Ulamuliro wa Ocean mu Anthropocene

Olemba: Ruben Zondervan, Leopoldo Cavaleri Gerhardinger, Isabel Torres de Noronha, Mark Joseph Spalding , Oran R Young
Dzina Lofalitsidwa: International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, Global Change Magazine, Issue 81
Tsiku Lofalitsidwa: Lachiwiri, October 1, 2013

Panthaŵi ina nyanja yamchere inalingaliridwa kukhala chinthu chopanda malire, chogaŵidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mayiko ndi anthu awo. Tsopano tikudziwa bwino. Ruben Zondervan, Leopoldo Cavaleri Gerhardinger, Isabel Torres de Noronha, Mark Joseph Spalding ndi Oran R Young amafufuza momwe angalamulire ndi kuteteza chilengedwe chathu chapanyanja. 

Anthufe poyamba tinkaganiza kuti Dziko Lapansi ndi lafulati. Sitinkadziwa kuti nyanja zam'nyanja zidapitilira kutali, zomwe zidaphimba pafupifupi 70% yapadziko lapansi, zomwe zili ndi madzi opitilira 95%. Ofufuza oyambirira ataphunzira kuti dziko lapansi ndi lozungulira, nyanja zinasintha kukhala malo aakulu a mbali ziwiri, makamaka osazindikirika - a ma incognitum.

Lero, tafufuza mafunde panyanja iliyonse ndikuyika kuya kwakuya kwambiri kwa nyanja, tikufika pakuwona mbali zitatu zamadzi omwe akuzungulira dziko lapansi. Tsopano tikudziwa kuti kulumikizana kwa madzi ndi machitidwewa kumatanthauza kuti Dziko lapansi lili ndi nyanja imodzi yokha. 

Ngakhale kuti sitinamvetsetse kuzama ndi kuopsa kwa ziopsezo zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha kusintha kwa dziko lapansi pa kayendetsedwe ka nyanja zapadziko lapansi, timadziwa mokwanira kuti tizindikire kuti nyanja ili pachiopsezo chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso, kuipitsa, kuwonongeka kwa malo ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Ndipo tikudziwa mokwanira kuvomereza kuti ulamuliro wam'nyanja womwe ulipo ndi wosakwanira kuthana ndi ziwopsezozi. 

Apa, tikufotokozera zovuta zazikulu zitatu muulamuliro wa panyanja, ndikukhazikitsa zovuta zisanu zowunikira zomwe zikuyenera kuthetsedwa, malinga ndi Earth System Governance Project, kuti titeteze nyanja yolumikizana kwambiri padziko lapansi. 

Kuthetsa mavuto
Apa, tikuwona zovuta zitatu zofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera panyanja: kukwera kwazovuta, kufunikira kolimbikitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse pamayankho a ulamuliro, ndi kulumikizana kwa machitidwe apanyanja.

Vuto loyamba likukhudza kufunikira koyang'anira kuchuluka kwa momwe anthu amagwiritsidwira ntchito panyanja zomwe zikupitilizabe kuwononga kwambiri chuma cha m'nyanja. Nyanja ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha momwe katundu wadziko lonse angathere ngakhale pamene malamulo ena otetezera akhazikitsidwa, kaya ndi malamulo ovomerezeka kapena olamulira amtundu wamba. 

Malinga ndi malo, dziko lililonse la m'mphepete mwa nyanja lili ndi ulamuliro pamadzi ake am'mphepete mwa nyanja. Koma kupyola pa madzi a dziko, machitidwe a m’nyanja akuphatikizapo nyanja zazikulu ndi za pansi pa nyanja, zomwe zimabwera pansi pa Mgwirizano wa United Nations pa Chilamulo cha Nyanja (UNCLOS), womwe unakhazikitsidwa mu 1982. Nyanja ya nyanja ndi madzi opitirira malire a mayiko nthawi zambiri sabwereka. kudziwitsa anthu za kudzilamulira okha; motero, malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito zilango m’mikhalidwe imeneyi angakhale othandiza kwambiri kuletsa kudyera masuku pamutu. 

Nkhani za malonda a m'nyanja, kuipitsidwa kwa m'nyanja, zamoyo za m'nyanja zomwe zimasamukasamuka komanso nsomba zodutsa malire zimasonyeza kuti mavuto ambiri amadutsa malire a madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi nyanja zazikulu. Kudutsaku kumabweretsa mavuto achiwiri, omwe amafunikira mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mayiko onse. 

Njira zapanyanja nazonso zimalumikizidwa ndi mlengalenga ndi dziko lapansi. Kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kukusintha kuzungulira kwa biogeochemical padziko lapansi ndi chilengedwe. Padziko lonse lapansi, kusintha kwa asidi m'nyanja ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndizo zotsatira zofunika kwambiri za mpweya umenewu. Mavuto achitatuwa amafuna kuti maulamuliro azitha kuthana ndi kulumikizana pakati pa zigawo zazikulu za chilengedwe chapadziko lapansi munthawi ino yakusintha kwakukulu komanso kofulumira. 

Kusakaniza kwa Marine: zitsanzo za mabungwe a boma, mayiko ndi zigawo, mabungwe omwe si aboma, ofufuza, mabizinesi ndi ena omwe amatenga nawo mbali pazaulamuliro wa nyanja. 

Kusanthula mavuto kuti athetse
The Earth System Governance Project ikuchitapo kanthu kuthana ndi zovuta zazikulu zitatu zomwe timapereka pamwambapa. Yakhazikitsidwa mu 2009, pulojekiti yayikulu yazaka khumi ya International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change ikusonkhanitsa ofufuza mazana ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mothandizidwa ndi gulu loyang'anira kayendetsedwe ka nyanja, polojekitiyi idzaphatikiza kafukufuku wa sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu pamitu yokhudzana ndi zovuta zathu, kuphatikizapo kugawikana kwa maulamuliro; Ulamuliro wa madera opitilira maiko; ndondomeko zausodzi ndi migodi; ndi udindo wa malonda kapena mabungwe omwe si aboma (monga asodzi kapena mabizinesi okopa alendo) pa chitukuko chokhazikika. 

Ogwira ntchitoyo apanganso ndondomeko yofufuza za polojekitiyi, yomwe imayika patsogolo mavuto asanu odalirana pakati pazovuta za kayendetsedwe ka nyanja. Tiyeni tiwone izi mwachidule.

Vuto loyamba ndi kuphunzira kwa maulamuliro onse kapena mamangidwe okhudzana ndi nyanja. "Constitution of the ocean", UNCLOS, imafotokoza zonse zomwe zikuyenera kutsatiridwa pakuwongolera nyanja. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za UNCLOS ndi monga kugawa malire a maulamuliro a m'nyanja, momwe mayiko ayenera kugwirira ntchito limodzi, ndi zolinga zonse za kayendetsedwe ka nyanja, komanso kupereka maudindo apadera kwa mabungwe apakati pa maboma. 

Koma dongosololi lakhala lachikale chifukwa anthu akhala akugwira ntchito bwino kuposa kale lonse pakukolola zinthu za m’nyanja, ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito anthu m’nyanja (monga kubowola mafuta, usodzi, kukopa alendo kwa matanthwe a m’nyanja ndi madera otetezedwa a m’nyanja) tsopano zikudutsana ndi kukangana. Koposa zonse, dongosololi lalephera kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe anthu amachita panyanja kuchokera kumtunda ndi mpweya: mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwa anthropogenic. 

Vuto lachiwiri lowunikira ndi labungwe. Masiku ano, nyanja ndi njira zina zapadziko lapansi zimakhudzidwa ndi mabungwe apakati pa maboma, maboma am'deralo kapena ammudzi, mgwirizano pakati pa anthu wamba ndi mabungwe asayansi. Nyanja zimakhudzidwanso ndi anthu ochita zachinsinsi, monga makampani akuluakulu, asodzi ndi akatswiri pawokha. 

M'mbuyomu, magulu omwe si aboma oterowo, makamaka mayanjano osakanizidwa pakati pazaboma ndi mabungwe, akhala ndi chikoka champhamvu pa kayendetsedwe ka nyanja. Mwachitsanzo, Dutch East India Company, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1602, idapatsidwa ulamuliro wolamulira ndi Asia ndi boma la Dutch, komanso ulamuliro womwe nthawi zambiri umasungidwa kumayiko, kuphatikiza udindo wokambirana mapangano, kupanga ndalama ndikukhazikitsa madera. Kuphatikiza pa mphamvu zake zonga boma pazankhondo zam'madzi, kampaniyo idayamba kugawana phindu lake ndi anthu wamba. 

Masiku ano, osunga ndalama wabizinesi ali pamzere kuti akolole zinthu zachilengedwe zopangira mankhwala ndikuchita migodi mozama, akuyembekeza kupindula ndi zomwe ziyenera kuonedwa ngati zabwino padziko lonse lapansi. Zitsanzozi ndi zina zikuwonetseratu kuti ulamuliro wa panyanja ungathe kutengapo mbali pakuwongolera zochitika.

Vuto lachitatu ndi kusinthasintha. Mawuwa akuphatikizapo mfundo zofananira zomwe zimafotokoza momwe magulu a anthu amachitira kapena kuyembekezera mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chilengedwe. Mfundozi zikuphatikiza kusatetezeka, kupirira, kusinthika, kulimba, ndi kuthekera kosinthika kapena kuphunzira pagulu. Dongosolo loyang'anira liyenera kukhala lokhazikika lokha, komanso kuwongolera momwe kusintha kumachitikira. Mwachitsanzo, pamene nsomba za pollock mu Nyanja ya Bering zasintha kuti zigwirizane ndi kusintha kwa nyengo posamukira kumpoto, maboma a US ndi Russia akuwoneka kuti alibe: mayiko awiriwa amatsutsana pa ufulu wa usodzi potengera malo omwe nsombazo zili ndi malire omwe amatsutsana a madzi awo. .

Chachinayi ndi kuyankha ndi kuvomerezeka, osati m'mawu andale okha, komanso m'lingaliro la malo a nyanja: madziwa ali kupitirira dziko la dziko, otseguka kwa onse ndipo alibe aliyense. Koma nyanja imodzi imatanthawuza kugwirizana kwa malo ndi madzi, anthu, ndi zachilengedwe ndi zopanda moyo. Kulumikizana uku kumapereka zofunikira zowonjezera panjira zothetsera mavuto, kuti athe kuthana ndi kuthekera, maudindo ndi zokonda za anthu osiyanasiyana. 

Chitsanzo ndi kuyesa kwaposachedwa kwa feteleza m'nyanja ku Canada, komwe kampani ina yabizinesi idabzala ndi chitsulo m'madzi am'nyanja kuti awonjezere kuphatikizika kwa mpweya. Izi zidanenedwa mofala ngati kuyesa kosayendetsedwa kwa 'geoengineering'. Ndani ali ndi ufulu kuyesa nyanja? Ndipo ndani angalangidwe ngati china chake sichikuyenda bwino? Mikangano yomwe ikuchitikayi ikudzetsa mkangano woganiza bwino wokhudza kuyankha mlandu komanso kuvomerezeka. 

Vuto lomaliza lowunikira ndikugawa ndi mwayi. Ndani amalandira chiyani, liti, kuti ndi motani? Pangano losavuta la mayiko awiriwa logawa nyanja kuti lipindule ndi mayiko awiri mopanda malire silinagwirepo ntchito, monga momwe Asipanya ndi Portugal adatulukira zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo. 

Pambuyo pa kufufuza kwa Columbus, mayiko awiriwa adalowa mu 1494 Pangano la Tordesillas ndi Pangano la 1529 la Saragossa. Koma maulamuliro apanyanja a France, England ndi The Netherlands sananyalanyaze kugawanika kwa mayiko awiriwa. Ulamuliro wa m'nyanja panthawiyo unali wokhazikika pa mfundo zosavuta monga "wopambana amatenga zonse", "woyamba abwere, ayambe kutumikiridwa" ndi "ufulu wa nyanja". Masiku ano, njira zotsogola kwambiri zikufunika kugawana maudindo, ndalama ndi zoopsa zokhudzana ndi nyanja, komanso kupereka mwayi wofanana ndi kugawikana kwa ntchito zam'nyanja ndi zopindulitsa. 

Nyengo yatsopano pakumvetsetsa
Pozindikira kwambiri za zovuta zomwe zilipo, asayansi achilengedwe komanso azachikhalidwe akufunafuna kugwirizana kuti pakhale kulamulira bwino kwa nyanja. Amakhalanso ndi okhudzidwa kuti achite kafukufuku wawo. 

Mwachitsanzo, pulojekiti ya IGBP ya Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) ikupanga dongosolo lotchedwa IMBER-ADapt kuti lifufuze kupanga mfundo zoyendetsera bwino nyanja. Mgwirizano wa Future Ocean Alliance (FOA) womwe wakhazikitsidwa posachedwapa umasonkhanitsanso mabungwe, mapulogalamu ndi anthu kuti aphatikize maphunziro apadera ndi chidziwitso chawo, kuti apititse patsogolo zokambirana za kayendetsedwe ka nyanja ndi kuthandiza olemba ndondomeko. 

Cholinga cha FOA ndi "kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje aukadaulo kuti apange gulu lophatikizana - gulu lazidziwitso zapanyanja zapadziko lonse lapansi - lotha kuthana ndi mavuto omwe akutulukapo olamulira panyanja mwachangu, moyenera, komanso mwachilungamo". Mgwirizanowu udzafuna kuthandiza pazigawo zoyambilira za kupanga zisankho, kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko chokhazikika cha nyanja yamchere kuchokera kumadera akumidzi mpaka padziko lonse lapansi. FOA imasonkhanitsa opanga ndi ogula chidziwitso ndikulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe ndi anthu ambiri. Mabungwe akuphatikizapo UN Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission; Bungwe la Benguela; Ntchito ya Agulhas ndi Somali Currents Large Marine Ecosystem; kuwunika kwa kayendetsedwe ka nyanja ya Global Environment Facility Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme; Ntchito ya Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone; Portugal Directorate General for Ocean Policy; Luso-American Foundation for Development; ndi The Ocean Foundation, pakati pa ena. 

Mamembala a FOA, kuphatikizapo Earth System Governance Project, akufufuza njira zothandizira kuti pakhale ndondomeko yofufuza za nyanja ya Future Earth. M'zaka khumi zikubwerazi, ntchito ya Future Earth idzakhala njira yabwino yobweretsera ofufuza, opanga ndondomeko ndi ena omwe akugwira nawo ntchito kuti athe kupeza njira zothetsera mavuto a m'nyanja. 

Pamodzi, titha kupereka zidziwitso ndi zida zofunikira pakuwongolera bwino kwanyanja mu Anthropocene. Nthawi yokhudzidwa ndi anthu iyi ndi mare incognitum - nyanja yosadziwika. Pamene zinthu zovuta zachilengedwe zomwe tikukhalamo zikusintha ndi momwe anthu amakhudzira, sitidziwa zomwe zidzachitike, makamaka panyanja yapadziko lapansi. Koma njira zoyendetsera nthawi yake komanso zosinthika zam'nyanja zidzatithandiza kuyenda mu Anthropocene.

Kuwerenga Kwambiri

• Biermann F (2012) Kukhazikitsa Charter ya United Nations. Ndale Zapadziko Lonse mu Anthropocene. Paper Yogwira Ntchito Yoyang'anira Padziko Lapansi No. 21. Lund ndi Amsterdam: Pulojekiti Yoyang'anira Padziko Lapansi.
• Spalding, Mark J. "Kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu kulimbikitsa ukapitawo ndikofunikira: Ulamuliro wodalirika", White Paper: The Ocean Foundation March 2013
• Ulamuliro wa Dziko Lapansi
• Future Ocean Alliance