Chitetezo Chathu Chimayamba - Ndipo Kutha - Ndi Nyanja Zathu (Gawo 2)

Wolemba Mark J. Spalding, Purezidenti wa Ocean Foundation
Kufalikira kwa Msonkhano Woyamba Padziko Lonse Wokhudza Nyanja, Nyengo, ndi Chitetezo - Gawo 2 la 2

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Msonkhano uwu ndi bungwe lomwe linakonza, Collaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security, ndi zatsopano komanso zapadera. Pamene Institute inakhazikitsidwa, inali 2009—kutha kwa zaka khumi zotentha kwambiri m’zaka mazana angapo zapitazi, ndipo maiko anali kuyeretsa pambuyo poti mikuntho ingapo yachitika m’madera a m’mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic, Pacific, ndi Gulf of Mexico. Ndinavomera kulowa nawo Bungwe la Alangizi chifukwa ndimaganiza kuti mphambano yapaderayi yomwe tikukamba za kusintha kwa nyengo ndi zotsatira zake pa nyanja ndi chitetezo inali njira yatsopano komanso yothandiza kukambirana momwe kuwopseza thanzi la m'nyanja kulinso kuopseza thanzi laumunthu. .

Monga ndinaonera m'nkhani yanga yapitayi, msonkhanowu unayang'ana mitundu yambiri ya chitetezo ndipo kutsindika kwa chitetezo cha dziko kunali kosangalatsa kwambiri. Sizinakhale mbali ya zilankhulo za anthu wamba pakusunga nyanja, kapenanso nkhani zapagulu, kumva zotsutsana zochirikiza dipatimenti yachitetezo poyesetsa kuchepetsa kutulutsa kwake kwa gasi wowonjezera kutentha (monga wogwiritsa ntchito wamkulu kwambiri wamafuta padziko lonse lapansi) , ndikukonzekera kusintha kwa nyengo kuti zitsimikizire kuti zimatha kusunga nkhondo ndi ntchito zina zothandizira chitetezo cha dziko lathu padziko lonse lapansi. Okambawo anali gulu la akatswiri osiyanasiyana okhudza chitetezo, nyanja, ndi ubale wa kusintha kwa nyengo ku chuma, chakudya, mphamvu, ndi chitetezo cha dziko. Zotsatirazi ndi mitu yomwe ikugogomezedwa ndi mapanelo:

Mutu 1: Palibe Magazi a Mafuta

Asilikali akuwonekeratu kuti chofunika kwambiri chiyenera kukhala kuthetsa nkhondo zamafuta amafuta. Mafuta ambiri padziko lapansi ali m’mayiko osiyana kwambiri ndi athu. Zikhalidwe ndi zosiyana, ndipo ambiri a iwo amatsutsana mwachindunji ndi zofuna za America. Kuyang'ana pa kuteteza kadyedwe kathu sikukonza ubale ku Middle East, ndipo ena amati tikamachita zambiri, timakhala otetezeka kwambiri.

Ndipo, monga aku America onse, atsogoleri athu ankhondo sakonda "kutaya anthu athu." Pamene osachepera theka la imfa ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq anali Marines kuteteza convoys mafuta, tiyenera kupeza njira yothetsera kusuntha zida zathu zankhondo kuzungulira dziko. Zoyeserera zina zatsopano zikupinduladi. Kampani ya Marine Corp India inakhala gawo loyamba loterolo kudalira mphamvu ya dzuwa m'malo mwa mabatire ndi ma jenereta a dizilo: Kuchepetsa kulemera (mazana mapaundi mu mabatire okha) ndi zinyalala zowopsa (mabatire kachiwiri), ndipo koposa zonse, kukulitsa chitetezo chifukwa panali palibe ma jenereta omwe akupanga phokoso kuti apereke malo (ndipo osabisa kuyandikira kwa olowa, mwina).

Mutu 2: Tinali, ndipo tili pachiwopsezo

Mavuto amafuta a 1973 adayambitsidwa ndi thandizo lankhondo la US ku Israeli pankhondo ya Yom Kippur. Mtengo wa mafutawo unakwera kuwirikiza kanayi pasanathe chaka. Sizinali chabe za kupeza mafuta, koma kugwedezeka kwamtengo wamafuta kunali chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa msika wa 1973-4. Mwa kudzuka kugwidwa ndi chikhumbo chathu cha mafuta akunja, tinayankha pavuto (zomwe ndizomwe timachita popanda kukonzekera mwakhama). Pofika m’chaka cha 1975, tinali titagwirizanitsa gulu la Strategic Petroleum reserve ndi pulogalamu yosunga mphamvu, ndipo tinayamba kuyang’ana makilomita pa galoni iliyonse imene timagwiritsa ntchito m’galimoto zathu. Tinapitiriza kufufuza njira zatsopano zopezera mafuta osungiramo zinthu zakale, koma tinakulitsanso kufufuza kwa njira zina m'malo mwa kudziimira paokha kuchokera ku mphamvu zochokera kunja kupatula mphamvu yamadzi yochokera ku Canada. Momwemonso, njira yathu yamagetsi imatifikitsa lero pomwe vuto la 1973 lomwe lidapangitsa kuti pakhale mwayi wodziyimira pawokha wamagetsi akumadzulo likugwirizana ndi zoyesayesa zochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta osungiramo zinthu zakale podziyimira pawokha, chitetezo, komanso kuchepetsa kusintha kwanyengo.

Timakhalabe pachiwopsezo chamtengo, komabe, mtengo wamafuta ukatsika mpaka $88 pa mbiya monga momwe udakhalira sabata ino - umafika pafupi ndi mtengo wokwera (pafupifupi $80 pa mbiya) yopanga migolo yocheperako kuchokera kumchenga wa phula ku North Dakota. ndi kubowola m'madzi akuya m'nyanja yathu, zomwe tsopano ndizomwe tikufuna kwambiri zapakhomo. M'mbiri yakale, phindu likatsika kwambiri kwa makampani akuluakulu amafuta, pali chikakamizo chosiya zinthuzo pansi mpaka mtengo ubwerere. Mwina, m'malo mwake, tingaganizire za momwe tingasiyire zinthuzo pansi poyang'ana njira zosawononga zachilengedwe.

Mutu 3: Titha kuyang'ana kwambiri zachitetezo ndi chitetezo cha dziko

Chifukwa chake, m'kati mwa msonkhanowu, zovuta zomveka zidawonekera: Kodi tingagwiritsire ntchito bwanji luso lankhondo (kumbukirani intaneti) pakufunafuna mayankho omwe amafunikira kukonzanso pang'ono ndikukulitsa zofunikira zomwe zikufunika pompopompo pakufuna kupanga ukadaulo woyenera wamba?

Ukadaulo woterewu ungaphatikizepo magalimoto oyendetsa bwino kwambiri (zamtunda, nyanja ndi mpweya), mafuta opangira mafuta otsogola, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito magwero oyenera ongowonjezedwanso monga mafunde, mphamvu yadzuwa ndi mphepo (kuphatikiza kugawikana kwapakati). Ngati titero kwa usilikali, akatswiri a usilikali amati asilikali athu ankhondo sadzakhala osatetezeka, tidzawona kuwonjezeka kwa kukonzekera ndi kudalirika, ndipo tidzawonjezera liwiro, maulendo ndi mphamvu zathu.

Chifukwa chake, zoyesayesa zina za asitikali - monga kunyamula Gulu Lankhondo Lalikulu Lobiriwira loyendetsedwa ndi algae-based biofuel - zakhala zikubwera ndipo cholinga chake chinali kuchepetsa chiopsezo chathu chozimitsidwanso ndi spigot yamafuta. Zipangitsanso kuchepetsedwa modabwitsa kwa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha.

Mutu 4: Ntchito ndi Ukadaulo Wosamutsa

Ndipo, pamene tikuyang'ana pa chitetezo, ndikupangitsa dziko lathu (ndi asilikali ake) kukhala osatetezeka, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti Navy siimamanga zombo zake, kapena machitidwe awo oyendetsa galimoto, komanso imayeretsa mafuta ake. M'malo mwake, ndi kasitomala wamkulu, wamkulu kwambiri pamsika. Mayankho onsewa omwe adapangidwa kuti asitikali akwaniritse zomwe akufuna adzakhala mayankho amakampani omwe amapanga ntchito. Ndipo, popeza ukadaulo uwu womwe umachepetsa kudalira mafuta oyambira pansi ukhoza kusamutsidwa kumisika ya anthu wamba, tonsefe timapindula. Kuphatikizanso thanzi lanthawi yayitali la nyanja yathu - sinki yathu yayikulu kwambiri ya kaboni.

Anthu amaona kuti kusintha kwa nyengo n’kovuta kwambiri. Ndipo izo ziri. Mphamvu ya munthu ndi yovuta kuikhulupirira, ngakhale itakhalapo.

Kuchita china chake pamlingo wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ndi gawo lofunikira lomwe tonse tingaganizire. Kukonzekera kwakukulu kudzapangitsa kuchepetsa kwakukulu komanso kuchepetsedwa kwakukulu kwa ngozi zokhudzana ndi mafuta ankhondo ankhondo, komanso athu. Koma kuchuluka kwatanthauzo kumeneku kumatanthauzanso kuti kudzakhala koyenera kupanga ukadaulo womwe tikufuna. Uku ndiye kusuntha kwa msika.

Ndiye?

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Chifukwa chake, kuti tibwererenso, titha kupulumutsa miyoyo, kuchepetsa kusatetezeka (kukwera kwamitengo yamafuta kapena kutaya mwayi wopeza), ndikuwonjezera kukonzekera. Ndipo, o, momwe tingakwaniritsire kuchepetsa kusintha kwa nyengo ngati zotsatira zosayembekezereka.

Koma, chifukwa tikukamba za kusintha kwa nyengo tiyeni tinene kuti asilikali sakugwira ntchito yochepetsera. Ikugwira ntchito pakusintha. Kunena zoona ilibe chochita koma kuyankha ku kusintha kwa madzi am'nyanja (kutsika pH), kapena kuyang'ana panyanja (monga kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja), kutengera kafukufuku wake wanthawi yayitali komanso kuyang'anira.

Asitikali ankhondo aku US ali ndi zaka zana zomwe zakhazikitsidwa pakuwonjezeka kwa nyanja zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti nyanja ikukwera. Yakwera kale phazi lathunthu ku East Coast, pang'ono pang'ono ku West Coast, komanso pafupifupi 2 mapazi ku Gulf of Mexico. Chifukwa chake, akulimbana ndi zida zodziwikiratu za Navy za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo athana bwanji ndi kukwera kwa nyanja okha pakati pa zoopsa zambiri?

Ndipo, kodi ntchito ya Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo idzasintha bwanji? Pakali pano, chidwi chake chikuchoka ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan kupita ku Iran ndi China. Kodi madzi a m'nyanja adzakwera bwanji, kuphatikizapo kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha pamwamba pa nyanja chifukwa cha mphepo yamkuntho, motero mvula yamkuntho idzabweretsa chiopsezo kwa anthu ambiri okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja omwe akukhala othawa kwawo? Ndikubetcha kuti Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ili ndi dongosolo lazomwe zikuchitika.