Gawo 1: Kuphulika kwa Mkuntho: Nyanja Ikafika Pagombe

Wolemba Angel Braestrup, Wapampando, Board of Advisors, The Ocean Foundation

Tonse tawona zithunzi ndi makanema. Ena a ife tinadzionera tokha. Mphepo yamkuntho imakankhira madzi patsogolo pake pamene ikukwera m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mphepo yamkuntho imapangitsa madzi kudziunjikira okha mpaka kukafika pamphepete mwa nyanja kenako ndikugudubukira mkati, malingana ndi momwe mphepo yamkuntho yayendera, nthawi yayitali bwanji. mphepo zamphamvu zakhala zikukankhira madzi, ndi geography (ndi geometry) za komwe ndi momwe zimagwera pamphepete mwa nyanja. 

Kuwomba kwa mkuntho si mbali ya kuwerengetsera mphamvu ya namondwe, monga “Saffir Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale” ya mphepo yamkuntho. Ambiri aife timadziwa Saffir Simpson amatanthauzira Gulu la 1-5 kuti mphepo yamkuntho ilandire kutengera kuthamanga kwa mphepo (osati kukula kwa mkuntho, kuthamanga kwa mphepo yamkuntho, kuthamanga kwamphamvu, kuthamanga kwa mphepo, kapena kuchuluka kwa mvula ndi zina zotero).

Bungwe la National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) lapanga chitsanzo chotchedwa SLOSH, kapena The Sea, Lake and Overland Surges kuchokera ku Hurricanes kuti apange ma surges, kapena, monga kofunika, kuti ofufuza azitha kuyerekezera zotsatira za mvula yamkuntho. Mkuntho wina wochepa mphamvu ukhoza kuchititsa chimphepo chamkuntho chodabwitsa pamene mawonekedwe a nthaka ndi madzi akuphatikizana kuti apange mikhalidwe yabwino. Mphepo yamkuntho Irene inali gulu loyamba pomwe adagwa ku North Carolina[1] mu 1, koma mvula yamkuntho inali ya 2011-8 mapazi ndipo idawononga kwambiri. Momwemonso, mphepo yamkuntho Ike inali chitsanzo chabwino cha mphepo yamkuntho yomwe inali "yokha" gulu la 11 (2 mph mphepo zokhazikika) pamene linafika pamtunda, koma linali ndi mphepo yamkuntho yomwe ikanakhala yofanana kwambiri ndi gulu lamphamvu 110. Ndipo, Inde, posachedwapa mu November ku Philippines, kunali mphepo yamkuntho ya mvula yamkuntho Haiyan yomwe inawononga mizinda yonse ndikusiya pambuyo pake, zowonongeka zowonongeka, njira zoperekera chakudya ndi madzi, ndi milu ya zinyalala zomwe zadabwitsa dziko lapansi. filimu ndi zithunzi.

Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa December 2013, ku gombe lakum’maŵa kwa dziko la England, kusefukira kwa madzi kunawononga nyumba zoposa 1400, kusokoneza njanji, ndi kupereka machenjezo aakulu okhudza madzi oipa, kukwera kwa makoswe, ndiponso kufunika kosamala ndi madzi alionse amene atayima m’minda kapena m’minda. kwina. Mphepo yamkuntho yawo yaikulu kwambiri m’zaka 60 (mpaka lero!) inawononganso kwambiri malo osungirako nyama zakuthengo a bungwe la Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)—kusefukira kwa madzi amchere m’madzi a m’madzi amchere amene anawononga malo osungiramo nyengo yachisanu a mbalame zosamukasamuka ndipo zingakhudze nyengo ya masika zisa za mbalame (monga mbalame zolusa).[2] Malo ena osungiramo malo otetezedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha ntchito yoletsa kusefukira kwa madzi yomwe yangomalizidwa kumene, koma idawonongekabe kwambiri ndi milu yomwe idalekanitsa madera ake amadzi opanda mchere ndi nyanja.

Anthu mazanamazana kum’maŵa kwa gombe la kum’maŵa kwa England anafa mu 1953 pamene madzi anali kuthiridwa m’madera opanda chitetezo. Ambiri amayamikira kuyankha pazochitikazo ndi kupulumutsa mazana, kapena zikwi, miyoyo ya anthu mu 2013. Madera adamanga njira zodzitetezera, kuphatikizapo njira zolumikizirana mwadzidzidzi, zomwe zinathandiza kutsimikizira kuti kukonzekera kunali kofunika kudziwitsa anthu, kuchotsa anthu, ndi kupulumutsa kumene kunali kofunikira. .

Tsoka ilo, zomwezo sizinganenedwe kwa ma nazale a grey seal komwe nyengo yobereketsa ikungotha. Great Britain ndi kwawo kwa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu padziko lapansi omwe ali ndi zotupa zotuwa. Makumi a mwana imvi zisindikizo anabweretsedwa kumalo opulumutsira anthu oyendetsedwa ndi Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) chifukwa mphepo yamkuntho inawalekanitsa ndi amayi awo. Ana aang’onowa ndi aang’ono kwambiri moti sangathe kusambira bwino ndipo motero anali pachiopsezo chachikulu. Angafunike chisamaliro kwa miyezi isanu mpaka atakonzeka kudya okha. Ndi ntchito yayikulu kwambiri yopulumutsa yomwe RSPCA idachitapo. (Perekani ku Marine Mammal Fund yathu kuti muteteze nyamazi.)

Chinthu chinanso chimene chinachititsa kuti chigumula chichitike kuchokera kunyanja, ndicho chivomezi. Ndani angaiwale chiwonongeko cha tsunami ku Indonesia, Thailand, ndi kuzungulira dera pambuyo pa chivomezi cha sabata la Khirisimasi mu 2004? Imakhalabe imodzi mwa zivomezi zamphamvu kwambiri zomwe zinalembedwapo, ndithudi pakati pa nthawi yayitali kwambiri, ndipo sizinangosuntha dziko lonse lapansi, komanso zinayambitsa zivomezi zing'onozing'ono kutali ndi theka la dziko. Anthu okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Indonesia analibe mwayi wothawa khoma la madzi a 6 (mamita awiri) omwe adathamangira kumtunda mkati mwa mphindi zochepa za chivomezicho, anthu okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya kum'mawa kwa Africa adayenda bwino, ndipo gombe la Antarctica likuyenda bwino. M'mphepete mwa nyanja Thailand ndi madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku India sanagundidwe kwa ola limodzi, ndipo m'madera ena, nthawi yayitali. Ndipo kachiwiri, khoma la madzi linathamangira kumtunda momwe likanatha ndipo kenako linabwerera, pafupifupi mofulumira, kutenga nawo gawo lalikulu la zomwe zinawonongeka panjira yake, kapena, kufooka, potulukanso.

Mu March 2011, chivomezi china champhamvu chakum'maŵa kwa Japan chinayambitsa tsunami yomwe inafika pamtunda wa mamita 133, ndipo inagubuduza pamtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 6 m'malo ena, ndikuwononga zonse zomwe zinali panjira. Chivomezicho chinali champhamvu kwambiri moti chilumba cha Honshu, chomwe ndi chachikulu kwambiri pa zilumba za Japan, chinasuntha pafupifupi mamita 8 kum’mawa. Zivomezizo zinamvekanso pamtunda wa makilomita masauzande ambiri, ndipo matsunamiwo anawononga madera a m’mphepete mwa nyanja ku California, ndipo ngakhale ku Chile, mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 17,000, mafundewo anali okwera mamita oposa XNUMX.

Ku Japan, tsunami inasuntha sitima zazikulu zazikulu ndi zombo zina kuchokera kumalo awo kumtunda, ndipo mpaka kukankhira zida zazikulu zotetezera nyanja zomwe zimatchedwa tetrapods zomwe zimagudubuza ndi mafunde kudutsa m'madera - njira yotetezera yomwe inachititsa kuti awonongeke. Mu engineering ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ma tetrapods amayimira kutsogola kwamiyendo inayi popanga madzi ophulika chifukwa mafunde nthawi zambiri amaswa mozungulira, ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa madzi ophulika pakapita nthawi. Tsoka ilo kwa madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mafunde a tetrapod sanafanane ndi mphamvu ya m'nyanja. Madziwo ataphwera, ngoziyi inayamba kuonekera. Podzafika nthaŵi imene kuŵerengera kwa akuluakulu aboma kunamalizidwa, tinadziŵa kuti anthu zikwi makumi ambiri anali atafa, kuvulala, kapena kusowa, kuti nyumba pafupifupi 300,000 limodzi ndi magetsi, madzi, ndi zimbudzi zinawonongeka; mayendedwe anali atagwa; ndipo, ndithudi, imodzi mwa ngozi zotalika kwambiri za nyukiliya zinali zitayamba ku Fukushima, monga machitidwe ndi machitidwe obwerera kumbuyo adalephera kupirira kuukira kwa nyanja.

Zotsatira za kusefukira kwa nyanja zazikuluzikuluzi ndi zina mwa mavuto a anthu, vuto linalake la thanzi la anthu, kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, komanso kugwa kwa zinthu zina. Koma kukonzanso kusanayambe, pali vuto linanso limene likuyandikira. Chithunzi chilichonse chimafotokoza mbali ya nkhani ya zinyalala masauzande ambiri—kuyambira magalimoto osefukira mpaka matiresi, mafiriji, ndi zipangizo zina, njerwa, zotsekereza, mawaya, phula, konkire, matabwa, ndi zipangizo zina zomangira. Mabokosi onse aukhondowo amene timawatcha nyumba, masitolo, maofesi, ndi masukulu, anasanduka milu yamatope, yaing’ono, yachabechabe yonyowetsedwa ndi madzi a m’nyanja ndi chisakanizo cha zomwe zili m’nyumba, magalimoto, ndi malo oyeretsera madzi. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, chisokonezo chachikulu chonunkha chomwe chiyenera kutsukidwa ndi kutayidwa musanayambe kumanganso.

Kwa anthu ammudzi ndi akuluakulu ena aboma, n'zovuta kuyembekezera kuyankha kwa mkuntho wotsatira popanda kuganizira kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zomwe zingapangidwe, momwe zinyalalazo zidzaipitsidwa, momwe ziyenera kuyeretsedwa, ndi kumene milu ya tsopano zinthu zopanda ntchito zidzatayidwa. Pambuyo pa Sandy, zinyalala zochokera m'mphepete mwa nyanja m'dera lina laling'ono la m'mphepete mwa nyanja zokha zidakwera pamwamba pamitu yathu zitasefa, kusanjidwa, ndi mchenga woyeretsedwa kubwereranso kugombe. Ndipo, ndithudi, kuyembekezera kumene madzi adzafika kumtunda ndizovuta. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi machenjezo a tsunami, kuyika ndalama mu NOAA's storm surge modelling capacity (SLOSH) zithandiza madera kukhala okonzeka.

Okonza mapulani angapindulenso podziwa kuti njira za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zathanzi, zomwe zimadziwika kuti zotchinga zamphepo zamkuntho zofewa kapena zachilengedwe, zingathandize kuteteza mafunde ndi kufalitsa mphamvu zake.[3] Pokhala ndi udzu wathanzi, madambo, milu ya mchenga, ndi mitengo ya mangrove mwachitsanzo, mphamvu yamadzi imatha kukhala yosawononga kwambiri ndikupangitsa kuti zinyalala zichepe, ndi zovuta zocheperako pambuyo pake. Choncho, kubwezeretsa machitidwe achilengedwe athanzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumapereka malo abwino okhalamo kwa oyandikana nawo nyanja, ndipo angapereke madera a anthu zosangalatsa ndi zachuma, komanso, kuchepetsa chifukwa cha tsoka.

[1] Mau oyamba a NOAA a Storm Surge, http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hurricane/resources/surge_intro.pdf

[2] BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25298428

[3]Zitetezo zachilengedwe zimatha kuteteza gombe, http://www.climatecentral.org/news/natural-defenses-can-best-protect-coasts-says-study-16864