Kugwirira Ntchito Kuyimitsidwa kwa DSM: Zolinga Zathu za International Seabed Authority ndi Kupitilira

Monga gawo lathu ntchito yopitilira kunena zoona zasayansi, zachuma, ndi zamalamulo za migodi ya pansi pa nyanja (DSM), The Ocean Foundation inachita nawo misonkhano yaposachedwa kwambiri ya International Seabed Authority (ISA) pa Gawo II la Gawo la 27 (ISA-27 Part II). Ndife olemekezeka kuti Mayiko Amembala a ISA avomereza pempho lathu loti akhale Observer mkati mwa msonkhano uno. Tsopano, TOF ikhoza kutenga nawo mbali ngati Observer m'malo ake, kuwonjezera pakuchita nawo limodzi ngati gawo la Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (DSCC). Monga Owonera, tikhoza kutenga nawo mbali mu ntchito ya ISA, kuphatikizapo kupereka maganizo athu pokambirana, koma sitingathe kutenga nawo mbali popanga zisankho. Komabe, chiyamikiro chathu chokhala Woyang’anira watsopano chinazimiririka chifukwa chakuti panalibe mawu ena ambiri okhudzidwa nawo.

Bungwe la United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea (UNCLOS) linafotokoza za pansi pa nyanja kupitirira malire a dziko lililonse kuti ndi “Dera.” Komanso, Derali ndi zinthu zake ndi “cholowa chamba cha [anthu]” chomwe chiyenera kuyang'aniridwa kuti aliyense apindule. ISA idapangidwa pansi pa UNCLOS kuti iziyang'anira chuma cha Dera ndi "kuwonetsetsa chitetezo chokwanira cha chilengedwe cha m'madzi." Kuti izi zitheke, ISA yakhazikitsa malamulo owunikira ndipo yakhala ikuyesetsa kukhazikitsa malamulo ozunzika.

Pambuyo pa zaka zambiri zakuyenda mwachangu kuti akhazikitse malamulo oti azilamulira pansi pa nyanja monga cholowa chofala cha anthu, dziko la Pacific Island la Nauru laika chitsenderezo (kudzera mu zomwe ena amatcha "ulamuliro wa zaka ziwiri") pa ISA kuti amalize malamulo - ndi miyezo ndi malangizo otsatizana nawo - pofika Julayi 2023 (Ngakhale ena amakhulupirira kuti ISA tsopano yatsutsana ndi nthawi, Mayiko ambiri Amembala ndipo Owonerera anena maganizo awo kuti "lamulo la zaka ziwiri" silikakamiza mayiko kuti avomereze migodi). Kuyesaku kuthamangitsa kumalizidwa kwa malamulo kumayenderana ndi nkhani zabodza, zomwe zidakankhidwa mwamphamvu ndi yemwe akufuna kukhala wochita mgodi wapanyanja The Metals Company (TMC) ndi ena, kuti mchere wam'madzi akuya ukufunika kuti uwononge mphamvu zathu padziko lonse lapansi. Decarbonization sikudalira mchere wapanyanja monga cobalt ndi faifi tambala. M'malo mwake, opanga mabatire ndi ena akupanga zatsopano kutali ndi zitsulo zimenezo, ngakhalenso TMC ikuvomereza kuti kusintha kofulumira kwaukadaulo kungachepetse kufunika kwa mchere wapanyanja.

ISA-27 Gawo II linali lotanganidwa, ndipo pali zidule zazikulu zomwe zikupezeka pa intaneti, kuphatikiza imodzi mwazolemba Earth Negotiations Bulletin. Misonkhanoyi idawonetsa momveka bwino kuti ngakhale akatswiri akuzama am'nyanja amadziwa zochepa bwanji: zasayansi, zaukadaulo, zachuma, komanso kusatsimikizika kwazamalamulo kudali kokulirapo pa zokambirana. Pano ku TOF, tikugwiritsa ntchito mwayiwu kugawana nawo mfundo zingapo zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri pa ntchito yathu, kuphatikiza pomwe zinthu zayima komanso zomwe tikuchita.

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Onse okhudzidwa ofunikira sakupezeka ku ISA. Ndipo, iwo omwe amakhalapo ngati Owonerera ovomerezeka samapatsidwa nthawi yomwe akufunika kuti apereke malingaliro awo.

Pa ISA-27 Gawo II, panali kuzindikira kokulirapo kwa okhudzidwa ambiri osiyanasiyana omwe ali ndi chidwi pa kayendetsedwe ka nyanja yakuya ndi zinthu zake. Koma mafunso ali ochuluka okhudza momwe angatengere okhudzidwawo m'chipindamo, ndipo ISA-27 Gawo lachiwiri, mwatsoka, linasungidwa chifukwa cholephera kuwaphatikiza.

Patsiku loyamba la misonkhano, Secretariat ya ISA idadula chakudya chamoyo. Nthumwi za State Member, Owonerera,, atolankhani, ndi ena onse omwe sanathe kupezekapo - kaya chifukwa cha nkhawa za COVID-19 kapena kuchuluka kochepa komweko - adasiyidwa osadziwa zomwe zidachitika kapena chifukwa chake. Pakati pa kusagwirizana kwakukulu, komanso m'malo mopatsa mayiko Amembala kuvota kuti awulutse misonkhanoyi, mawebusayiti adayatsidwanso. Nthawi ina, m'modzi mwa nthumwi ziwiri zachinyamata adasokonezedwa ndikufupikitsidwa ndi Purezidenti Wamsonkhano. Panalinso madandaulo okhudzana ndi kusayenera kwa m'mene Mlembi Wamkulu adatumizira okhudzidwa ndi ISA, kuphatikizapo zokambirana zochokera ku mayiko omwe ali mamembala, pavidiyo ndi zina. Pa tsiku lomaliza la misonkhano, malire anthawi osakhazikika adayikidwa pazidziwitso za Observer nthawi yomweyo Owonera asanapatsidwe malo, ndipo omwe adawaposa adazimitsa maikolofoni. 

Ocean Foundation idalowererapo (inapereka chikalata chovomerezeka) ku ISA-27 Gawo II kuti izindikire kuti omwe akukhudzidwa ndi cholowa chamtundu wa anthu ndife, mwina tonsefe. Tidalimbikitsa a Secretariat a ISA kuti aitanire mawu osiyanasiyana ku zokambirana za DSM - makamaka mawu achichepere ndi Amwenye - ndikutsegula chitseko kwa onse ogwiritsa ntchito nyanja monga asodzi, apaulendo, asayansi, ofufuza, ndi akatswiri ojambula. Poganizira izi, tidapempha a ISA kuti afufuze mwachangu omwe akukhudzidwawa ndikulandila zomwe apereka.

Cholinga cha Ocean Foundation: Kwa onse omwe akhudzidwa kuti achite nawo migodi yakuya pansi pa nyanja.

Mogwirizana ndi ena ambiri, tikufalitsa uthenga wa momwe DSM ingakhudzire tonsefe. Tidzagwira ntchito mosalekeza komanso mwaluso kuti tentiyo ikhale yayikulu. 

• Tikukweza zokambirana kuzungulira DSM komwe tingathe, ndikulimbikitsa ena kuchita chimodzimodzi. Tonsefe tili ndi zokonda zapadera komanso zolumikizana nazo.
• Chifukwa ISA sinafufuze mwachangu onse okhudzidwa, ndipo chifukwa DSM - ikadapita patsogolo - ingakhudze aliyense padziko lapansi, tikuyesetsa kukambirana mozungulira DSM, komanso chifukwa chake timathandizira kuletsa (kuletsa kwakanthawi), kwa ena. zokambirana zapadziko lonse: United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), Session 5th ya Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) pa Kusamalira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mosasunthika kwa zamoyo za m'madzi kupitilira madera omwe amalamulira dziko (BBNJ), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties (COP27), ndi High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development. DSM iyenera kukambidwa pamalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndikuyankhidwa palimodzi komanso mokwanira.
• Tikulimbikitsanso magulu ang'onoang'ono ngati malo ofunikira pazokambiranazi. Izi zikuphatikizapo nyumba zamalamulo za dziko lonse ndi mayiko a mayiko a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ozungulira Clarion Clipperton Zone, magulu a usodzi (kuphatikizapo Regional Fishery Management Organizations- omwe amapanga zisankho za omwe amasodza kumene, zida zomwe azigwiritsa ntchito ndi nsomba zingati zomwe angagwire), ndi misonkhano ya achinyamata ya zachilengedwe.
• Tikukulitsa luso lathu lokulitsa luso kuti tizindikire omwe ali ndi gawo - ndikuthandizira omwe akuchita nawo gawo pa ISA, kuphatikiza koma osalekeza panjira yofunsira Observer.

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Ufulu wachibadwidwe, chilungamo cha chilengedwe, ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi chidziwitso, ndi kufanana pakati pa mibadwo yonse zinali zodziwika bwino pazokambirana pamilungu itatu yonse ya misonkhano.

Mayiko ambiri omwe ali mamembala ndi Owonerera adakambirana za zomwe zimachitika paufulu za DSM. Nkhawa zidadzutsidwa ndi zolakwika zomwe zidawoneka momwe Mlembi Wamkulu wa ISA adawonetsera ntchito yomwe ikupitilira ku ISA m'mabwalo ena apadziko lonse lapansi, kunena kapena kutanthauza kuvomerezana pakumaliza kwa malamulo ndi kuvomereza DSM pomwe mgwirizanowu palibe. 

Ocean Foundation imakhulupirira kuti DSM ndiyowopsa ku chikhalidwe cha pansi pa madzi, magwero a chakudya, moyo, nyengo yabwino, ndi majini am'madzi am'madzi am'tsogolo. Pa ISA-27 Gawo II, tidatsindika kuti United Nations General Assembly Resolution 76/75 posachedwapa adazindikira ufulu wokhala ndi malo oyera, athanzi, komanso okhazikika ngati ufulu waumunthu, ndikuzindikira kuti ufuluwu ukugwirizana ndi ufulu wina ndi malamulo omwe alipo padziko lonse lapansi. Ntchito ya ISA kulibe malo opanda kanthu, ndipo iyenera - monga ntchito yochitidwa pansi pa mapangano a mayiko ambiri mosasinthasintha m'dongosolo la UN - kulimbikitsa ufulu umenewu.

Cholinga cha Ocean Foundation: Kuwona kuphatikiza kwina kwa DSM ndi zotsatira zake panyanja yathu, nyengo, ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana pazokambirana zapadziko lonse lapansi.

Tikukhulupirira kuti kulimbikitsa kwapadziko lonse lapansi kugwetsa ma silo ndikuwona ulamuliro wapadziko lonse lapansi kukhala wolumikizana (mwachitsanzo, kudzera pa Zokambirana za Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Nyanja) ndi mafunde okwera omwe adzakweza mabwato onse. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuchitapo kanthu ndi kugwirizana pakati pa kayendetsedwe ka chilengedwe padziko lonse sikudzasokoneza, koma m'malo mwake kumalimbitsa, Mgwirizano wa United Nations pa Chilamulo cha Nyanja (UNCLOS). 

Chifukwa chake, timakhulupirira kuti Mayiko Amembala a ISA adzatha kulemekeza ndi kulemekeza UNCLOS pamene akugwira ntchito mokhudzidwa ndi kulemekeza mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, madera achikhalidwe, mibadwo yamtsogolo, zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, ndi mautumiki a chilengedwe - zonse zimadalira sayansi yomwe ilipo. Ocean Foundation imathandizira mwamphamvu kuyitanitsa kuyimitsidwa kwa DSM kuti aphatikize zomwe amakhudzidwa ndi sayansi.

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Underwater Cultural Heritage sakulandira chisamaliro choyenera pazokambirana za ISA.

Ngakhale kufunika kwa chikhalidwe kumakambidwa ngati ntchito ya chilengedwe, chikhalidwe cha pansi pa madzi sichili pamwamba pa zokambirana zaposachedwa za ISA. Muchitsanzo chimodzi, ngakhale okhudzidwa akunena kuti Regional Environmental Management Plan iyenera kuganizira za chikhalidwe chogwirika ndi chosagwirika komanso chidziwitso cha makolo, zolemba zaposachedwa kwambiri za pulaniyi zimangonena za “zinthu zakale” zokha. TOF inalowererapo kawiri pa ISA-27 Gawo II kuti ipemphe kuzindikirikanso za chikhalidwe cha pansi pa madzi ndikupereka lingaliro lakuti ISA ifike mwachangu kwa okhudzidwa nawo.

Cholinga cha Ocean Foundation: Kukweza chikhalidwe cha pansi pa madzi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ndi gawo lomveka bwino la zokambirana za DSM zisanawonongedwe mosadziwa.

• Tidzayesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti cholowa chathu chachikhalidwe ndi gawo lofunikira pa zokambirana za DSM. Izi zikuphatikizapo: 
  • chikhalidwe chogwirika, monga zida zankhondo zotsitsidwa panyanja ya Pacific, kapena kusweka kwa zombo ndi mabwinja a anthu ku Atlantic mu Middle Passage, kumene panthawi ya malonda a akapolo odutsa nyanja ya Atlantic, pafupifupi 1.8+ miliyoni Afirika sanapulumuke paulendowu.
  • cholowa cha chikhalidwe chosaoneka,monga moyo cholowa chikhalidwe za anthu aku Pacific, kuphatikizapo kufufuza njira. 
• Posachedwapa tatumiza pempho loti tigwirizanenso pakati pa ISA ndi UNESCO, ndipo tidzapitiriza kukweza zokambirana za momwe tingatetezere bwino chikhalidwe cha pansi pa madzi.
• TOF ikuchita kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe chogwirika komanso chosagwira ntchito ku Pacific ndi Atlantic.
• TOF ikukambirana ndi anthu ena okhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha pansi pa madzi, ndipo ithandiza kuti pakhale mgwirizano pakati pa okhudzidwawo ndi ISA.

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Pali kuzindikira kwa mipata mu chidziwitso chozungulira kuvulaza kwa DSM.

Pa ISA-27 Gawo II, panali kuzindikira kowonjezereka ndi Mayiko ndi Owonera kuti, ngakhale pangakhale mipata yambiri yasayansi muzambiri zomwe tikufunikira kuti timvetsetse nyanja yakuya ndi chilengedwe chake, pali zambiri zokwanira kudziwa kuti DSM idzachita. kuwononga zakuya. Titha kuwononga chilengedwe chapadera chomwe imapereka chithandizo chofunikira kwambiri cha chilengedwe kuphatikizapo nsomba ndi nkhono za chakudya; zopangidwa kuchokera ku zamoyo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mankhwala; malamulo a nyengo; ndi mbiri, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, maphunziro, ndi sayansi kufunika kwa anthu padziko lonse.

TOF idalowererapo pa ISA-27 Gawo II kunena kuti tikudziwa kuti zachilengedwe sizimagwira ntchito paokha, ngakhale pali mipata pakumvetsetsa momwe zimalumikizirana. Zachilengedwe zomwe zitha kusokoneza tisanazimvetse - ndipo kuchita izi mwakudziwa - zitha kuwuluka poyang'anizana ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe komanso kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu amitundu yonse. Mwachindunji, kuchita izi kungasemphane ndi Zolinga zachitukuko cha Sustainable Development.

Cholinga cha Ocean Foundation: Kuti tisawononge zamoyo zathu zakunyanja tisanadziwe kuti ndi chiyani, komanso zomwe zimatichitira.

• Timathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito United Nations Zaka khumi za Ocean Science for Sustainable Development monga nsanja yosonkhanitsira ndi kutanthauzira.
• Tidzayesetsa kukweza sayansi yapamwamba, yomwe ikuwonetsa izi mipata ya chidziwitso chozungulira nyanja yakuya ndi yaikulu ndipo zidzatenga zaka makumi kuti atseke.

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Okhudzidwa akuyang'ana mozama za momwe chuma chikuyendera pa migodi ya pansi pa nyanja ndi zomwe zidzachitike padziko lapansi.

Pamisonkhano yaposachedwa ya ISA, nthumwi zakhala zikuyang'ana nkhani zazikulu zachuma ndikuzindikira kuti pali ntchito yambiri yoti ichitike mkati. Pa ISA-27 Part II, TOF, Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (DSCC), ndi Observers ena adalimbikitsa mamembala a ISA kuti nawonso ayang'ane panja ndikuwona kuti chithunzi chazachuma cha DSM chili choyipa. Multiple Observers adadziwika kuti DSM yapezeka ndi United Nations Environmental Program Sustainable Finance Initiative kuti sigwirizana ndi chuma chokhazikika cha buluu.

TOF inanena kuti njira iliyonse yopezera ndalama zogwirira ntchito za DSM iyenera kutsatira zomwe zachitika mkati ndi kunja kwa Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) zomwe zingalepheretse kupeza ndalama zamalonda za DSM. A DSCC ndi Owonerera ena adanenanso kuti TMC, yemwe amalimbikitsa nthawi yofulumira ya malamulo a DSM, ali pamavuto azachuma komanso kuti kusatsimikizika kwachuma kuli ndi tanthauzo lenileni la kuyankha, kuwongolera bwino, komanso udindo.

Cholinga cha Ocean Foundation: Kupitiliza kuchitapo kanthu mwamphamvu ndi makampani azachuma ndi inshuwaransi ngati DSM ndi ndalama kapena inshuwaransi.

• Tilimbikitsa mabanki ndi magwero ena opezera ndalama kuti awone za ESG yawo yamkati ndi yakunja komanso kudzipereka kwawo kuti adziwe kuti akugwirizana ndi ndalama za DSM.
• Tipitiliza kulangiza mabungwe azachuma ndi maziko pamiyezo yazachuma chokhazikika cha Blue Economy.
• Tidzapitiriza kuyang'anira kusakhazikika kwachuma ndi mawu otsutsana wa The Metals Company.

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Kupitiliza ntchito yoyimitsa DSM:

Pamsonkhano wa United Nations Ocean ku Lisbon, Portugal mu June 2022, nkhawa zomveka bwino za DSM analeredwa sabata yonse. Bungwe la TOF lidachitapo kanthu pothandizira kuimitsidwa pokhapokha ndi mpaka DSM itatha popanda kuwononga chilengedwe, kuwonongeka kwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, kuopseza chikhalidwe chathu chowoneka ndi chosaoneka, kapena kuopsa kwa ntchito za chilengedwe.

Pa ISA-27 Part II, Chile, Costa Rica, Spain, Ecuador, ndi Federated States of Micronesia onse anaitanitsa kaye kaye. The Federated States of Micronesia adalengeza kuti iwo anali mbali ya Alliance of Countries akuyitanitsa Deep-Sea Mining Moratorium yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi Palau pa Msonkhano wa UN Ocean.

Cholinga cha Ocean Foundation: Kupitiliza kulimbikitsa kuyimitsidwa kwa DSM.

Kulankhula momveka bwino m'chinenero ndikofunika kwambiri pazokambiranazi. Ngakhale kuti ena amapewa mawuwa, kuletsa kumatanthauza “kuletsa kwakanthawi.” Tidzapitirizabe kugawana zambiri ndi mayiko ndi mabungwe a anthu za chikhalidwe china chomwe chilipo komanso chifukwa chake kuimitsidwa kumakhala komveka kwa DSM.

• Timathandizira, ndipo tipitilizabe kuthandizira, kukakamiza dziko lonse ndi mayiko komanso kuletsa DSM.
• M'mbuyomu tidakweza chiwopsezo ku chilengedwe chathu chakuya chakunyanja popereka zokambirana za UN Ocean ndi Climate Change Dialogues, ndipo tipitiliza kutero m'mabwalo ena apadziko lonse lapansi.
• Tili ndi maubwenzi ogwirira ntchito ndi opanga zisankho za chilengedwe m'maiko padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo tikuyesetsa kukweza chiwopsezo cha DSM pazokambirana zonse zokhudzana ndi thanzi la m'nyanja, kusintha kwanyengo, komanso kukhazikika.
• Tidzakhala nawo ku msonkhano wotsatira wa ISA, ISA-27 Part III, womwe unachitikira ku Kingston, Jamaica kuyambira 31 October - 11 November, kuti tipeze njira zothandizira anthu.