za m'nyanja. Zotsatira zake, anamgumi amayenera kuyenda m'nyanja yomwe imakhala yotanganidwa kwambiri, yaphokoso komanso yapoizoni. Zochita zina za anthu zimawonjezera ngozi zawo. Lero tikuwona kuti akuvulazidwa, kapena kuphedwa ndi kumenyedwa kwa zombo ndi zida zopha nsomba. M’chenicheni, nangumi wina wakufa yemwe anali pangozi yakupha anapezeka atakodwa ndi zida zophera nsomba ku Gulf of Maine msonkhano wathu utangoyamba. Tinavomera kuthandizira zoyesayesa zowongolera njira zamasitima ndikupeza zida zosodzera zomwe zidatayika komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kufa kwapang'onopang'ono kowawa kumeneku.

Anangumi amtundu wa Baleen, monga ma right whales, amadalira tinyama tating'ono totchedwa sea butterflies (pteropods). Anangumi amenewa ali ndi njira yapadera kwambiri m’kamwa mwawo kuti azisefa chakudya cha nyamazi. Zinyama zazing'onozi zimawopsezedwa mwachindunji ndi kusintha kwa chemistry m'nyanja komwe kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupanga zipolopolo zawo, zomwe zimatchedwa ocean acidification. Komanso, mantha ndi oti anamgumi sangathe kuzolowera chakudya chatsopano (ngati alipo), ndikuti adzakhala nyama zomwe chilengedwe sichingathe kuzipatsanso chakudya.
 

Kusintha konse kwa chemistry, kutentha, ndi ukonde wa chakudya kumapangitsa nyanja kukhala njira yocheperako yothandizira nyama zam'madzi izi. Poganiziranso nkhani ya Wampanoag ya Moshup, kodi omwe adasankha kukhala orcas adasankha bwino?

Pa tsiku lomaliza pamene tinasonkhana ku New Bedford whaling museum, ndinafunsa funso lomweli panthawi yanga yamtsogolo. Kumbali ina, poyang’ana m’tsogolo, kuchuluka kwa anthu kungasonyeze kuwonjezeka kwa magalimoto, zida zophera nsomba, ndi kuwonjezera migodi ya pansi pa nyanja, zingwe zambiri zoulutsira mauthenga, ndipo ndithudi zipangizo zambiri za ulimi wa m’madzi. Kumbali ina, titha kuona umboni wosonyeza kuti tikuphunzira kuchepetsa phokoso (ukadaulo wa sitima zapamadzi), momwe tingayendetserenso zombo kuti tipewe madera omwe ali ndi anangumi, komanso kupanga zida zomwe sizingatseke (komanso ngati cholumikizira). njira yomaliza momwe mungapulumutsire ndikuchotsa bwino anamgumi). Tikuchita kafukufuku wabwino, komanso kuphunzitsa bwino anthu zonse zomwe tingachite kuti tichepetse kuvulaza kwa anamgumi. Ndipo, ku Paris COP mu Disembala watha tidafikira mgwirizano wolonjeza kuti tichepetse kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, womwe ndi woyendetsa wamkulu wa kutayika kwa malo okhala nyama zam'madzi. 

Zinali zabwino kukumana ndi anzanga akale ndi abwenzi ochokera ku Alaska, komwe kusintha kwanyengo kumakhudza mbali zonse za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku komanso chitetezo cha chakudya. Zinali zodabwitsa kumva nkhanizi, kuyambitsa anthu omwe ali ndi zolinga zofanana (komanso makolo), ndikuwona kuyambika kwa kulumikizana kwatsopano m'magulu ambiri a anthu omwe amakonda ndi kukhalira panyanja. Chiyembekezo chilipo, ndipo tili ndi zambiri zomwe tonse tingachite limodzi.