Kukonda Matanthwe a Coral

Kumapeto kwa June, ndinali ndi chisangalalo ndi mwayi wopezeka pa 13th International Coral Reef Symposium (ICRS), msonkhano waukulu wa asayansi a matanthwe opangidwa ndi matanthwe ochokera padziko lonse lapansi umachitika zaka zinayi zilizonse. Ndinali komweko ndi Fernando Bretos, wotsogolera pulogalamu ya CubaMar.

Ndinapita ku ICRS yanga yoyamba ndikupereka PhD mu October 2000 ku Bali, Indonesia. Ndifotokozereni: wophunzira wa grad wamaso ali ndi njala yofuna kukwanilitsa chidwi changa pa zinthu zonse za coral.Msonkhano woyamba wa ICRS unandilola kuziyika zonse mkati ndikudzaza malingaliro anga ndi mafunso oti ndifufuze kuyambira pamenepo. Zinandigwirizanitsa ntchito yanga monga momwe sindinakumanepo ndi akatswiri ena pazaka zanga zomaliza maphunziro. Msonkhano wa ku Bali - ndi anthu omwe ndinakumana nawo kumeneko, ndi zomwe ndinaphunzira - ndi pamene zinadziwika kwa ine kuti kuphunzira miyala yamchere kwa moyo wanga wonse ingakhale ntchito yopindulitsa kwambiri.

"Posachedwapa zaka 16, ndipo ndikukhala m'maloto amenewo mokwanira ndikutumikira monga katswiri wazachilengedwe wa Cuba Marine Research and Conservation Programme ya The Ocean Foundation." - Daria Siciliano

Mofulumira zaka 16, ndipo ndikukhala m'maloto amenewo mokwanira ndikutumikira monga katswiri wazachilengedwe wa Cuba Marine Research and Conservation Program. (Zithunzi za CariMar) ndi The Ocean Foundation. Nthawi yomweyo, monga wofufuza wothandizana nawo, ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma labotale odabwitsa komanso zowunikira za Institute of Marine Sciences ya University of California Santa Cruz kuti tigwire ntchito ya labu yofunikira pakufufuza kwathu pa matanthwe a coral aku Cuba.

Msonkhano wa ICRS mwezi watha, womwe unachitikira ku Honolulu, Hawaii, unali wosangalatsa kwambiri. Ndisanadzipereke ku matanthwe osaphunzira komanso ochititsa chidwi kwambiri a ku Cuba, ndinakhala zaka zoposa 15 ndikuphunzira matanthwe a Pacific. Zambiri mwazaka zimenezo zidaperekedwa kukaona zisumbu zakutali za kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa zilumba za Hawaii, zomwe tsopano zimatchedwa Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, malire ake omwe mabungwe osamalira zachilengedwe ndi Pew Charitable Trusts akupempha kuti akulitsidwe. Adasonkhanitsa siginecha kuti achite izi pamsonkhano wa ICRS mwezi watha, womwe ndidasaina mwachangu. At izi msonkhano Ndinali ndi mwayi wokumbukira zochitika zambiri zapansi pamadzi m'zisumbu zochititsa chidwizi ndi anzanga akale, ogwira nawo ntchito komanso anzanga. Zina zomwe ndinali ndisanaziwone kwa zaka khumi kapena kuposerapo.

Daria, Fernando ndi Patricia a ku Cuban Center for Marine Research ku ICRS​

Ndi magawo 14 anthawi yomweyo kuyambira 8AM past 6PM yokhala ndi zokambirana mobwerezabwereza pamitu kuyambira pa geology ndi paleoecology ya matanthwe a coral mpaka kubereka kwa ma coral kupita ku ma coral genomics, ndidakhala nthawi yokwanira tsiku lililonse lisanakonzekere ndandanda yanga. Usiku uliwonse ndinkakonzekera ulendo wa tsiku lotsatira mosamalitsa, kuyerekezera nthawi imene idzanditengere kuti ndiyende kuchokera ku holo ina kupita ku inzake… (Ndine wasayansi ndithu). Koma chomwe nthawi zambiri chimasokoneza dongosolo langa losamalitsa chinali chosavuta chakuti misonkhano yayikuluyi imakhala yokhudzana ndi anzanga akale ndi atsopano, monganso kumva zomwe zakonzedwa. Ndipo tinatero.

Ndi mnzanga Fernando Bretos, munthu amene wagwira ntchito kwa zaka makumi ambiri ku US kuti athetse kusiyana pakati pa Cuba ndi American coral reef sayansi, tinali ndi misonkhano yambiri yopindulitsa, yambiri ya iwo osakonzekera. Tidakumana ndi anzathu aku Cuba, okonda kukonzanso ma coral (inde, kuyambika koteroko kulipo!), ophunzira omaliza maphunziro, ndi asayansi odziwa bwino ntchito zam'madzi am'madzi. Misonkhano imeneyi inatha kukhala yofunika kwambiri pa msonkhanowo.

Pa tsiku loyamba la msonkhanowo, ndidakhalabe ndi gawo la biogeochemistry ndi paleoecology, chifukwa chimodzi mwazofufuza zathu zamakono ku CubaMar ndikumanganso kwanyengo yam'mbuyomu komanso kuyika kwa anthropogenic ku matanthwe a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Cuba pogwiritsa ntchito njira za geochemical pa ma coral cores. Koma ndinakwanitsa kulankhula tsiku limenelo ponena za kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu zodzisamalira monga mafuta odzola oteteza ku dzuwa ndi sopo. Ulalikiwu udalowa mozama mu chemistry ndi toxicology ya zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito wamba, monga oxybenzone yochokera ku sunscreens, ndikuwonetsa zoyipa zomwe zimakhala nazo pa coral, miluza ya m'nyanja, ndi mphutsi za nsomba ndi shrimp. Ndinaphunzira kuti kuipitsako sikumangochokera ku zinthu zimene zimatsuka pakhungu lathu pamene tikusamba m’nyanja. Zimachokeranso ku zomwe timamwa pakhungu ndikutuluka mumkodzo, potsirizira pake zimapita kumphepete mwa nyanja. Ndakhala ndikudziwa za nkhaniyi kwa zaka zambiri, koma kanali nthawi yoyamba yomwe ndidawona chidziwitso cha toxicology ya ma corals ndi zamoyo zina zam'mphepete mwa nyanja - zinali zodetsa nkhawa.

Daria akufufuza matanthwe a Jardines de la Reina, Southern Cuba, mu 2014 

Imodzi mwa mitu yayikulu kwambiri pamsonkhanowu inali chochitika chosayerekezeka chapadziko lonse lapansi chakuchita kuwala kwa matanthwe omwe matanthwe a padziko lapansi akukumana nawo pakali pano. Zomwe zikuchitika pano zakuti ma coral bleaching zidayamba pakati pa chaka cha 2014, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ikhale yayitali kwambiri komanso yofala kwambiri yowulitsa ma coral pa mbiri, monga momwe NOAA idanenera. M'chigawochi, zakhudza Great Barrier Reef kumlingo womwe sunachitikepo. Dr. Terry Hughes wa ku yunivesite ya James Cook ku Australia anapereka ndemanga zaposachedwa kwambiri za chochitika cha bleaching mu Great Barrier Reef (GBR) chomwe chinachitika kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino. Kuphulika koopsa komanso kofala kunachitika ku Australia chifukwa cha kutentha kwa nyengo yachilimwe (SSF) kuyambira February mpaka April 2016. Chochitika cha bleaching chochuluka chinakhudza gawo lakutali la kumpoto kwa GBR kwambiri. Kuchokera ku kafukufuku wa mlengalenga wothandizidwa ndi kutsimikiziridwa ndi kafukufuku wapansi pa madzi, Dr. Hughes adatsimikiza kuti 81% ya matanthwe omwe ali kutali ndi kumpoto kwa GBR adawukitsidwa kwambiri, ndipo 1% yokha yathawa osakhudzidwa. M'chigawo chapakati ndi chakum'mwera matanthwe osungunuka kwambiri amayimira 33% ndi 1% motsatana.

81% ya matanthwe akutali kumpoto kwa Great Barrier Reef adachita bleach kwambiri, ndipo 1% yokha yathawa osakhudzidwa. - Dr. Terry Hughes

Chochitika cha 2016 bleaching mass ndi chachitatu kuchitika pa GBR (zam'mbuyomo chinachitika mu 1998 ndi 2002), koma ndizovuta kwambiri. Mazana a miyala ya m'matanthwe anasungunuka kwa nthawi yoyamba m'chaka cha 2016. M'zaka ziwiri zapitazi, malo akutali komanso abwino kwambiri a Northern Great Barrier Reef anapulumutsidwa ndipo ankaonedwa kuti ndi malo opulumukirako kuti asafufutike, ndi madera ake akuluakulu, omwe akhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali. Izi siziri choncho lero. Ambiri a madera amene anakhalako kwa nthaŵi yaitali atayika. Chifukwa cha zotayika izi "Northern GBR sidzawonekanso ngati idawonekera mu February 2016 m'moyo wathu" adatero Hughes.

"Northern GBR sidzawonekanso ngati idawonekera mu February 2016 m'moyo wathu." – Dr. Terry Hughes

Chifukwa chiyani gawo lakumwera la GBR linapulumutsidwa chaka chino? Titha kuthokoza chimphepo chamkuntho Winston mu February 2016 (chimodzimodzinso chomwe chinasesa ku Fiji). Idatera kumwera kwa GBR ndikutsitsa kutentha kwapanyanja kwambiri, motero kumachepetsa kuyanika. Pamfundoyi, Dr. Hughes anawonjezera monyoza kuti: “Tinkada nkhaŵa ndi mphepo yamkuntho yomwe imachitika m’matanthwe, tsopano tikuyembekeza kuti idzatero!” Maphunziro awiri omwe aphunziridwa pamwambo wachitatu wa bleaching pa GBR ndikuti kasamalidwe kaderako samathandizira kuthilira madzi; ndi kuti kulowererapo kwanuko kungathandize kulimbikitsa (mwapang'ono) kuchira, koma anatsindika kuti matanthwe sangathe "kutsimikiziridwa ndi nyengo." Dr. Hughes adatikumbutsa kuti talowa kale m'nthawi yomwe nthawi yobwerera kwa bleaching misa yomwe imachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko ndi yaifupi kuposa nthawi yobwezeretsa ya nthawi yaitali ya ma coral assemblages. Motero Great Barrier Reef yasintha kosatha.

Pambuyo pa sabata, Dr. Jeremy Jackson adanena za zotsatira za kusanthula kuyambira 1970 mpaka 2012 kuchokera ku Caribbean, ndipo adatsimikiza m'malo mwake kuti zovuta za m'deralo zimabweretsa mavuto padziko lonse m'derali. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti chitetezo cha m'deralo chikhoza kuonjezera mphamvu za matanthwe pakanthawi kochepa podikirira kuchitapo kanthu kwapadziko lonse pakusintha kwanyengo. M’nkhani yake yonse, Dr. Peter Mumby wa pa yunivesite ya Queensland anatikumbutsa za “chinyengo” cha m’matanthwe a m’nyanja yamchere. Zotsatira zowonongeka za zovuta zambiri zimachepetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa malo amiyala, kotero kuti njira zoyendetsera kasamalidwe zimayang'ana pamiyala yomwe simasiyananso kwambiri. Zochita zoyang'anira zimayenera kusinthira kuzinthu zomwe zanenedwa m'matanthwe a coral.

The nsomba za mkango Lachisanu panapezeka anthu ambiri. Ndinali wokondwa kuzindikira kuti mkangano wokhazikika ukupitilirabe pamalingaliro a biotic resistance hypothesis, pomwe zilombo zakubadwa, mwa mpikisano kapena zolusa kapena zonse ziwiri, zimatha kusunga nsomba za mkango kuwukira mu cheke. Ndi zomwe tidayesa ku Jardines de la Reina MPA kumwera kwa Cuba m'chilimwe cha 2014. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti ndi funso lanthawi yake lomwe laperekedwa kuti Pacific nsomba za mkango chiwerengero cha anthu ku Caribbean chikupitiriza kukula ndikukula.

Poyerekeza ndi msonkhano woyamba wa ICRS womwe ndidatha kupita nawo ku 2000, 13th ICRS inali yolimbikitsa, koma mwanjira ina. Zina mwa nthawi zolimbikitsa kwambiri kwa ine zidachitika pomwe ndidathamangira ena mwa "akulu" a sayansi ya matanthwe a coral, omwe anali odziwika bwino kapena olankhula pamsonkhano wa Bali, ndipo lero ndimatha kuwona kuthwanima m'maso mwawo momwe amalankhulira. makorali omwe amawakonda, nsomba, MPAs, zooxanthellae, kapena El Niño waposachedwa kwambiri. Ena adutsa zaka zopuma pantchito… koma akusangalalabe kuphunzira za miyala yamchere yamchere. Ine sindikuwaimba mlandu ndithudi: Ndani angafune kuchita china chirichonse?