Gawo 1: Kulingalira pa Zaka 30 za Mgwirizano wa UN pa Lamulo la Panyanja

Wolemba: Matthew Cannistraro

Ndikugwira ntchito ku Ocean Foundation, ndidagwira ntchito yofufuza za United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNLCOS). Pazaka ziwiri zamabulogu, ndikuyembekeza kugawana zomwe ndaphunzira kudzera mu kafukufuku wanga ndikuwunikira chifukwa chake dziko lapansi likufunika Msonkhanowu, komanso chifukwa chake US sanavomereze, ndipo sanavomerezebe. Ndikuyembekeza kuti pofufuza mbiri ya UNCLOS, ndikhoza kuwonetsa zolakwa zina zomwe zidachitika kale kuti zitithandize kuzipewa m'tsogolomu.

UNCLOS idachitika chifukwa chakusakhazikika komanso mikangano yogwiritsa ntchito nyanja. Ufulu wopanda malire wapanyanja sunagwirenso ntchito chifukwa kugwiritsa ntchito nyanja zamakono kunali kosiyana. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, UNCLOS inayesetsa kuyang’anira nyanja monga “choloŵa cha anthu” n’cholinga choletsa mikangano yosagwira bwino ntchito yokhudza malo osodza nsomba imene inali itafala kwambiri komanso kulimbikitsa anthu kuti azigawa zinthu za m’nyanja mwachilungamo.

M'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, kutukuka kwa ntchito ya usodzi kunalumikizana ndi chitukuko cha zokolola zamchere zomwe zidayambitsa mikangano pakugwiritsa ntchito nyanja. Asodzi a nsomba za salmon ku Alaska adadandaula kuti zombo zakunja zikugwira nsomba zambiri kuposa momwe Alaska angathandizire, ndipo America idafunikira kupeza mwayi wopeza malo athu osungira mafuta akunyanja. Maguluwa ankafuna malo okhala m'nyanja. Panthawiyi, asodzi a ku San Diego Tuna anawononga masheya aku Southern California ndikusodza kugombe la Central America. Iwo ankafuna ufulu wopanda malire wa nyanja. Miyandamiyanda yamagulu ena achidwi nthawi zambiri adagwera m'magulu awiriwa, koma lililonse limakhala ndi nkhawa zawozawo.

Poyesera kukondweretsa zofuna zotsutsanazi, Purezidenti Truman adapereka zilengezo ziwiri mu 1945. Woyamba adanena kuti ali ndi ufulu wodzipatula ku minerals mazana awiri a nautical miles (NM) kuchokera kumphepete mwa nyanja, kuthetsa vuto la mafuta. Wachiwiri ananena kuti ali ndi ufulu wodzipatula ku nsomba zonse zomwe sizikanatha kuthandizira kupha nsomba m'dera lomwelo. Tanthauzoli likufuna kuchotseratu zombo zakunja m'madzi athu ndikusunga mwayi wopita kumadzi akunja popatsa mphamvu asayansi aku America okha kuti asankhe masheya omwe angathandize kapena sangathandizire kukolola kwakunja.

Nthawi yotsatila kulengeza izi inali yachisokonezo. Truman adakhazikitsa chitsanzo chowopsa ponena kuti "ulamuliro ndi ulamuliro" pazinthu zomwe kale zinali zapadziko lonse lapansi. Mayiko ena ambiri anachitanso chimodzimodzi ndipo kunachitika ziwawa chifukwa chopeza malo opha nsomba. Sitima ina ya ku America itaphwanya lamulo latsopano la Ecuador la pagombe, "antchito ake ... Kumenyana kofananako kunali kofala padziko lonse. Chilichonse chodzinenera kuti ndi gawo lanyanja chinali chabwino ngati Navy akuthandizira. Dziko lapansi linkafunika njira yogawa ndi kusamalira bwino zinthu za m'nyanja zisanayambe mikangano yolimbana ndi nsomba isanasinthe kukhala nkhondo yolimbana ndi mafuta. Kuyesayesa kwapadziko lonse kukhazikitsira kusayeruzika kumeneku kunafika pachimake mu 30 pamene Msonkhano Wachitatu wa United Nations wonena za Lamulo la panyanja unachitikira ku Caracas, Venezuela.

Nkhani yofunika kwambiri pamsonkhanowo inali ya migodi ya migodi ya m’nyanja. Mu 1960, makampani anayamba kuganiza kuti akhoza kuchotsa mchere pansi pa nyanja. Kuti achite izi, amafunikira ufulu wokhazikika kumadera akulu amadzi apadziko lonse lapansi kunja kwa zomwe Truman adalengeza. Mkangano pazaufulu wamigodiwu unasokoneza mayiko ochepa otukuka omwe angathe kutulutsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi mayiko ambiri omwe sangathe. Oyimira okhawo anali mayiko omwe sakanatha kukumba tinthu tating'onoting'ono koma akadatha posachedwapa. Awiri mwa oyimira pakati awa, Canada ndi Australia adakonza dongosolo lovuta kuti agwirizane. Mu 1976, Henry Kissinger anabwera kumsonkhanowo ndipo analongosola zenizeni.

Chigwirizanocho chinamangidwa pa ndondomeko yofanana. Kukonzekera kolimba kukumba pansi panyanja kunayenera kupangira malo awiri omwe akuyembekezeka kukhala mgodi. Bungwe la oyimilira, lotchedwa International Seabed Authority (ISA), angavota kuti avomereze kapena kukana masamba awiriwa ngati phukusi. Ngati ISA ivomereza malowa, kampaniyo ikhoza kuyamba kukumba malo amodzi nthawi yomweyo, ndipo malo enawo amayikidwa pambali kuti mayiko omwe akutukuka ayambe kukumba. Choncho, kuti mayiko amene akutukuka kumene apindule, sangalepheretse kuvomereza. Kuti mabizinesi apindule, ayenera kugawana zinthu zam'nyanja. Mapangidwe a symbiotic a ubalewu adatsimikizira kuti mbali iliyonse ya tebulo idalimbikitsidwa kukambirana. Monga momwe mfundo zomaliza zinali kugwera m'malo, Reagan adakwera ku Utsogoleri ndikusokoneza zokambirana za pragmatic poyambitsa malingaliro pazokambirana.

Pamene Ronald Reagan anatenga ulamuliro pa zokambirana mu 1981, adaganiza kuti akufuna "kusiyaniratu ndi zakale." Mwa kuyankhula kwina, 'kupuma koyera' ndi ntchito zolimba za pragmatic conservatives monga Henry Kissinger anachita. Ndi cholinga ichi m'maganizo, nthumwi za Reagan zinatulutsa zofuna za zokambirana zomwe zimakana dongosolo lofanana. Udindo watsopano umenewu unali wosayembekezereka moti Kazembe wina wochokera ku dziko lolemera la ku Ulaya anafunsa kuti: “Kodi dziko lonse lapansi lingakhulupirire bwanji United States? Chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kulolerana ngati United States isintha malingaliro ake pamapeto pake? ” Malingaliro ofananawo anakhudzanso msonkhanowo. Pokana kunyengerera mozama, nthumwi za Reagan za UNCLOS zidasowa mphamvu pazokambirana. Pozindikira izi, adabwerera m'mbuyo, koma kunali kochedwa kwambiri. Kusagwirizana kwawo kunali kutasokoneza kale kukhulupirika kwawo. Mtsogoleri wa msonkhano, Alvaro de Soto wa ku Peru, adayitana zokambirana kuti zithetsedwe kuti zisapitirire.

Malingaliro analepheretsa kulolerana komaliza. Reagan adasankha otsutsa angapo odziwika bwino a UNCLOS kwa nthumwi zake, omwe anali ndi chikhulupiriro chochepa pamalingaliro owongolera nyanja. M'mawu ophiphiritsa, Reagan adafotokoza mwachidule zomwe adachita, nati, "Tili apolisi ndikuyendayenda pamtunda ndipo pali malamulo ambiri kotero kuti ndimaganiza kuti mukapita kunyanja zazikulu mutha kuchita momwe mungafunire. .” Lingaliro limeneli limakana lingaliro lalikulu la kuyang’anira nyanja monga “choloŵa cha anthu onse.” Ngakhale kuli tero, kulephera kwapakati pa zaka za zana lapakati kwa chiphunzitso cha panyanja kunasonyeza kuti mpikisano wopanda malire ndiwo unali vuto, osati yankho.

Chotsatira chotsatira chidzayang'ana mozama pa chisankho cha Reagan kuti asasainire panganoli ndi cholowa chake mu ndale za America. Ndikuyembekeza kufotokoza chifukwa chake dziko la US silinavomereze panganoli ngakhale kuti likuthandizidwa ndi magulu onse okhudzana ndi nyanja (omwe ali ndi mafuta, asodzi, ndi osamalira zachilengedwe onse amathandizira).

Matthew Cannistraro adagwira ntchito ngati wothandizira kafukufuku ku Ocean Foundation m'chaka cha 2012. Panopa ndi wamkulu ku Claremont McKenna College komwe akuphunzira kwambiri Mbiri yakale ndikulemba zolemba zolemekezeka za kulengedwa kwa NOAA. Chidwi cha Matthew pa malamulo a zanyanja chimachokera ku kukonda kwake kuyenda panyanja, usodzi wa ntchentche za m'madzi amchere, komanso mbiri ya ndale ya ku America. Atamaliza maphunziro ake, akuyembekeza kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chake ndi chidwi chake kuti asinthe momwe timagwiritsira ntchito nyanja.