Kusintha kwa Makhalidwe a Ocean Literacy ndi Conservation Behaviour

BWINO KUTI KAFUFUZENI

M'ndandanda wazopezekamo

1. Introduction
2. Zofunika Kwambiri pa Kuphunzira kwa Ocean
- Chidule cha 2.1
- 2.2 Njira Zolumikizirana
3. Kusintha kwa Makhalidwe
- 3.1. Chidule
- 3.2. Ntchito
- 3.3. Chifundo Chozikidwa pa Chilengedwe
4. Maphunziro
- 4.1 STEM ndi Nyanja
- 4.2 Zothandizira kwa Aphunzitsi a K-12
5. Kusiyanasiyana, Kufanana, Kuphatikizidwa, ndi Chilungamo
6. Miyezo, Njira, ndi Zizindikiro

1. Introduction

Chimodzi mwazolepheretsa kwambiri kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yoteteza zachilengedwe ndi kusamvetsetsa kufunikira, kusatetezeka, ndi kulumikizana kwa kayendedwe ka nyanja. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti anthu alibe chidziwitso chokhudza nyanja zam'nyanja komanso mwayi wodziwa kulemba ndi kuwerenga za m'nyanja monga gawo la maphunziro ndi njira zogwirira ntchito zakhala zosagwirizana. Ntchito yatsopano kwambiri ya Ocean Foundation, the Phunzitsani kwa Ocean Initiative, idakhazikitsidwa mu 2022 kuthana ndi vutoli. Teach For the Ocean adadzipereka kusintha momwe timaphunzitsira za nyanja kukhala zida ndi njira zomwe zimalimbikitsa machitidwe ndi zizolowezi zatsopano chifukwa nyanja. Pofuna kuthandizira pulogalamuyi, tsamba lofufuzirali likufuna kupereka chidule cha zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano komanso zomwe zachitika posachedwa ponena za kusintha kwa maphunziro a nyanja zamchere ndi kusintha kwa kasungidwe ka zinthu zachilengedwe komanso kuzindikira mipata yomwe The Ocean Foundation ingadzaze ndi ntchitoyi.

Kodi kuphunzira panyanja ndi chiyani?

Ngakhale tanthauzo lenileni limasiyanasiyana m'mabuku, m'mawu osavuta, kuphunzira panyanja ndikumvetsetsa momwe nyanja imakhudzira anthu ndi dziko lonse lapansi. Ndi momwe munthu amadziwira chilengedwe cha m'nyanja ndi momwe thanzi ndi moyo wa m'nyanja zingakhudzire aliyense, komanso chidziwitso chambiri cha nyanja ndi moyo umene umakhalamo, kapangidwe kake, ntchito yake, ndi momwe angalankhulire izi. chidziwitso kwa ena.

Kusintha khalidwe ndi chiyani?

Kusintha kwamakhalidwe ndiko kuphunzira momwe ndi chifukwa chake anthu amasinthira malingaliro ndi machitidwe awo, komanso momwe anthu angalimbikitsire kuchitapo kanthu poteteza chilengedwe. Monga momwe zilili ndi maphunziro a m'nyanja, pali kutsutsana kwina ponena za tanthauzo lenileni la kusintha kwa khalidwe, koma nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo malingaliro omwe amaphatikizapo malingaliro amaganizo ndi malingaliro ndi kupanga zisankho zachitetezo.

Kodi n’chiyani chingathandize kuthetsa mipata ya maphunziro, maphunziro, ndi kuyanjana ndi anthu?

Njira yophunzitsira ya TOF panyanja imayang'ana kwambiri chiyembekezo, zochita, ndi kusintha kwa machitidwe, mutu wovuta womwe Purezidenti wa TOF a Mark J. Spalding adakambirana mu Blog yathu mu 2015. Teach For the Ocean imapereka magawo ophunzitsira, zidziwitso ndi maukonde, ndi maupangiri othandizira gulu lathu la aphunzitsi apanyanja pamene akugwira ntchito limodzi kuti apititse patsogolo njira yawo yophunzitsira ndikukulitsa mchitidwe wawo wadala kuti asinthe machitidwe. Zambiri pa Phunzitsani Panyanja zitha kupezeka patsamba lathu loyambira, Pano.

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2. Kuphunzira kwa Ocean

Chidule cha 2.1

Marrero ndi Payne. (June 2021). Kuwerenga kwa Ocean: Kuchokera pa Ripple kupita ku Wave. M’buku: Ocean Literacy: Understanding the Ocean, pp.21-39. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-70155-0_2 https://www.researchgate.net/publication /352804017_Ocean_Literacy_Understanding _the_Ocean

Pakufunika kwambiri maphunziro apanyanja padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa nyanja imadutsa malire a mayiko. Bukhuli limapereka njira yosiyana siyana yamaphunziro am'nyanja ndi kuwerenga. Mutuwu makamaka umapereka mbiri yamaphunziro am'nyanja, umalumikizana ndi United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14, ndipo umapereka malingaliro opititsa patsogolo kulumikizana ndi maphunziro. Mutuwu umayambira ku United States ndikukulitsa mwayi wopereka malingaliro ogwiritsira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.

Marrero, ME, Payne, DL, & Breidahl, H. (2019). Mlandu Wamgwirizano Wolimbikitsa Kuwerenga kwa Global Ocean. Frontiers mu Marine Science, 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00325 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 333941293_The_Case_for_Collaboration_ to_Foster_Global_Ocean_Literacy

Kudziwa kuwerenga kwa nyanja kunayambika chifukwa cha ntchito yothandizana pakati pa aphunzitsi ovomerezeka ndi osaphunzitsidwa, asayansi, akatswiri a boma, ndi ena omwe anali ndi chidwi chofotokozera zomwe anthu ayenera kudziwa zokhudza nyanja. Olembawo akugogomezera gawo la maukonde a maphunziro apanyanja pantchito yophunzira zam'nyanja zapadziko lonse lapansi ndikukambirana kufunikira kwa mgwirizano ndikuchitapo kanthu kulimbikitsa tsogolo lokhazikika la nyanja yamchere. Pepalali likunena kuti maukonde ophunzirira zam'nyanja ayenera kugwirira ntchito limodzi poyang'ana anthu ndi mgwirizano kuti apange zinthu, ngakhale kuti pakufunika kuchitidwa zambiri kuti apange zida zamphamvu, zokhazikika, komanso zophatikizika.

Uyarra, MC, and Borja, Á. (2016). Kuphunzira kwa Ocean: lingaliro 'latsopano' la chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti agwiritse ntchito nyanja mokhazikika. Bulletin Yowononga Marine 104, 1–2. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.060 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 298329423_Ocean_literacy_A_’new’_socio-ecological_concept_for_a_sustainable_use_ of_the_seas

Kuyerekeza kwa kafukufuku wamalingaliro a anthu pazowopsa zam'madzi ndi chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi. Ambiri omwe adafunsidwa akukhulupirira kuti chilengedwe cha m'madzi chili pachiwopsezo. Kuipitsa malo kunali kwapamwamba kwambiri kutsatiridwa ndi usodzi, kusintha kwa malo okhala, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Ambiri omwe adafunsidwa amathandizira madera otetezedwa am'madzi m'dera lawo kapena dziko lawo. Ambiri omwe adafunsidwa akufuna kuwona madera akuluakulu akunyanja otetezedwa kuposa momwe alili pano. Izi zimalimbikitsa kupitiliza kugwira ntchito panyanja chifukwa zikuwonetsa kuti chithandizo cha mapulogalamuwa chilipo ngakhale thandizo la ntchito zina zam'nyanja zakhala zikusowa.

Gelcich, S., Buckley, P., Pinnegar, JK, Chilvers, J., Lorenzoni, I., Terry, G., et al. (2014). Kudziwitsa anthu, zodetsa nkhawa, komanso zofunika kwambiri pazambiri zakukhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu panyanja. Zokambirana za National Academy of Science USA 111, 15042-15047. onetsani: 10.1073 / pnas.1417344111 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 267749285_Public_awareness_concerns_and _priorities_about_anthropogenic_impacts_on _marine_environments

Mlingo wa nkhawa zokhudzana ndi zomwe zimachitika panyanja zimayenderana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso. Kuwononga ndi kusodza kochulukira ndi madera awiri omwe anthu amaika patsogolo pakupanga mfundo. Kudalirana kumasiyana kwambiri pakati pazidziwitso zosiyanasiyana ndipo ndikokwera kwambiri kwa ophunzira ndi zofalitsa zamaphunziro koma kutsika kwa boma kapena mafakitale. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti anthu amawona kufulumira kwa zochitika zam'madzi zam'madzi ndipo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuipitsidwa kwa nyanja, kusodza mopambanitsa, ndi acidity ya m'nyanja. Kudziwitsa anthu, zodetsa nkhawa, ndi zofunika kwambiri kungathandize asayansi ndi opereka ndalama kuti amvetsetse momwe anthu amagwirizanirana ndi madera a m'madzi, momwe zimakhudzira, ndikugwirizanitsa zofunikira za kasamalidwe ndi ndondomeko ndi zofuna za anthu.

The Ocean Project (2011). America ndi Nyanja: Kusintha Kwapachaka 2011. The Ocean Project. https://theoceanproject.org/research/

Kukhala ndi kulumikizana kwaumwini ndi nkhani za m'nyanja ndikofunikira kuti tikwaniritse kuyanjana kwanthawi yayitali ndichitetezo. Miyambo ya anthu nthawi zambiri imayang'anira zomwe anthu amakonda akamasankha njira zothetsera mavuto a chilengedwe. Ambiri mwa anthu omwe amapita kunyanja, malo osungiramo nyama, ndi malo osungiramo madzi a m’nyanja amagwirizana kale ndi kasamalidwe ka nyanja. Kuti ntchito zoteteza zachilengedwe zikhale zogwira mtima nthawi yayitali, zenizeni, zapadera komanso zaumwini ziyenera kutsindika ndi kulimbikitsidwa. Kafukufukuyu ndikusintha kwa America, Ocean, and Climate Change: New Research Insights for Conservation, Awareness, and Action (2009) ndi Kulankhulana Za Nyanja: Zotsatira za National Survey (1999).

National Marine Sanctuary Foundation. (2006, Disembala). Conference on Ocean Literacy Report. June 7-8, 2006, Washington, DC

Lipotili ndi zotsatira za msonkhano wa 2006 wa National Conference on Ocean Literacy womwe unachitikira ku Washington, DC Cholinga cha msonkhanowu chinali kuwonetsa zoyesayesa za gulu la maphunziro apanyanja kuti abweretse maphunziro apanyanja m'makalasi ozungulira United States. Msonkhanowu udapeza kuti kuti tikwaniritse dziko la nzika zodziwa kulemba ndi kuwerenga za m'nyanja, kusintha kwadongosolo m'maphunziro athu ophunzirira komanso osaphunzitsidwa ndikofunikira.

2.2 Njira Zolumikizirana

Toomey, A. (2023, February). Chifukwa Chake Zowona Sizisintha Maganizo: Kuzindikira kuchokera ku Cognitive Science for the Improved Communication of Conservation Research. Kusamalira Tizilombo, Vol. 278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication /367764901_Why_facts_don%27t_change _minds_Insights_from_cognitive_science_for_ the_improved_communication_of_ conservation_research

Toomey amafufuza ndikuyesera kuthetsa nthano za momwe angalankhulire bwino sayansi popanga zisankho, kuphatikiza nthano zomwe: zowona zimasintha malingaliro, kuwerenga kwasayansi kumabweretsa kupititsa patsogolo kafufuzidwe, kusintha kwamalingaliro amunthu kumasintha machitidwe onse, ndipo kufalitsa kwakukulu ndikwabwino. M'malo mwake, olembawo amanena kuti kulankhulana kogwira mtima kwa sayansi kumachokera ku: kugwirizanitsa malingaliro a anthu kuti apange zisankho zoyenera, kumvetsetsa mphamvu za makhalidwe abwino, malingaliro, ndi chidziwitso pamaganizo ogwedezeka, kusintha khalidwe la anthu onse, ndi kuganiza mwanzeru. Kusintha kwa kawonedwe kameneka kumamanga pa zonena zina ndikulimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu mwachindunji kuti muwone kusintha kwanthawi yayitali komanso kothandiza pamakhalidwe.

Hudson, CG, Knight, E., Close, SL, Landrum, JP, Bednarek, A., & Shouse, B. (2023). Kufotokozera nkhani kuti mumvetsetse zotsatira za kafukufuku: Nkhani zochokera ku Lenfest Ocean Program. ICES Journal of Marine Science, Vol. 80, No. 2, 394-400. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsac169. https://www.researchgate.net/publication /364162068_Telling_stories _to_understand_research_impact_narratives _from_the_Lenfest_Ocean_Program?_sg=sT_Ye5Yb3P-pL9a9fUZD5ODBv-dQfpLaqLr9J-Bieg0mYIBcohU-hhB2YHTlUOVbZ7HZxmFX2tbvuQQ

Bungwe la Lenfest Ocean Program lidachita kafukufuku kuti awone momwe amapezera ndalama kuti amvetsetse ngati ntchito zawo zili zogwira mtima mkati ndi kunja kwa maphunziro. Kusanthula kwawo kumapereka malingaliro osangalatsa poyang'ana nthano zofotokozera kuti athe kuwona momwe kafukufuku amathandizira. Iwo adapeza kuti pali zothandiza kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito nthano zofotokozera kuti adziganizire okha ndikuwunika momwe ntchito zawo zimapindulira. Chofunikira chachikulu ndi chakuti kuthandizira kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zosowa za anthu ogwira nawo ntchito panyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumafuna kulingalira za zotsatira za kafukufuku m'njira yowonjezereka kusiyana ndi kuwerengera zofalitsidwa zowunikiridwa ndi anzawo.

Kelly, R., Evans, K., Alexander, K., Bettiol, S., Corney, S… Pecl, GT (2022, February). Kulumikizana ndi nyanja: kuthandizira kuwerengera kwa nyanja komanso kuchitapo kanthu ndi anthu. Rev Fish Biol Fish. 2022;32(1):123-143. doi: 10.1007/s11160-020-09625-9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 349213591_Connecting_to_the_oceans _supporting _ocean_literacy_and_public_engagement

Kumvetsetsa bwino kwa anthu panyanja komanso kufunikira kogwiritsa ntchito nyanja mokhazikika, kapena kuphunzira panyanja, ndikofunikira kuti tikwaniritse zolinga zapadziko lonse lapansi pachitukuko chokhazikika pofika chaka cha 2030 ndi kupitilira apo. Olembawo amayang'ana kwambiri madalaivala anayi omwe angakhudze ndikuwongolera maphunziro a m'nyanja ndi kulumikizana kwa anthu ndi nyanja: (1) maphunziro, (2) kulumikizana kwa chikhalidwe, (3) chitukuko chaukadaulo, ndi (4) kusinthana kwa chidziwitso ndi kulumikizana kwa mfundo za sayansi. Amafufuza momwe dalaivala aliyense amathandizira pakuwongolera malingaliro am'nyanja kuti athe kuthandiza anthu ambiri. Olembawo amapanga zida zophunzirira zam'nyanja, zomwe zimathandiza kulimbikitsa kulumikizana kwanyanja m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi.

Knowlton, N. (2021). Chiyembekezo cha m'nyanja: Kudutsa m'malo osungira anthu otetezedwa m'madzi. Ndemanga Yapachaka ya Sayansi Yapanyanja, Vol. 13, 479– 499. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-040220-101608. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 341967041_Ocean_Optimism_Moving_Beyond _the_Obituaries_in_Marine_Conservation

Ngakhale kuti nyanja yawonongeka kwambiri, pali umboni wowonjezereka wakuti kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kukuchitika pa kusunga nyanja. Zambiri mwazopindulazi zimakhala ndi maubwino angapo, kuphatikiza kukhala ndi moyo wabwino wamunthu. Kuphatikiza apo, kumvetsetsa bwino momwe angagwiritsire ntchito njira zotetezera moyenera, matekinoloje atsopano ndi nkhokwe, kuwonjezereka kwa kuphatikiza kwa sayansi yachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zachibadwidwe kulonjeza kupita patsogolo. Palibe yankho limodzi; ntchito zopambana sizikhala zachangu kapena zotsika mtengo ndipo zimafunikira kudalirana ndi mgwirizano. Komabe, kuyang'ana kwambiri pa mayankho ndi kupambana kudzawathandiza kukhala okhazikika m'malo mosiyana.

Fielding, S., Copley, JT ndi Mills, RA (2019). Kuwona Nyanja Zathu: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Gulu Lapadziko Lonse Kukulitsa Kuwerenga Kwapanyanja. Frontiers mu Marine Science 6:340. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00340 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 334018450_Exploring_Our_Oceans_Using _the_Global_Classroom_to_Develop_ Ocean_Literacy

Kukulitsa luso la anthu azaka zonse ochokera m'mayiko onse, zikhalidwe, ndi zochitika zachuma ndizofunikira kuti tidziwitse zosankha za moyo wokhazikika m'tsogolomu, koma momwe mungafikire ndikuyimira mawu osiyanasiyana ndizovuta. Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli olemba adapanga Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) kuti apereke chida chotheka kuti akwaniritse cholingachi, chifukwa amatha kufikira anthu ambiri kuphatikiza omwe amachokera kumadera otsika komanso opeza ndalama zapakatikati.

Simmons, B., Archie, M., Clark, S., and Braus, J. (2017). Upangiri Wabwino Kwambiri: Kugwirizana ndi Anthu. North American Association for Environmental Education. PDF. https://eepro.naaee.org/sites/default/files/ eepro-post-files/ community_engagement_guidelines_pdf.pdf

NAAEE yofalitsa malangizo ammudzi ndi zothandizira zimapereka chidziwitso cha momwe atsogoleri ammudzi angakulire monga ophunzitsa ndikulimbikitsa kusiyana. Buku lothandizira anthu ammudzi likuwonetsa kuti zinthu zisanu zofunika kwambiri pakuchita bwino ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mapulogalamu ndi awa: okhazikika pagulu, kutengera mfundo zomveka bwino za Maphunziro a Zachilengedwe, ogwirizana komanso ophatikizana, okhazikika pakulimbikitsa luso komanso kuchitapo kanthu pazachitukuko, ndipo ndindalama zomwe zimatenga nthawi yayitali kusintha. Lipotilo likumaliza ndi zina zowonjezera zomwe zingakhale zopindulitsa kwa anthu omwe sali aphunzitsi omwe akufuna kuchita zambiri kuti agwirizane ndi madera awo.

Zitsulo, BS, Smith, C., Opsommer, L., Curiel, S., Warner-Steel, R. (2005). Public Ocean Literacy ku United States. Ocean Coast. Managi. 2005, Vol. 48, 97–114. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 223767179_Public_ocean_literacy_in _the_United_States

Kafukufukuyu akufufuza momwe anthu akudziwira pakali pano zokhudzana ndi nyanja ndipo amafufuzanso kugwirizana kwa chidziwitso. Ngakhale anthu okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja amanena kuti ndi odziwa zambiri kuposa omwe akukhala m'madera omwe si a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, onse omwe amayankha m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi omwe sali m'mphepete mwa nyanja ali ndi vuto lozindikira mawu ofunikira ndikuyankha mafunso a mafunso apanyanja. Kuchepa kwa chidziwitso chokhudza nkhani za m'nyanja kukutanthauza kuti anthu akufunika kupeza zambiri zomwe zimaperekedwa moyenera. Pankhani ya momwe amaperekera zidziwitso, ofufuzawo adapeza kuti kanema wawayilesi ndi wailesi zili ndi chikoka choyipa pakusunga chidziwitso ndipo intaneti ili ndi chikoka chambiri pakusunga chidziwitso.

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3. Kusintha kwa Makhalidwe

Chidule cha 3.1

Thomas-Walters, L., McCallum, J., Montgomery, R., Petros, C., Wan, AKY, Veríssimo, D. (2022, September) Kuwunika mwadongosolo njira zotetezera kuti zilimbikitse kusintha kwa khalidwe lodzifunira. Conservation Biology. doi: 10.1111/cobi.14000. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 363384308_Systematic_review _of_conservation_interventions_to_ promote_voluntary_behavior_change

Kumvetsetsa khalidwe laumunthu n'kofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale njira zothandizira zomwe zimatsogolera kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe. Olembawo adawunikiranso mwadongosolo kuti awone momwe njira zosagwirizana ndi ndalama komanso zopanda malamulo zakhala zikusinthira machitidwe achilengedwe, ndi zolemba zopitilira 300,000 zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri maphunziro a 128. Kafukufuku wambiri adawonetsa zotsatira zabwino ndipo ofufuzawo adapeza umboni wamphamvu wosonyeza kuti maphunziro, zolimbikitsa, ndi mayankho atha kubweretsa kusintha kwamakhalidwe abwino, ngakhale kulowererapo kothandiza kwambiri kunagwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo mkati mwa pulogalamu imodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, izi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa maphunziro ochulukirapo okhala ndi zidziwitso zochulukira zomwe zikufunika kuti zithandizire kukula kwa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe.

Huckins, G. (2022, August, 18). Psychology of Inspiration and Climate Action. Wawaya. https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/ the-psychology-of-inspiring-everyday-climate-action.html

Nkhaniyi ikupereka chidule cha momwe zisankho ndi zizolowezi za munthu aliyense zingathandizire nyengo ndikufotokozera momwe kumvetsetsa kusintha kwamakhalidwe kungalimbikitse kuchitapo kanthu. Izi zikuwonetsa vuto lalikulu lomwe anthu ambiri amazindikira kuopsa kwa kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha anthu, koma ndi ochepa omwe amadziwa zomwe angachite ngati aliyense payekhapayekha kuti achepetse.

Tavri, P. (2021). Kusiyana kwa zochita za Value: chotchinga chachikulu pakupititsa patsogolo kusintha kwa khalidwe. Makalata a Academia, Ndime 501. DOI:10.20935/AL501 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 350316201_Value_action_gap_a_ major_barrier_in_sustaining_behaviour_change

Mabuku olimbikitsa kusintha kwa chilengedwe (omwe akadali ochepa poyerekeza ndi malo ena achilengedwe) akuwonetsa kuti pali chotchinga chotchedwa "value action gap". Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pali kusiyana pakati pa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka ziphunzitso, chifukwa ziphunzitso zimakonda kuganiza kuti anthu ndi oganiza bwino omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mwadongosolo zomwe zaperekedwa. Wolembayo adamaliza ndikuwonetsa kuti kusiyana kwa phindu ndi chimodzi mwazotchinga zazikulu zomwe zimalepheretsa kusintha kwamakhalidwe komanso kuti ndikofunikira kulingalira njira zopewera malingaliro olakwika komanso kusazindikira kopitilira muyeso popanga zida zolumikizirana, zokumana nazo, ndi kukonza zosintha khalidwe.

Balmford, A., Bradbury, RB, Bauer, JM, Broad, S. . . Nielsen, KS (2021). Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri sayansi yamakhalidwe aumunthu pothandizira kuteteza. Kusamalira Tizilombo, 261, 109256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109256 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 353175141_Making_more_effective _use_of_human_behavioural_science_in _conservation_interventions

Kuteteza ndi ntchito makamaka kuyesa kusintha khalidwe la munthu. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti olembawo amatsutsa kuti sayansi yamakhalidwe si ndalama zasiliva zotetezera ndipo zosintha zina zingakhale zochepetsetsa, zosakhalitsa, komanso zogwirizana ndi zochitika, komabe kusintha kungatheke, ngakhale kufufuza kwina kuli kofunika. Chidziwitsochi ndi chothandiza makamaka kwa iwo omwe akupanga mapulogalamu atsopano omwe amaganizira za kusintha kwa khalidwe monga momwe ndondomeko komanso zithunzi zomwe zili mu chikalatachi zimapereka chiwongolero cholunjika cha magawo asanu ndi limodzi omwe akufunsidwa posankha, kukhazikitsa, ndi kuyesa njira zothandizira kusintha khalidwe pofuna kuteteza zachilengedwe.

Gravert, C. ndi Nobel, N. (2019). Sayansi Yogwiritsa Ntchito Makhalidwe: Buku Loyambira. Mopanda mphamvu. PDF.

Kuyamba kumeneku kwa sayansi yamakhalidwe kumapereka chidziwitso chambiri pamunda, chidziwitso paubongo wamunthu, momwe chidziwitso chimasankhidwira, komanso kukondera kodziwika bwino. Olembawo akupereka chitsanzo cha zisankho zaumunthu kuti apange kusintha kwa khalidwe. Bukhuli limapereka chidziwitso kwa owerenga kuti awunike chifukwa chake anthu sachita zoyenera pa chilengedwe komanso momwe kukondera kumalepheretsa kusintha kwa khalidwe. Ma projekiti ayenera kukhala osavuta komanso olunjika okhala ndi zolinga ndi zida zodzipereka - zinthu zonse zofunika zomwe omwe ali m'dziko loteteza ayenera kuziganizira poyesa kuti anthu azichita nawo zinthu zachilengedwe.

Wynes, S. ndi Nicholas, K. (2017, July). Kusiyana kochepetsera nyengo: maphunziro ndi malingaliro aboma amaphonya zochita zamunthu aliyense. Zolemba Zakafukufuku za Mazingira, Vol. 12, No. 7 DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/aa7541. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 318353145_The_climate_mitigation _gap_Education_and_government_ recommendations_miss_the_most_effective _individual_actions

Kusintha kwanyengo kukuwononga chilengedwe. Olembawo amayang'ana momwe anthu angachitire kuti athetse vutoli. Olembawo amalimbikitsa kuti zochita zowononga kwambiri komanso zotulutsa mpweya wochepa zichitidwe, makamaka: kukhala ndi mwana wocheperapo, kukhala wopanda galimoto, kupewa kuyenda pandege, ndi kudya zakudya zochokera ku zomera. Ngakhale malingalirowa angawoneke ngati akunyanyira kwa ena, akhala apakati pazokambirana zaposachedwa zakusintha kwanyengo ndi machitidwe amunthu. Nkhaniyi ndi yothandiza kwa iwo omwe akufunafuna zambiri zamaphunziro ndi zochita za munthu payekha.

Schultz, PW, ndi FG Kaiser. (2012). Kulimbikitsa khalidwe lolimbikitsa zachilengedwe. Posindikiza mu S. Clayton, mkonzi. Handbook of Environmental and Conservation Psychology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 365789168_The_Oxford_Handbook _of_Environmental_and _Conservation_Psychology

Conservation psychology ndi gawo lomwe likukula lomwe limayang'ana kwambiri zomwe anthu amawona, malingaliro, ndi machitidwe paumoyo wa chilengedwe. Bukhuli limapereka tanthauzo lomveka bwino komanso kufotokozera za kasamalidwe ka chilengedwe komanso ndondomeko yogwiritsira ntchito malingaliro a kasamalidwe ka chitetezo ku kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana wamaphunziro ndi ntchito zogwira ntchito za m'munda. Chikalatachi chimagwira ntchito kwambiri kwa akatswiri ophunzira ndi akatswiri omwe akufuna kupanga mapulogalamu azachilengedwe omwe amaphatikiza okhudzidwa ndi anthu amderali kwa nthawi yayitali.

Schultz, W. (2011). Kuteteza Kumatanthauza Kusintha kwa Makhalidwe. Conservation Biology, Volume 25, No. 6, 1080-1083. Society for Conservation Biology DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01766.x https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 51787256_Conservation_Means_Behavior

Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti nthawi zambiri anthu amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zochitika zachilengedwe, komabe, sipanakhale kusintha kwakukulu pazochitika zaumwini kapena machitidwe ofala. Wolembayo akutsutsa kuti kuteteza ndi cholinga chomwe chingatheke kokha mwa kupitirira maphunziro ndi kuzindikira kuti asinthe khalidwe ndipo akumaliza ndi kunena kuti "zoyesayesa zoteteza zachilengedwe motsogozedwa ndi asayansi achilengedwe zingathandize kwambiri kuphatikiza asayansi a chikhalidwe ndi makhalidwe" omwe amapita kupyola kuphweka. maphunziro ndi kampeni yodziwitsa anthu.

Dietz, T., G. Gardner, J. Gilligan, P. Stern, ndi M. Vandenbergh. (2009). Zochita zapakhomo zitha kupereka njira yochepetsera kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon ku US. Zokambirana za National Academy of Sciences 106:18452-18456. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 38037816_Household_Actions_Can _Provide_a_Behavioral_Wedge_to_Rapidly _Reduce_US_Carbon_Emissions

M’mbiri yakale, pakhala kugogomezera zochita za anthu ndi mabanja pofuna kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, ndipo nkhaniyi ikuyang’ana zowona za zonenazo. Ofufuzawa amagwiritsa ntchito njira zamakhalidwe kuti afufuze njira 17 zomwe anthu angatenge kuti achepetse mpweya wawo wa carbon. Kulowererapo kumaphatikizapo koma sikumangokhala: kusintha kwa nyengo, madzi osambira ocheperako, magalimoto osagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ambiri, kukonza magalimoto nthawi zonse, kuyanika mizere, kuyendetsa galimoto/kusintha maulendo. Ofufuzawa adapeza kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwapadziko lonse kwa njirazi kungapulumutse matani pafupifupi 123 miliyoni a carbon pachaka kapena 7.4% ya mpweya wa dziko la US, popanda kusokoneza pang'ono pa moyo wapakhomo.

Clayton, S., ndi G. Myers (2015). Psychology Conservation: kumvetsetsa ndi kulimbikitsa chisamaliro cha anthu pa chilengedwe, kope lachiwiri. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, New Jersey. ISBN: 978-1-118-87460-8 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 330981002_Conservation_psychology _Understanding_and_promoting_human_care _for_nature

Clayton ndi Myers amawona anthu ngati gawo la chilengedwe chachilengedwe ndikuwunika momwe psychology imakhudzira zomwe munthu wakumana nazo m'chilengedwe, komanso momwe amayendetsedwera komanso matawuni. Buku lokhalo limafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za malingaliro a kasamalidwe ka chilengedwe, limapereka zitsanzo, ndikuwonetsa njira zowonjezera chisamaliro chachilengedwe ndi madera. Cholinga cha bukuli ndikumvetsetsa momwe anthu amaganizira, kukumana nawo, ndi kuyanjana ndi chilengedwe zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri polimbikitsa kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe komanso moyo wamunthu.

Darnton, A. (2008, July). Lipoti Lolozera: Chidule cha Zitsanzo Zosintha Makhalidwe ndi Kagwiritsidwe Ntchito Kawo. GSR Behaviour Change Knowledge Review. Kafukufuku wa Boma la Social Social. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 254787539_Reference_Report_ An_overview_of_behaviour_change_models _and_their_uses

Lipotili likuyang'ana kusiyana pakati pa zitsanzo zamakhalidwe ndi malingaliro a kusintha. Chikalatachi chimapereka chidule cha kulingalira kwachuma, zizolowezi, ndi zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhudza khalidwe, komanso kufotokozera kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zamakhalidwe, maumboni omvetsetsa kusintha, ndikumaliza ndi chitsogozo chogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zamakhalidwe ndi malingaliro a kusintha. Darnton's Index to the Featured Models and Theories imapangitsa kuti nkhaniyi ikhale yofikirika kwa atsopano kuti amvetse kusintha kwa khalidwe.

Thrash, T., Moldovan, E., ndi Oleynick, V. (2014) The Psychology of Inspiration. Kampani ya Psychology ndi Umunthu Vol. 8, No. 9. DOI:10.1111/spc3.12127. https://www.researchgate.net/journal/Social-and-Personality-Psychology-Compass-1751-9004

Ochita kafukufuku adafunsa kuti amvetsetse kudzoza ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuchitapo kanthu. Olembawo amayamba kufotokozera kudzoza kutengera kuwunika kwa mabuku ophatikizana ndikuwonetsa njira zosiyanasiyana. Chachiwiri, amawunikanso zolembedwa pakupanga zovomerezeka ndiye zomveka komanso zopezeka, ndikugogomezera gawo la kudzoza polimbikitsa kupeza zinthu zomwe sizikupezeka. Pomaliza, amayankha mafunso pafupipafupi komanso malingaliro olakwika okhudza kudzoza ndipo amapereka malingaliro amomwe mungalimbikitsire kudzoza kwa ena kapena inu nokha.

Uzzell, DL 2000. The psycho-spatial dimension of global environment problems. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 20: 307-318. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 223072457_The_psycho-spatial_dimension_of_global_ environmental_problems

Maphunziro anachitidwa ku Australia, England, Ireland, ndi Slovakia. Zotsatira za kafukufuku uliwonse zimasonyeza kuti ofunsidwa samangoganizira za mavuto padziko lonse lapansi, koma zotsatira za mtunda wosiyana zimapezeka kotero kuti mavuto a chilengedwe amawoneka kuti ndi ovuta kwambiri kusiyana ndi omwe amawawona. Ubale wosiyana udapezekanso pakati pa malingaliro okhala ndi udindo pazovuta za chilengedwe ndi kukula kwa malo komwe kumabweretsa malingaliro opanda mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi. Pepalali likumaliza ndi kukambirana za malingaliro osiyanasiyana a maganizo ndi malingaliro omwe amadziwitsa wolemba za zovuta za chilengedwe padziko lonse.

Kugwiritsa kwa 3.2

Cusa, M., Falcão, L., De Jesus, J. et al. (2021). Nsomba zapamadzi: kusazindikira kwa ogula ndi maonekedwe a nsomba zamalonda. Sustain Sci Vol. 16, 1313–1322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-00932-z. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 350064459_Fish_out_of_water_ consumers’_unfamiliarity_with_the_ appearance_of_commercial_fish_species

Zolemba pazakudya zam'nyanja zimathandizira kwambiri ogula pogula zinthu za nsomba komanso kulimbikitsa kusodza kosatha. Olembawo adaphunzira anthu 720 m'maiko asanu ndi limodzi a ku Europe ndipo adapeza kuti ogula a ku Europe samamvetsetsa bwino mawonekedwe a nsomba zomwe amadya, pomwe ogula aku Britain omwe amachita osauka kwambiri komanso aku Spain akuchita bwino. Anapeza kufunika kwa chikhalidwe ngati nsomba ili ndi mphamvu, mwachitsanzo, ngati mtundu wina wa nsomba ndi wofunika kwambiri pachikhalidwe ukhoza kuzindikirika pamlingo wapamwamba kusiyana ndi nsomba zina zofala. Olembawo akuti kuwonetseredwa kwa msika wazakudya zam'nyanja kumakhalabe kotseguka kuti zisachitike mpaka ogula alumikizane ndi chakudya chawo.

Sánchez-Jiménez, A., MacMillan, D., Wolff, M., Schlüter, A., Fujitani, M., (2021). Kufunika kwa Mfundo Zofunikira Pakulosera ndi Kulimbikitsa Makhalidwe Achilengedwe: Zowunikira Kuchokera ku Usodzi Waung'ono waku Costa Rica, Frontiers mu Marine Science, 10.3389/fmars.2021.543075, 8, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 349589441_The_Importance_of_ Values_in_Predicting_and_Encouraging _Environmental_Behavior_Reflections _From_a_Costa_Rican_Small-Scale_Fishery

Pankhani ya asodzi ang'onoang'ono, kusodza kosakhazikika kumasokoneza kukhulupirika kwa anthu am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zachilengedwe. Kafukufukuyu adayang'ana kusintha kwa machitidwe ndi asodzi a gillnet ku Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica, kuti afanizire zomwe zidayamba za khalidwe lochirikiza chilengedwe pakati pa omwe adalandira chithandizo chochokera ku chilengedwe. Miyambo yaumwini ndi makhalidwe Zinali zofunikira pofotokozera kasamalidwe ka kasamalidwe ka kasamalidwe, komanso makhalidwe ena a usodzi (monga malo ophera nsomba). Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kufunikira kwa maphunziro omwe amaphunzitsa za momwe usodzi ungakhudzire chilengedwe komanso kuthandiza ophunzira kuti azidziwona ngati angathe kuchitapo kanthu.

McDonald, G., Wilson, M., Verissimo, D., Twohey, R., Clemence, M., Apistar, D., Box, S., Butler, P., et al. (2020). Kukhazikitsa Utsogoleri Wokhazikika wa Usodzi Kudzera mu Njira Zosintha Makhalidwe. Conservation Biology, Vol. 34, No. 5 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13475 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 339009378_Catalyzing_ sustainable_fisheries_management_though _behavior_change_interventions

Olembawo adafuna kumvetsetsa momwe kutsatsa kwachitukuko kungakhudzire malingaliro okhudzana ndi maubwino oyang'anira ndi miyambo yatsopano ya anthu. Ofufuzawa adachita kafukufuku wapansi pamadzi kuti adziwe momwe chilengedwe chilili komanso kufufuza m'mabanja pamasamba 41 ku Brazil, Indonesia, ndi Philippines. Anapeza kuti madera akupanga miyambo yatsopano ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi usodzi wokhazikika asanapeze phindu la nthawi yaitali lazachilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu pa kayendetsedwe ka usodzi. Choncho, oyang'anira zausodzi ayenera kuchita zambiri kuti aganizire zomwe anthu akukumana nazo kwa nthawi yayitali ndikusintha mapulojekiti kuti agwirizane ndi madera omwe anthu adakumana nawo.

Valauri-Orton, A. (2018). Kusintha Makhalidwe a Boarter Kuti Muteteze Udzu Wa M'nyanja: Chida Chokonzekera ndi Kukhazikitsa Kampeni Yosintha Makhalidwe Yoteteza Kuwonongeka kwa Udzu Wam'nyanja. The Ocean Foundation. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/calculator/kits-for-boaters/

Ngakhale ayesetsa kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa udzu wa m'nyanja, kuwonongeka kwa udzu wa m'nyanja chifukwa cha zochita za oyendetsa ngalawa kukadali koopsa. Lipotili lakonzedwa kuti lipereke njira zabwino zophunzitsira anthu kusintha khalidwe popereka ndondomeko ya ndondomeko yoyendetsera polojekiti yomwe ikugogomezera kufunika kopereka zochitika za m'deralo, pogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga omveka bwino, osavuta, komanso okhudzidwa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro okhudza kusintha khalidwe. Lipotili likuchokera ku ntchito zam'mbuyomu zofikira anthu oyendetsa ngalawa komanso kufalikira kwa kasungidwe ndi kusintha kwamakhalidwe. Bukuli lili ndi njira yopangira zitsanzo ndipo limapereka mamangidwe enieni ndi kafukufuku omwe angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ndikusinthidwanso ndi oyang'anira zothandizira kuti zigwirizane ndi zosowa zawo. Izi zidapangidwa mu 2016 ndipo zidasinthidwa mu 2018.

Costanzo, M., D. Archer, E. Aronson, ndi T. Pettigrew. 1986. Khalidwe losunga mphamvu: njira yovuta kuchokera ku chidziwitso kupita kuchitapo kanthu. Katswiri wa Zamaganizo waku America 41:521-528.

Ataona kuti anthu ena amatengera njira zosungira mphamvu, olembawo adapanga chitsanzo kuti afufuze zamalingaliro zomwe zimatengera momwe zisankho zamunthu zimagwirira ntchito. Iwo adapeza kuti kukhulupirika kwa gwero la chidziwitso, kumvetsetsa kwa uthengawo, komanso kumveka bwino kwa mkangano wosunga mphamvu ndizomwe zimatha kuwona kusintha kokhazikika komwe munthu angachitepo kanthu kukhazikitsa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosungira. Ngakhale kuti iyi ndi mphamvu yoyang'ana-m'malo mwa nyanja kapena chilengedwe, inali imodzi mwa maphunziro oyambirira pa khalidwe lachitetezo lomwe limasonyeza momwe munda wayendera lero.

3.3 Chifundo Chotengera Chilengedwe

Yasué, M., Kockel, A., Dearden, P. (2022). Zotsatira zamaganizo za madera otetezedwa ndi anthu, Kusungidwa kwa Aquatic: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 10.1002/aqc.3801, Vol. 32, No. 6, 1057-1072 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 359316538_The_psychological_impacts_ of_community-based_protected_areas

Olemba Yasué, Kockel, ndi Dearden adayang'ana zotsatira za nthawi yayitali zamakhalidwe a omwe ali pafupi ndi ma MPA. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti omwe adafunsidwa m'madera omwe ali ndi ma MPA azaka zapakati ndi akulu adazindikira zotsatira zabwino za MPA. Kupitilira apo, omwe adafunsidwa kuchokera ku ma MPA azaka zapakati ndi achikulire anali ndi zolimbikitsa zochepa zomwe sizinali zodziyimira pawokha kuti azichita nawo kasamalidwe ka MPA komanso anali ndi malingaliro apamwamba odziletsa, monga kusamalira chilengedwe. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti ma MPA a m'madera akhoza kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa maganizo m'madera monga kufunitsitsa kudziyimira pawokha posamalira chilengedwe ndi kupititsa patsogolo makhalidwe abwino, zomwe zingathandize kuteteza.

Lehnen, L., Arbieu, U., Böhning-Gaese, K., Díaz, S., Glikman, J., Mueller, T., (2022). Kulingaliranso za ubale wapayekha ndi mabungwe achilengedwe, Anthu ndi Chirengedwe, 10.1002/pan3.10296, Vol. 4, No. 3, 596-611. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 357831992_Rethinking_individual _relationships_with_entities_of_nature

Kuzindikira kusiyanasiyana kwa maubwenzi aumunthu ndi chilengedwe m'malo osiyanasiyana, chilengedwe, ndi anthu payekhapayekha ndizofunikira pakuwongolera moyenera chilengedwe ndi zopereka zake kwa anthu komanso kupanga njira zolimbikitsira ndi kutsogolera machitidwe okhazikika aumunthu. Ofufuzawa amanena kuti poganizira maganizo a munthu payekha komanso mabungwe, ndiye kuti ntchito yoteteza ikhoza kukhala yofanana, makamaka poyang'anira ubwino ndi zowononga zomwe anthu amapeza kuchokera ku chilengedwe, ndikuthandizira kupanga njira zogwirira ntchito zogwirizanitsa khalidwe laumunthu ndi kusunga zolinga zokhazikika.

Fox N, Marshall J, Dankel DJ. (2021, Meyi). Ocean Literacy and Surfing: Kumvetsetsa Momwe Kuyanjana kwa Zamoyo Zam'mphepete mwa nyanja Kumadziwikiratu Kuzindikira kwa Blue Space User panyanja. Int J Zomwe Zingakuthandizeni Kukhala ndi Thanzi Labwino. Vol. 18 No.11, 5819. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18115819. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 351962054_Ocean_Literacy _and_Surfing_Understanding_How_Interactions _in_Coastal_Ecosystems _Inform_Blue_Space_ User%27s_Awareness_of_the_Ocean

Kafukufukuyu wa anthu 249 omwe adatenga nawo gawo adasonkhanitsa zonse zofunikira komanso zochulukira zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri ogwiritsa ntchito nyanja zamchere, makamaka osambira, komanso momwe ntchito zawo zakuthambo za buluu zingadziwitse kumvetsetsa kwamayendedwe am'nyanja ndi kulumikizana kwa anthu ndi nyanja. Mfundo za Ocean Literacy Principles zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika kuzindikira kwa nyanja kudzera pakuchita mafunde pa mafunde kuti amvetsetse bwino zomwe zimachitika pamasewera osambira, pogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe potengera zotsatira za mafunde. Zotsatira zake zidapeza kuti anthu ochita mafunde amalandiladi phindu pakuphunzira panyanja, makamaka atatu mwa Mfundo zisanu ndi ziwiri za Ocean Literacy Principles, komanso kuti kuphunzira panyanja ndi phindu lachindunji anthu ambiri osambira m'gulu lachitsanzo amalandira.

Blythe, J., Baird, J., Bennett, N., Dale, G., Nash, K., Pickering, G., Wabnitz, C. (2021, March 3). Kulimbikitsa Chifundo Chakunyanja Kudzera mu Zochitika Zamtsogolo. Anthu ndi Chilengedwe. 3:1284–1296. DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10253. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 354368024_Fostering_ocean_empathy _through_future_scenarios

Kumvera chisoni chilengedwe kumawerengedwa kuti ndikofunikira kuti pakhale mgwirizano wokhazikika ndi biosphere. Atapereka chidule cha chiphunzitso cha chifundo cha m'nyanja komanso zotsatira za zochita kapena kusachitapo kanthu pokhudzana ndi tsogolo la nyanja, zomwe zimatchedwa zochitika, olembawo adatsimikiza kuti zochitika zosayembekezerekazo zinapangitsa kuti anthu azimvera chisoni kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zochitika zabwino. Kafukufukuyu ndiwodziwikiratu chifukwa akuwonetsa kuchepa kwa chifundo (kubwerera ku milingo isanachitike mayeso) patangotha ​​​​miyezi itatu pambuyo poti maphunziro achifundo am'nyanja aperekedwa. Motero, kuti mukhale ogwira mtima m’nthaŵi yaitali, pamafunika zambiri kuposa maphunziro osavuta osavuta kumva.

Sunsee, A.; Bokhoree, C.; Patrizio, A. (2021). Kumvera chisoni kwa Ophunzira pa Zachilengedwe kudzera mu Maphunziro a Eco-Art Place-Based Education. Zachilengedwe 2021, 2, 214-247. DOI:10.3390/ecologies2030014. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 352811810_A_Designed_Eco-Art_and_Place-Based_Curriculum_Encouraging_Students%27 _Empathy_for_the_Environment

Kafukufukuyu adayang'ana momwe ophunzira amagwirizanirana ndi chilengedwe, zomwe zimakhudza zikhulupiriro za wophunzira ndi momwe makhalidwe amakhudzidwira, komanso momwe zochita za ophunzira zimakhudzidwira zingapereke kumvetsetsa kowonjezereka kwa momwe angathandizire bwino pa zolinga zapadziko lonse. Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kusanthula mapepala ofufuza zamaphunziro omwe amafalitsidwa m'dera la maphunziro a zaluso zachilengedwe kuti apeze chinthu chomwe chili ndi zotsatira zazikulu ndikuwunikira momwe angathandizire kukonza njira zomwe zakhazikitsidwa. Zomwe zapezazi zikuwonetsa kuti kafukufuku woterewu angathandize kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro a zaluso zachilengedwe potengera zomwe akuchita ndikuganizira zovuta zamtsogolo zafukufuku.

Michael J. Manfredo, Tara L. Teel, Richard EW Berl, Jeremy T. Bruskotter, Shinobu Kitayama, Social value shift in favor of biodiversity conservation in the United States, Nature Sustainability, 10.1038/s41893-020-00655-6, 4, 4, (323-330), (2020).

Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti kuvomerezana kowonjezereka kwa mfundo za mgwirizano (kuwona nyama zakuthengo ngati gawo la chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zoyenerera ufulu monga anthu) zidatsagana ndi kutsika kwa zikhalidwe zomwe zikugogomezera kulamulira (kuwona nyama zakuthengo ngati zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popindulitsa anthu), chizolowezi chowonjezera. zowonekera pakuwunika kwamagulu osiyanasiyana. Kafukufukuyu adapezanso mayanjano amphamvu pakati pa zomwe boma likuchita komanso zomwe zikuchitika m'matauni, kulumikiza kusintha kwazinthu zamagulu azachuma. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa zotsatira zabwino pakusungirako koma kuthekera kwamunda kusinthira kukhala kofunika kwambiri kuti mukwaniritse zotsatirazo.

Lotze, HK, Guest, H., O'Leary, J., Tuda, A., and Wallace, D. (2018). Malingaliro a anthu paziwopsezo zam'madzi ndi chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi. Ocean Coast. Sinthani. 152, 14-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.11.004. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 321274396_Public_perceptions_of_marine _threats_and_protection_from_around_the _world

Kafukufukuyu akuyerekeza zomwe anthu amawona pazachiwopsezo chapanyanja komanso chitetezo chokhudza anthu opitilira 32,000 m'maiko 21. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti 70% ya omwe adafunsidwa amakhulupirira kuti chilengedwe cha m'madzi chili pachiwopsezo ndi zochita za anthu, komabe, 15% yokha idaganiza kuti thanzi la m'nyanja ndi loyipa kapena lili pachiwopsezo. Ofunsidwawo nthawi zonse ankati nkhani za kuipitsa malo ndizoopsa kwambiri, zotsatiridwa ndi usodzi, kusintha kwa malo, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Ponena za chitetezo cha m'nyanja, 73% ya omwe adafunsidwa amathandizira ma MPAs m'dera lawo, mopitilira apo, amayesa kwambiri dera lomwe latetezedwa pano. Chikalatachi chimagwira ntchito kwambiri kwa oyang'anira am'madzi, opanga malamulo, osamalira zachilengedwe, ndi aphunzitsi kuti apititse patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake ndi kasungidwe kanyanja.

Martin, VY, Weiler, B., Reis, A., Dimmock, K., & Scherrer, P. (2017). 'Kuchita zoyenera': Momwe sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ingathandizire kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe m'malo otetezedwa am'madzi. Marine Policy, 81, 236-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.04.001 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 316034159_’Doing_the_right_thing’ _How_social_science_can_help_foster_pro-environmental_behaviour_change_in_marine _protected_areas

Oyang'anira a MPA anena kuti agwidwa pakati pa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimalimbikitsa machitidwe abwino a ogwiritsa ntchito kuti achepetse kuwononga zachilengedwe zakunyanja ndikulola kugwiritsa ntchito zosangalatsa. Kuti athane ndi izi, olembawo amatsutsa njira zosinthira machitidwe odziwitsidwa kuti achepetse zovuta zamakhalidwe mu MPAs ndikuthandizira kuyesayesa kuteteza. Nkhaniyi ikupereka zidziwitso zatsopano zaukadaulo komanso zothandiza momwe angathandizire oyang'anira a MPA kulunjika ndikusintha machitidwe omwe pamapeto pake amathandizira mayendedwe apanyanja.

A De Young, R. (2013). "Environmental Psychology Overview." Mu Ann H. Huffman & Stephanie Klein [Eds.] Green Organizations: Driving Change with IO Psychology. Pp. 17-33. NY: Routledge. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 259286195_Environmental_Psychology_ Overview

Psychology ya chilengedwe ndi gawo la kafukufuku lomwe limasanthula mgwirizano pakati pa chilengedwe ndi momwe anthu amakhudzira, kuzindikira, ndi machitidwe. Mutu wabukhuli ukuwunika mozama za psychology yokhudzana ndi kuyanjana kwa chilengedwe ndi momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito polimbikitsa anthu kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino poyesa chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ngakhale osayang'ana kwambiri nkhani zam'madzi izi zimathandiza kukhazikitsa njira yophunzirira mwatsatanetsatane za psychology.

McKinley, E., Fletcher, S. (2010). Kodi munthu ali ndi udindo wosamalira nyanja? Kuunika kwa unzika wa m'madzi ndi akatswiri apanyanja aku UK. Ocean & Coastal Management, Vol. 53, No. 7,379-384. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 245123669_Individual_responsibility _for_the_oceans_An_evaluation_of_marine _citizenship_by_UK_marine_practitioners

Posachedwapa, ulamuliro wa chilengedwe cha m'nyanja wasintha kuchoka pakukhala pamwamba-pansi ndi kutsogoleredwa ndi boma kuti ukhale wogwirizana komanso wokhudzana ndi anthu. Pepalali likusonyeza kuti kuonjeza kwa mchitidwewu kudzakhala chisonyezero cha chikhalidwe cha anthu okhala m'nyanja kuti apereke kasamalidwe kokhazikika ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe cha m'nyanja popititsa patsogolo kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu pakupanga ndi kukhazikitsa ndondomeko. Mwa akatswiri am'madzi a kunyanja, okwera nzika omwe amayang'anira malo am'madzi amapindula kwambiri malo am'mbuyomu, ndi mapindu owonjezera omwe ali nzika zowonjezereka.

Zelezny, LC & Schultz, PW (eds.). 2000. Kulimbikitsa chilengedwe. Journal of Social Issues 56, 3, 365-578. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00172 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 227686773_Psychology _of_Promoting_Environmentalism_ Promoting_Environmentalism

Magazini iyi ya Journal of Social Issues imayang'ana kwambiri za psychology, chikhalidwe cha anthu, komanso mfundo zapagulu pazachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi. Zolinga za nkhaniyi ndi (1) kufotokoza momwe chilengedwe chilili panopa, (2) kupereka malingaliro atsopano ndi kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi malingaliro ndi makhalidwe a chilengedwe, ndi (3) kufufuza zopinga ndi malingaliro abwino polimbikitsa kuteteza chilengedwe. zochita.

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4. Maphunziro

4.1 STEM ndi Nyanja

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2020). Kuwerenga ndi Kuwerenga kwa Ocean: Mfundo Zofunikira ndi Mfundo Zazikulu za Sayansi ya Nyanja kwa Ophunzira a Mibadwo Yonse. Washington, DC. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/ literacy.html

Kumvetsetsa nyanja ndikofunika kuti timvetsetse ndi kuteteza dziko lapansili lomwe tonse tikukhalamo. Cholinga cha Ocean Literacy Campaign chinali kuthana ndi kusowa kwa zinthu zokhudzana ndi nyanja m'maboma ndi maphunziro asayansi adziko lonse, zida zophunzitsira, ndi zowunika.

4.2 Zothandizira kwa Aphunzitsi a K-12

Payne, D., Halversen, C., ndi Schoedinger, SE (2021, July). Bukhu Lowonjezera Kuwerenga ndi Kuwerenga M'nyanja kwa Aphunzitsi ndi Othandizira Kuwerenga ndi Kunyanja ku Ocean. National Marine Educators Association. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 363157493_A_Handbook_for_ Increasing_Ocean_Literacy_Tools_for _Educators_and_Ocean_Literacy_Advocates

Bukhuli ndi chida chothandizira aphunzitsi kuphunzitsa, kuphunzira, ndi kulankhulana za nyanja. Ngakhale kuti poyamba ankafuna kuti aphunzitsi a m'kalasi ndi ophunzitsa mwamwambo agwiritse ntchito zipangizo zophunzitsira, mapulogalamu, ziwonetsero, ndi chitukuko cha zochitika ku United States, zinthuzi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi aliyense, kulikonse, amene akufuna kuwonjezera luso la kuphunzira panyanja. Kuphatikizidwa ndi zithunzi 28 zoyenda bwino za Ocean Literacy Scope ndi Sequence ya Magiredi K–12.

Tsai, Liang-Ting (2019, Okutobala). Multilevel Effects of Student and School Factors on Senior High School Students' Ocean Literacy. Sustainability Vol. 11 DOI: 10.3390/su11205810.

Kupeza kwakukulu kwa kafukufukuyu kunali kuti kwa ana asukulu za sekondale ku Taiwan, zinthu zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu aziphunzira panyanja panyanja. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, zinthu za msinkhu wa ophunzira zinapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chidziwitso cha ophunzira a m'nyanja kusiyana ndi zomwe zinachitikira kusukulu. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa kuwerenga mabuku kapena magazini am'nyanja zam'madzi kunali zolosera zam'nyanja, pomwe, pasukulu, dera lasukulu komanso komwe kuli sukulu ndizomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu azitha kuphunzira zam'nyanja.

National Marine Educators Association. (2010). Ocean Literacy Scope and Sequence for Giredi K-12. The Ocean Literacy Campaign Yokhala ndi Ocean Literacy Scope & Sequence for Giredi K-12, NMEA. https://www.marine-ed.org/ocean-literacy/scope-and-sequence

Ocean Literacy Scope and Sequence for Grades K–12 ndi chida chophunzitsira chomwe chimapereka chitsogozo kwa aphunzitsi kuti athandize ophunzira awo kumvetsetsa bwino za nyanja m'njira zovuta kwambiri pazaka zambiri zamaphunziro asayansi oganiza bwino, ogwirizana.

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5. Kusiyanasiyana, Kufanana, Kuphatikizidwa, ndi Chilungamo

Adams, L., Bintiff, A., Jannke, H., and Kacez, D. (2023). Omaliza maphunziro a UC San Diego ndi Ocean Discovery Institute amagwirizana kuti apange pulogalamu yoyeserera pakulangiza anthu pachikhalidwe. Oceanography, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.104. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 366767133_UC_San_Diego _Undergraduates_and_the_Ocean_ Discovery_Institute_Collaborate_to_ Form_a_Pilot_Program_in_Culturally_ Responsive_Mentoring

Pali kusowa kwakukulu kwa kusiyanasiyana kwa sayansi ya m'nyanja. Njira imodzi yopititsira patsogolo izi ndikugwiritsa ntchito kaphunzitsidwe kogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe komanso upangiri panjira yonse ya K-yunivesite. M'nkhaniyi, ofufuza akufotokoza zotsatira zawo zoyamba ndi maphunziro omwe adaphunzira kuchokera ku pulogalamu yoyendetsa ndege yophunzitsa gulu la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ophunzirira maphunziro omwe amakhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe chawo ndikuwapatsa mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito luso lawo latsopano ndi ophunzira a K-12. Izi zimathandizira lingaliro loti ophunzira kudzera m'maphunziro awo a digiri yoyamba amatha kukhala olimbikitsa anthu ammudzi komanso kwa omwe akuyendetsa mapulogalamu a sayansi yam'nyanja kuti aziyika patsogolo kusiyanasiyana ndikuphatikizidwa pogwira ntchito pamapulogalamu asayansi yam'nyanja.

Worm, B., Elliff, C., Fonseca, J., Gell, F., Serra Gonçalves, A. Helder, N., Murray, K., Peckham, S., Prelovec, L., Sink, K. ( 2023, Marichi). Kupangitsa Kuwerenga kwa Ocean Kuphatikizidwe ndi Kufikika. Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics DOI: 10.3354/esep00196. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 348567915_Making_Ocean _Literacy_Inclusive_and_Accessible

Olembawo amanena kuti kuchita nawo sayansi yam'madzi m'mbiri yakale wakhala mwayi wa anthu ochepa omwe ali ndi mwayi wophunzira maphunziro apamwamba, zipangizo zapadera, ndi ndalama zofufuzira. Komabe, magulu amtundu, zojambulajambula zauzimu, ogwiritsa ntchito nyanja zamchere, ndi magulu ena omwe akhudzidwa kale kwambiri ndi nyanjayi atha kupereka malingaliro osiyanasiyana kuti alemeretse lingaliro la kuphunzira zam'nyanja kuposa kumvetsetsa kwa sayansi yam'madzi. Olembawo akuwonetsa kuti kuphatikizika kotereku kumatha kuchotsa zotchinga zakale zomwe zazungulira malowa, kusintha kuzindikira kwathu pamodzi ndi ubale wathu ndi nyanja, ndikuthandizira kuthandizira kupitilizabe kukonzanso zamoyo zam'madzi.

Zelezny, LC; Chua, PP; Aldrich, C. Njira Zatsopano Zoganizira Zokhudza Zachilengedwe: Kufotokozera za Kusiyana kwa Amuna ndi Akazi pa Zachilengedwe. J. Soc. Nkhani 2000, 56, 443-457. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 227509139_New_Ways_of_Thinking _about_Environmentalism_Elaborating_on _Gender_Differences_in_Environmentalism

Olembawo adapeza kuti atatha kuwunika zaka khumi za kafukufuku (1988-1998) pa kusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi m'malingaliro ndi machitidwe a chilengedwe, mosiyana ndi zosagwirizana zakale, chithunzi chomveka bwino chawonekera: akazi amafotokoza maganizo ndi makhalidwe amphamvu a chilengedwe kuposa amuna.

Bennett, N., Teh, L., Ota, Y., Christie, P., Ayers, A., et al. (2017). Pempho la malamulo a kasungidwe kanyanja, Ndondomeko ya Marine, Voliyumu 81, Masamba 411-418, ISSN 0308-597X, DOI:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.03.035 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 316937934_An_appeal_for _a_code_of_conduct_for_marine_conservation

Zochita zotetezera panyanja, ngakhale zili ndi zolinga zabwino, sizimagwiridwa ndi ndondomeko imodzi yolamulira kapena bungwe loyang'anira, zomwe zingayambitse kusiyana kwakukulu pakuchita bwino. Olembawo akunena kuti ndondomeko ya makhalidwe kapena ndondomeko ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino katsatiridwa. Khodiyi iyenera kulimbikitsa kayendetsedwe kabwino kotetezedwa ndi zisankho, zochita zongosunga chikhalidwe ndi zotsatira zake, komanso mabungwe ogwiritsa ntchito. Cholinga cha malamulowa chidzalola kuti kusungirako zachilengedwe kukhale kovomerezeka ndi anthu komanso kukhala kothandiza pazachilengedwe, motero kumathandizira kuti nyanja ikhale yokhazikika.

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6. Miyezo, Njira, ndi Zizindikiro

Zielinski, T., Kotynska-Zielinska, I. and Garcia-Soto, C. (2022, January). Ndondomeko ya Kuwerenga kwa Nyanja: EU4Ocean. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 357882384_A_ Blueprint_for_Ocean_Literacy_EU4Ocean

Pepalali likufotokoza kufunikira kwa kulumikizana bwino kwa zotsatira za sayansi kwa nzika padziko lonse lapansi. Pofuna kuti anthu adziwe zambiri, ofufuzawo adayesetsa kumvetsetsa mfundo za Ocean Literacy Principles ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zabwino zomwe zilipo kuti zithandizire kukulitsa chidziwitso chapadziko lonse lapansi zakusintha kwachilengedwe. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito pakutsimikizira momwe mungakondere anthu pankhani zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, motero, momwe anthu angasinthire njira zamaphunziro kuti zithetse kusintha kwapadziko lonse. Olembawo amatsutsa kuti kuwerenga kwanyanja ndikofunikira pakukhazikika, ngakhale ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti nkhaniyi imalimbikitsa pulogalamu ya EU4Ocean.

Sean M. Wineland, Thomas M. Neeson, (2022). Kuchulukitsa kufalikira kwa njira zotetezera m'malo ochezera a pa Intaneti. Kuteteza Sayansi ndi Kuchita, DOI:10.1111/csp2.12740, Vol. 4, n8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 361491667_Maximizing_the_spread _of_conservation_initiatives_in_social_networks

Mapulogalamu ndi ndondomeko zoteteza zachilengedwe zimatha kusunga zamoyo zosiyanasiyana ndikupititsa patsogolo ntchito za chilengedwe, koma pokhapokha zitavomerezedwa kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti njira zambiri zotetezera zilipo padziko lonse lapansi, zambiri zimalephera kufalikira kupyola anthu ochepa okha omwe adalandira. Kukhazikitsidwa koyamba ndi anthu otchuka kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amatsatira njira yotetezera chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi. Maukonde amderali amafanana ndi netiweki yachisawawa yopangidwa makamaka ndi mabungwe aboma ndi mabungwe am'deralo, pomwe netiweki yapadziko lonse lapansi ili ndi dongosolo lopanda malire lomwe lili ndi mphamvu zambiri zamabungwe a federal ndi mabungwe a NGO.

Ashley M, Pahl S, Glegg G ndi Fletcher S (2019) Kusintha kwa Maganizo: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Zofufuza Zachikhalidwe ndi Makhalidwe Pakuwunika Kuchita Bwino kwa Njira Zophunzitsira za Ocean. Frontiers mu Marine Science. DOI:10.3389/fmars.2019.00288. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 333748430_A_Change_of_Mind _Applying_Social_and_Behavioral_ Research_Methods_to_the_Assessment_of _the_Effectiveness_of_Ocean_Literacy_Initiatives

Njirazi zimalola kuunika kwakusintha kwamalingaliro komwe ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse momwe pulogalamuyo ikuyendera. Olembawo akupereka ndondomeko yowunikira maphunziro a maphunziro a akatswiri omwe akulowa m'makampani otumiza katundu (oyang'ana makhalidwe kuti achepetse kufalikira kwa mitundu yowononga) ndi zokambirana za maphunziro a ophunzira asukulu (azaka 11-15 ndi 16-18) pazovuta ku zinyalala zam'madzi ndi microplastics. Olembawo adawona kuti kuwunika kusintha kwamalingaliro kungathandize kudziwa momwe polojekiti ikuyendera pakukulitsa chidziwitso cha omwe akutenga nawo mbali komanso kuzindikira za vuto linalake, makamaka ngati anthu ena amayang'aniridwa ndi zida zophunzirira zam'nyanja zofananira.

Santoro, F., Santin, S., Scowcroft, G., Fauville, G., ndi Tuddenham, P. (2017). Ocean Literacy for All - A Toolkit. IOC/UNESCO & UNESCO Venice office Paris (IOC Manuals and Guides, 80 osinthidwa mu 2018), 136. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 321780367_Ocean_Literacy_for_all_-_A_toolkit

Kudziwa ndi kumvetsa mphamvu ya nyanja pa ife, ndi chikoka chathu pa nyanja, n'kofunika kwambiri kuti tikhale ndi moyo ndi kuchita zinthu moyenera. Ichi ndiye chiyambi cha maphunziro a m'nyanja. Ocean Literacy Portal imagwira ntchito ngati malo amodzi, yopereka zothandizira ndi zomwe zilipo kwa onse, ndi cholinga chokhazikitsa gulu la anthu odziwa zambiri panyanja kuti athe kupanga zisankho zodziwikiratu komanso zodalirika pazinthu zam'nyanja komanso kukhazikika kwanyanja.

NOAA. (2020, February). Kuwerenga ndi Kuwerenga kwa Ocean: Mfundo Zofunikira za Sayansi ya Ocean kwa Ophunzira a Mibadwo Yonse. www.oceanliteracyNMEA.org

Pali Mfundo zisanu ndi ziwiri za Ocean Literacy Principles ndipo zowonjezera za Scope ndi Sequence zili ndi zithunzi 28 zoyenda. Mfundo za Ocean Literacy Principles zikadali ntchito yomwe ikuchitika; akuwonetsa zoyesayesa mpaka pano pofotokozera luso la m'nyanja. Kusindikiza koyambirira kunapangidwa mu 2013.

• Mfundo Yofunika Kuwerenga ndi Kuwerenga ya Ocean #1: Dziko lapansi lili ndi nyanja imodzi yayikulu yokhala ndi zinthu zambiri.
• Mfundo Yofunika Kuwerenga ndi Kuwerenga ya Ocean #2: Nyanja ndi zamoyo za m'nyanja zimapanga mawonekedwe a Dziko lapansi.
• Mfundo Yofunika Kuwerenga ndi Kuwerenga ya Ocean #3: Nyanja imakhudza kwambiri nyengo ndi nyengo.
• Mfundo Yofunika Kuwerenga ndi Kuwerenga ya Ocean #4: Nyanja inachititsa kuti Dziko Lapansi likhale lokhalamo anthu.
• Mfundo Yofunika Kuwerenga ndi Kuwerenga ya Ocean #5: Nyanja imathandizira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo ndi zachilengedwe.
• Mfundo Yofunika Kuwerenga ndi Kuwerenga ya Ocean #6: Nyanja ndi anthu n'zogwirizana kwambiri.
• Mfundo Yofunika Kuwerenga ndi Kuwerenga ya Ocean #7: Nthawi zambiri nyanjayi sinafufuzidwe.

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