Oceans Big Think

Oceans Big Think - Kukhazikitsa Zovuta Zazikulu Zakusunga Nyanja - ku Scripps Institution of Oceanography

ndi Mark J. Spalding, Purezidenti

Ndinali nditangotha ​​sabata imodzi Loreto, tawuni ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja m'chigawo cha Baja California Sur, Mexico.  Kumeneko ndinakumbutsidwa kuti monga momwe ndale zonse zilili m'deralo, momwemonso ndi zotetezera-ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa pamene aliyense amayesetsa kulinganiza zofuna zambiri pa thanzi la zinthu zomwe tonsefe timadalira. Zolemba zowonetsera malo a cholowa chapadziko lonse lapansi, ophunzira omwe adapindula ndi ndalama zopezera ndalama Loweruka usiku, ndi nkhawa za nzika zonse ndi zikumbutso zapang'ono, koma zofunikira za zovuta zapadziko lonse zomwe tikuyesera kuthetsa.

Ndinabwezedwa msanga kumtunda wa mapazi zikwi zambiri pamene ndinafika ku San Diego Lamlungu laposachedwa usiku. Kukhazikitsa zovuta kumatanthauza kuti pali njira zothetsera, zomwe ndi zabwino. Chifukwa chake, ndinali ku Scripps Institution of Oceanography ndikupita ku msonkhano wotchedwa "Oceans Big Think" womwe udapangidwa kuti upeze mayankho omwe atha kupangidwa kudzera pa mphotho kapena mpikisano wovuta (kutsatsa kwatsopano kumatha kuchitika kudzera m'mphoto, ma hackathons, magawo opangira, owongolera. luso, mipikisano yamayunivesite, etc.). Yoyendetsedwa ndi Conservation X Labs ndi World Wildlife Fund, idayang'ana kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo ndi uinjiniya kuti athetse mavuto omwe akukumana ndi nyanja yathu. Anthu ambiri sanali akatswiri a zanyanja—okhala nawo m’gululi anautcha “msonkhano wa akatswiri osankhidwa bwino, otulukira nzeru zatsopano, ndi osunga ndalama” anasonkhana “kuti aganizirenso za kasungidwe ka nyanja,” kuti agwirizanitse madontho omwe alipo m’njira zatsopano zothetsera mavuto akale.

Ku The Ocean Foundation, tikuwona kuthetsa mavuto ngati kofunika kwambiri pa ntchito yathu, ndipo timawona zida zomwe tili nazo monga zofunika, komanso ngati gawo la njira yowonjezera, yosakanikirana. Tikufuna kuti sayansi itidziwitse, tikufuna mayankho aukadaulo ndi uinjiniya aziwunikiridwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuli koyenera. Kenako, tikufunanso kuteteza ndi kuyang'anira cholowa chathu chimodzi (zothandizira zomwe timagawana) kudzera mundondomeko ndi zowongolera zomwe zimagwira ntchito komanso kutsatiridwa. M'mawu ena, luso ndi chida. Si chipolopolo chasiliva. Ndipo, motero ndidafika ku Oceans Big Think ndikukhala ndi kukayikira koyenera.

Zovuta zazikulu zimapangidwira kukhala njira yabwino yolembera zowopsa kunyanja. Chiyembekezo ndikutanthauza kuti zovuta zikuyimira mwayi. Mwachiwonekere, monga poyambira, sayansi yam'nyanja (zachilengedwe, zakuthupi, zamankhwala, ndi majini) ili ndi zambiri zotidziwitsa za kuwopseza moyo wa m'nyanja ndi thanzi la anthu. Pamsonkhanowu, chikalata cha "landscape" chakumbuyo chinatchula zoopsa za 10 kunyanja kuti zifufuzidwe kwa akatswiri omwe anasonkhana kuti asankhe ngati "vuto lalikulu" lingapangidwe ngati njira yopezera yankho kwa aliyense kapena onse.
Izi ndi zowopseza 10 panyanja monga momwe zalembedwera ndi chikalatacho:

1. Kusintha kwa Blue kwa Nyanja: Reengineering Aquaculture for Sustainability
2. Kumaliza ndi Kubwezeretsa ku Zinyalala Zam'madzi
3. Kuwonekera ndi Kutsata Kuchokera ku Nyanja kupita ku Mtsinje: Kutha Kusodza Kwambiri
4. Kuteteza Malo Ovuta Kwambiri Panyanja: Zida Zatsopano Zoteteza Panyanja
5. Kukhazikika Kwachilengedwe Kwachilengedwe ku Nearshore ndi Madera Akugombe
6. Kuchepetsa Ecological Footprint of Fishing kudzera pa Smarter Gear
7. Kumanga Zowukira Zachilendo: Kulimbana ndi Mitundu Yosautsa
8. Kulimbana ndi Zotsatira za Ocean Acidification
9. Kuthetsa Kugulitsa Zanyama Zam'madzi
10. Kutsitsimutsa Madera Akufa: Kulimbana ndi Kuwonongeka kwa M'nyanja, Madera Akufa, ndi Kuthamanga Kwazakudya

Kuyambira pachiwopsezo, cholinga chake ndikuzindikira njira zomwe zingatheke, komanso ngati aliyense wa iwo amadzibwereketsa ku mpikisano wovuta. Ndiko kunena kuti, ndi gawo liti la chiwopsezo, kapena vuto lomwe limapangitsa kuti chiwopsezocho chiipitse, chomwe chingathetsedwe popereka vuto lomwe limakhudza anthu ambiri aukadaulo kuti athetse? Zovuta zimapangidwira kupanga zolimbikitsa kwakanthawi kochepa kuti agwiritse ntchito njira zothetsera mavuto, nthawi zambiri kudzera pa mphotho yandalama (monga Wendy Schmidt Ocean Health XPrize). Chiyembekezo ndi chakuti mphothoyo ibweretsa yankho lomwe liri losinthika mokwanira kuti litithandize kudumpha pamasitepe oyenda pang'onopang'ono, osinthika, ndikupita patsogolo mwachangu kukhazikika. Othandizira ndalama ndi mabungwe omwe ali kumbuyo kwa mpikisanowu akufunafuna kusintha kosinthika komwe kungachitike mwamsanga, pasanathe zaka khumi. Cholinga chake ndikutenga mayendedwe ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mayankho: Zonse poyang'anizana ndi mayendedwe othamanga komanso kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa chiwonongeko cha nyanja. Ndipo ngati yankho likhoza kupezeka kudzera muukadaulo wogwiritsidwa ntchito kapena uinjiniya, ndiye kuti kuthekera kwamalonda kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zolimbikitsa zanthawi yayitali, kuphatikiza ndalama zowonjezera zokhazikika.

Nthawi zina, luso lamakono lapangidwa kale koma silinatengedwe kwambiri chifukwa cha zovuta komanso mtengo. Kenako mphoto ikhoza kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha luso lamakono lotsika mtengo. Posachedwa tawona izi mumpikisano wa XPrize kuti tipange masensa olondola, okhazikika, komanso otsika mtengo a pH ogwiritsa ntchito panyanja. Wopambana ndi gawo la $ 2,000 lomwe limachita bwino kuposa momwe makampani amagwirira ntchito, zomwe zimawononga $ 15,000 ndipo sizikhalitsa kapena zodalirika.

The Ocean Foundation ikawunika njira zaukadaulo kapena uinjiniya, timadziwa kuti tiyenera kukhala osamala ndikuganizira mozama za zotsatira zomwe sitinachite, ngakhale tikuzindikira kuopsa kwa zotsatirapo zakusachitapo kanthu pothana ndi ziwopsezozi. Tiyenera kupitiriza ndikufunsa mafunso okhudza zomwe zimawononga kuchokera ku malingaliro monga kutaya zitsulo zachitsulo kuti zilimbikitse kukula kwa algae; kupanga ma genetically modified organisms (GMOs); kubweretsa zamoyo kuti zithe kuwononga adani; kapena kumwa matanthwe okhala ndi ma antacids—ndi kuyankha mafunso amenewo kuyesa kulikonse kusanachitike. Ndipo, tiyenera kutsindika mayankho achilengedwe ndi kukonzanso kwachilengedwe komwe kumagwira ntchito ndi chilengedwe chathu, m'malo mopanga njira zomwe sizitero.

Panthawi ya "kuganiza kwakukulu" ku Scripps, gululo linachepetsa mndandandawo kuti liyang'ane pa ulimi wamadzi okhazikika komanso usodzi wosaloledwa. Awiriwa ndi ogwirizana chifukwa ulimi wa m'madzi, womwe uli kale pazamalonda padziko lonse lapansi ndikukula, umapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunika kwa mafuta a nsomba ndi nsomba zomwe zimabweretsa kusodza kwambiri m'madera ena.

Pankhani ya ulimi wokhazikika wa m'madzi, pakhoza kukhala njira zingapo zamakono kapena zaumisiri zomwe zitha kukhala mutu wa mphotho kapena mpikisano wotsutsa kusintha machitidwe / zolowetsa.
Izi ndi zomwe akatswiri m'chipindamo amawona kuti akugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha m'madzi:

• Kupanga ukadaulo waulimi wopangira zamoyo zodya udzu zomwe sizikulitsidwa pano (kulima nsomba zodya nyama sikukwanira)
• Nsomba zoweta (monga momwe zimakhalira pauweto wapadziko lapansi) nsomba zokhala ndi kusintha kwabwino kwa chakudya (kupambana kochokera ku chibadwa, popanda kusinthidwa kwa majini)
• Pangani chakudya chatsopano chopatsa thanzi, chotsika mtengo (chomwe sichidalira kuchepa kwa nsomba zamtchire kapena mafuta a nsomba)
• Khazikitsani ukadaulo wokwera mtengo, wosinthika kuti mukhazikitse ntchito kuti ikhale pafupi ndi misika (imalimbikitsa kuyenda kwa malo) kuti muchepetse mvula yamkuntho, kuphatikiza minda yakumidzi yakumidzi, ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa magombe.

Pofuna kuletsa kusodza kosaloledwa, akatswiri omwe anali m'chipindacho analingalira za kubwezeretsedwanso kwa umisiri womwe unalipo kale, kuphatikiza makina owonera zombo, ma drones, ma AUV, mafunde owulutsa, masetilaiti, masensa, ndi zida zowonera kuti ziwonekere.
Tinadzifunsa mafunso angapo ndikuyesera kudziwa komwe mphotho (kapena zovuta zofananira) zingathandize kupititsa patsogolo ukapitawo wabwino: 

• Ngati kudziyimira pawokha kwa dera (chipambano cha commons) kumapanga kuyang'anira bwino kwambiri usodzi (mwachitsanzo); timachita bwanji zambiri? Tiyenera kufunsa momwe zimagwirira ntchito. M'mikhalidwe yaying'ono ngati imeneyi bwato lililonse ndi msodzi aliyense amadziwika ndi kuwonedwa. Funso lomwe ukadaulo womwe ulipo umapereka ndilakuti tingathe kutengera kuzindikira ndi kukhala tcheru pamlingo wokulirapo pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo. 
• Ndipo poganiza kuti titha kuwona ndi kudziwa zombo zonse ndi msodzi aliyense pamlingo wokulirapo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti titha kuwonanso asodzi osaloledwa, tili ndi njira yogawana chidziwitsocho kumadera akutali (makamaka m'zilumba zazing'ono zomwe zikutukuka) ; zina zomwe zilibe magetsi kuchepera pa intaneti ndi mawayilesi? Kapena ngakhale pomwe kulandira zidziwitso sizovuta, nanga bwanji kuthekera kosunga ma data ambiri ndikukhala odziwa zambiri?
• Kodi tili ndi njira yoletsera iwo omwe aphwanya lamulo mu nthawi yeniyeni (mochepa)? Kodi zolimbikitsa zingakonzedwenso kuti asodzi ena atsatire malamulo ndi kupereka malipoti (chifukwa sipadzakhalanso ndalama zokwanira zogwirira ntchito)? Mwachitsanzo, kodi ma transponder a zombo amachepetsa mtengo wa inshuwaransi chifukwa cha phindu lopewa kugundana? Kodi mtengo wa inshuwaransi ukhoza kukwera ngati chombo chanenedwa ndikutsimikiziridwa?
• Kapena, kodi tsiku lina tingafike pamtundu wofanana ndi kamera yothamanga, kapena kuyimitsa kamera yopepuka, yomwe imatenga chithunzi cha kusodza kosaloledwa kuchokera pagulu loyendetsa ndege lodziyimira pawokha, ndikuchiyika pa satellite ndikupereka mawu (ndi chindapusa) mwachindunji kwa mwini bwato. Kamera yotanthauzira kwambiri ilipo, chowongolera chilipo, komanso kuthekera kokweza chithunzi ndi ma GPS olumikizira kulipo.  

Mapologalamu oyesera ali mkati kuti awone ngati tingaphatikizepo zimene tikudziŵa kale ndi kuzigwiritsira ntchito pa ntchito ya usodzi wosaloledwa ndi mabwato osodza ovomerezeka. Komabe, monga tikudziwira kale pazochitika zomwe zaletsa ntchito yosodza, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kudziwa dziko lenileni komanso umwini wa chombo cha usodzi. Ndipo, makamaka kumadera akutali ku Pacific kapena ku Southern Hemisphere timapanga bwanji dongosolo losamalira ndi kukonza ma robot omwe amagwira ntchito m'malo ovuta kwambiri amchere?

Gululi lidazindikiranso kufunika koyezera bwino zomwe timatengera kuchokera kunyanja, kupewa kulemba molakwika, ndikuchepetsa mtengo wotsimikizira zazinthu ndi usodzi kuti tilimbikitse kufufuza. Kodi traceability ili ndi gawo laukadaulo? Inde, zimatero. Ndipo, pali anthu angapo omwe akugwira ntchito pama tag osiyanasiyana, ma barcode okhoza kujambula, komanso owerenga ma genetic code. Kodi timafunikira mpikisano wa mphotho kuti tikankhire ntchito yomwe yachitika kale ndikudumphira ku yankho lapamwamba kwambiri pokhazikitsa njira zomwe tikufuna kuti ikwaniritse? Ndipo, ngakhale zili choncho, kodi ndalama zogulira zinthu zopezeka m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja zimangogwira nsomba zamtengo wapatali za mayiko otukuka kumene?

Monga tanena kale, vuto laukadaulo wina wokhudzana ndi kuwonera ndikulemba ndikuti amapanga zambiri. Tiyenera kukhala okonzeka kuyang'anira detayi, ndipo pamene aliyense amakonda zida zatsopano, ochepa omwe amakonda kukonza, ndizovuta kwambiri kupeza ndalama zolipirira. Ndipo deta yotseguka, yofikirika imatha kuyenda molunjika ku msika wa data womwe ungapangitse chifukwa chamalonda chokonzekera. Mosasamala kanthu, deta yomwe ingasinthidwe ku chidziwitso ndi chofunikira koma sichikwanira kusintha kwa khalidwe. Pamapeto pake, deta ndi chidziwitso ziyenera kugawidwa m'njira yomwe imaphatikizapo zizindikiro ndi zolimbikitsa zoyenera kusintha ubale wathu ndi nyanja.

Pamapeto pa tsikulo, otilandirawo adalowa mu ukatswiri wa anthu makumi asanu omwe anali mchipindamo ndikupanga mndandanda wazovuta zomwe zingakhalepo. Mofanana ndi kuyesetsa kufulumizitsa ndondomeko, pakufunikanso kuwonetsetsa kuti kudumphadumpha kwa kachitidwe kachitidwe sikumabweretsa zotsatira zosayembekezereka zomwe mwina stymie ikupita patsogolo, kapena, kutitumizanso kumalo omwe timadziwa kuti tigwiritsenso ntchito nkhaniyi. Ulamuliro wabwino umadalira kukhazikitsidwa kwabwino komanso kutsatiridwa bwino. Pamene tikuyesetsa kukonza ubale wa anthu ndi nyanja, tiyenera kuyesetsanso kuwonetsetsa kuti njirazi zikuyenera kuteteza madera omwe ali pachiwopsezo chamitundu yonse, m'madzi ndi pamtunda. Phindu lalikulu limenelo liyenera kulumikizidwa mu "vuto" lililonse lomwe timapanga kuti gulu lalikulu la anthu lipeze yankho.