Gawo 2: Kulingalira pa Zaka 30 za Mgwirizano wa UN pa Lamulo la Panyanja

Wolemba: Matthew Cannistraro

Malingaliro a Reagan otsutsana ndi mgwirizanowu adabisala pansi pa patina wa pragmatism ya anthu. Njira imeneyi inasokoneza mfundo za mkanganowo UNCLOS zomwe zinatsatira utsogoleri wake zomwe zinapangitsa kuti azitsutsa potengera malingaliro amalingaliro osati zofuna za mafakitale athu apanyanja. Kutsutsa kumeneku kwakhala kopambana chifukwa maudindo awo adagwirizana bwino ndi ma senators ochepa. Komabe, m'kupita kwanthawi zodetsa nkhawa za pragmatic zidzapitilira zamalingaliro ndipo otsutsawa adzataya kufunika kwawo.

Maudindo apagulu a Reagan pa UNCLOS sanafanane ndi malingaliro ake achinsinsi pa mgwirizano. Poyera, adatchula zosintha zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zingapangitse kuti panganolo likhale lovomerezeka, kutsimikizira pragmatism yake. Mwamseri, iye analemba kuti “sadzasaina panganolo, ngakhale popanda chigawo cha migodi cha pansi pa nyanja.” Komanso, adasankha otsutsa mgwirizanowu, omwe onse anali ndi malingaliro okayikira, monga nthumwi zake pazokambiranazo. Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri amatsatira malamulo a anthu, zolemba za Reagan zachinsinsi komanso kusankhidwa kwa nthumwi zimatsimikizira kukayikira kwake kwakukulu.

Zochita za Reagan zidathandizira kugwirizanitsa mgwirizano wolimba wotsutsana ndi UNCLOS pakati pa anthu oganiza bwino okhazikika mumalingaliro abwino koma ophimbidwa ndi pragmatism. Mu 1994, kukambirananso kwa UNCLOS kunapanga pangano lokonzedwanso lomwe limakhudzanso nkhawa zambiri za Reagan pa gawo la migodi yapanyanja. Komabe zaka khumi pambuyo pa kukambirananso, Jean Kirkpatrick, kazembe wa Reagan ku UN adathirira ndemanga pa pangano lokonzedwanso, "Lingaliro lakuti nyanja kapena mlengalenga ndi 'cholowa chodziwika bwino cha anthu' chinali—ndipo chiri—chosiyana kwambiri ndi malingaliro achikhalidwe aku Western. katundu wamba." Mawu awa akulimbitsa malingaliro ake otsutsana ndi maziko a pangano, mogwirizana ndi zomwe Reagan amakhulupirira payekha.

Nyanja sinakhalepo “yabwino”. Kirkpatrick, monga ambiri omwe amatsutsa mgwirizanowu, akugwedeza nyanja m'malingaliro ake, m'malo mokulitsa malo ozikidwa pa zenizeni za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nyanja. Zotsutsana zambiri zotsutsana ndi mgwirizano zimatsatira ndondomeko yomweyi. Katswiri wina wa bungwe la Heritage Foundation anafotokoza mwachidule za chitsutso chotsatira mfundo zachipembedzo, polemba kuti: “Sitima yapamadzi ya ku United States ‘imatsekereza’ ufulu ndi ufulu wake… Ngakhale izi zitha kukhala zoona kwa Gulu Lankhondo Lapamadzi, monga tawonera ku Ecuador, zombo zathu zausodzi ndi zamalonda sizingakhale ndi operekeza ankhondo ndipo kuvomereza UNCLOS kungathandize kuonetsetsa chitetezo chawo.

Odzipatula amatsutsa kuti UNCLOS idzakhala yosachezeka ku US monga momwe UN iliri ku US yomwe. Koma nyanja ndi chida chapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo mgwirizano wapadziko lonse ukufunika kuti usamalidwe. Zodziwikiratu zaumodzi mwaulamuliro zomwe zinatsatira zomwe Truman adalengeza zidapangitsa kusakhazikika komanso mikangano padziko lonse lapansi. Kuchotsa UNCLOS, monga odzipatulawa akunenera, kungayambitse nyengo yatsopano yosakhazikika yokumbutsa nthawi yomwe Truman adalengeza. Kusakhazikika kumeneku kunadzetsa kusatsimikizika ndi chiwopsezo, ndikulepheretsa ndalama.

Okonda msika waulere amatsutsa kuti dongosolo lofananira limalepheretsa mpikisano. Iwo akulondola, komabe mpikisano wopanda malire wa zinthu za m'nyanja si njira yabwino. Pobweretsa atsogoleri ochokera padziko lonse lapansi kuti aziyang'anira migodi ya pansi pa nyanja, titha kuyesa kuwonetsetsa kuti mabizinesi sangathe kupeza phindu kuchokera pansi panyanja, ndikunyalanyaza ubwino wa mibadwo yamakono ndi yamtsogolo. Chofunika kwambiri, ISA imapereka bata kofunikira kuti ndalama zapafupifupi za madola mabiliyoni ambiri ziyambe migodi. Mwachidule, otsutsa a UNCLOS amagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro a ndale zapadziko lapansi kuzinthu zopitirira kukula kwa nkhaniyo. Pochita izi, amanyalanyazanso zosowa za mafakitale athu apanyanja, zomwe zimathandizira kuvomereza. Potengera udindo womwe umagwirizana ndi ma Senator okhazikika aku Republican, ayambitsa kutsutsa kokwanira kuti aletse kuvomerezedwa.

Mfundo yofunika kuichotsa pakulimbana kumeneku ndi yakuti pamene nyanja ndi momwe timagwiritsira ntchito zikusintha, tiyenera kusintha maulamuliro athu, teknoloji, ndi malingaliro athu kuti tithane ndi mavuto omwe amasintha. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, chiphunzitso cha Ufulu wa Nyanja chinali chomveka, koma monga momwe nyanja imagwiritsidwira ntchito inasintha, idataya kufunikira kwake. Pofika nthawi yomwe Truman adatulutsa zilengezo zake za 1945, dziko lapansi likufunika njira yatsopano yoyendetsera nyanja. UNCLOS si njira yabwino yothetsera vuto laulamuliro, komanso palibe china chilichonse chomwe chaperekedwa. Ngati tivomereza mgwirizanowu, tikhoza kukambirana zosintha zatsopano ndikupitiriza kukonza UNCLOS. Pokhala kunja kwa mgwirizanowu, tikhoza kungoyang'ana pamene dziko lonse lapansi likukambirana za tsogolo la kayendetsedwe ka nyanja. Polepheretsa kupita patsogolo, timataya mwayi wathu woti tichite.

Masiku ano, kusintha kwa nyengo kumasintha pakugwiritsa ntchito nyanja, kuwonetsetsa kuti nyanja ndi momwe timagwiritsira ntchito zikusintha mwachangu kuposa kale. Pankhani ya UNCLOS, otsutsa akhala opambana chifukwa malingaliro awo amagwirizana bwino ndi ndale, koma chikoka chawo chimayima pa Senate. Kupambana kwawo kwakanthawi kochepa kwasokoneza mbewu zakufa kwakukulu, chifukwa kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kudzatikakamiza kuvomereza mgwirizanowo pokhapokha ngati chithandizo chamakampani sichingagonjetsedwe. Otsutsawa sadzakhala ndi zofunikira pazokambirana pambuyo pa kusinthaku; monga momwe nthumwi za Reagan zidasiya kuthandizira pazokambirana zitasiya. Komabe, anthu amene amavomereza mfundo zandale, zachuma, ndi zachilengedwe zogwiritsa ntchito nyanja adzakhala ndi mwayi waukulu wokonza tsogolo lake.

Poganizira zaka makumi atatu kuchokera ku UNCLOS, kulephera kwathu kuvomereza panganoli kuli pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Kulephera uku kunali chifukwa cha kulephera kukhazikitsa mkanganowo m'mawu a pragmatic. M'malo mwake, makampasi amalingaliro omwe amanyalanyaza zenizeni zachuma ndi zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panyanja zatitsogolera ku mapeto a imfa. Pankhani ya UNCLOS, othandizira adazemba nkhawa zandale ndipo adalephera kuvomerezedwa. Kupita patsogolo, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mfundo zabwino za panyanja zidzamangidwa pokumbukira zandale, zachuma, ndi zachilengedwe.

Matthew Cannistraro adagwira ntchito ngati wothandizira kafukufuku ku Ocean Foundation m'chaka cha 2012. Panopa ndi wamkulu ku Claremont McKenna College komwe akuphunzira kwambiri Mbiri yakale ndikulemba zolemba zolemekezeka za kulengedwa kwa NOAA. Chidwi cha Matthew pa malamulo a zanyanja chimachokera ku kukonda kwake kuyenda panyanja, usodzi wa ntchentche za m'madzi amchere, komanso mbiri ya ndale ya ku America. Atamaliza maphunziro ake, akuyembekeza kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chake ndi chidwi chake kuti asinthe momwe timagwiritsira ntchito nyanja.