Kusintha kwa Nyanja ndi Nyengo

BWINO KUTI KAFUFUZENI

M'ndandanda wazopezekamo

1. Introduction
2. Zofunikira pa Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Nyanja
3. Zamoyo Zam'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi Nyanja Zisamuka chifukwa cha Kusintha kwa Nyengo
4. Hypoxia (Dead Zones)
5. Zotsatira za Madzi Ofunda
6. Kuwonongeka Kwa Zamoyo Zam'madzi Chifukwa Cha Kusintha Kwa Nyengo
7. Zotsatira za Kusintha kwa Nyengo pa Matanthwe a Coral
8. Zotsatira za Kusintha kwa Nyengo ku Arctic ndi Antarctic
9. Kuchotsedwa kwa Carbon Dioxide panyanja
10. Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Kusiyanasiyana, Kufanana, Kuphatikizidwa, ndi Chilungamo
11. Ndondomeko ndi Zofalitsa za Boma
12. Njira Zothetsera
13. Mukuyang'ana Zambiri? (Zowonjezera)

1. Introduction

Nyanja imapanga 71% ya dziko lapansi ndipo imapereka ntchito zambiri kwa anthu kuyambira pakuchepetsa nyengo mpaka kupanga mpweya womwe timapuma, kuyambira popanga chakudya chomwe timadya mpaka kusunga mpweya wowonjezera womwe timapanga. Komabe, zotsatira za kuwonjezereka kwa mpweya wotenthetsa dziko lapansi zikuwononga chilengedwe cha m’mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m’nyanja chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha kwa nyanja ndi kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana, komwe kumakhudzanso mafunde a m’nyanja, nyengo, ndi mafunde a m’nyanja. Ndipo, chifukwa mphamvu yakumira kwa kaboni m'nyanja yapitilizidwa, tikuwonanso momwe madzi a m'nyanja akusintha chifukwa cha mpweya wathu wa carbon. M'malo mwake, anthu achulukitsa acidity yam'nyanja yathu ndi 30% pazaka mazana awiri apitawa. (Izi zafotokozedwa patsamba lathu la Kafukufuku Kupanga Nyanja). Nyanja ndi kusintha kwa nyengo n'zogwirizana kwambiri.

Nyanja imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pochepetsa kusintha kwanyengo pogwira ntchito ngati chotenthetsera chachikulu komanso sink ya kaboni. Nyanja imakhalanso ndi vuto lalikulu la kusintha kwa nyengo, monga momwe zimasonyezedwera ndi kusintha kwa kutentha, mafunde ndi kukwera kwa nyanja, zomwe zimakhudza thanzi la zamoyo za m'nyanja, pafupi ndi nyanja ndi zamoyo zakuya za m'nyanja. Pamene nkhawa za kusintha kwa nyengo zikuwonjezeka, mgwirizano pakati pa nyanja ndi kusintha kwa nyengo uyenera kuzindikirika, kumvetsetsedwa, ndikuphatikizidwa mu ndondomeko za boma.

Kuyambira nthawi ya Industrial Revolution, kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa m'mlengalenga mwathu kwawonjezeka ndi 35%, makamaka kuchokera pakuwotchedwa kwa mafuta. Madzi a m’nyanja, nyama za m’nyanja, ndi malo okhala m’nyanja zonse zimathandiza nyanja kutenga mbali yaikulu ya mpweya woipa umene umachokera ku zochita za anthu. 

Nyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi yayamba kale kukhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi zotsatira zake. Zimaphatikizapo kutentha kwa mpweya ndi madzi, kusintha kwa nyengo, kutentha kwa matanthwe, kukwera kwa nyanja, kusefukira kwa nyanja, kukokoloka kwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kuphulika kwa algal blooms, hypoxic (kapena kufa) madera, matenda atsopano a m'nyanja, kutayika kwa zinyama za m'nyanja, kusintha kwa majeremusi. mvula, ndi kusodza kumachepa. Kuonjezera apo, tikhoza kuyembekezera zochitika za nyengo zowopsya (chilala, kusefukira kwa madzi, mvula yamkuntho), zomwe zimakhudza malo okhala ndi zamoyo zomwezo. Kuti titeteze zamoyo zathu zapamadzi zamtengo wapatali, tiyenera kuchitapo kanthu.

Njira yonse yothetsera kusintha kwa nyanja ndi nyengo ndiyo kuchepetsa kwambiri umatulutsa mpweya wotenthetsa dziko. Mgwirizano waposachedwa wapadziko lonse wothana ndi kusintha kwanyengo, Mgwirizano wa Paris, unayamba kugwira ntchito mchaka cha 2016. Kukwaniritsa zolinga za Pangano la Paris kudzafunika kuchitapo kanthu pa mayiko, dziko, m’madera, ndi m’madera padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, kaboni wabuluu ukhoza kupereka njira yotsatsira kwanthawi yayitali ndikusunga kaboni. "Blue Carbon" ndi carbon dioxide yomwe imagwidwa ndi nyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zachilengedwe zam'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mpweya uwu umasungidwa mumtundu wa biomass ndi dothi lochokera ku mangrove, madambo amadzi, ndi madambo a m'nyanja. Zambiri za Blue Carbon zitha kukhala apezeka pano.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, nkofunika ku thanzi la m’nyanja—ndi ife—kuti ziwopsezo zina zipewedwe, ndi kuti chilengedwe chathu cha m’nyanja chisamalidwe mwanzeru. Zikuwonekeranso kuti pochepetsa kupsinjika komwe kumachitika nthawi yomweyo chifukwa cha zochita za anthu mochulukira, titha kukulitsa kulimba kwa zamoyo zam'nyanja ndi zachilengedwe. Mwanjira imeneyi, titha kuyikapo ndalama pazaumoyo wam'nyanja ndi "chitetezo chake" pochotsa kapena kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa matenda ang'onoang'ono omwe amadwala. Kubwezeretsanso mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo za m’nyanja—ya mitengo ya mangrove, madambo a m’nyanja, miyala ya m’nyanja yamchere, ya m’nkhalango za m’nyanja, ya nsomba, ndi zamoyo zonse za m’nyanja—kuthandiza nyanjayi kupitiriza kupereka ntchito zimene zamoyo zonse zimadalira.

Ocean Foundation yakhala ikugwira ntchito panyanja ndi kusintha kwanyengo kuyambira 1990; pa Ocean Acidification kuyambira 2003; komanso pa nkhani zokhudzana ndi "blue carbon" kuyambira 2007. Ocean Foundation ili ndi Blue Resilience Initiative yomwe ikufuna kupititsa patsogolo mfundo zomwe zimalimbikitsa ntchito zomwe chilengedwe cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi nyanja zimagwira monga masinki a carbon, mwachitsanzo blue carbon ndikutulutsa koyamba Blue Carbon Offset. Calculator mu 2012 kuti apereke zachifundo zochotsera mpweya kwa opereka ndalama, maziko, mabungwe, ndi zochitika kudzera pakukonzanso ndi kusunga malo ofunikira am'mphepete mwa nyanja omwe amasewerera ndikusunga mpweya, kuphatikiza udzu wa m'nyanja, nkhalango za mangrove, ndi malo osungiramo udzu wa saltmarsh. Kuti mudziwe zambiri, chonde onani Bungwe la Ocean Foundation la Blue Resilience Initiative Kuti mudziwe zambiri zamapulojekiti omwe akupitilira komanso kuphunzira momwe mungasinthire mawonekedwe anu a kaboni pogwiritsa ntchito TOF's Blue Carbon Offset Calculator.

Ogwira ntchito ku Ocean Foundation amagwira ntchito pagulu la alangizi a Collaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security, ndipo The Ocean Foundation ndi membala wa Nyanja & Climate Platform. Kuyambira 2014, TOF yapereka upangiri waukadaulo wopitilirabe kudera la Global Environment Facility (GEF) International Waters lomwe lidathandizira GEF Blue Forests Project kupereka kuwunika koyamba kwapadziko lonse kwa zinthu zomwe zimakhudzana ndi ntchito za carbon and ecosystem. Panopa TOF ikutsogolera ntchito yokonzanso udzu wa m’nyanja ndi mitengo ya mangrove ku Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve mogwirizana ndi Dipatimenti Yoona za Zachilengedwe ndi Zachilengedwe ku Puerto Rico.

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2. Zofunikira pa Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Nyanja

Tanaka, K., ndi Van Houtan, K. (2022, February 1). Kukhazikika Kwaposachedwa Kwa Mbiri Yakutentha Kwapanyanja Yambiri. Nyengo ya PLOS, 1(2), e0000007. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000007

Monterey Bay Aquarium yapeza kuti kuyambira 2014 kutentha kwapadziko lonse lapansi kwapitilira theka la kutentha kwapadziko lonse lapansi kwapitilira mbiri yakale ya kutentha kwambiri. Mu 2019, 57% yamadzi am'nyanja padziko lonse lapansi adawonetsa kutentha kwakukulu. Poyerekeza, pakusintha kwachiwiri kwa mafakitale, ndi 2% yokha ya malo omwe adalemba kutentha kotere. Kutentha kwakukulu kumeneku komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo kumawopseza zamoyo zam'madzi ndikuwopseza kuthekera kwawo kopereka zothandizira anthu am'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Garcia-Soto, C., Cheng, L., Caesar, L., Schmidtko, S., Jewett, EB, Cheripka, A., … & Abraham, JP (2021, September 21). Kufotokozera mwachidule Zizindikiro za Kusintha kwa Nyengo ya M'nyanja: Kutentha kwa Nyanja, Kutentha kwa Nyanja, Kutentha kwa Nyanja, pH ya Nyanja, Kusungunuka kwa Oxygen, Kuchuluka kwa Ice ku Nyanja ya Arctic, Kukula ndi Kuchuluka, Kuchuluka kwa Nyanja ndi Mphamvu za AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation). Frontiers mu Marine Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372

Zizindikiro zisanu ndi ziwiri za kusintha kwa nyengo ya m'nyanja, Kutentha kwa Nyanja, Kutentha kwa Nyanja, pH ya m'nyanja, Kusungunuka kwa Oxygen, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Makulidwe, ndi Volume, ndi Mphamvu ya Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation ndi njira zazikulu zoyezera kusintha kwa nyengo. Kumvetsetsa zizindikiro zakale komanso zamakono zakusintha kwanyengo ndikofunikira pakulosera zam'tsogolo komanso kuteteza machitidwe athu apanyanja ku zotsatira za kusintha kwanyengo.

World Meteorological Organization. (2021). 2021 State of Climate Services: Madzi. Padziko Lonse. PDF.

Bungwe la World Meteorological Organization likuwunika kupezeka ndi kuthekera kwa opereka chithandizo cha nyengo zokhudzana ndi nyengo. Kukwaniritsa zolinga zosinthika m'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene kudzafuna ndalama zowonjezera zowonjezera komanso zothandizira kuti zitsimikizire kuti madera awo amatha kusintha zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha madzi ndi zovuta za kusintha kwa nyengo. Kutengera zomwe zapeza, lipotili limapereka malingaliro asanu ndi limodzi owongolera ntchito zanyengo zamadzi padziko lonse lapansi.

World Meteorological Organization. (2021). Kugwirizana mu Sayansi 2021: Kuphatikiza Kwapamwamba Kwambiri Kwamagulu Amitundu Amitundu Yazidziwitso Zaposachedwa za Sayansi Yanyengo. Padziko Lonse. PDF.

Bungwe la World Meteorological Organization (WMO) lapeza kuti kusintha kwaposachedwapa kwa nyengo sikunachitikepo ndi mpweya womwe ukupitirirabe kukwera mochulukira zoopsa za thanzi ndipo nthawi zambiri zingayambitse nyengo yoopsa (onani pamwambapa infographic kuti mupeze zofunikira). Lipoti lathunthu likuphatikiza zofunikira zowunikira nyengo zokhudzana ndi kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, kukwera kwa kutentha, kuwononga mpweya, zochitika zanyengo, kukwera kwamadzi am'nyanja, komanso kukhudzidwa kwapanyanja. Ngati mpweya wowonjezera kutentha upitirire kukwera motsatira zomwe zikuchitika pano, kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja padziko lonse lapansi kungakhale pakati pa 0.6-1.0 metres pofika chaka cha 2100, zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto kwa anthu am'mphepete mwa nyanja.

National Academy of Sciences. (2020). Kusintha kwa Nyengo: Umboni ndi Zomwe Zimayambitsa Kusintha kwa 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25733.

Sayansi ikuwonekeratu, anthu akusintha nyengo yapadziko lapansi. Lipoti lophatikizana la US National Academy of Sciences ndi UK Royal Society likuti kusintha kwanyengo kwanthawi yayitali kudzadalira kuchuluka kwa CO.₂ - ndi mpweya wowonjezera kutentha (GHGs) - wotuluka chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Ma GHG okwera adzatsogolera kunyanja yofunda, kukwera kwa nyanja, kusungunuka kwa ayezi wa Arctic, komanso kuchuluka kwa mafunde a kutentha.

Yozell, S., Stuart, J., ndi Rouleau, T. (2020). The Climate and Ocean Risk Vulnerability Index. Climate, Ocean Risk, and Resilience Project. Stimson Center, Environmental Security Program. PDF.

The Climate and Ocean Risk Vulnerability Index (CORVI) ndi chida chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zoopsa zachuma, zandale, komanso zachilengedwe zomwe kusintha kwanyengo kumabweretsa kumizinda ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Lipotili likugwiritsa ntchito njira ya CORVI kumizinda iwiri yaku Caribbean: Castries, Saint Lucia ndi Kingston, Jamaica. Castries wapeza bwino pantchito yake yausodzi, ngakhale akukumana ndi zovuta chifukwa chodalira kwambiri zokopa alendo komanso kusowa kowongolera bwino. Mzinda ukupita patsogolo koma pali zambiri zomwe zikuyenera kuchitika pofuna kukonza mapulani a mzinda makamaka za kusefukira kwa madzi ndi kusefukira kwa madzi. Kingston ali ndi chuma chosiyanasiyana chomwe chimathandizira kudalira kowonjezereka, koma kukula kwamatauni kudawopseza zizindikiro zambiri za CORVI, Kingston ali ndi mwayi wothana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo koma atha kuthedwa nzeru ngati zovuta zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu molumikizana ndi zoyesayesa zochepetsera nyengo sizingathetsedwe.

Figueres, C. ndi Rivett-Carnac, T. (2020, February 25). Tsogolo Limene Timasankha: Kupulumuka Pavuto Lanyengo. Vintage Publishing.

Tsogolo lomwe Timasankha ndi nkhani yochenjeza zamtsogolo ziwiri za Dziko Lapansi, chochitika choyamba ndi chomwe chingachitike tikalephera kukwaniritsa zolinga za Pangano la Paris ndipo chochitika chachiwiri chikuwonetsa momwe dziko lingawonekere ngati zolinga zakutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni zikanakhala. anakumana. Figueres ndi Rivett-Carnac amawona kuti kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri yathu tili ndi likulu, teknoloji, ndondomeko, ndi chidziwitso cha sayansi kuti timvetse kuti ife monga gulu tiyenera theka la mpweya wathu ndi 2050. Mibadwo yakale inalibe chidziwitso ichi ndipo ikhala mochedwa kwambiri kwa ana athu, nthawi yoti tichitepo kanthu ndi ino.

Lenton, T., Rockström, J., Gaffney, O., Rahmstorf, S., Richardson, K., Steffen, W. ndi Schellnhuber, H. (2019, November 27). Zowongolera Zanyengo - Zowopsa Kwambiri Kubetcherana: Kusintha kwa Epulo 2020. Magazini Yachilengedwe. PDF.

Zothandizira, kapena zochitika zomwe dziko lapansi silingathe kuchira, ndizotheka kwambiri kuposa momwe zimaganiziridwa zomwe zingayambitse kusintha kosasinthika kwanthawi yayitali. Kugwa kwa ayezi ku cryosphere ndi Nyanja ya Amundsen ku West Antarctic mwina adutsa kale nsonga zawo. Mfundo zina - monga kudulidwa kwa nkhalango za Amazon ndi zochitika za bleaching pa Great Barrier Reef ku Australia - zikuyandikira mofulumira. Kafukufuku wochulukirapo akuyenera kuchitidwa kuti amvetsetse zosintha zomwe zawonedwa komanso kuthekera kwa zotsatirapo zake. Nthawi yoti achitepo kanthu ndi pano Dziko lapansi lisanadutse mfundo yosabwerera.

Peterson, J. (2019, Novembala). Gombe Latsopano: Njira Zothanirana ndi Mkuntho Wowononga ndi Kukwera kwa Nyanja. Island Press.

Zotsatira za mphepo yamkuntho yamphamvu ndi kukwera kwa nyanja ndizosawoneka ndipo zidzakhala zosatheka kuzinyalanyaza. Kuwonongeka, kuwonongeka kwa katundu, ndi kuwonongeka kwa zomangamanga chifukwa cha mphepo yamkuntho ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi kukwera kwa nyanja sikungapeweke. Komabe, sayansi yapita patsogolo kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa ndipo zambiri zitha kuchitika ngati boma la United States litachitapo kanthu mwachangu komanso moyenera. Mphepete mwa nyanja ikusintha koma chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu, kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko zanzeru, ndi kupereka ndalama kwa mapulogalamu a nthawi yayitali zoopsa zingathe kuyendetsedwa ndipo masoka akhoza kupewedwa.

Kulp, S. ndi Strauss, B. (2019, October 29). Kuyerekeza Kwatsopano kwa Deta Yatsopano Yakukwezeka Katatu kwa Vulnerability Padziko Lonse Kukwera kwa Nyanja ndi Kusefukira kwa M'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kulumikizana Kwachilengedwe 10, 4844. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z

Kulp ndi Strauss akuwonetsa kuti mpweya wochuluka wokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo udzachititsa kuti nyanja ikhale yokwera kwambiri kuposa momwe amayembekezera. Iwo akuyerekeza kuti anthu biliyoni imodzi adzakhudzidwa ndi kusefukira kwa madzi pachaka ndi 2100, mwa iwo, 230 miliyoni akukhala pamtunda wa mita imodzi ya mizere yamphamvu ya mafunde. Ziwerengero zambiri zimayika kuchuluka kwa nyanja pamtunda wa 2 metres mkati mwa zaka zana zikubwerazi, ngati Kulp ndi Strauss ali olondola ndiye kuti mazana a mamiliyoni a anthu posachedwapa adzakhala pachiwopsezo chotaya nyumba zawo kunyanja.

Powell, A. (2019, October 2). Mbendera Zofiira Zikukwera Pakutentha Padziko Lonse ndi Nyanja. The Harvard Gazette. PDF.

Lipoti la Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) la Oceans and Cryosphere - lofalitsidwa mu 2019 - linachenjeza za zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo, komabe, aphunzitsi a Harvard adayankha kuti lipotili likhoza kutsutsa kufulumira kwa vutoli. Anthu ambiri tsopano akunena kuti amakhulupirira kusintha kwa nyengo komabe, kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti anthu akuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi zinthu zomwe zafala kwambiri pamoyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku monga ntchito, chithandizo chamankhwala, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi zina zotero. Chofunika kwambiri pamene anthu akukumana ndi kutentha kwakukulu, mphepo yamkuntho, ndi moto wofalikira. Uthenga wabwino uli ndi chidziwitso chochuluka cha anthu tsopano kuposa kale lonse ndipo pali gulu la "pansi-mmwamba" lomwe likukula.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Caldeira, K., Chopin, T., Gaines, S., Haugan, P., Hemer, M., …, & Tyedmers, P. (2019, September 23) The Ocean as a Solution Kusintha kwa Nyengo: Mipata Isanu Yochitirapo Ntchito. Gulu Lapamwamba la Chuma Chokhazikika cha Nyanja. Zobwezeredwa ku: https://dev-oceanpanel.pantheonsite.io/sites/default/files/2019-09/19_HLP_Report_Ocean_Solution_Climate_Change_final.pdf

Kuchita kwanyengo yochokera kunyanja kumatha kutenga gawo lalikulu pakuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya padziko lapansi ndikupereka mpaka 21% ya kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya woipa wapachaka monga momwe adalonjeza Pangano la Paris. Lofalitsidwa ndi gulu la High-Level Panel for Sustainable Ocean Economy, gulu la atsogoleri 14 a mayiko ndi maboma pamsonkhano wa UN Secretary-General wa Climate Action Summit lipoti lakuya likuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa nyanja ndi nyengo. Lipotili likuwonetsa magawo asanu a mwayi kuphatikiza mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa zochokera m'nyanja; zoyendera panyanja; zachilengedwe zam'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zam'madzi; nsomba, nsomba zam'madzi, ndi zakudya zosintha; ndi kusunga mpweya m'nyanja.

Kennedy, KM (2019, September). Kuyika Mtengo pa Carbon: Kuwunika Mtengo wa Carbon ndi Ndondomeko Zowonjezera pa 1.5 digiri Celsius Padziko Lonse. World Resources Institute. Zobwezeredwa ku: https://www.wri.org/publication/evaluating-carbon-price

Ndikofunikira kuyika mtengo pa kaboni kuti muchepetse kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni kumlingo womwe wakhazikitsidwa ndi Pangano la Paris. Mtengo wa carbon ndi mtengo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mabungwe omwe amatulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kuti asamutsire mtengo wakusintha kwanyengo kuchoka kwa anthu kupita ku mabungwe omwe amayang'anira kutulutsa mpweya komanso kupereka chilimbikitso chochepetsera mpweya. Mfundo zowonjezera ndi mapulogalamu olimbikitsa luso lamakono ndi kupanga njira zogwiritsira ntchito mpweya wa carbon m'deralo kukhala zokongola kwambiri zachuma ndizofunikanso kuti tipeze zotsatira za nthawi yaitali.

Macreadie, P., Anton, A., Raven, J., Beaumont, N., Connolly, R., Friess, D., …, & Duarte, C. (2019, September 05) Tsogolo la Blue Carbon Science. Nature Communications, 10(3998). Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11693-w

Udindo wa Blue Carbon, lingaliro loti malo okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja amathandizira mochulukirachulukira kuchotsedwa kwa mpweya wapadziko lonse lapansi, amathandizira kwambiri pakuchepetsa komanso kusintha kwanyengo padziko lonse lapansi. Sayansi ya Blue Carbon ikupitilizabe kuthandizira ndipo ikuyenera kukulirakulira kudzera muzowunikira zapamwamba komanso zoyeserera komanso kuyesa kwa asayansi osiyanasiyana ochokera m'maiko osiyanasiyana.

Heneghan, R., Hatton, I., & Galbraith, E. (2019, May 3). Kusintha kwanyengo kumakhudza zamoyo zam'madzi kudzera m'magalasi a kukula kwake. Mitu Yotulukira mu Sayansi ya Moyo, 3(2), 233-243. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: http://www.emergtoplifesci.org/content/3/2/233.abstract

Kusintha kwanyengo ndi nkhani yovuta kwambiri yomwe ikuyendetsa masinthidwe osawerengeka padziko lonse lapansi; makamaka zapangitsa kusintha kwakukulu mu kapangidwe ndi kagwiridwe ka zinthu zachilengedwe zam'madzi. Nkhaniyi ikuwunika momwe magalasi osagwiritsidwa ntchito mochepera a kuchuluka kwa sipekitiramu angapereke chida chatsopano chowunikira momwe chilengedwe chimasinthira.

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. (2019). Kumvetsetsa Kukwera kwa Nyanja: Kuyang'ana mozama pazifukwa zitatu zomwe zikuthandizira kukwera kwa nyanja kudera la US East Coast ndi momwe asayansi akuwerengera chodabwitsachi. Zapangidwa mu Collaboration ndi Christopher Piecuch, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Hole (MA): WHOI. DOI 10.1575/1912/24705

Popeza kuti mafunde a m'zaka za zana la 20 adakwera mainchesi asanu ndi limodzi mpaka asanu ndi atatu padziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale kuti kuchulukaku sikunakhale kofanana. Kusiyanasiyana kwa kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja kuyenera kuchitika chifukwa cha kuyambiranso kwa glacial, kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka nyanja ya Atlantic, komanso kusungunuka kwa Ice Sheet ya ku Antarctic. Asayansi akuvomereza kuti madzi a padziko lonse adzapitirira kukwera kwa zaka mazana ambiri, koma maphunziro ochulukirapo akufunika kuti athetse mipata ya chidziwitso ndikudziwiratu bwino momwe madzi adzakwera m'tsogolomu.

Rush, E. (2018). Kukwera: Zotulutsa kuchokera ku New American Shore. Canada: Milkweed Editions. 

Adanenedwa kudzera mwa munthu woyamba, wolemba Elizabeth Rush akufotokoza zomwe anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo amakumana nazo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Nkhani yofanana ndi atolankhani imaphatikiza nkhani zenizeni za anthu aku Florida, Louisiana, Rhode Island, California, ndi New York omwe akumana ndi zowononga za mphepo yamkuntho, nyengo yoopsa, komanso kukwera kwa mafunde chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo.

Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Roser-Renouf, C., Rosenthal, S. ndi Cutler, M. (2017, July 5). Kusintha kwa Nyengo m'malingaliro aku America: Meyi 2017. Yale Program on Climate Change Communication ndi George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communication.

Kafukufuku wophatikizidwa ndi George Mason University ndi Yale adapeza kuti 90 peresenti ya anthu aku America sadziwa kuti pali mgwirizano pakati pa asayansi kuti kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha anthu ndi chenicheni. Komabe, kafukufukuyu adavomereza kuti pafupifupi 70% ya aku America amakhulupirira kuti kusintha kwanyengo kukuchitika pamlingo wina. Ndi 17% yokha ya aku America omwe "akuda nkhawa kwambiri" ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, 57% "ali ndi nkhawa," ndipo ambiri amawona kutentha kwa dziko ngati chiwopsezo chakutali.

Goodell, J. (2017). Madzi Adzabwera: Nyanja Zokwera, Mizinda Yomira, ndi Kukonzanso Dziko Lotukuka. New York, New York: Little, Brown, ndi Company. 

Kufotokozedwa kudzera m'nkhani zaumwini, wolemba Jeff Goodell amalingalira za kukwera kwa mafunde padziko lonse lapansi ndi zotsatira zake zamtsogolo. Mouziridwa ndi mphepo yamkuntho Sandy ku New York, kafukufuku wa Goodell amamufikitsa padziko lonse lapansi kuti aganizirepo kanthu kofunikira kuti agwirizane ndi madzi omwe akukwera. M’mawu oyamba, a Goodell ananena molondola kuti ili si buku la anthu amene akufuna kumvetsa kugwirizana kwa nyengo ndi mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide, koma zimene anthu azidzaona pamene madzi a m’nyanja akukwera.

Laffoley, D., & Baxter, JM (2016, September). Kufotokozera Kuwotha kwa Nyanja: Zomwe Zimayambitsa, Mulingo, Zotsatira, ndi Zotsatira. Lipoti Lathunthu. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Bungwe la International Union for Conservation of Nature likupereka lipoti latsatanetsatane lozikidwa pa zochitika za m’nyanja. Lipotilo likupeza kuti kutentha kwa nyanja, kutentha kwa nyanja, kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja, kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana ndi madzi oundana, mpweya wa CO2 ndi mlengalenga zikuwonjezeka mofulumira ndi zotsatira zazikulu kwa anthu ndi zamoyo za m'nyanja ndi zachilengedwe za m'nyanja. Lipotilo limalimbikitsa kuzindikira kuopsa kwa nkhaniyi, mgwirizano wogwirizana wachitetezo chokwanira cha nyanja yamchere, kuwunika kwachiwopsezo kwasinthidwa, kuthana ndi mipata ya sayansi ndi kuthekera, kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu, ndikukwaniritsa kuchepetsedwa kwakukulu kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Nkhani ya nyanja yotentha ndi nkhani yovuta yomwe idzakhala ndi zotsatira zambiri, zina zingakhale zopindulitsa, koma zotsatira zambiri zidzakhala zoipa m'njira zomwe sizikudziwika bwino.

Poloczanska, E., Burrows, M., Brown, C., Molinos, J., Halpern, B., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., ..., & Sydeman, W. (2016, May 4). Mayankho a Zamoyo Zam'madzi pa Kusintha kwa Nyengo Kudutsa Nyanja. Frontiers mu Marine Science. Zobwezeredwa ku: doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00062

Zamoyo za m'nyanja zikuchitapo kanthu ku zotsatira za mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndi kusintha kwa nyengo m'njira zoyembekezeredwa. Mayankho ena ndi monga kusintha kwa kagayidwe kazachilengedwe, kuchepa kwa kawerengedwe, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yamadzi ofunda, komanso kutayika kwa chilengedwe chonse (monga matanthwe a coral). Kusiyanasiyana kwa kuyankhidwa kwa zamoyo zam'madzi pakusintha kwa kawerengedwe, kuchuluka kwa anthu, kuchuluka, kugawa, phenology kungayambitse kusintha kwa chilengedwe ndi kusintha kwa ntchito zomwe zimafunikira kuphunzira mopitilira muyeso. 

Albert, S., Leon, J., Grinham, A., Church, J., Gibbes, B., ndi C. Woodroffe. (2016, May 6). Kuyanjana Pakati pa Sea-level Rise and Wave Exposure pa Reef Island Dynamics ku Solomon Islands. Makalata Ofufuza Zachilengedwe Vol. 11 No. 05 .

Zilumba zisanu (zaukulu wa hekitala imodzi kapena zisanu) ku Solomon Islands zatayika chifukwa cha kukwera kwa nyanja ndi kukokoloka kwa nyanja. Uwu unali umboni woyamba wa sayansi wokhudza kusintha kwa nyengo pamphepete mwa nyanja ndi anthu. Amakhulupirira kuti mphamvu ya mafunde ndi imene inachititsa kuti chilumbachi chikokoloke. Panthaŵiyi zilumba zina zisanu ndi zinayi za m’mphepete mwa nyanjazo zakokoloka kwambiri ndipo zikuoneka kuti zidzasowa m’zaka zikubwerazi.

Gattuso, JP, Magnan, A., Billé, R., Cheung, WW, Howes, EL, Joos, F., & Turley, C. (2015, July 3). Kusiyanitsa tsogolo la nyanja ndi anthu ochokera kumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya CO2 yotulutsa mpweya. Sayansi, 349(6243). Zabwezedwa kuchokera: doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4722 

Kuti zigwirizane ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kwa anthropogenic, nyanja yakhala ikusintha kwambiri fiziki, chemistry, ecology, ndi ntchito zake. Zomwe zikuchitika panopo zitha kusintha kwambiri zachilengedwe zomwe anthu amadalira kwambiri. Zosankha zowongolera kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyanja chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo kumachepera pomwe nyanja ikupitilizabe kutentha komanso acidify. Nkhaniyi ikupanga bwino kusintha kwaposachedwa komanso kwamtsogolo kwa nyanja ndi zachilengedwe zake, komanso katundu ndi ntchito zomwe chilengedwe chimapereka kwa anthu.

Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations. (2015, September). Nyanja Yophatikizana ndi Nyengo: Zokhudza Zokambirana Zanyengo Padziko Lonse. Nyengo - Nyanja ndi Madera a M'mphepete mwa nyanja: Ndondomeko Yachidule. Zobwezeredwa ku: https://www.iddri.org/en/publications-and-events/policy-brief/intertwined-ocean-and-climate-implications-international

Popereka chidule cha ndondomeko, mwachidule ichi chikufotokoza momwe nyanja ndi kusintha kwa nyengo zimakhalira, zomwe zimafuna kuchepetsa mpweya wa CO2 mwamsanga. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza kufunika kwa kusintha kwa nyengo kunyanjayi ndipo ikunena za kuchepetsa mpweya woipa padziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa kuwonjezeka kwa carbon dioxide kudzakhala kovuta kuthetsa. 

Stocker, T. (2015, November 13). Ntchito zachete zapanyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi. Sayansi, 350(6262), 764-765. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/764.abstract

Nyanja imapereka ntchito zofunika kwambiri padziko lapansi komanso kwa anthu zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zonsezi zimabwera ndi kukwera mtengo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zochita za anthu komanso kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa carbon. Wolembayo akugogomezera kuti kufunikira kwa anthu kuganizira zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo panyanja poganizira kusintha ndi kuchepetsa kusintha kwa nyengo kwa anthropogenic, makamaka ndi mabungwe apakati pa maboma.

Levin, L. & Le Bris, N. (2015, November 13). Nyanja yakuya pansi pa kusintha kwa nyengo. Sayansi, 350(6262), 766-768. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/766

Nyanja yakuya, ngakhale kuti imakhala yovuta kwambiri pazachilengedwe, nthawi zambiri imanyalanyazidwa pakusintha kwanyengo komanso kuchepetsa. Pakuya kwa mamita 200 ndi pansi, nyanja imatenga mpweya wochuluka wa carbon dioxide ndipo imafunika chisamaliro chapadera ndi kafukufuku wowonjezereka kuti ateteze kukhulupirika kwake ndi mtengo wake.

McGill University. (2013, June 14) Kuphunzira Zakale Zanyanja Zam'madzi Zimadzetsa Nkhawa Za Tsogolo Lawo. Science Daily. Zobwezeredwa ku: sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130614111606.html

Anthu akusintha kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni wopezeka ku nsomba m'nyanja mwa kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa CO2 mumlengalenga wathu. Zomwe zapeza zikuwonetsa kuti zidzatenga zaka mazana ambiri kuti nyanja yam'madzi isayendetse bwino kuzungulira kwa nayitrogeni. Izi zimadzetsa nkhawa za kuchuluka kwa CO2 komwe kumalowa mumlengalenga wathu ndipo zikuwonetsa momwe nyanja ingasinthire m'njira zomwe sitinkayembekezera.
Nkhani yomwe ili pamwambapa ikupereka chidule chachidule cha ubale wa acidity ya nyanja ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, kuti mumve zambiri, chonde onani masamba othandizira a Ocean Foundation pa Ocean Acidization.

Fagan, B. (2013) The Attacking Ocean: Zakale, Panopa, ndi Suture of Rising Sea Levels. Bloomsbury Press, New York.

Popeza kuti madzi a m'nyanja ya Ice Age otsiriza akwera mamita 122 ndipo apitiriza kukwera. Fagan amatenga owerenga padziko lonse lapansi kuchokera ku mbiri yakale ya Doggerland komwe tsopano ndi North Sea, kupita ku Mesopotamia wakale ndi Egypt, Portugal, China, ndi United States yamakono, Bangladesh, ndi Japan. Magulu osakasaka anali oyendayenda ndipo amatha kusamutsa malo okwera mosavuta, komabe adakumana ndi zisokonezo zomwe zidakulirakulira pamene anthu adakhazikika. Masiku ano anthu mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse lapansi akuyenera kusamutsidwa m'zaka makumi asanu zikubwerazi pamene madzi a m'nyanja akuchulukirachulukira.

Doney, S., Ruckelshaus, M., Duffy, E., Barry, J., Chan, F., English, C., …, & Talley, L. (2012, January). Kusintha kwa Nyengo Kukhudza Zamoyo Zam'madzi. Ndemanga Yapachaka ya Sayansi Yapanyanja, 4, 11-37 . Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611

M'zachilengedwe za m'nyanja, kusintha kwa nyengo kumayendera limodzi ndi kusintha kwa kutentha, kuzungulira, kusanja, kuyika kwa michere, mpweya wa okosijeni, ndi acidity ya m'nyanja. Palinso mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa nyengo ndi kugawidwa kwa mitundu, phenology, ndi chiwerengero cha anthu. Izi zitha kukhudza magwiridwe antchito a chilengedwe chonse ndi ntchito zomwe dziko lapansi limadalira.

Vallis, GK (2012). Nyengo ndi Nyanja. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Pali mgwirizano wamphamvu wolumikizana pakati pa nyengo ndi nyanja zomwe zikuwonetsedwa kudzera m'mawu osavuta komanso zithunzi zamalingaliro asayansi kuphatikiza machitidwe amphepo ndi mafunde mkati mwa nyanja. Adapangidwa ngati chithunzi choyambirira, Nyengo ndi Nyanja imagwira ntchito ngati chiwongolero cha gawo la nyanja ngati woyang'anira nyengo yapadziko lapansi. Bukhuli limalola owerenga kuti azitha kuweruza okha, koma ndi chidziwitso kuti amvetsetse sayansi yomwe imayambitsa nyengo.

Spalding, MJ (2011, May). Dzuwa Lisanalowe: Kusintha Chemical Chemistry, Global Marine Resources, ndi Malire a Zida Zathu Zalamulo Kuthana ndi Zowopsa. Nyuzipepala ya International Environmental Law Committee, 13(2). PDF.

Mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide umatengedwa ndi nyanja ndipo umakhudza pH ya madzi mu njira yotchedwa ocean acidification. Malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndi malamulo apakhomo ku United States, panthawi yolemba, ali ndi mwayi wophatikizira malamulo a acidization am'nyanja, kuphatikiza UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, UN Convention on the Laws of the Sea, London Convention ndi Protocol, ndi US Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act (FOARAM) Act. Mtengo wosachitapo kanthu udzaposa kwambiri mtengo wachuma, ndipo zochita zamasiku ano ndizofunikira.

Spalding, MJ (2011). Kusintha Kopotoka kwa Nyanja: Chikhalidwe Chapansi pa Madzi M'nyanja Chikukumana ndi Kusintha Kwamankhwala ndi Thupi. Kuwunika kwa Cultural Heritage and Arts, 2(1). PDF.

Malo osungiramo chikhalidwe cha pansi pa madzi akuwopsezedwa ndi acidity ya nyanja ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Kusintha kwa nyengo kukuchulukirachulukira kukusintha momwe zinthu ziliri m'nyanja, kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja, kutentha kwa nyanja zamchere, kusuntha kwa mafunde ndi kuwonjezereka kwa nyengo; zonsezi zimakhudza kusungidwa kwa malo a mbiri yakale pansi pa madzi. Zowonongeka zomwe sizingathetsedwe, komabe, kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka, kuchepetsa mpweya wa CO2, kuchepetsa nkhawa za m'madzi, kuchulukitsa kuwunika kwa mbiri yakale ndikupanga njira zamalamulo kungachepetse kuwonongeka kwa malo olowa pansi pamadzi.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Bruno, J. (2010, June 18). Zotsatira za Kusintha kwa Nyengo pa Zamoyo Zapanyanja Padziko Lonse. Sayansi, 328(5985), 1523-1528. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523

Kukwera kofulumira kwa mpweya wotenthetsa dziko lapansi kukupangitsa nyanja kukhala mikhalidwe yomwe sinawonekere kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri ndipo ikubweretsa zowopsa. Pakalipano, kusintha kwa nyengo kwachititsa kuchepa kwa zokolola za m'nyanja, kusintha kwa zakudya, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zamoyo zomwe zimapanga malo, kusinthasintha kwa mitundu, komanso kuchuluka kwa matenda.

Spalding, MJ, & de Fontaubert, C. (2007). Kuthetsa Mikangano Pothana ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Ntchito Zosintha Nyanja. Environmental Law Review News and Analysis. Zobwezeredwa ku: https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/ocean_climate_3.pdf

Pali kusamalitsa bwino pakati pa zotulukapo zakomweko ndi zopindulitsa zapadziko lonse lapansi, makamaka poganizira zowononga mapulojekiti amagetsi ndi mafunde. Pakufunika kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothanirana ndi mikangano kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pama projekiti am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'madzi zomwe zitha kuwononga chilengedwe koma ndizofunikira kuti achepetse kudalira mafuta. Kusintha kwa nyengo kuyenera kuyankhidwa ndipo zina mwazothetsera zidzachitika m'madera a m'nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kuti muchepetse zokambirana za mikangano ziyenera kuphatikizapo olemba ndondomeko, mabungwe a m'deralo, mabungwe a anthu, komanso padziko lonse kuti atsimikizire kuti zomwe zilipo zidzachitidwa.

Spalding, MJ (2004, August). Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Nyanja. Gulu Loyang'anira pa Biological Diversity. Zobwezeredwa ku: http://markjspalding.com/download/publications/peer-reviewed-articles/ClimateandOceans.pdf

Nyanja imapereka zabwino zambiri pazachuma, kusasinthasintha kwanyengo, komanso kukongola kokongola. Komabe, kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kuchokera ku zochitika za anthu akuyembekezeredwa kuti asinthe zachilengedwe zam'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi nyanja ndikuwonjezera mavuto am'madzi am'madzi (kusodza kopitilira muyeso ndi kuwononga malo okhala). Komabe, pali mwayi wosintha kudzera mu chithandizo chachifundo chophatikiza nyanja zamchere ndi nyengo kuti zithandizire kulimba kwa chilengedwe chomwe chili pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kusintha kwanyengo.

Bigg, GR, Jickells, TD, Liss, PS, & Osborn, TJ (2003, August 1). Udindo wa Nyanja mu Nyengo. International Journal of Climatology, 23, 1127-1159 . Zabwezedwa kuchokera: doi.org/10.1002/joc.926

Nyanja ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya nyengo. Ndikofunikira pakusinthana kwapadziko lonse lapansi ndikugawanso kutentha, madzi, mpweya, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, komanso mphamvu. Bajeti yamadzi am'nyanja yamchere ikucheperachepera ndipo ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukula komanso moyo wautali wakusintha kwanyengo.

Dore, JE, Lukas, R., Sadler, DW, & Karl, DM (2003, August 14). Kusintha koyendetsedwa ndi nyengo kukuya kwa CO2 mumlengalenga ku North Pacific Ocean. Chilengedwe, 424(6950), 754-757. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: doi.org/10.1038/nature01885

Kutenga mpweya wa carbon dioxide m'madzi a m'nyanja kungatengeredwe kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ya mvula ndi ma evaporation chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1990, mphamvu ya sinki ya CO2 yachepa kwambiri, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa mpweya wa CO2 pamwamba pa nyanja chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa nthunzi ndi kuphatikizika kwa zosungunuka m'madzi.

Revelle, R., & Suess, H. (1957). Kusinthana kwa Carbon Dioxide Pakati pa Atmosphere ndi Ocean ndi Funso la Kuwonjezeka kwa Atmospheric CO2 pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi. La Jolla, California: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California.

Kuchuluka kwa CO2 m'mlengalenga, mitengo ndi njira zosinthira CO2 pakati pa nyanja ndi mpweya, komanso kusinthasintha kwa carbon organic carbon wakhala akuphunziridwa kuyambira posakhalitsa chiyambi cha Industrial Revolution. Kuyaka kwamafuta m’mafakitale kuyambira chiyambi cha Kusintha kwa Mafakitale, zaka zoposa 150 zapitazo, kwachititsa kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha kwa m’nyanja, kuchepa kwa mpweya wa m’nthaka, ndi kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamoyo za m’nyanja. Chikalatachi chinagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pofufuza za kusintha kwa nyengo ndipo chakhudza kwambiri maphunziro a sayansi m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX kuchokera pamene chinasindikizidwa.

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3. Kusamuka kwa Zamoyo Zam'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi Nyanja Chifukwa cha Zotsatira za Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Hu, S., Sprintall, J., Guan, C., McPhaden, M., Wang, F., Hu, D., Cai, W. (2020, February 5). Kuthamanga Kwambiri kwa Kuzungulira Kwapanyanja Padziko Lonse Pazaka Makumi Awiri Apitawa. Kupita Patsogolo kwa Sayansi. EAAX7727. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/6/eaax7727

Nyanja yayamba kuyenda mofulumira pazaka 30 zapitazi. Kuwonjezeka kwamphamvu kwa mafunde a m'nyanja yamchere kumatheka chifukwa cha mphepo yamkuntho yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha kutentha, makamaka kumadera otentha. Mchitidwewu ndi waukulu kwambiri kuposa kusintha kulikonse kwachilengedwe komwe kukuwonetsa kuti kuchulukitsidwa kwapano kudzapitilira pakapita nthawi.

Whitcomb, I. (2019, Ogasiti 12). Mitundu yambiri ya Blacktip Shark Ikubwera ku Long Island Koyamba. LiveScience. Zobwezeredwa ku: livescience.com/sharks-vacation-in-hamptons.html

Chaka chilichonse, nsomba za blacktip shark zimasamukira kumpoto m'chilimwe kufunafuna madzi ozizira. M'mbuyomu, nsombazi zimathera chilimwe kuchokera kumphepete mwa nyanja ya Carolinas, koma chifukwa cha madzi otentha a m'nyanjayi, ayenera kupita kumpoto kupita ku Long Island kuti akapeze madzi ozizira okwanira. Pa nthawi yofalitsidwa, ngati shaki zikusamukira kutali kumpoto paokha kapena kutsatira nyama zawo kumpoto sikudziwika.

Mantha, D. (2019, July 31). Kusintha kwanyengo kumayambitsa nkhanu zambiri. Pamenepo zilombo zidzasamuka kumwera ndi kuzidya. The Washington Post. Zobwezeredwa ku: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/07/31/climate-change-will-spark-blue-crab-baby-boom-then-predators-will-relocate-south-eat-them/?utm_term=.3d30f1a92d2e

Nkhanu za buluu zimakula bwino m’madzi ofunda a Chesapeake Bay. Ndi mmene madzi akutenthera masiku ano, posachedwapa nkhanu za buluu sizidzafunikanso kukumba m’nyengo yachisanu kuti zikhale ndi moyo, zomwe zidzachititsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu chichuluke. Kuchuluka kwa anthu kungakope nyama zolusa kumadzi atsopano.

Furby, K. (2018, June 14). Kusintha kwanyengo kukusuntha nsomba mwachangu kuposa momwe malamulo angagwirire, kafukufuku akutero. The Washington Post. Zobwezeredwa ku: washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/06/14/climate-change-is-moving-fish-around-faster-than-laws-can-handle-study-says

Mitundu yofunikira kwambiri ya nsomba monga salimoni ndi mackerel ikusamukira kumadera atsopano zomwe zikufunika kuti mgwirizano wapadziko lonse ukhale wochuluka. Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa mkangano womwe ungabuke mitundu ya zamoyo ikadutsa malire a mayiko kuchokera pamalingaliro a kuphatikiza malamulo, mfundo, zachuma, nyanja, ndi chilengedwe. 

Poloczanska, ES, Burrows, MT, Brown, CJ, García Molinos, J., Halpern, BS, Hoegh-Guldberg, O., … & Sydeman, WJ (2016, May 4). Mayankho a Zamoyo Zam'madzi pa Kusintha kwa Nyengo Kudutsa Nyanja. Frontiers mu Marine Science, 62. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00062

Bungwe la Marine Climate Impacts Database (MCID) ndi Lipoti lachisanu la Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change likufufuza za kusintha kwa chilengedwe cha m’madzi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Nthawi zambiri, kuyankhidwa kwa mitundu ya kusintha kwa nyengo kumagwirizana ndi ziyembekezo, kuphatikiza kusintha kwakuya komanso kufalikira, kupita patsogolo kwa phenology, kuchepa kwa calcification, komanso kuchuluka kwa mitundu yamadzi ofunda. Madera ndi zamoyo zomwe zilibe zolemba zokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, sizikutanthauza kuti sizikukhudzidwa, koma kuti pali mipata mu kafukufukuyu.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2013, September). Zinthu Ziwiri Zokhudza Kusintha kwa Nyengo M'nyanjayi? National Ocean Service: Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda ku United States. Zobwezeredwa ku: http://web.archive.org/web/20161211043243/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2013/09/9_30_13two_takes_on_climate_change_in_ocean.html

Zamoyo zam'madzi m'madera onse a chakudya zikupita kumitengo kuti zikhale zozizira pamene zinthu zimatentha ndipo kusintha kumeneku kungakhale ndi zotsatira zazikulu zachuma. Kusuntha kwamitundu m'mlengalenga ndi nthawi sizikuchitika pa liwiro lofanana, motero zimasokoneza ukonde wa chakudya ndi moyo wosakhwima. Tsopano kuposa kale n'kofunika kupewa kusodza mopitirira muyeso ndikupitiriza kuthandizira ndondomeko zowunika kwa nthawi yaitali.

Poloczanska, E., Brown, C., Sydeman, W., Kiessling, W., Schoeman, D., Moore, P., …, & Richardson, A. (2013, August 4). Chizindikiro chapadziko lonse cha kusintha kwa nyengo pa zamoyo zam'madzi. Kusintha kwa Nyengo Yachilengedwe, 3, 919-925. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1958

M'zaka khumi zapitazi, pakhala kusintha kofala kwa machitidwe a phenology, kuchuluka kwa anthu, komanso kugawa zamoyo m'zamoyo zam'madzi. Kafukufukuyu adapanga maphunziro onse omwe amapezeka pazachilengedwe zakunyanja ndi ziyembekezo zakusintha kwanyengo; adapeza mayankho okwana 1,735 a zamoyo zam'madzi zomwe mwina kusintha kwanyengo komweko kapena padziko lonse lapansi ndiko kudayambitsa.

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4. Hypoxia (Dead Zones)

Hypoxia ndi kuchepa kapena kuchepa kwa oxygen m'madzi. Nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukula kwa algae komwe kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa okosijeni pamene ndere zikafa, zimamira pansi, ndi kuwola. Hypoxia imakulitsidwanso chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zakudya, madzi ofunda, ndi kusokonekera kwina kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo.

Slabosky, K. (2020, Ogasiti 18). Kodi Oxygen Ingathe Kutha M'nyanjayi?. TED-Mkonzi. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://youtu.be/ovl_XbgmCbw

Kanema wamakanema akufotokoza momwe hypoxia kapena madera akufa amapangidwira ku Gulf of Mexico ndi kupitilira apo. Kutaya kwa michere yaulimi ndi feteleza ndikothandizira kwambiri madera akufa, ndipo ulimi wobwezeretsa uyenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti titeteze njira zathu zamadzi ndi zowopsa za m'madzi. Ngakhale sizinatchulidwe muvidiyoyi, madzi ofunda omwe amapangidwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo akuwonjezeranso mafupipafupi komanso mphamvu ya madera akufa.

Bates, N., ndi Johnson, R. (2020) Kuthamanga kwa Kutentha kwa Nyanja, Salinification, Deoxygenation and Acidification in the Surface Subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Communications Earth & Environment. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00030-5

Zinthu za m'nyanja ndi zakuthupi zikusintha. Mfundo zosonkhanitsidwa mu Nyanja ya Sargasso m'zaka za 2010 zimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pamitundu yapanyanja yam'mlengalenga komanso kuwunika kwazaka khumi mpaka khumi za kayendedwe ka kaboni padziko lonse lapansi. Bates ndi Johnson adapeza kuti kutentha ndi mchere ku Subtropical North Atlantic Ocean zimasiyana m'zaka makumi anayi zapitazi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kusintha kwa alkalinity. Mtengo wotsika kwambiri wa magawo a CO₂ ndi acidification ya m'nyanja inachitika panthawi ya CO yofooka kwambiri mumlengalenga₂ kukula.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2019, Meyi 24). Kodi Dead Zone ndi chiyani? National Ocean Service: Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda ku United States. Zobwezeredwa ku: oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/deadzone.html

Malo akufa ndi mawu odziwika bwino a hypoxia ndipo amatanthauza kuchepa kwa mpweya m'madzi womwe umatsogolera ku zipululu zamoyo. Maderawa amapezeka mwachilengedwe, koma amakulitsidwa ndikupititsidwa patsogolo ndi zochita za anthu kudzera m'madzi ofunda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Zakudya zochulukirapo zomwe zimathamangira kumtunda ndi m'mitsinje ndizomwe zimayambitsa kuchuluka kwa madera akufa.

Environmental Protection Agency. (2019, Epulo 15). Kuipitsa kwa Nutrient, Zotsatira zake: Chilengedwe. Bungwe la United States Environmental Protection Agency. Zobwezeredwa ku: https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-environment

Kuwonongeka kwa michere kumakulitsa kukula kwa maluwa owopsa a algal (HABs), omwe ali ndi zotsatira zoyipa pazachilengedwe zam'madzi. Ma HAB nthawi zina amatha kupanga poizoni omwe amadyedwa ndi nsomba zing'onozing'ono ndikuyendetsa njira yopita ku chakudya ndikuwononga zamoyo zam'madzi. Ngakhale zitapanda kupanga poizoni, zimatsekereza kuwala kwa dzuwa, kutsekereza matumbo a nsomba, ndikupanga malo akufa. Madera akufa ndi madera omwe ali m'madzi okhala ndi mpweya wochepa kapena wopanda mpweya womwe amapangidwa pamene maluwa a algal amadya mpweya pamene afa kuchititsa kuti zamoyo za m'madzi zichoke pamalo okhudzidwawo.

Blaszczak, JR, Delesantro, JM, Urban, DL, Doyle, MW, & Bernhardt, ES (2019). Zokanthidwa kapena Kuzimitsidwa: Zamoyo zam'tawuni zam'tawuni zimazungulira pakati pa hydrologic ndi mpweya wosungunuka wosungunuka. Limnology ndi Oceanography, 64 (3), 877-894. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11081

Madera a m’mphepete mwa nyanja si malo okhawo kumene mikhalidwe yakufa ikuwonjezereka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Mitsinje ya m'matauni ndi mitsinje yomwe imakhetsa madzi kuchokera kumadera omwe anthu ambiri akuchulukirachulukira ndi malo ofala a madera akufa a hypoxic, zomwe zimasiya chithunzi chodetsa nkhawa kwa zamoyo zamadzi am'madzi zomwe zimatcha njira zamadzi zakutawuni kwawo. Mphepo yamkuntho imapanga madzi othamanga odzaza ndi michere omwe amakhalabe opanda hypoxic mpaka mkuntho wotsatira udzachotsa maiwewo.

Breitburg, D., Levin, L., Oschiles, A., Grégoire, M., Chavez, F., Conley, D., …, & Zhang, J. (2018, January 5). Kuchepa kwa oxygen m'nyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja. Sayansi, 359(6371). Zabwezedwa kuchokera: doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240

Makamaka chifukwa cha ntchito za anthu zomwe zawonjezera kutentha kwa dziko lonse lapansi komanso kuchuluka kwa zakudya zomwe zimatulutsidwa m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mpweya wa okosijeni m'nyanja yonseyi ukuchepa ndipo wakhala ukuchepa kwa zaka makumi asanu zapitazi. Kuchepa kwa mpweya wa okosijeni m'nyanja kumakhala ndi zotsatira za chilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe pamadera onse komanso padziko lonse lapansi.

Breitburg, D., Grégoire, M., & Isensee, K. (2018). Nyanja ikutaya mpweya wake: Kuchepa kwa okosijeni m’nyanja yapadziko lonse ndi m’madzi a m’mphepete mwa nyanja. IOC-UNESCO, IOC Technical Series, 137. Zobwezeredwa ku: https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/232562/1/Technical%20Brief_Go2NE.pdf

Oxygen ikuchepa m'nyanja ndipo anthu ndi omwe amachititsa. Izi zimachitika pamene mpweya wochuluka umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuposa wowonjezeredwa kumene kutentha ndi kuwonjezeka kwa michere kumapangitsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tigwiritse ntchito mpweya wambiri. Kuperewera kwa oxygen kumatha kuipiraipira chifukwa cha kuchulukana kwamadzi am'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa kukula, kusintha kwamakhalidwe, kuchuluka kwa matenda, makamaka kwa nsomba zam'madzi ndi crustaceans. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumanenedweratu kuti kudzakhala koipitsitsa m'zaka zikubwerazi, koma njira zomwe zingatheke kuti athetse vutoli kuphatikizapo kuchepetsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, komanso kutulutsa mpweya wakuda ndi zakudya.

Bryant, L. (2015, April 9). Ocean 'dead zone' tsoka likukulirakulira kwa nsomba. Phys.org. Zobwezeredwa ku: https://phys.org/news/2015-04-ocean-dead-zones-disaster-fish.html

M'mbiri yakale, pansi panyanja patenga zaka masauzande kuti abwererenso ku nthawi zakale za mpweya wochepa, womwe umadziwikanso kuti madera akufa. Chifukwa cha zochita za anthu komanso kukwera kwa kutentha madera akufa akupanga 10% komanso kukwera kwa nyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa agrochemical ndi zochitika zina zaumunthu kumabweretsa kukwera kwa phosphorous ndi nayitrogeni m'madzi omwe amadyetsa madera akufa.

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5. Zotsatira za Madzi Ofunda

Schartup, A., Thackray, C., Quershi, A., Dassuncao, C., Gillespie, K., Hanke, A., & Sunderland, E. (2019, August 7). Kusintha kwanyengo ndi kusodza kochulukira kumawonjezera ma neurotoxicant m'zilombo zam'madzi. Chilengedwe, 572, 648-650 . Zabwezedwa kuchokera: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1468-9

Nsomba ndizomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu azikumana ndi methylmercury, zomwe zingayambitse kuperewera kwa ubongo kwa nthawi yaitali kwa ana omwe amapitirizabe kukula. Kuyambira m'ma 1970 pakhala kuwonjezeka kwa 56% kwa minofu ya methylmercury mu Atlantic bluefin tuna chifukwa chakuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa madzi a m'nyanja.

Smale, D., Wernberg, T., Oliver, E., Thomsen, M., Harvey, B., Straub, S., …, & Moore, P. (2019, March 4). Mafunde otentha a m'nyanja akuwopseza zamoyo zosiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi komanso kupereka chithandizo chachilengedwe. Kusintha kwa Nyengo Yachilengedwe, 9, 306-312 . Zabwezedwa kuchokera: nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0412-1

Nyanja yatentha kwambiri m'zaka XNUMX zapitazi. Mafunde otentha a m'nyanja, nyengo ya kutentha kwambiri m'madera, akhudza makamaka mitundu yofunikira monga ma corals ndi udzu wa m'nyanja. Pamene kusintha kwa nyengo kukuchulukirachulukira, kutentha kwa m'madzi ndi mafunde otentha amatha kukonzanso zachilengedwe ndikusokoneza kaperekedwe ka zinthu ndi ntchito zachilengedwe.

Sanford, E., Sones, J., Garcia-Reyes, M., Goddard, J., & Largier, J. (2019, March 12). Kusintha kwachulukidwe ku biota ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto kwa California panyengo yamvula yam'madzi ya 2014-2016. Malipoti a Sayansi, 9(4216). Zabwezedwa kuchokera: doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40784-3

Chifukwa cha kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali m'nyanja, kuchulukirachulukira kwa mitundu ya zamoyo ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwapanyanja kungawonekere m'tsogolomu. Kutentha koopsa kwa m'madzi kwachititsa kufa kwa anthu ambiri, kuphuka kwa ndere zovulaza, kuchepa kwa mabedi a kelp, ndi kusintha kwakukulu pakugawidwa kwamitundu.

Pinsky, M., Eikeset, A., McCauley, D., Payne, J., & Sunday, J. (2019, April 24). Chiwopsezo chachikulu pakutentha kwa ma ectotherms apanyanja motsutsana ndi dziko lapansi. Chilengedwe, 569, 108-111 . Zabwezedwa kuchokera: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1132-4

Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti ndi mitundu iti ndi zachilengedwe zomwe zidzakhudzidwe kwambiri ndi kutentha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti kasamalidwe kake kakuyenda bwino. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa kutenthedwa ndi kufulumira kwa kutsagana kwa atsamunda m'zamoyo zam'madzi kumasonyeza kuti kutha kwa madzi kudzakhala kochulukira komanso kuchulukira kwa mitundu ya nyama m'nyanja.

Morley, J., Selden, R., Latour, R., Frolicher, T., Seagraves, R., & Pinsky, M. (2018, May 16). Kukonzekera kusintha kwa malo otentha kwa mitundu 686 pa shelufu ya ku North America. PLOS ONE. Zobwezeredwa ku: doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196127

Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha kwa nyanja, zamoyo zikuyamba kusintha kagawidwe kake ka malo kupita kumitengo. Kuyerekeza kunapangidwira zamoyo za m'madzi 686 zomwe zitha kukhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa kutentha kwa nyanja. Zoyezetsa zamtsogolo zakusintha kwanyengo zamtsogolo zinali zozama komanso zotsatizana ndi magombe ndipo zidathandizira kuzindikira kuti ndi mitundu iti yomwe ili pachiwopsezo cha kusintha kwanyengo.

Laffoley, D. & Baxter, JM (okonza). (2016). Kufotokozera Kutentha kwa Nyanja: Zomwe Zimayambitsa, Kukula, Zotsatira ndi Zotsatira. Lipoti lathunthu. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 456 pa. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2016.08.en

Kutentha kwa nyanja kukukulirakulira kukhala chimodzi mwazowopsa kwambiri m'badwo wathu monga momwe IUCN imalimbikitsa kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa zovuta, kuchitapo kanthu kwa mfundo zapadziko lonse lapansi, chitetezo chokwanira ndi kasamalidwe, kuwunika kwachiwopsezo chosinthidwa, kutseka mipata mu kafukufuku ndi zosowa za kuthekera, ndikuchitapo kanthu mwachangu kuti kuchepetsedwa kwakukulu kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha.

Hughes, T., Kerry, J., Baird, A., Connolly, S., Dietzel, A., Eakin, M., Heron, S., ..., & Torda, G. (2018, April 18). Kutentha kwapadziko lonse kumasintha ma coral reef assemblages. Chilengedwe, 556, 492-496. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0041-2?dom=scribd&src=syn

Mu 2016, Great Barrier Reef idakumana ndi chiwopsezo chambiri chamadzi. Kafukufukuyu akuyembekeza kuti athetse kusiyana pakati pa chiphunzitsocho ndi machitidwe owunika kuopsa kwa kugwa kwa chilengedwe kuti adziŵe momwe zochitika zotentha zamtsogolo zingakhudzire midzi ya matanthwe a coral. Amatanthauzira magawo osiyanasiyana, amazindikira dalaivala wamkulu, ndikukhazikitsa ziwopsezo zakugwa kwachulukidwe. 

Gramling, C. (2015, November 13). Mmene Nyanja Zofunda Zinatulutsira Madzi Oundana. Sayansi, 350(6262), 728. Kuchotsedwa ku: DOI: 10.1126/science.350.6262.728

Madzi oundana a Greenland amathira madzi oundana m’nyanja chaka chilichonse chifukwa madzi ofunda amaufooketsa. Zomwe zikuchitika pansi pa madzi oundana zimadzetsa nkhawa kwambiri, chifukwa madzi ofunda a m'nyanjayi akokoloka madzi oundana kwambiri kotero kuti amachotsa m'mphepete mwake. Izi zipangitsa kuti madzi oundana abwererenso mwachangu ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale chenjezo lalikulu la kukwera kwamadzi komwe kungachitike.

Precht, W., Gintert, B., Robbart, M., Fur, R., & van Woesik, R. (2016). Kufa kwa Coral Zosagwirizana ndi Matenda ku Southeastern Florida. Malipoti a Sayansi, 6(31375). Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31374

Kutentha kwa matanthwe, matenda a coral, ndi kufa kwa ma coral zikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha kutentha kwamadzi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Poyang'ana kuchuluka kwachilendo kwa matenda opatsirana a coral kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Florida mu 2014, nkhaniyi ikugwirizanitsa kuchuluka kwa kufa kwa ma coral kumadera omwe akupanikizika kwambiri ndi ma coral.

Friedland, K., Kane, J., Hare, J., Lough, G., Fratantoni, P., Fogarty, M., & Nye, J. (2013, September). Zopinga za malo otentha pamitundu ya zooplankton yolumikizidwa ndi Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) ku US Northeast Continental Shelf. Kupita patsogolo mu Oceanography, 116, 1-13 . Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.05.011

Mkati mwa chilengedwe cha US Northeast Continental Shelf muli malo osiyanasiyana otentha, ndipo kutentha kwamadzi komwe kukukwera kukukhudza kuchuluka kwa malowa. Kuchuluka kwa malo ofunda, okhala pamwamba awonjezeka pomwe malo okhala m'madzi ozizira achepa. Izi zimatha kutsitsa kwambiri Atlantic Cod chifukwa zakudya zawo zooplankton zimakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa kutentha.

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6. Kuwonongeka Kwa Zamoyo Zam'madzi Chifukwa Cha Kusintha Kwa Nyengo

Brito-Morales, I., Schoeman, D., Molinos, J., Burrows, M., Klein, C., Arafeh-Dalmau, N., Kaschner, K., Garilao, C., Kesner-Reyes, K. , ndi Richardson, A. (2020, March 20). Kuthamanga kwa Nyengo Kumawulula Kuwonjezeka Kwa Zamoyo Zam'nyanja Yakuya Kukutentha Kwamtsogolo. Chilengedwe. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0773-5

Ofufuza apeza kuti mayendedwe amasiku ano - madzi otentha - amathamanga kwambiri m'nyanja yakuya kuposa pamwamba. Kafukufukuyu tsopano akulosera kuti pakati pa 2050 ndi 2100 kutentha kudzachitika mofulumira pamagulu onse a madzi, kupatula pamwamba. Chifukwa cha kutenthako, zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zidzawopsezedwa pamlingo uliwonse, makamaka pakuya pakati pa 200 ndi 1,000 metres. Pofuna kuchepetsa kutenthedwa kwa kutentha kuyenera kuyikidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito chuma cha m'nyanja yakuya ndi zombo zausodzi ndi migodi, hydrocarbon ndi zina. Kuphatikiza apo, kupita patsogolo kungapangidwe pokulitsa maukonde a ma MPA akulu munyanja yakuya.

Riskas, K. (2020, June 18). Nkhono Zolima Sizitetezedwa ku Kusintha kwa Nyengo. Coastal Science and Societies Hakai Magazine. PDF.

Anthu mabiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse lapansi amapeza zomanga thupi kuchokera kunyanja, komabe nsomba zakuthengo zikucheperachepera. Ulimi wa m'madzi ukudzaza kusiyana ndipo kupanga koyendetsedwa kungathe kupititsa patsogolo madzi abwino ndikuchepetsa zakudya zopatsa thanzi zomwe zimayambitsa kuphuka kwa ndere. Komabe, madzi akamachulukirachulukira komanso kutentha kwa madzi kumasintha kukula kwa plankton, ulimi wa m’madzi ndi ntchentche zimawopsezedwa. Riskas akuneneratu kuti mollusk aquaculture idzayamba kuchepa mu 2060, ndi mayiko ena omwe akhudzidwa kale kwambiri, makamaka mayiko omwe akutukuka komanso osatukuka.

Record, N., Runge, J., Pendleton, D., Balch, W., Davies, K., Pershing, A., …, & Thompson C. (2019, May 3). Kusintha kwa Kayendedwe Koyendetsedwa ndi Nyengo Mofulumira Kumawopseza Kuteteza Nangumi Zam'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yam'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yomwe Ili Pangozi. Oceanography, 32(2), 162-169. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.201

Kusintha kwa nyengo kukuchititsa kuti zachilengedwe zisinthe mofulumira mayiko, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti njira zambiri zotetezera zachilengedwe zikhale zosagwira ntchito. Ndi kutentha kwa madzi akuya komwe kumatentha kwambiri kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa madzi apamtunda, mitundu ngati Calanus finmarchicus, chakudya chofunikira kwambiri ku North Atlantic right whales, yasintha momwe amasamuka. Nsomba zaku North Atlantic right whales zikutsatira nyama zomwe zimachokera ku njira yawo yakale yosamuka, kusintha ndondomeko, ndipo motero zimawaika pachiwopsezo cha ngalawa kapena kusokoneza zida m'madera njira zotetezera sizimawateteza.

Díaz, SM, Settele, J., Brondízio, E., Ngo, H., Guèze, M., Agard, J., … & Zayas, C. (2019). Lipoti la Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Chidule cha Opanga Mfundo. IPBES. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3553579.

Mitundu pakati pa theka la miliyoni kapena miliyoni ili pachiwopsezo cha kutha padziko lonse lapansi. M’nyanja zikuluzikulu, kusodza kosakhazikika, kusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka malo a m’mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m’nyanja, ndiponso kusintha kwa nyengo zikuchititsa kuti zamoyo zamitundumitundu ziwonongeke. Nyanja imafuna kutetezedwa kwina komanso kutetezedwa kwa Marine Protected Area.

Abreu, A., Bowler, C., Claudet, J., Zinger, L., Paoli, L., Salazar, G., and Sunagawa, S. (2019). Asayansi Akuchenjeza Pamgwirizano Wapakati pa Ocean Plankton ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo. Foundation Tara Ocean.

Maphunziro awiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito deta zosiyanasiyana amasonyeza kuti kusintha kwa nyengo pa kugawa ndi kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya planktonic kudzakhala kwakukulu m'madera a polar. Izi zili choncho chifukwa kutentha kwa nyanja (kuzungulira equator) kumapangitsa kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma planktonic ikhale yowonjezereka, ngakhale kuti madera onse a planktonic amatha kusintha. Choncho, kusintha kwa nyengo kumakhala ngati chinthu chowonjezera chodetsa nkhawa kwa zamoyo. Kuphatikizika ndi kusintha kwina kwa malo okhala, ukonde wazakudya, ndi mitundu yamitundu yogawa kupsinjika kowonjezereka kwakusintha kwanyengo kungayambitse kusintha kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe. Kuti athane ndi vuto lomwe likukulirakulirali pakufunika kukhala ndi njira zolumikizirana zasayansi/ndondomeko pomwe mafunso ofufuza amapangidwa ndi asayansi ndi opanga mfundo limodzi.

Bryndum-Buchholz, A., Tittensor, D., Blanchard, J., Cheung, W., Coll, M., Galbraith, E., …, & Lotze, H. (2018, November 8). Kusintha kwanyengo m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi kumakhudzanso zamoyo zam'madzi zam'madzi komanso momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira kudutsa mabeseni am'nyanja. Global Change Biology, 25(2), 459-472. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14512 

Kusintha kwanyengo kumakhudza chilengedwe cha m'madzi pokhudzana ndi kupanga koyamba, kutentha kwa nyanja, kagawidwe ka mitundu, komanso kuchuluka kwazinthu zam'deralo komanso zapadziko lonse lapansi. Zosinthazi zimasintha kwambiri momwe chilengedwe chamadzimadzi chimagwirira ntchito. Kafukufukuyu akuwunika mayankho a zinyama zam'madzi poyankha zovuta zakusintha kwanyengo.

Niiler, E. (2018, March 8). Ma Sharks Enanso Akusiya Kusamuka Kwapachaka Monga Kutentha kwa Nyanja. National Geographic. Zobwezeredwa ku: nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/03/animals-sharks-oceans-global-warming/

Amuna a blacktip shark m'mbiri yakale adasamukira kumwera m'miyezi yozizira kwambiri pachaka kuti akakumane ndi akazi ku gombe la Florida. Nsombazi ndizofunika kwambiri pa chilengedwe cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Florida: Podya nsomba zofooka ndi zodwala, zimathandiza kuchepetsa kupanikizika kwa matanthwe a coral ndi udzu wa m'nyanja. Posachedwapa, shaki zazimuna zakhala kutali chakumpoto pamene madzi akumpoto akutentha. Popanda kusamukira kumwera, amuna sangakwatirane kapena kuteteza chilengedwe cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Florida.

Worm, B., & Lotze, H. (2016). Kusintha kwa Nyengo: Zomwe Zachitika Padziko Lapansi, Mutu 13 - Zamoyo Zam'madzi Zam'madzi ndi Kusintha Kwanyengo. Dipatimenti ya Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444635242000130

Deta ya nthawi yayitali yowunikira nsomba ndi plankton yapereka umboni wotsimikizika kwambiri wokhudza kusintha kwanyengo m'magulu amitundu. Mutuwu ukunena kuti kuteteza zachilengedwe za m'madzi kungapereke chitetezo chabwino kwambiri polimbana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kofulumira.

McCauley, D., Pinsky, M., Palumbi, S., Estes, J., Joyce, F., & Warner, R. (2015, January 16). Kuwonongeka kwapanyanja: Kutayika kwa nyama padziko lonse lapansi. Sayansi, 347(6219). Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6219/1255641

Anthu akhudza kwambiri nyama zakutchire zam'madzi komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito komanso kapangidwe ka nyanja. Kuwonongeka kwa nyama zam'madzi, kapena kuwonongeka kwa nyama chifukwa cha anthu m'nyanja, kudayamba zaka mazana angapo zapitazo. Kusintha kwanyengo kukuwopseza kuchulukitsa kuwonongeka kwa nyanja m'zaka zana zikubwerazi. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa nyama zakuthengo zam'madzi ndikuwonongeka kwa malo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, komwe kungapeweke pochitapo kanthu mwachangu ndikukonzanso.

Deutsch, C., Ferrel, A., Seibel, B., Portner, H., & Huey, R. (2015, June 05). Kusintha kwanyengo kumalepheretsa kagayidwe kachakudya m'malo okhala m'madzi. Sayansi, 348(6239), 1132-1135. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: science.sciencemag.org/content/348/6239/1132

Kutentha kwa nyanja ndi kutayika kwa okosijeni wosungunuka zidzasintha kwambiri zamoyo zam'madzi. M'zaka za m'ma 20 ano, kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe kachakudya kumtunda kwa nyanja kukuyembekezeka kutsika ndi 50% padziko lonse lapansi ndi XNUMX% kumadera akutali a kumpoto. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono komanso koyima kwa malo omwe amatha kukhalapo komanso mitundu yamitundu. Lingaliro la kagayidwe kazinthu zachilengedwe limasonyeza kuti kukula kwa thupi ndi kutentha kumakhudza kagayidwe kake ka zamoyo, zomwe zingafotokoze kusintha kwa zamoyo za nyama pamene kutentha kumasintha popereka mikhalidwe yabwino kwa zamoyo zina.

Marcogilese, DJ (2008). Zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo pa majeremusi ndi matenda opatsirana a nyama zam'madzi. Ndemanga ya Sayansi ndiukadaulo ya Office International des Epizooties (Paris), 27(2), 467-484. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/219d/8e86f333f2780174277b5e8c65d1c2aca36c.pdf

Kugawidwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kudzakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi m'njira zina chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko, komwe kumatha kudutsa muzakudya ndi zotsatira za chilengedwe chonse. Kufala kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagwirizanitsa ndi kutentha, kutentha kowonjezereka kukuwonjezeka kufalikira. Umboni wina umasonyezanso kuti virulence imagwirizananso mwachindunji.

Barry, JP, Baxter, CH, Sagarin, RD, & Gilman, SE (1995, February 3). Zogwirizana ndi nyengo, kusintha kwa nyama kwanthawi yayitali m'dera lamiyala la California. Sayansi, 267(5198), 672-675. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5198.672

Zamoyo zam'mimba zomwe zili m'dera lamiyala la California zasamukira kumpoto poyerekeza nthawi ziwiri zowerengera, imodzi kuyambira 1931-1933 ndi ina kuyambira 1993-1994. Kusintha kumeneku kolowera kumpoto kumagwirizana ndi zoneneratu za kusintha kokhudzana ndi kutentha kwanyengo. Poyerekeza kutentha kwa nthawi ziwiri zophunzira, kutentha kwakukulu kwa chilimwe m'nyengo ya 1983-1993 kunali 2.2˚C kutentha kusiyana ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwa chilimwe kuyambira 1921-1931.

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7. Zotsatira za Kusintha kwa Nyengo pa Matanthwe a Coral

Figueiredo, J., Thomas, CJ, Deleersnijder, E., Lambrechts, J., Baird, AH, Connolly, SR, & Hanert, E. (2022). Kutentha Kwapadziko Lonse Kuchepetsa Kulumikizana Pakati pa Anthu a Coral. Kusintha Kwa Chilengedwe Chakuda, 12(1), 83-87

Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwapadziko lonse kukupha ma coral komanso kuchepa kwa kulumikizana kwa anthu. Kulumikizana kwa ma coral ndi momwe ma corals ndi majini awo amasinthidwira pakati pa anthu olekanitsidwa ndi malo, zomwe zingakhudze kwambiri kuthekera kwa ma coral kuti achire pambuyo pa kusokonezeka (monga zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo) zimadalira kwambiri kulumikizana kwa matanthwe. Kuti chitetezo chikhale chogwira ntchito bwino pakati pa madera otetezedwa ayenera kuchepetsedwa kuti zitsimikizire kulumikizana kwa matanthwe.

Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN). (2021, Okutobala). Mkhalidwe Wachisanu ndi chimodzi wa Corals Padziko Lonse: Lipoti la 2020. Mtengo wa GCRMN. PDF.

Kufalikira kwa matanthwe a nyanja yamchere kwatsika ndi 14% kuyambira 2009 makamaka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Kutsika kumeneku ndi chifukwa chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri chifukwa ma corals alibe nthawi yokwanira yoti abwererenso pakati pa zochitika zakuda kwambiri.

Principe, SC, Acosta, AL, Andrade, JE, & Lotufo, T. (2021). Zonenedweratu Zosintha Pakugawira Ma Corals Omanga Mabomba a Atlantic Poyang'anizana ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo. Frontiers mu Marine Science, 912.

Mitundu ina ya ma coral imagwira ntchito yapadera monga omanga matanthwe, ndipo kusintha kwa kagawidwe kake chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo kumabwera ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa zomwe zikuchitika komanso zam'tsogolo zamitundu itatu yomanga matanthwe a Atlantic omwe ndi ofunikira paumoyo wachilengedwe chonse. Matanthwe a coral mkati mwa nyanja ya Atlantic amafunikira kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu komanso kuwongolera bwino kuti athe kupulumuka ndi kutsitsimuka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo.

Brown, K., Bender-Champ, D., Kenyon, T., Rémond, C., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Dove, S. (2019, February 20). Zotsatira zanthawi ya kutentha kwa nyanja ndi acidification pa mpikisano wa coral-algal. Mitsinje ya Coral, 38(2), 297-309. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-019-01775-y 

Matanthwe a Coral ndi algae ndi ofunikira pazachilengedwe zam'nyanja ndipo amapikisana chifukwa chochepa. Chifukwa cha kutentha kwa madzi ndi acidification chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, mpikisanowu ukusinthidwa. Pofuna kuthetsa kutenthedwa kwa nyanja ndi acidification, mayesero anachitidwa, koma ngakhale photosynthesis yowonjezereka sikunali kokwanira kuthetsa zotsatira zake ndipo ma corals ndi algae achepetsa kupulumuka, kuwerengera, ndi luso la photosynthetic.

Bruno, J., Côté, I., & Toth, L. (2019, January). Kusintha kwa Nyengo, Kutayika kwa Coral, ndi Nkhani Yodabwitsa ya Paradigm ya Parrotfish: Chifukwa Chiyani Madera Otetezedwa M'nyanja Sakupititsa patsogolo Kulimba Kwa Matanthwe? Ndemanga Yapachaka ya Sayansi Yapanyanja, 11, 307-334. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: yearreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095300

Makorali omanga matanthwe akuwonongeka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Kuti athane ndi zimenezi, anakhazikitsa madera otetezedwa a m’nyanja, ndipo chitetezo cha nsomba zodya udzu chinatsatira. Ena amanena kuti njirazi sizinakhudze mphamvu ya coral yonse chifukwa chowawa kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa nyanja. Kuti apulumutse ma corals omanga matanthwe, zoyeserera ziyenera kupitilira momwe ziliri. Kusintha kwanyengo kwa anthropogenic kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamalitsa chifukwa ndizomwe zimayambitsa kuchepa kwa ma coral padziko lonse lapansi.

Cheal, A., MacNeil, A., Emslie, M., & Sweatman, H. (2017, January 31). Chiwopsezo cha matanthwe a coral chifukwa cha mvula yamkuntho yowopsa kwambiri chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Global Change Biology. Zobwezeredwa ku: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.13593

Kusintha kwanyengo kumawonjezera mphamvu za namondwe zomwe zimawononga ma coral. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa chimphepo sikungachuluke, kuchuluka kwa chimphepo kudzabwera chifukwa cha kutentha kwanyengo. Kuwonjezeka kwa mphepo yamkuntho kudzafulumizitsa kuwonongeka kwa matanthwe a coral komanso kuchira pang'onopang'ono pambuyo pa mphepo yamkuntho chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. 

Hughes, T., Barnes, M., Bellwood, D., Cinner, J., Cumming, G., Jackson, J., & Scheffer, M. (2017, May 31). Mitsinje ya Coral ku Anthropocene. Chilengedwe, 546, 82-90 . Zabwezedwa kuchokera: nature.com/articles/nature22901

Matanthwe akuwonongeka mwachangu potengera madalaivala angapo anthropogenic. Pachifukwa ichi, kubwezera matanthwe kumakonzedwe awo akale si njira. Pofuna kuthana ndi kuwonongeka kwa matanthwe, nkhaniyi ikufuna kusintha kwakukulu kwa sayansi ndi kasamalidwe kuti ayendetse matanthwe kudutsa nthawi ino ndikusunga magwiridwe antchito awo.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Poloczanska, E., Skirving, W., & Dove, S. (2017, May 29). Coral Reef Ecosystems pansi pa Kusintha kwa Climate ndi Ocean Acidification. Frontiers mu Marine Science. Zobwezeredwa ku: frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00158/full

Kafukufuku wayamba kulosera za kutha kwa matanthwe ambiri amadzi otentha pofika 2040-2050 (ngakhale kuti makorali amadzi ozizira ali pachiwopsezo chochepa). Iwo amati pokhapokha ngati pachitika chitukuko chofulumira chochepetsa utsi, madera amene amadalira miyala yamchere ya m'nyanjayi kuti apulumuke akhoza kukumana ndi umphawi, kusokonekera kwa anthu, komanso kusowa chitetezo m'madera.

Hughes, T., Kerry, J., & Wilson, S. (2017, March 16). Kutentha kwapadziko lonse ndi kubwereza mobwerezabwereza kwa ma corals. Chilengedwe, 543, 373-377. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: nature.com/articles/nature21707?dom=icopyright&src=syn

Zochitika zaposachedwa zakuti ma coral bleaching asintha kwambiri zasintha kwambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa matanthwe a ku Australia ndi kutentha kwa pamwamba pa nyanja, nkhaniyi ikufotokoza kuti khalidwe la madzi ndi kuthamanga kwa nsomba kunali ndi zotsatira zochepa pa bleaching mu 2016, kutanthauza kuti mikhalidwe yam'deralo imapereka chitetezo chochepa ku kutentha kwakukulu.

Torda, G., Donelson, J., Aranda, M., Barshis, D., Bay, L., Berumen, M., …, & Munday, P. (2017). Mayankho ofulumira osinthika pakusintha kwanyengo mu ma coral. Chilengedwe, 7, 627-636. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: nature.com/articles/nclimate3374

Kuthekera kwa matanthwe a coral kutengera kusintha kwa nyengo kudzakhala kofunikira kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa tsogolo la matanthwewo. Nkhaniyi imalowa mu transgenerational plasticity pakati pa ma corals komanso gawo la epigenetics ndi ma virus ogwirizana ndi ma coral pakuchita.

Anthony, K. (2016, November). Matanthwe a Coral Pansi pa Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Kukhazikika kwa Nyanja: Zovuta ndi Mwayi Wowongolera ndi Ndondomeko. Ndemanga Yapachaka ya Zachilengedwe ndi Zothandizira. Zobwezeredwa ku: yearreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085610

Poganizira kuwonongeka kwachangu kwa miyala yamchere yamchere chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo komanso acidity ya m'nyanja, nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa zolinga zenizeni zamapulogalamu owongolera am'madera ndi am'deralo omwe angapangitse njira zokhazikika. 

Hoey, A., Howells, E., Johansen, J., Hobbs, JP, Messmer, V., McCowan, DW, & Pratchett, M. (2016, May 18). Zaposachedwa Pakumvetsetsa Zotsatira za Kusintha kwa Nyengo pa Matanthwe a Coral. Zosiyanasiyana. Zobwezeredwa ku: mdpi.com/1424-2818/8/2/12

Umboni ukuwonetsa kuti matanthwe a coral amatha kuyankha kutentha, koma sizikudziwika ngati kusinthaku kungafanane ndi kuchuluka kwakusintha kwanyengo. Komabe, zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo zikuphatikizidwa ndi zovuta zina zosiyanasiyana za anthropogenic zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti ma coral ayankhe.

Ainsworth, T., Heron, S., Ortiz, JC, Mumby, P., Grech, A., Ogawa, D., Eakin, M., & Leggat, W. (2016, April 15). Kusintha kwanyengo kumalepheretsa chitetezo cha ma coral bleaching pa Great Barrier Reef. Sayansi, 352(6283), 338-342. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: science.sciencemag.org/content/352/6283/338

Mkhalidwe wamakono wa kutentha kwa kutentha, komwe kumalepheretsa kukhazikika, kwachititsa kuti ma bleaching achuluke ndi kufa kwa zamoyo za coral. Zotsatirazi zinali zoopsa kwambiri pambuyo pa chaka cha 2016 El Nino.

Graham, N., Jennings, S., MacNeil, A., Mouillot, D., & Wilson, S. (2015, February 05). Kuneneratu zaulamuliro woyendetsedwa ndi nyengo kumasintha motsutsana ndi zomwe zingachitike m'matanthwe a coral. Chilengedwe, 518, 94-97 . Zabwezedwa kuchokera: nature.com/articles/nature14140

Kutentha kwa matanthwe chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo ndi chimodzi mwazowopsa zomwe zimakumana ndi matanthwe a m'nyanja. Nkhaniyi ikukamba za kuyankhidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa matanthwe akuluakulu opangidwa ndi nyengo ku Indo-Pacific corals ndikuzindikiritsa mikhalidwe ya matanthwe omwe amakonda kubwereranso. Olembawo akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe apeza kuti adziwitse njira zabwino zoyendetsera mtsogolo. 

Spalding, MD, & B. Brown. (2015, Novembala 13). Matanthwe a matanthwe amadzi ofunda ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Sayansi, 350(6262), 769-771. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/769

Matanthwe a Coral amathandizira njira zazikulu zamoyo zam'madzi komanso kupereka chithandizo chofunikira kwambiri chachilengedwe kwa mamiliyoni a anthu. Komabe, ziwopsezo zodziwika bwino monga kupha nsomba mopambanitsa ndi kuipitsa zinthu zikukulirakulira chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, makamaka kutentha ndi acidity ya m'nyanja kuti ziwonjezeke kuwonongeka kwa matanthwe a coral. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwachidule zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo pa miyala yamchere yamchere.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Eakin, CM, Hodgson, G., Sale, PF, & Veron, JEN (2015, December). Kusintha kwa Nyengo Kukuopseza Kupulumuka kwa Matanthwe a Coral. ISRS Consensus Statement pa Coral Bleaching & Climate Change. Zobwezeredwa ku: https://www.icriforum.org/sites/default/files/2018%20ISRS%20Consensus%20Statement%20on%20Coral%20Bleaching%20%20Climate%20Change%20final_0.pdf

Matanthwe a Coral amapereka katundu ndi ntchito zokwana $30 biliyoni pachaka ndipo amathandiza anthu osachepera 500 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, matanthwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ngati zochita zoletsa kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni padziko lonse lapansi sizichitika nthawi yomweyo. Mawuwa anatulutsidwa mofanana ndi msonkhano wa Paris Climate Change mu December 2015.

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8. Zotsatira za Kusintha kwa Nyengo ku Arctic ndi Antarctic

Sohail, T., Zika, J., Irving, D., and Church, J. (2022, February 24). Kuwona Mayendedwe Amadzi Abwino a Poleward Kuyambira 1970. Nature. Vol. 602, 617-622. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04370-w

Pakati pa 1970 ndi 2014 mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka madzi padziko lonse inakula kufika pa 7.4%, zomwe chitsanzo chapitachi chinanena kuti chiwonjezeko cha 2-4%. Madzi otentha amakokedwa kumitengo yosintha kutentha kwa nyanja yathu, kuchuluka kwa madzi opanda mchere, ndi mchere. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa kayendedwe ka madzi padziko lonse lapansi kungapangitse kuti malo owuma akhale owuma komanso onyowa.

Moon, TA, ML Druckenmiller., ndi RL Thoman, Eds. (2021, Disembala). Arctic Report Card: Kusintha kwa 2021. NOAA. https://doi.org/10.25923/5s0f-5163

The 2021 Arctic Report Card (ARC2021) ndi kanema wophatikizidwa akuwonetsa kuti kutentha kwachangu komanso kodziwika bwino kukupitilira kusokoneza zamoyo zam'madzi zaku Arctic. Zomwe zimachitika ku Arctic zimaphatikizanso kubiriwira kwa tundra, kuchulukira kwa mitsinje ya Arctic, kuchepa kwa madzi oundana a m'nyanja, phokoso la nyanja, kufalikira kwa mitundu ya ng'ombe, komanso zoopsa za glacier permafrost.

Strycker, N., Wethington, M., Borowicz, A., Forrest, S., Witharana, C., Hart, T., ndi H. Lynch. (2020). A Padziko Lonse Population Assessment ya Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica). Lipoti la Sayansi Vol. 10, Article 19474. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76479-3

Ma penguin a Chinstrap amasinthidwa mwapadera ndi malo awo a Antarctic; komabe, ofufuza akunena za kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu mu 45% ya madera a penguin kuyambira m'ma 1980. Ofufuza adapeza kuti anthu enanso 23 a chinstrap penguin omwe adapita paulendo wawo mu Januware 2020. Amakhulupirira kuti madzi ofunda amachepetsa madzi oundana a m’nyanja komanso nyama zotchedwa phytoplankton zomwe krill zimadalira pa chakudya chomwe ndi chakudya choyambirira cha ma penguin. Akuti acidification ya m'nyanjayi ingasokoneze mphamvu ya penguin yobereka.

Smith, B., Fricker, H., Gardner, A., Medley, B., Nilsson, J., Paolo, F., Holschuh, N., Adusumilli, S., Brunt, K., Csatho, B., Harbeck, K., Markus, T., Neumann, T., Siegfried M., ndi Zwally, H. (2020, April). Kutayika Kwambiri kwa Ice Sheet Kumawonetsa Njira Zopikisana Panyanja ndi Pamlengalenga. Magazini ya Sayansi. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5845

NASA's Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2, kapena ICESat-2, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2018, ikupereka chidziwitso chosintha pa glacial melt. Ofufuzawa adapeza kuti pakati pa 2003 ndi 2009 ayezi wokwanira adasungunuka kuti akweze madzi a m'nyanja ndi mamilimita 14 kuchokera ku Greenland ndi Antarctic ice sheet.

Rohling, E., Hibbert, F., Grant, K., Galaasen, E., Irval, N., Kleiven, H., Marino, G., Ninnemann, U., Roberts, A., Rosenthal, Y., Schulz, H., Williams, F., ndi Yu, J. (2019). Asynchronous Antarctic ndi Greenland Ice-volume Contributions to Last Interglacial Sea-ice Highstand. Kulankhulana Kwachilengedwe 10:5040 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12874-3

Nthawi yomaliza yomwe madzi a m'nyanja adakwera pamwamba pamlingo wawo wapano inali nthawi yomaliza yamadzi oundana, pafupifupi zaka 130,000-118,000 zapitazo. Ofufuza apeza kuti malo okwera kwambiri a nyanja (pamwamba pa 0m) pa ~ 129.5 mpaka ~ 124.5 ka komanso pamtunda wotsiriza wa nyanja yamchere amakwera ndi kukwera kwa zochitika za 2.8, 2.3, ndi 0.6mc-1. Kukwera kwa mtsogolo kwa nyanja kumatha kuyendetsedwa ndi kutayika kofulumira kwa anthu ambiri kuchokera ku West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Pali mwayi wochulukirachulukira wa kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja m'tsogolomu malinga ndi mbiri yakale ya nyengo yapitayi yamitundumitundu.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo ku Arctic Species. (2019) Zowonadi kuchokera Aspen Institute & SeaWeb. Zobwezeredwa ku: https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/uploads/files/content/upload/ee_3.pdf

Pepala lowonetsa zovuta za kafukufuku wa ku Arctic, kwakanthawi kochepa komwe kafukufuku wa zamoyo wachitika, ndikuwonetsa zotsatira za kutayika kwa madzi oundana m'nyanja ndi zotsatira zina zakusintha kwanyengo.

Christian, C. (2019, January) Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi ku Antarctic. Antarctic & Southern Ocean Coalition. Kuchotsedwa https://www.asoc.org/advocacy/climate-change-and-the-antarctic

Nkhani yachiduleyi ikupereka chithunzithunzi chabwino kwambiri cha zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo ku Antarctic ndi zotsatira zake pa zamoyo zam'madzi kumeneko. West Antarctic Peninsula ndi amodzi mwa madera omwe akutentha kwambiri padziko lapansi, pomwe madera ena a Arctic Circle ndi omwe amatentha kwambiri. Kutentha kofulumiraku kumakhudza magawo onse azakudya m'madzi a Antarctic.

Katz, C. (2019, May 10) Madzi Achilendo: Nyanja Zoyandikana Zikuyenda M'nyanja Yotentha ya Arctic. Yale Environment 360. Kuchotsedwa https://e360.yale.edu/features/alien-waters-neighboring-seas-are-flowing-into-a-warming-arctic-ocean

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za "Atlantification" ndi "Pacification" ya Nyanja ya Arctic monga madzi otentha omwe amalola zamoyo zatsopano kusamukira kumpoto ndikusokoneza ntchito za chilengedwe ndi zamoyo zomwe zasintha pakapita nthawi mkati mwa Arctic Ocean.

MacGilchrist, G., Naveira-Garabato, AC, Brown, PJ, Juillion, L., Bacon, S., & Bakker, DCE (2019, August 28). Kukonzanso kuzungulira kwa mpweya wa subpolar Southern Ocean. Kupititsa patsogolo Sayansi, 5(8), 6410. Zotengedwa kuchokera: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav6410

Nyengo yapadziko lonse lapansi imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwakuthupi komanso kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe ku Southern Ocean, chifukwa ndi komwe kuli zigawo zakuya, zokhala ndi kaboni zambiri zapanyanja padziko lapansi ndikusinthanitsa mpweya ndi mlengalenga. Choncho, momwe mpweya wa carbon umagwirira ntchito kumeneko makamaka uyenera kumveka bwino ngati njira yodziwitsira kusintha kwa nyengo zakale ndi zam'tsogolo. Kutengera ndi kafukufuku wawo, olembawo amakhulupirira kuti njira wamba ya subpolar Southern Ocean carbon cycle imayimira molakwika zomwe zimayambitsa kutengera kwa kaboni. Zowona mu Weddell Gyre zikuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumakhazikitsidwa ndi kuyanjana pakati pa kuzungulira kozungulira kwa Gyre ndi remineralization pakati pa kuya kwa kaboni wa organic wopangidwa kuchokera ku chilengedwe chapakati pa gyre. 

Woodgate, R. (2018, Januwale) Kuchulukitsa kwa Pacific kulowa ku Arctic kuchokera ku 1990 mpaka 2015, ndikuwunikira zochitika zanyengo ndi njira zamagalimoto kuyambira chaka chonse cha Bering Strait mooring data. Kupita patsogolo mu Oceanography, 160, 124-154 Zabwezedwa ku: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661117302215

Ndi kafukufukuyu, wopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito deta yochokera ku Bering Strait, wolembayo adatsimikiza kuti kutuluka kwa madzi kumpoto kudutsa mowongoka kunakula kwambiri pazaka 15, komanso kuti kusinthaku sikunali chifukwa cha mphepo yam'deralo kapena nyengo ina. zochitika, koma chifukwa cha madzi otentha. Kuwonjezeka kwa mayendedwe kumachokera kumayendedwe amphamvu akumpoto (osati zochitika zochepa zakumwera), zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa 150% mu mphamvu ya kinetic, mwina zomwe zimakhudza kuyimitsidwa pansi, kusakanikirana, ndi kukokoloka. Zinadziwikanso kuti kutentha kwa madzi opita kumpoto kunali kotentha kuposa madigiri 0 C kwa masiku ambiri ndi 2015 kusiyana ndi chiyambi cha deta.

Stone, DP (2015). Kusintha kwa Arctic Environment. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Chiyambire kusintha kwa mafakitale, chilengedwe cha Arctic chikusintha kwambiri chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Malo omwe akuwoneka kuti ndi abwino kwambiri akuwonetsanso kuchuluka kwa mankhwala oopsa komanso kutentha kowonjezereka komwe kwayamba kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa panyengo kumadera ena adziko lapansi. Adanenedwa kudzera mwa Arctic Messenger, wolemba David Stone amawunika kuwunika kwasayansi ndipo magulu otchuka apangitsa kuti pakhale malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi kuti achepetse kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.

Wohlforth, C. (2004). Nangumi ndi Supercomputer: Kumpoto Kutsogolo kwa Kusintha kwa Nyengo. New York: North Point Press. 

Nangumi ndi Supercomputer amaluka nkhani zaumwini za asayansi omwe amafufuza zanyengo ndi zokumana nazo za Inupiat kumpoto kwa Alaska. Bukuli likufotokozanso za machitidwe opha nsomba ndi chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha Inupiaq monga momwe matalala amatsukidwa ndi chipale chofewa, kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana, albedo - ndiko kuti, kuwala kowonekera ndi mapulaneti - ndi kusintha kwachilengedwe komwe kumawoneka mu zinyama ndi tizilombo. Mafotokozedwe a zikhalidwe ziwirizi amalola osakhala asayansi kuti agwirizane ndi zitsanzo zoyambirira za kusintha kwa nyengo zomwe zimakhudza chilengedwe.

BWANANI TOP

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9. Kuchotsa Mpweya wa Carbon Dioxide (CDR)

Tyka, M., Arsdale, C., and Platt, J. (2022, January 3). Kujambula kwa CO2 ndi Kupopa Acidity Pamwamba Pamwamba pa Nyanja Yakuya. Energy & Environmental Science. DOI: 10.1039/d1ee01532j

Pali kuthekera kwa matekinoloje atsopano - monga kupopera kwa alkalinity - kuti athandizire paukadaulo waukadaulo wa Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR), ngakhale atha kukhala okwera mtengo kuposa njira zapamtunda chifukwa cha zovuta zamaukadaulo apanyanja. Kafukufuku wambiri ndi wofunikira kuti awone zomwe zingatheke komanso zoopsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa mchere wamchere ndi njira zina zochotsera. Zoyeserera ndi zoyeserera zazing'ono zili ndi malire ndipo sizinganeneretu momwe njira za CDR zingakhudzire chilengedwe chanyanja zikayikidwa pamlingo wochepetsera kutulutsa kwa CO2 komweku.

Castañón, L. (2021, December 16). Nyanja Yamwayi: Kuwona Zowopsa Zomwe Zingatheke ndi Mphotho Zamayankho Ochokera kunyanja pakusintha kwanyengo. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/an-ocean-of-opportunity/

Nyanja ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakuchotsa mpweya wachilengedwe, kugawa mpweya wochuluka kuchokera mumlengalenga kupita m'madzi ndikuumira pansi panyanja. Zina za carbon dioxide zimamangiriridwa ndi miyala yowonongeka kapena zipolopolo zomwe zimazitsekera mu mawonekedwe atsopano, ndipo algae am'madzi amatenga ma carbon dioxide ena, ndikuphatikizana ndi chilengedwe chachilengedwe. Mayankho a Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) akufuna kutsanzira kapena kupititsa patsogolo njira zosungiramo kaboni zachilengedwezi. Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa zoopsa ndi zosintha zomwe zingakhudze kupambana kwa ma projekiti a CDR.

Cornwall, W. (2021, December 15). Kutsitsa Carbon ndi Kuziziritsa Padziko Lapansi, Feteleza Yam'nyanja Imawonekeranso. Science, 374. Zotengedwa kuchokera: https://www.science.org/content/article/draw-down-carbon-and-cool-planet-ocean-fertilization-gets-another-look

Ubwamuna wa m'nyanja ndi mtundu wandale wa Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) womwe unkawoneka ngati wosasamala. Tsopano, ofufuza akukonzekera kutsanulira matani 100 achitsulo pamtunda wa makilomita 1000 a Nyanja ya Arabia. Funso lofunika kwambiri lomwe likufunsidwa ndiloti kuchuluka kwa carbon yomwe imalowetsedwa imapangitsa kuti ifike kunyanja yakuya osati kudyedwa ndi zamoyo zina ndikubwezeretsanso chilengedwe. Okayikira za njira ya umuna amaona kuti kafukufuku waposachedwa wa zoyeserera 13 zam'mbuyomu za umuna adapeza imodzi yokha yomwe idakulitsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa m'nyanja yakuya. Ngakhale zotsatira zomwe zingakhalepo zimadetsa nkhawa ena, ena amakhulupirira kuti kuwunika zomwe zingachitike ndi chifukwa china chopititsira patsogolo kafukufukuyu.

National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, ndi Medicine. (2021, Disembala). Dongosolo Lakafufuzidwe la Kuchotsa Mpweya wa Carbon Dioxide mu Ocean-based and Sequestration. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26278

Lipotili likulimbikitsa dziko la United States kuti lipange kafukufuku wa $125 miliyoni wodzipereka kuyesa kumvetsetsa zovuta za njira zochotsa CO2 zochokera m'nyanja, kuphatikiza zopinga zachuma ndi chikhalidwe. Njira zisanu ndi imodzi zochokera m'nyanja za Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) zidawunikidwa mu lipotilo, kuphatikiza feteleza wa michere, kukweza ndi kugwetsa, kulima namsongole, kuchira kwachilengedwe, kukulitsa zamchere zam'madzi, komanso njira zama electrochemical. Pali malingaliro otsutsana pa njira za CDR mkati mwa asayansi, koma lipoti ili ndi gawo lodziwika bwino pakukambirana kwa malingaliro olimba mtima operekedwa ndi asayansi apanyanja.

The Aspen Institute. (2021, Disembala 8). Malangizo pa Ntchito Zochotsa Carbon Dioxide panyanja: Njira Yopangira Makhalidwe Abwino. The Aspen Institute. Zabwezedwa Kuchokera: https://www.aspeninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/files/content/docs/pubs/120721_Ocean-Based-CO2-Removal_E.pdf

Ntchito zochotsa Carbon Dioxide kunyanja (CDR) zitha kukhala zopindulitsa kwambiri kuposa ntchito zakumtunda, chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa malo, kuthekera kwa projekiti zogwirira ntchito limodzi, komanso ma projekiti othandizana nawo (kuphatikiza kuchepetsa acidity yam'nyanja, kupanga chakudya, ndi kupanga mafuta amafuta. ). Komabe, mapulojekiti a CDR amakumana ndi zovuta kuphatikiza kusaphunzira bwino komwe kungakhudze chilengedwe, malamulo osatsimikizika ndi maulamuliro, kuvutikira kwa ntchito, komanso kusiyanasiyana kopambana. Kafukufuku wocheperako ndi wofunikira kuti afotokoze ndikutsimikizira kuthekera kochotsa mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide, kuwerengera zomwe zingachitike pazachilengedwe komanso zamtundu wa anthu, ndikuwerengera zaulamuliro, ndalama, ndi kutha.

Batres, M., Wang, FM, Buck, H., Kapila, R., Kosar, U., Licker, R., … & Suarez, V. (2021, July). Chilungamo cha Zachilengedwe ndi Zanyengo ndi Kuchotsa Kaboni Wamakono. The Electricity Journal, 34(7), 107002.

Njira zochotsera Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa poganizira chilungamo ndi chilungamo, ndipo madera omwe mapulojekiti angakhalepo ayenera kukhala pachimake popanga zisankho. Madera nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi zothandizira komanso chidziwitso choti athe kutenga nawo gawo ndikuyika ndalama pazoyeserera za CDR. Chilungamo cha chilengedwe chiyenera kukhala patsogolo pakupititsa patsogolo pulojekitiyi kuti tipewe zotsatira zoipa kwa anthu omwe ali kale ndi mavuto.

Fleming, A. (2021, June 23). Kupopera mbewu kwa Mtambo ndi Kupha Mkuntho: Momwe Ocean Geoengineering Inakhalira Patsogolo pa Mavuto a Nyengo. The Guardian. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/23/cloud-spraying-and-hurricane-slaying-could-geoengineering-fix-the-climate-crisis

Tom Green akuyembekeza kuti amiza matani thililiyoni a CO2 pansi pa nyanja pogwetsa mchenga wa miyala yophulika m'nyanja. Green akuti ngati mchenga utayikidwa pa 2% ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja padziko lapansi ukhoza kutenga 100% ya mpweya wathu wapachaka padziko lonse lapansi. Kukula kwa mapulojekiti a CDR ofunikira kuti tithane ndi kuchuluka kwa zomwe timatulutsa kumapangitsa kuti ma projekiti onse akhale ovuta kukula. Kapenanso, kukonzanso magombe okhala ndi mitengo ya mangrove, madambo amchere, ndi udzu wa m'nyanja zonse zimabwezeretsa zachilengedwe ndikusunga CO2 osayang'anizana ndi ziwopsezo zazikulu zaukadaulo wa CDR.

Gertner, J. (2021, June 24). Kodi Kusintha kwa Carbontech Kwayamba? The New York Times.

Ukadaulo wa Direct carbon Capture (DCC) ulipo, koma umakhala wokwera mtengo. Makampani a CarbonTech tsopano ayamba kugulitsanso kaboni womwe wagwidwa kwa mabizinesi omwe atha kuugwiritsa ntchito pazogulitsa zawo ndikuchepetsa kutulutsa kwawo. Zopanda kaboni kapena zopanda mpweya zitha kugwera m'gulu lalikulu lazinthu zogwiritsira ntchito kaboni zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kugwidwa kwa kaboni kukhale kopindulitsa ndikukopa msika. Ngakhale kusintha kwa nyengo sikungakonzedwe ndi CO2 yoga mateti ndi sneakers, ndi sitepe ina yaing'ono mu njira yoyenera.

Hirschlag, A. (2021, June 8). Pofuna Kuthana ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo, Ofufuza Akufuna Kutulutsa Carbon Dioxide Kuchokera M'nyanja Yanyanja ndi Kuisintha Kukhala Thanthwe. Smithsonian. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/combat-climate-change-researchers-want-to-pull-carbon-dioxide-from-ocean-and-turn-it-into-rock-180977903/

Njira imodzi yomwe akufuna kuti atulutse Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) ndikulowetsa mesor hydroxide (zinthu zamchere) zokhala ndi magetsi m'nyanja kuti zipangitse kuti pakhale miyala yamwala ya carbonate. Mwalawu ankatha kumangapo, koma miyalayo inkathera m’nyanja. Kutuluka kwa miyala yamchere kumatha kusokoneza zachilengedwe zam'madzi, kuwononga zomera komanso kusintha kwambiri malo okhala pansi panyanja. Komabe, ofufuza akuwonetsa kuti madzi otuluka adzakhala amchere pang'ono omwe amatha kuchepetsa zotsatira za acidization ya m'nyanja m'malo ochizira. Kuphatikiza apo, mpweya wa haidrojeni ungakhale chinthu chomwe chingagulitsidwe kuti chithandizire kuchepetsa mtengo wagawo. Kufufuza kwina n'kofunika kuti awonetsere kuti teknoloji ndi yotheka pamlingo waukulu komanso wodalirika.

Healey, P., Scholes, R., Lefale, P., & Yanda, P. (2021, May). Kuwongolera Kuchotsa Kaboni kwa Net-Zero Kuti Mupewe Zosayeruzika. Malire mu Climate, 3, 38. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.672357

Ukadaulo wa Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR), monga kusintha kwanyengo, umakhala ndi zoopsa komanso zopanda chilungamo, ndipo nkhaniyi ili ndi malingaliro omwe angachitike mtsogolo kuti athane ndi izi. Pakadali pano, chidziwitso chomwe chikubwera komanso mabizinesi aukadaulo a CDR akhazikika kumpoto kwapadziko lonse lapansi. Ngati ndondomekoyi ikupitirirabe, idzangowonjezera kusalungama kwa chilengedwe padziko lonse ndi kusiyana kwa kupezeka pankhani ya kusintha kwa nyengo ndi zothetsera nyengo.

Meyer, A., & Spalding, MJ (2021, March). Kusanthula Kovuta Kwambiri pa Zotsatira za Ocean Dioxide Kuchotsa Carbon Dioxide kudzera pa Direct Air ndi Ocean Capture - Kodi Ndi Njira Yotetezeka komanso Yokhazikika? The Ocean Foundation.

Matekinoloje a Emerging Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) atha kukhala ndi gawo lothandizira pamayankho okulirapo pakusintha kuchoka pakuwotcha mafuta oyambira kupita ku gridi yoyera, yofanana, yokhazikika. Zina mwa matekinolojewa ndi Direct air capture (DAC) ndi direct ocean capture (DOC), zomwe zonse zimagwiritsa ntchito makina kuchotsa CO2 mumlengalenga kapena m'nyanja ndikupita nayo kumalo osungiramo pansi kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya womwe wagwidwawo kuti utengenso mafuta kuzinthu zomwe zatha. Pakalipano, teknoloji yojambula kaboni ndiyokwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo imayambitsa ngozi kwa zamoyo za m'nyanja, zamoyo za m'nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, komanso madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kuphatikizapo anthu amtundu wamba. Njira zina zochokera ku chilengedwe monga: kubwezeretsanso mitengo ya mangrove, ulimi wokonzanso, ndi kubzalanso nkhalango zimakhalabe zopindulitsa pa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, anthu, komanso kusungirako mpweya kwa nthawi yaitali popanda zoopsa zambiri zomwe zimatsagana ndi teknoloji ya DAC/DOC. Ngakhale kuopsa ndi kuthekera kwa matekinoloje ochotsa mpweya kumawunikiridwa moyenerera kupita mtsogolo, ndikofunikira kuti "choyamba, musavulaze" kuwonetsetsa kuti zoyipa sizikukhudzidwa pazachilengedwe zathu zamtengo wapatali zam'madzi ndi nyanja.

Center for International Environmental Law. (2021, Marichi 18). Ocean Ecosystems & Geoengineering: Chidziwitso choyambirira.

Njira Zachilengedwe Zochotsera Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) m'malo am'madzi zimaphatikizapo kuteteza ndi kubwezeretsanso mitengo ya mangrove ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja, udzu wa m'nyanja, ndi nkhalango za kelp. Ngakhale ali ndi chiopsezo chocheperapo kusiyana ndi njira zamakono, pali zowonongeka zomwe zingathe kubweretsa zachilengedwe zam'madzi. Njira zaukadaulo za CDR zam'madzi zimafuna kusintha momwe zimakhalira zam'madzi kuti zitenge CO2 yochulukirapo, kuphatikiza zitsanzo zomwe zimakambidwa kwambiri za unyezi wa m'nyanja ndi mchere wam'madzi. Cholinga chake chiyenera kukhala popewa kutulutsa mpweya wopangidwa ndi anthu chifukwa cha anthu, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito njira zosavomerezeka zochepetsera kutulutsa mpweya padziko lapansi.

Gattuso, JP, Williamson, P., Duarte, CM, & Magnan, AK (2021, January 25). Kuthekera kwa Kuchita Kwanyengo Yotengera Nyanja: Negative Emissions Technologies and Beyond. Malire mu Climate. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2020.575716

Mwa mitundu yambiri ya kuchotsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide (CDR), njira zinayi zazikuluzikulu za m'nyanja ndi: mphamvu ya m'nyanja ndi kugwidwa ndi kusungidwa kwa carbon, kubwezeretsa ndi kuchulukitsa zomera za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kupititsa patsogolo zokolola za m'nyanja, kupititsa patsogolo nyengo ndi alkalinization. Lipotili likuwunika mitundu inayiyi ndipo likunena kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza ndi chitukuko cha CDR. Njirazi zimabwerabe ndi zokayikitsa zambiri, koma zimatha kukhala zogwira mtima kwambiri panjira yochepetsera kutentha kwanyengo.

Buck, H., Aines, R., et al. (2021). Malingaliro: Carbon Dioxide Removal Primer. Zabwezedwa Kuchokera: https://cdrprimer.org/read/concepts

Wolembayo amatanthauzira Carbon dioxide kuchotsa (CDR) ngati ntchito iliyonse yomwe imachotsa CO2 mumlengalenga ndikuyisunga mokhazikika m'malo osungiramo nthaka, padziko lapansi, kapena m'nyanja, kapena pazinthu. CDR ndi yosiyana ndi geoengineering, monga, mosiyana ndi geoengineering, njira za CDR zimachotsa CO2 mumlengalenga, koma geoengineering imangoyang'ana kwambiri kuchepetsa zizindikiro za kusintha kwa nyengo. Mawu ena ambiri ofunikira akuphatikizidwa m'mawu awa, ndipo amagwira ntchito ngati chowonjezera pazokambirana zazikulu.

Keith, H., Vardon, M., Obst, C., Young, V., Houghton, RA, & Mackey, B. (2021). Kuwunika Mayankho Otengera Chilengedwe Pakuchepetsa Nyengo ndi Kuteteza Kumafunika Kuwerengera Kwambiri kwa Carbon. Sayansi ya The Total Environment, 769, 144341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144341

Mayankho achilengedwe a Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) ndi njira yothandizana nayo kuthana ndi vuto la nyengo, lomwe limaphatikizapo kaboni ndikuyenda. Kuwerengera kwa kaboni wa Flow-based carbon kumalimbikitsa mayankho achilengedwe kwinaku akuwunikira kuopsa koyaka moto wamafuta.

Bertram, C., & Merk, C. (2020, December 21). Malingaliro a Anthu pa Kuchotsedwa kwa Carbon Dioxide Yochokera ku Ocean-based: The Nature-Engineering Divide?. Malire mu Climate, 31. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2020.594194

Kuvomerezeka kwa anthu kwa njira za Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) m'zaka 15 zapitazi zakhalabe zotsika pazoyeserera zaukadaulo wanyengo poyerekeza ndi zothetsera zachilengedwe. Kafukufuku wamaganizidwe makamaka amayang'ana kwambiri momwe dziko lonse lapansi limagwirira ntchito zaukadaulo wanyengo kapena momwe amawonera njira zamtundu wa buluu wa carbon. Maganizo amasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi malo, maphunziro, ndalama, ndi zina zotero. Njira zamakono ndi zachilengedwe zikhoza kuthandizira pazochitika za CDR zogwiritsidwa ntchito, choncho ndikofunika kuganizira momwe magulu angakhudzidwe mwachindunji.

ClimateWorks. (2020, Disembala 15). Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR). ClimateWorks. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://youtu.be/brl4-xa9DTY.

Kanema wamakanema amphindi anayiwa akufotokoza za kayendedwe ka mpweya wapanyanja yam'madzi ndikuyambitsa njira zodziwika bwino za Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR). Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kanemayu sakunena za kuopsa kwa chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu a njira zamakono za CDR, komanso sikukhudza njira zothetsera chilengedwe.

Brent, K., Burns, W., McGee, J. (2019, December 2). Ulamuliro wa Marine Geoengineering: Lipoti Lapadera. Center for International Governance Innovation. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://www.cigionline.org/publications/governance-marine-geoengineering/

Kukwera kwa matekinoloje a geoengineering m'madzi kuyenera kuyika zofuna zatsopano pamalamulo athu apadziko lonse lapansi kuti azilamulira kuopsa ndi mwayi. Mfundo zina zomwe zilipo pazochitika zam'madzi zitha kugwira ntchito ku geoengineering, komabe, malamulo adapangidwa ndikukambitsirana pazolinga zina osati geoengineering. The London Protocol, kusintha kwa 2013 pa kutaya kwa nyanja ndi ntchito yaulimi yoyenera kwambiri pazaulimi wapamadzi. Mapangano ochulukira padziko lonse lapansi ndi ofunikira kuti akwaniritse kusiyana kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake.

Gattuso, JP, Magnan, AK, Bopp, L., Cheung, WW, Duarte, CM, Hinkel, J., and Rau, GH (2018, October 4). Ocean Solutions Pothana ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Zotsatira Zake pa Zamoyo Zam'madzi. Frontiers mu Marine Science, 337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00337

Ndikofunika kuchepetsa zovuta zokhudzana ndi nyengo pazamoyo zam'madzi popanda kusokoneza chitetezo cha chilengedwe mu njira yothetsera vutoli. Momwemonso olemba kafukufukuyu adasanthula njira za 13 zochokera kunyanja zochepetsera kutentha kwa nyanja, acidity ya nyanja, komanso kukwera kwamadzi, kuphatikiza njira za Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) za umuna, alkalinization, njira zosakanizidwa zapamtunda ndi nyanja, komanso kubwezeretsanso matanthwe. Kupita patsogolo, kutumizidwa kwa njira zosiyanasiyana pamlingo wocheperako kungachepetse zoopsa ndi kusatsimikizika kokhudzana ndi kutumizidwa kwakukulu.

Bungwe la National Research Council. (2015). Kulowererapo kwanyengo: Kuchotsa Carbon Dioxide ndi Kuthamangitsidwa Kodalirika. National Academy Press.

Kutumizidwa kwa njira iliyonse ya Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) imatsagana ndi zosatsimikizika zambiri: zogwira mtima, mtengo, ulamuliro, zakunja, zopindulitsa, chitetezo, chilungamo, ndi zina zotero. . Tsambali likuphatikizapo kusanthula kwabwino kwa matekinoloje omwe akutuluka a CDR. Njira za CDR sizingachuluke kuti zichotse kuchuluka kwa CO2, komabe zimakhala ndi gawo lofunikira paulendo wopita ku net-zero, ndipo chidwi chiyenera kulipidwa.

London Protocol. (2013, October 18). Kusintha kwa Kuwongolera Kuyika kwa Nkhani ya Fertilization ya Nyanja ndi Ntchito Zina za Marine Geoengineering. Zowonjezera 4.

Kusintha kwa 2013 ku London Protocol kumaletsa kutaya zinyalala kapena zinthu zina m'nyanja kuti athe kuwongolera ndi kuletsa feteleza zam'nyanja ndi njira zina zamakina. Kusinthaku ndikusintha koyamba kwapadziko lonse lapansi kuthana ndi njira zilizonse za geoengineering zomwe zingakhudze mitundu ya mapulojekiti ochotsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide omwe angayambitsidwe ndikuyesedwa m'chilengedwe.

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10. Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Kusiyanasiyana, Kufanana, Kuphatikizidwa, ndi Chilungamo (DEIJ)

Phillips, T. ndi King, F. (2021). Zothandizira 5 Zapamwamba Zogwirizana ndi Magulu Kuchokera Pamawonedwe a Deij. Gulu la Ntchito Zosiyanasiyana la Chesapeake Bay Program. PDF.

Bungwe la Chesapeake Bay Program's Diversity Workgroup lakhazikitsa chiwongolero chothandizira kuphatikizira DEIJ m'mapulojekiti okhudzana ndi anthu. Pepala lodziwikiratu lili ndi maulalo okhudzana ndi chilungamo cha chilengedwe, kukondera kosawoneka bwino, ndi kufanana kwamitundu, komanso matanthauzidwe amagulu. Ndikofunikira kuti DEIJ ikhale yophatikizidwa mu projekiti kuyambira pa gawo loyambirira kuti athe kutengapo mbali kwabwino kwa anthu onse ndi madera omwe akukhudzidwa.

Gardiner, B. (2020, July 16). Chilungamo cha Ocean: Kumene Kugwirizana Kwachiyanjano ndi Kulimbana Kwanyengo Zimadutsana. Mafunso ndi Ayana Elizabeth Johnson. Yale Environment 360.

Chilungamo cha m'nyanja chili pamphambano zachitetezo cha nyanja ndi chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndipo mavuto omwe anthu adzakumane nawo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo sakutha. Kuthetsa vuto la nyengo si vuto la uinjiniya chabe koma vuto lachikhalidwe lomwe limasiya ambiri pa zokambirana. Kuyankhulana kwathunthu kumalimbikitsidwa ndipo kulipo pa ulalo wotsatirawu: https://e360.yale.edu/features/ocean-justice-where-social-equity-and-the-climate-fight-intersect.

Rush, E. (2018). Kukwera: Zotulutsa kuchokera ku New American Shore. Canada: Milkweed Editions.

Adanenedwa kudzera mwa munthu woyamba, wolemba Elizabeth Rush akufotokoza zomwe anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo amakumana nazo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Nkhani yofanana ndi atolankhani imaphatikiza nkhani zenizeni za anthu aku Florida, Louisiana, Rhode Island, California, ndi New York omwe akumana ndi zowononga za mphepo yamkuntho, nyengo yoopsa, komanso kukwera kwa mafunde chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo.

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11. Ndondomeko ndi Zofalitsa za Boma

Nyanja & Climate Platform. (2023). Malangizo a ndondomeko kuti mizinda ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja igwirizane ndi kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja. Sea'ties Initiative. 28 pp. Zobwezeredwa ku: https://ocean-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Policy-Recommendations-for-Coastal-Cities-to-Adapt-to-Sea-Level-Rise-_-SEATIES.pdf

Kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja kumabisa kusatsimikizika ndi kusiyanasiyana kochulukira padziko lonse lapansi, koma ndikutsimikiza kuti chodabwitsachi sichingasinthidwe ndipo chidzapitilirabe kwazaka zambiri mpaka zaka masauzande. Padziko lonse lapansi, mizinda ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja, yomwe ili kutsogolo kwa kuukira kwa nyanja, ikufunafuna njira zothetsera vutoli. Poganizira izi, Ocean & Climate Platform (OCP) idakhazikitsa mu 2020 njira ya Sea'ties yothandiza mizinda ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja yomwe ili pachiwopsezo cha kukwera kwa nyanja pothandizira kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa njira zosinthira. Pomaliza zaka zinayi za ntchito ya Sea'ties, "Malangizo a Policy ku Mizinda Yam'mphepete mwa nyanja kuti Agwirizane ndi Kukwera kwa Nyanja Yam'madzi" akutengera luso la sayansi komanso zokumana nazo za akatswiri opitilira 230 omwe adakumana m'mashopu asanu achigawo omwe adakonzedwa ku Northern Europe, Mediterranean, North America, West Africa, ndi Pacific. Tsopano mothandizidwa ndi mabungwe a 5 padziko lonse lapansi, malingaliro a ndondomekoyi akukonzekera ochita zisankho a m'deralo, mayiko, zigawo ndi mayiko, ndipo amayang'ana pa zofunikira zinayi.

United Nations. (2015). Mgwirizano wa Paris. Bonn, Germany: United National Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat, UN Climate Change. Zobwezeredwa ku: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement

Pangano la Paris linayamba kugwira ntchito pa 4 November 2016. Cholinga chake chinali kugwirizanitsa mayiko pofuna kuchepetsa kusintha kwa nyengo ndikusintha kuti zigwirizane ndi zotsatira zake. Cholinga chapakati ndikusunga kutentha kwapadziko lonse lapansi kukhala pansi pa 2 digiri Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) kuposa milingo isanayambike mafakitale ndikuchepetsa kutentha kwina mpaka 1.5 digiri Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit). Izi zakhazikitsidwa ndi chipani chilichonse chomwe chili ndi Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) zomwe zimafuna kuti chipani chilichonse chizipereka lipoti pafupipafupi za zomwe amatulutsa komanso zomwe akuchita. Mpaka pano, Maphwando a 196 adavomereza mgwirizanowu, ngakhale ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti United States idasaina koyambirira koma idapereka chidziwitso kuti isiya mgwirizano.

Chonde dziwani kuti chikalatachi ndi chokhacho chomwe sichinatsatidwe motsatira nthawi. Monga kudzipereka kwakukulu kwapadziko lonse kokhudza mfundo zakusintha kwanyengo, gweroli likuphatikizidwa motsatira nthawi.

Bungwe la Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Gulu Logwira Ntchito II. (2022). Kusintha kwa Nyengo mu 2022 Zokhudza, Kusintha, ndi Chiwopsezo: Chidule cha Opanga Ndondomeko. IPCC. PDF.

Lipoti la Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ndi chidule chapamwamba cha omwe amapanga ndondomeko za zopereka za Gulu la Ntchito II ku Lipoti lachisanu ndi chimodzi la IPCC. Kuunikaku kumaphatikiza chidziwitso mwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa momwe adawunikira kale, ndipo kumalimbana ndi kusintha kwanyengo, zoopsa, ndi kusintha komwe kumachitika nthawi imodzi. Olembawo apereka 'chenjezo lowopsa' ponena za momwe chilengedwe chathu chilili panopa komanso mtsogolo.

United Nations Environment Programme. (2021). Lipoti la Emissions Gap 2021. mgwirizano wamayiko. PDF.

Lipoti la United Nations Environment Programme 2021 likuwonetsa kuti malonjezo anyengo padziko lonse lapansi apangitsa kuti dziko lapansi lifike pa kukwera kwa kutentha kwa 2.7 degrees celsius kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino. Kuti kutentha kwapadziko lonse kusapitirire 1.5 digiri Celsius, kutsatira cholinga cha Pangano la Paris, dziko liyenera kuchepetsa mpweya wotenthetsa dziko lonse ndi theka m’zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zikubwerazi. M'kanthawi kochepa, kuchepetsa mpweya wa methane kuchokera ku mafuta oyaka, zinyalala, ndi ulimi zimatha kuchepetsa kutentha. Misika ya carbon yofotokozedwa bwino ingathandizenso dziko kukwaniritsa zolinga zotulutsa mpweya.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2021, Novembala). Glasgow Climate Pact. mgwirizano wamayiko. PDF.

Glasgow Climate Pact ikufuna kuwonjezereka kwanyengo pamwamba pa Pangano la Zanyengo la Paris la 2015 kuti cholinga cha kutentha kwa 1.5C kokha. Mgwirizanowu udasainidwa ndi mayiko pafupifupi 200 ndipo ndi mgwirizano woyamba wanyengo kuti ukonzekere bwino kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito malasha, ndipo umakhazikitsa malamulo omveka bwino pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi.

Bungwe Lothandizira la Upangiri wa Sayansi ndi Zamakono. (2021). Kukambitsirana kwa Nyanja ndi Nyengo Yoti Mulingalire Momwe Mungalimbikitsire Kusintha ndi Kuchepetsa Kuchitapo kanthu. United Nations. PDF.

Bungwe Lothandizira la Uphungu wa Sayansi ndi Zamakono (SBSTA) ndilo lipoti loyamba lachidule la zomwe zidzakhala zokambirana zapachaka zapanyanja ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Lipotili ndilofunika ku COP 25 kuti lipereke lipoti. Zokambiranazi zidalandiridwa ndi 2021 Glasgow Climate Pact, ndipo zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa Maboma kulimbikitsa kumvetsetsa kwawo ndikuchitapo kanthu pa nyanja ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.

Komiti ya Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. (2021). The United Nations Zaka khumi za Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030): Ndondomeko Yoyendetsera, Chidule. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000376780

United Nations yalengeza kuti 2021-2030 kukhala Zaka khumi za Ocean. M'zaka khumi zapitazi bungwe la United Nations likugwira ntchito mopyola mphamvu za dziko limodzi kuti ligwirizanitse kafukufuku, mabizinesi, ndi zoyeserera pazofunikira zapadziko lonse lapansi. Opitilira 2,500 omwe adakhudzidwa nawo adathandizira pakupanga dongosolo la UN Zaka khumi la Ocean Science for Sustainable Development lomwe limayika zofunikira zasayansi zomwe zidzayambitse mayankho asayansi apanyanja pachitukuko chokhazikika. Zosintha pazoyeserera za Ocean Decade zitha kupezeka Pano.

Lamulo la Nyanja ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo. (2020). Mu E. Johansen, S. Busch, & I. Jakobsen (Eds.), Lamulo la Nyanja ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo: Zothetsera ndi Zopinga (pp. I-Ii). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pali mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa njira zothetsera kusintha kwa nyengo ndi zotsatira za malamulo a nyengo padziko lonse ndi lamulo la nyanja. Ngakhale kuti amapangidwa makamaka kudzera m'mabungwe osiyana azamalamulo, kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi malamulo apanyanja kungapangitse kukwaniritsa zolinga zopindulitsa.

United Nations Environment Programme (2020, June 9) Gender, Climate & Security: Kusunga Mtendere Wophatikizana pa Frontlines of Climate Change. Mgwirizano wamayiko. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/gender-climate-security-sustaining-inclusive-peace-frontlines-climate-change

Kusintha kwanyengo kukukulitsa mikhalidwe imene imasokoneza mtendere ndi chisungiko. Miyambo ya jenda ndi magulu amphamvu amayika gawo lalikulu pa momwe anthu angakhudzidwe ndi momwe angachitire ndi vuto lomwe likukulirakulira. Lipoti la United Nations limalimbikitsa kuphatikizira ndondomeko zowonjezera, kukulitsa mapulogalamu ophatikizika, kuonjezera ndalama zomwe akuyembekezeredwa, ndi kukulitsa umboni wa miyeso ya jenda ya ngozi zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha nyengo.

United Nations Water. (2020, Marichi 21). Lipoti la United Nations World Water Development 2020: Madzi ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo. United Nations Water. https://www.unwater.org/publications/world-water-development-report-2020/

Kusintha kwa nyengo kudzakhudza kupezeka, ubwino, ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi pazinthu zofunikira zaumunthu zomwe zikuwopseza chitetezo cha chakudya, thanzi la anthu, midzi ya m'midzi ndi kumidzi, kupanga mphamvu, ndikuwonjezera mafupipafupi ndi kukula kwa zochitika zoopsa monga mafunde otentha ndi mvula yamkuntho. Mavuto okhudzana ndi madzi omwe akuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo kumawonjezera ngozi zamadzi, ukhondo, ndi ukhondo (WASH). Mwayi wothana ndi vuto lomwe likukula chifukwa cha nyengo ndi vuto la madzi limaphatikizapo kusintha mwadongosolo komanso kukonza zochepetsera m'mabizinesi amadzi, zomwe zipangitsa kuti ndalama ndi zochitika zomwe zikugwirizana nazo zikhale zokopa kwambiri kwa osamalira zachuma. Kusintha kwa nyengo kudzakhudza zambiri osati zamoyo za m’madzi zokha, koma pafupifupi zochita zonse za anthu.

Blunden, J., ndi Arndt, D. (2020). State of the Climate mu 2019. American Meteorological Society. Malo a NOAA a National Centers for Environmental Information.https://journals.ametsoc.org/bams/article-pdf/101/8/S1/4988910/2020bamsstateoftheclimate.pdf

NOAA idanenanso kuti chaka cha 2019 chinali chaka chotentha kwambiri cholembedwa kuyambira pomwe zolemba zidayamba pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800. 2019 idawonanso kuchuluka kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, kukwera kwamadzi am'nyanja, komanso kutentha komwe kunalembedwa kumadera aliwonse padziko lapansi. Chaka chino inali nthawi yoyamba kuti lipoti la NOAA liphatikizepo mafunde otentha am'madzi omwe akuwonetsa kufalikira kwa mafunde am'madzi am'madzi. Lipotilo likuwonjezera Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.

Nyanja ndi Nyengo. (2019, December) Malangizo a Ndondomeko: Nyanja yathanzi, nyengo yotetezedwa. The Ocean ndi Climate Platform. https://ocean-climate.org/?page_id=8354&lang=en

Kutengera zomwe zidapangidwa mu 2014 COP21 ndi Pangano la Paris la 2015, lipotili likuwonetsa masitepe a nyanja yabwino komanso nyengo yotetezedwa. Mayiko ayenera kuyamba ndi kuchepetsa, kenako kusintha, ndipo potsirizira pake agwirizane ndi ndalama zokhazikika. Zochita zolangizidwa zikuphatikizapo: kuchepetsa kutentha kwa 1.5 ° C; kuthetsa thandizo la kupanga mafuta opangira mafuta; kukhala ndi mphamvu zongowonjezedwa m'madzi; kufulumizitsa njira zosinthira; kulimbikitsa zoyesayesa zothetsa usodzi wosaloledwa, wopanda malipoti komanso wosayendetsedwa (IUU) pofika 2020; kukhala ndi pangano lomangirira mwalamulo la kasungidwe koyenera ndi kasamalidwe koyenera ka zamoyo zosiyanasiyana m’nyanja zikuluzikulu; kutsata cholinga cha 30% ya nyanja yotetezedwa ndi 2030; limbikitsani kafukufuku wapadziko lonse wokhudzana ndi zanyengo yapanyanja pophatikiza gawo la chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe.

Bungwe Loyanganira Thanzi Padziko Lonse la Pansi. (2019, Epulo 18). Health, Environment and Climate Change WHO Global Strategy on Health, Environment and Climate Change: Kusintha Kumafunika Kuti Pakhale Miyoyo Yamoyo ndi Ubwino Mokhazikika Kupyolera mu Malo Athanzi. Bungwe la World Health Organization, Seventh-Second World Health Assembly A72/15, Gawo lazigawo 11.6.

Zowopsa zomwe zimadziwika kuti zingapewedwe zachilengedwe zimayambitsa pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi aliwonse a imfa ndi matenda padziko lonse lapansi, kufa kosalekeza kwa 13 miliyoni chaka chilichonse. Kusintha kwanyengo kukuchulukirachulukira, koma kuwopseza thanzi la anthu chifukwa cha kusintha kwanyengo kumatha kuchepetsedwa. Zochita ziyenera kuchitidwa poyang'ana pazidziwitso za kumtunda kwa thanzi, zomwe zimayambitsa kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi chilengedwe mu njira yophatikizira yomwe imasinthidwa malinga ndi zochitika zapaderalo ndikuthandizidwa ndi njira zoyendetsera bwino.

United Nations Development Program. (2019). Lonjezo la Zanyengo la UNDP: Kuteteza Agenda 2030 Kupyolera Mchitidwe Wolimba Pazanyengo. United Nations Development Program. PDF.

Kuti tikwaniritse zolinga zomwe zakhazikitsidwa mu Pangano la Paris, Bungwe la United Nations Development Programme lidzathandiza mayiko 100 mu ndondomeko yophatikizana komanso yowonekera popereka zopereka za Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Ntchito zoperekedwa zikuphatikiza kuthandizira kukulitsa kufuna kwa ndale ndi umwini wa anthu pamayiko ndi mayiko; kuunikanso ndikusintha zomwe zilipo kale, ndondomeko, ndi miyeso; kuphatikiza magawo atsopano kapena miyezo ya mpweya wowonjezera kutentha; kuwunika ndalama ndi mwayi wopeza ndalama; kuyang'anira momwe zikuyendera ndi kulimbikitsa kuwonekera.

Pörtner, HO, Roberts, DC, Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., …, & Weyer, N. (2019). Lipoti Lapadera pa Nyanja ndi Cryosphere mu Kusintha kwa Nyengo. Bungwe la Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. PDF

Bungwe la Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change linatulutsa lipoti lapadera lolembedwa ndi asayansi oposa 100 ochokera m’mayiko oposa 36 pankhani ya kusintha kosatha kwa nyanja ndi m’madera oundana a dziko lapansi. Zomwe zapeza ndikuti kusintha kwakukulu m'madera amapiri okwera kudzakhudza madera akumunsi kwa mtsinje, madzi oundana ndi madzi oundana akusungunuka zomwe zikuthandizira kuwonjezeka kwa kukwera kwa nyanja yomwe ikuyembekezeka kufika 30-60 cm (11.8 - 23.6 mainchesi) ndi 2100 ngati mpweya wowonjezera kutentha umatulutsa. atsekeredwa mwamphamvu ndi 60-110cm (23.6 - 43.3 mainchesi) ngati mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ukupitilira kukwera kwawo komweku. Padzakhala zochitika zapanyanja zambiri, kusintha kwa chilengedwe cha m'nyanja chifukwa cha kutentha kwa nyanja ndi acidification komanso madzi oundana a m'nyanja ya Arctic akutsika mwezi uliwonse pamodzi ndi kusungunuka kwa permafrost. Lipotilo likupeza kuti kuchepetsa kwambiri mpweya woipa wowonjezera kutentha, kuteteza ndi kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe komanso kusamalira bwino zinthu kumapangitsa kuti nyanja ndi cryosphere zisungidwe, koma ziyenera kuchitika.

US Department of Defense. (2019, Januware). Lipoti pa Zotsatira za Kusintha kwa Nyengo ku Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo. Ofesi ya Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment. Zobwezeredwa ku: https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/sec_335_ndaa-report_effects_of_a_changing_climate_to_dod.pdf

Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ku United States ikuwona zoopsa za chitetezo cha dziko zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi zochitika zotsatila monga kusefukira kwa madzi, chilala, chipululu, moto wolusa, ndi kusungunuka kwa permafrost pa chitetezo cha dziko. Lipotilo likuwona kuti kupirira kwanyengo kuyenera kuphatikizidwa muzokonzekera ndi kupanga zisankho ndipo sikungathe kukhala ngati pulogalamu yosiyana. Lipotilo likupeza kuti pali zofooka zazikulu zachitetezo kuchokera ku zochitika zokhudzana ndi nyengo pa ntchito ndi mishoni.

Wuebbles, DJ, Fahey, DW, Hibbard, KA, Dokken, DJ, Stewart, BC, & Maycock, TK (2017). Lipoti Lapadera la Sayansi ya Zanyengo: Kuwunika Kwanyengo kwa Dziko Lachinayi, Volume I. Washington, DC, USA: US Global Change Research Program.

Monga gawo la National Climate Assessment yolamulidwa ndi US Congress kuti ichitike zaka zinayi zilizonse idapangidwa kuti ikhale kuwunika kovomerezeka kwa sayansi yakusintha kwanyengo ndikuyang'ana ku United States. Zina mwazofunikira zazikulu zomwe zapezedwa ndi izi: zaka zana zapitazi ndizotentha kwambiri m'mbiri yachitukuko; ntchito za anthu - makamaka umuna wa wowonjezera kutentha mpweya - ndi lalikulu chifukwa cha anaona kutentha; chiŵerengero cha nyanja padziko lonse chakwera ndi mainchesi 7 m’zaka za zana zapitazi; kusefukira kwa madzi kumawonjezeka ndipo madzi a m'nyanja akuyembekezeka kupitiriza kukwera; kutentha kudzakhala kochulukira, monganso moto wa m'nkhalango; ndipo kukula kwa kusintha kudzadalira kwambiri milingo yapadziko lonse ya mpweya wowonjezera kutentha.

Cicin-Sain, B. (2015, April). Cholinga cha 14-Kusunga ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mokhazikika Nyanja, Nyanja ndi Zida Zam'madzi Pachitukuko Chokhazikika. United Nations Chronicle, LI(4). Kuchokera ku: http://unchronicle.un.org/article/goal-14-conserve-and-sustainably-useoceans-seas-and-marine-resources-sustainable/ 

Cholinga cha 14 cha United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) chikuwunikira kufunikira kosunga nyanja ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu zam'madzi. Thandizo lamphamvu kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka nyanja zimachokera ku mayiko ang'onoang'ono omwe akutukuka kumene komanso mayiko otukuka kwambiri omwe akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusasamala kwa nyanja. Mapulogalamu omwe amakhudza Goal 14 amagwiranso ntchito kukwaniritsa zolinga zina zisanu ndi ziwiri za UN SDG kuphatikizapo umphawi, chitetezo cha chakudya, mphamvu, kukula kwachuma, zomangamanga, kuchepetsa kusagwirizana, mizinda ndi malo okhala anthu, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosatha ndi kupanga, kusintha kwa nyengo, zachilengedwe, ndi njira zothandizira. ndi maubwenzi.

Mgwirizano wamayiko. (2015). Cholinga cha 13—Chitanipo Ntchito Mwachangu Kuti Muthane ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Zotsatira Zake. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform. Zobwezeredwa ku: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg13

Cholinga cha nambala 13 cha United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) chikuwunikira kufunikira kothana ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Kuchokera pa Pangano la Paris, maiko ambiri achitapo kanthu pazachuma cha nyengo kudzera mu zopereka zomwe zatsimikiziridwa ndi dziko lonse, padakali kufunikira kwakukulu kochitapo kanthu pa kuchepetsa ndi kusintha, makamaka ku mayiko otukuka kwambiri ndi mayiko ang'onoang'ono a zilumba. 

US Department of Defense. (2015, July 23). Chitetezo Chadziko Chokhudza Zowopsa Zokhudzana ndi Nyengo ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo. Komiti ya Senate Yoyang'anira Ntchito. Zobwezeredwa ku: https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/150724-congressional-report-on-national-implications-of-climate-change.pdf

Unduna wa Zachitetezo umawona kusintha kwanyengo ngati chiwopsezo chachitetezo chomwe chili ndi zotsatira zowoneka bwino pakudodometsa komanso kupsinjika kwa mayiko ndi madera omwe ali pachiwopsezo, kuphatikiza United States. Zowopsazo zimasiyana, koma onse amagawana zomwe zimafunikira kusintha kwanyengo.

Pachauri, RK, & Meyer, LA (2014). Kusintha kwa Nyengo 2014: Lipoti la Synthesis. Kupereka kwa Magulu Ogwira Ntchito I, II ndi III ku Lipoti Lachisanu Lachisanu la Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Bungwe la Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland. Zobwezeredwa ku: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/

Chikoka cha anthu pa nyengo ndi chodziwikiratu ndipo mpweya waposachedwa wa anthropogenic wa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndiwokwera kwambiri m'mbiri. Kuthekera kosinthika ndi kuchepetsa kulipo m'gawo lililonse lalikulu, koma mayankho adzadalira ndondomeko ndi njira zapadziko lonse lapansi, dziko lonse lapansi, komanso mdera lanu. Lipoti la 2014 lakhala kafukufuku wotsimikizika wokhudza kusintha kwanyengo.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Cai, R., Poloczanska, E., Brewer, P., Sundby, S., Hilmi, K., ..., & Jung, S. (2014). Kusintha kwa Nyengo 2014: Zotsatira, Kusintha, ndi Chiwopsezo. Gawo B: Mbali Zachigawo. Kupereka kwa Gulu Logwira Ntchito II ku Lipoti lachisanu lachisanu la Intergovernmental Panel pa Kusintha kwa Nyengo. Cambridge, UK ndi New York, New York USA: Cambridge University Press. 1655-1731. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap30_FINAL.pdf

Nyanja ndi yofunika ku nyengo ya Dziko Lapansi ndipo yamwetsa 93% ya mphamvu zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera ku greenhouse effect komanso pafupifupi 30% ya carbon dioxide ya anthropogenic yochokera mumlengalenga. Kutentha kwapakati panyanja padziko lonse lapansi kwawonjezeka kuyambira 1950-2009. Madzi a m'nyanja akusintha chifukwa chotenga CO2 kutsitsa pH yonse ya m'nyanja. Izi, pamodzi ndi zotsatira zina zambiri za kusintha kwa nyengo kwa anthropogenic, zimakhala ndi zowononga zambiri panyanja, zamoyo zam'madzi, chilengedwe, ndi anthu.

Chonde dziwani kuti izi zikugwirizana ndi Lipoti la Synthesis lomwe lafotokozedwa pamwambapa, koma ndi la Ocean.

Griffis, R., & Howard, J. (Eds.). (2013). Nyanja ndi Zida Zam'madzi pa Nyengo Yosintha; Kulowetsa Mwaukadaulo ku National Climate Assessment ya 2013. Tndi National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.

Monga mnzake wa lipoti la National Climate Assessment 2013, chikalatachi chikuyang'ana zaukadaulo ndi zomwe zapeza zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe cha nyanja ndi nyanja. Lipotilo likunena kuti kusintha kwa thupi ndi mankhwala koyendetsedwa ndi nyengo kukubweretsa vuto lalikulu, kudzasokoneza kwambiri zinthu za m'nyanja, motero chilengedwe cha dziko lapansi. Pali mipata yambiri yosinthira ndikuthana ndi mavutowa kuphatikiza kuwonjezereka kwa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, mwayi wolanda, komanso kuwongolera bwino malamulo apanyanja ndi kasamalidwe. Lipotili limapereka imodzi mwazofufuza bwino kwambiri zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo ndi zotsatira zake panyanja zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi kafukufuku wozama.

Warner, R., & Schofield, C. (Eds.). (2012). Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Nyanja: Kuwunika Zamakono ndi Zalamulo ku Asia Pacific ndi Kupitilira. Northampton, Massachusetts: Edwards Elgar Publishing, Inc.

Zolemba izi zimayang'ana kuyanjana kwaulamuliro ndi kusintha kwanyengo m'chigawo cha Asia-Pacific. Bukuli likuyamba ndi kukambirana za momwe kusintha kwa nyengo kumakhudzira chilengedwe komanso zotsatira zake pazachilengedwe. Zokambirana zaulamuliro wapanyanja ku Southern Ocean ndi Antarctic zotsatiridwa ndi kukambirana za malire a mayiko ndi panyanja, kutsatiridwa ndi kuwunika kwachitetezo. Mitu yomaliza ikukamba za zotsatira za mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndi mwayi wochepetsera. Kusintha kwa nyengo kumapereka mwayi wogwirizana padziko lonse lapansi, zikusonyeza kufunika koyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira zochitika za m'nyanja za geo-engineering pofuna kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yogwirizana yapadziko lonse, chigawo, ndi dziko lonse lapansi yomwe imazindikira udindo wa nyanja pakusintha kwa nyengo.

Mgwirizano wamayiko. (1997, December 11). Kyoto Protocol. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol

Protocol ya Kyoto ndi kudzipereka kwapadziko lonse lapansi kukhazikitsa mipherezero yomwe ikuyenera kutsatiridwa padziko lonse lapansi yochepetsera kutulutsa mpweya woipa. Mgwirizanowu unavomerezedwa mu 1997 ndipo unayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2005. Doha Amendment inavomerezedwa mu December, 2012 kuti iwonjezere ndondomekoyi mpaka December 31st, 2020 ndi kukonzanso mndandanda wa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha (GHG) womwe uyenera kufotokozedwa ndi gulu lirilonse.

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12. Njira Zothetsera

Ruffo, S. (2021, October). Njira Zopangira Zanyengo za M'nyanjayi. TED. https://youtu.be/_VVAu8QsTu8

Tiyenera kuganiza za nyanja ngati gwero la mayankho m'malo moganizira gawo lina la chilengedwe lomwe tiyenera kupulumutsa. Nyanja pano ndi yomwe ikupangitsa kuti nyengo ikhale yokhazikika kuti ithandizire anthu, ndipo ndi gawo lofunikira polimbana ndi kusintha kwanyengo. Njira zothetsera nyengo zachilengedwe zimapezeka pogwira ntchito ndi machitidwe athu amadzi, pamene nthawi imodzi timachepetsa mpweya wathu wowonjezera kutentha.

Carlson, D. (2020, Okutobala 14) Pasanathe Zaka 20, Kukwera Kwa Nyanja Kudzagunda Pafupifupi Chigawo Chilichonse Cha M'mphepete mwa Nyanja - ndi Ma Bond awo. Sustainable Investing.

Kuchulukitsa kwa ziwopsezo zangongole chifukwa cha kusefukira kwamadzi pafupipafupi komanso koopsa kumatha kupweteketsa ma municipalities, vuto lomwe lakulitsidwa ndi vuto la COVID-19. Maiko omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri am'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso azachuma amakumana ndi ziwopsezo zazaka khumi zangongole chifukwa cha kuchepa kwachuma komanso kukwera mtengo kwa kukwera kwa nyanja. Maiko aku US omwe ali pachiwopsezo kwambiri ndi Florida, New Jersey, ndi Virginia.

Johnson, A. (2020, June 8). Kuteteza Nyengo Yang'anani ku Nyanja. Scientific American. PDF.

Nyanja ili muvuto lalikulu chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, koma pali mwayi wowonjezera mphamvu zakunyanja, kuthamangitsidwa kwa carbon, algae biofuel, ndi ulimi wa m'nyanja zosinthika. Nyanja ndi chiwopsezo kwa mamiliyoni okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja kudzera kusefukira kwa madzi, ozunzidwa ndi zochita za anthu, ndi mwayi wopulumutsa dziko lapansi, zonse nthawi imodzi. Blue New Deal ikufunika kuwonjezera pa Green New Deal yomwe ikukonzedwa kuti ithetse vuto la nyengo ndikusintha nyanja kukhala chiwopsezo kukhala yankho.

Ceres (2020, June 1) Kuthana ndi Nyengo Monga Chiwopsezo Mwadongosolo: Kuitana Kuchitapo kanthu. Ceres. https://www.ceres.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/Financial%20Regulator%20Executive%20Summary%20FINAL.pdf

Kusintha kwanyengo ndi chiwopsezo chokhazikika chifukwa chakutha kusokoneza misika yayikulu zomwe zitha kubweretsa zotsatira zoyipa pazachuma. Ceres imapereka malingaliro opitilira 50 pamalamulo ofunikira azachuma pakusintha kwanyengo. Izi zikuphatikizapo: kuvomereza kuti kusintha kwa nyengo kumabweretsa chiopsezo ku kukhazikika kwa msika wa ndalama, kumafuna kuti mabungwe azachuma ayesetse kuyesa kwa nyengo, amafuna kuti mabanki awone ndi kuwulula zoopsa za nyengo, monga kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon kuchokera ku ntchito zawo zobwereketsa ndi zachuma, kuphatikizira zoopsa za nyengo mu kubwezeretsanso anthu. ndondomeko, makamaka m'madera omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa, ndikugwirizana nawo kuyesetsa kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi kuopsa kwa nyengo.

Gattuso, J., Magnan, A., Gallo, N., Herr, D., Rochette, J., Vallejo, L., ndi Williamson, P. (2019, November) Mwayi Wowonjezera Kuchita kwa Nyanja mu Chidule cha Policy Brief . IDDRI Sustainable Development & International Relations.

Lofalitsidwa patsogolo pa 2019 Blue COP (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti COP25), lipoti ili likunena kuti kupititsa patsogolo chidziwitso ndi mayankho okhudzana ndi nyanja kumatha kusunga kapena kukulitsa ntchito zam'nyanja ngakhale kusintha kwanyengo. Pamene ntchito zambiri zothana ndi kusintha kwanyengo zikuwululidwa komanso maiko akuyesetsa kukwaniritsa zofunikira za Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), maiko akuyenera kuyika patsogolo kukula kwa zochitika zanyengo ndikuyika patsogolo ntchito zazikuluzikulu komanso zochepetsera chisoni.

Gramling, C. (2019, October 6). Muvuto la Nyengo, Kodi Geoengineering Ndi Yoyenera Kuwopsa? Nkhani za Sayansi. PDF.

Pofuna kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, anthu apereka malingaliro opanga ma projekiti akuluakulu a geoengineering kuti achepetse kutentha kwa nyanja ndi sequester carbon. Mapulojekiti omwe aperekedwa ndi awa: kupanga magalasi akuluakulu mumlengalenga, kuwonjezera ma aerosols ku stratosphere, ndi mbewu za m'nyanja (kuwonjezera chitsulo ngati feteleza kunyanja kuti phytoplankton ikule). Ena amati mapulojekiti a geoengineering awa atha kubweretsa madera akufa ndikuwopseza zamoyo zam'madzi. Mgwirizano wamba ndikuti kafukufuku wochulukirapo akufunika chifukwa chakukayikakayika kwakukulu pazotsatira zanthawi yayitali za akatswiri a geoengineers.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Northrop, E., ndi Lubehenco, J. (2019, September 27). Nyanja Ndi Yofunika Kwambiri Kukwaniritsa Zolinga Zanyengo ndi Zachikhalidwe: Kufikira panyanja kungathandize kutseka Mipata Yochepetsera. Insights Policy Forum, Science Magazine. 265(6460), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz4390.

Ngakhale kuti kusintha kwa nyengo kumakhudza kwambiri nyanja, nyanjayi imagwiranso ntchito ngati gwero la njira zothetsera mavuto: mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso; kutumiza ndi kutumiza; kuteteza ndi kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi nyanja; nsomba, nsomba zam'madzi, ndi zakudya zosintha; ndi kusunga mpweya m'nyanja. Mayankho onsewa adaperekedwa kale, koma ndi mayiko ochepa kwambiri omwe adaphatikizirapo chimodzi mwazoperekazo mu Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) pansi pa Pangano la Paris. Ma NDC asanu ndi atatu okha omwe ali ndi miyeso yoyezetsa kuchotsedwa kwa kaboni, awiri amatchula mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa zochokera kunyanja, ndipo imodzi yokha idatchulapo zotumiza zokhazikika. Pali mwayi wowongolera zolinga zanthawi yayitali ndi mfundo zochepetsera zotengera nyanja kuti zitsimikizire kuti zolinga zochepetsera utsi zikukwaniritsidwa.

Cooley, S., BelloyB., Bodansky, D., Mansell, A., Merkl, A., Purvis, N., Ruffo, S., Taraska, G., Zivian, A. ndi Leonard, G. (2019, Mayi 23). Kunyalanyaza njira za m'nyanja zothana ndi kusintha kwanyengo. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101968.

Maiko ambiri adzipereka kuletsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kudzera pa Pangano la Paris. Kuti mukhale maphwando opambana pa Pangano la Paris ayenera: kuteteza nyanja ndikufulumizitsa kulakalaka kwanyengo, kuyang'ana kwambiri CO.₂ kuchepetsa, kumvetsetsa ndi kuteteza kusungidwa kwa carbon dioxide m'nyanja zam'nyanja, ndikutsatira njira zokhazikika zosinthira kunyanja.

Helvarg, D. (2019). Kulowa mu Ocean Climate Action Plan. Alert Diver Online.

Osambira ali ndi malingaliro apadera a chilengedwe chonyansa cha nyanja yamchere chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Mwakutero, a Helvarg akunena kuti osiyanasiyana akuyenera kugwirizanitsa kuti athandizire Dongosolo la Ocean Climate Action Plan. Dongosololi liwonetsa kufunikira kwa kukonzanso kwa US National Flood Insurance Program, ndalama zazikulu zachitetezo cham'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikuyang'ana zotchinga zachilengedwe ndi magombe amoyo, malangizo atsopano amphamvu zongowonjezwdwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, maukonde otetezedwa m'madzi (MPAs), thandizo kwa kukulitsa madoko ndi madera asodzi, kuchulukitsa kwachuma kwaulimi wamadzi, ndi ndondomeko yokonzedwanso ya National Disaster Recovery Framework.

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13. Mukuyang'ana Zambiri? (Zowonjezera)

Tsamba lofufuzirali lapangidwa kuti likhale mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zimafalitsidwa kwambiri panyanja ndi nyengo. Kuti mumve zambiri pamitu inayake, timalimbikitsa magazini otsatirawa, nkhokwe, ndi zosonkhanitsa: 

• Meyer, A. ndi Spalding, M. (2021, March). Kuwunika Kovuta Kwambiri pa Zotsatira za Ocean Dioxide Kuchotsa Carbon Dioxide kudzera pa Direct Air ndi Ocean Capture- Kodi Ndi Njira Yotetezeka komanso Yokhazikika? (Gawo loperekedwa ku National Academies of Sciences, Engineering ndi Medicine kuti liganizidwe mu fayilo yofikira anthu Kafukufuku wa CDR wa NASEM)
• Journal of Ocean ndi Climate
• Ocean ndi Coastal Management
• NOAA's 1991 Oceans and Climate Bibliography
• Mbiri ya Discovery of Global Warming
• Kutolera kwa New York University of Global Laws zokhudzana ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo

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