KUSINTHA KWA NYANJA YOPOSAVUTA: Chikhalidwe Cham'madzi Chapansi pa Madzi mu Nyanja Chikukumana ndi Kusintha Kwamankhwala ndi Thupi

Olemba: Mark J. Spalding
Dzina Lofalitsidwa: American Society of International Law. Kuwunika kwa Cultural Heritage & Arts. Gawo 2, Gawo 1.
Tsiku Lofalitsidwa: Lachisanu, June 1, 2012

Mawu akuti “cholowa cha m’madzi”1 (UCH) amatanthauza zotsalira zonse za zochita za anthu zomwe zili pansi pa nyanja, m’mphepete mwa mitsinje, kapena pansi pa nyanja. Zimaphatikizapo kusweka kwa zombo ndi zinthu zakale zomwe zinatayika panyanja ndipo zimafikira ku malo akale, matauni omira, ndi madoko akale omwe kale anali pamtunda wouma koma tsopano akumira chifukwa cha kusintha kwa anthu, nyengo, kapena zachilengedwe. Zitha kuphatikiza ntchito zaluso, ndalama zosonkhanitsidwa, ngakhale zida. Mtsinje wapadziko lonse wa pansi pa madzi uwu ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la cholowa chathu chodziwika bwino cha zakale komanso mbiri yakale. Ili ndi kuthekera kopereka zidziwitso zamtengo wapatali zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe ndi zachuma komanso kusamuka komanso njira zamalonda.

Nyanja ya saline imadziwika kuti ndi malo owononga. Kuonjezera apo, mafunde, kuya (ndi zovuta zokhudzana nazo), kutentha, ndi mphepo yamkuntho zimakhudza momwe UCH imatetezedwa (kapena ayi) pakapita nthawi. Zambiri zomwe poyamba zinkawoneka ngati zokhazikika pamadzi am'madzi otere komanso mawonekedwe amadzi am'madzi tsopano amadziwika kuti akusintha, nthawi zambiri ndi zotsatira zosadziwika. PH (kapena acidity) ya m'nyanja ikusintha - mosagwirizana m'malo osiyanasiyana - monga momwe zilili ndi mchere, chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana ndi madzi oundana kuchokera ku kusefukira kwa madzi ndi mphepo yamkuntho. Chifukwa cha zinthu zina zakusintha kwanyengo, tikuwona kukwera kwa kutentha kwa madzi ponseponse, kusuntha kwa mafunde padziko lonse lapansi, kukwera kwa nyanja, komanso kusinthasintha kwanyengo. Ngakhale pali zosadziwika, m'pomveka kunena kuti kuchuluka kwa kusintha kumeneku sikwabwino kwa malo omwe ali pansi pa madzi. Kukumba nthawi zambiri kumangopezeka pamasamba omwe angathe kuyankha mafunso ofunikira ofufuza kapena omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka. Kodi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ndi omwe ali ndi udindo wopanga zidziwitso za momwe UCH ali ndi zida zowunikira komanso, mwina, kulosera za kuwopseza kwamasamba omwe amabwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyanja? 

Kodi kusintha kwa chemistry ya m'nyanja ndi chiyani?

Nyanja imatenga mpweya wochuluka wa carbon dioxide wochokera m'magalimoto, mafakitale opangira magetsi, ndi mafakitale monga gawo lalikulu kwambiri la carbon dioxide padziko lapansi. Sichingathe kuyamwa CO2 yonseyi kuchokera mumlengalenga mu zomera ndi nyama za m'nyanja. M'malo mwake, CO2 imasungunuka m'madzi a m'nyanja momwemo, zomwe zimachepetsa pH ya madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikhala acidic. Mogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide m'zaka zaposachedwa, pH ya m'nyanja yonse ikutsika, ndipo pamene vutoli likufalikira kwambiri, likuyembekezeka kusokoneza mphamvu ya zamoyo zochokera ku calcium kuti zitheke. Pamene pH imatsika, matanthwe a coral adzataya mtundu wawo, mazira a nsomba, urchins, ndi nkhono zidzasungunuka zisanakhwime, nkhalango za kelp zidzachepa, ndipo dziko la pansi pa madzi lidzakhala lotuwa komanso lopanda mawonekedwe. Zikuyembekezeredwa kuti mtundu ndi moyo zidzabwerera pambuyo poti dongosololi lakhazikikanso lokha, koma n'zokayikitsa kuti anthu adzakhalapo kuti aziwone.

Chemistry ndi yolunjika. Zonenedweratu za kupitilira kwa acidity yayikulu ndizodziwikiratu, koma ndizovuta kuneneratu mwachindunji. Zotsatira za zamoyo zomwe zimakhala mu zipolopolo za calcium bicarbonate ndi matanthwe ndizosavuta kulingalira. Pakanthawi komanso m'malo, ndizovuta kuneneratu za kuwonongeka kwa madera a oceanic phytoplankton ndi zooplankton, maziko azakudya komanso zokolola zamitundu yonse yapanyanja zam'nyanja. Pankhani ya UCH, kuchepa kwa pH kungakhale kocheperako kotero kuti kulibe zotsatirapo zoyipa panthawiyi. Mwachidule, timadziwa zambiri za “motani” ndi “chifukwa chiyani” koma sitikudziwa zambiri za “motani,” “kuti,” kapena “liti.” 

Popanda ndandanda yanthawi, zodziwikiratu, komanso kutsimikizika kwa malo okhudza zotsatira za acidity ya m'nyanja (zosalunjika kapena mwachindunji), ndizovuta kupanga zitsanzo zazomwe zikuchitika komanso zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa pa UCH. Komanso, pempho la mamembala a chilengedwe chofuna kusamala komanso kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu pakukula kwa acidity yam'nyanja kuti libwezeretse ndikulimbikitsa nyanja yabwino lidzachedwetsedwa ndi ena omwe amafuna zina zambiri asanachitepo kanthu, monga zomwe zingakhudze mitundu ina, nyanja idzakhudzidwa kwambiri, ndipo pamene zotsatira zake zikhoza kuchitika. Zina mwazotsutsa zidzachokera kwa asayansi omwe akufuna kufufuza zambiri, ndipo ena adzachokera kwa iwo omwe akufuna kusunga chikhalidwe cha mafuta opangira mafuta.

Mmodzi mwa akatswiri otsogola padziko lonse lapansi pa dzimbiri lamadzi, Ian McLeod wa ku Western Australian Museum, adawona zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha kusinthaku pa UCH: Zonse muzonse ndinganene kuti kuchuluka kwa acidization m'nyanja kungayambitse kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa onse. zipangizo ndi zotheka kupatula magalasi, koma ngati kutentha kumawonjezeka komanso zotsatira zonse za asidi ndi kutentha kwapamwamba kungatanthauze kuti osungira zinthu zakale ndi akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale zam'madzi adzapeza kuti chuma chawo cholowa pansi pamadzi chikuchepa.2 

Sitingathebe kuwunika mokwanira mtengo wakusachitapo kanthu pa ngozi ya sitima yapamadzi yomwe yakhudzidwa, mizinda yomwe ili pansi pa madzi, kapenanso makina aposachedwa apansi pamadzi. Komabe, tingayambe kuzindikira mafunso amene tiyenera kuyankha. Ndipo tikhoza kuyamba kuwerengera zowonongeka zomwe taziwona komanso zomwe tikuyembekezera, zomwe tachita kale, mwachitsanzo, powona kuwonongeka kwa USS Arizona ku Pearl Harbor ndi USS Monitor mu USS Monitor National Marine Sanctuary. Pankhani yomalizayi, NOAA idachita izi pofukula mwachangu zinthu zomwe zili pamalowa ndikufufuza njira zotetezera chombocho. 

Kusintha chemistry ya m'nyanja ndi zina zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe zidzaika pangozi UCH

Kodi tikudziwa chiyani za kusintha kwa chemistry ya m'nyanja pa UCH? Kodi kusintha kwa pH kumakhudza bwanji zinthu zakale (matabwa, mkuwa, chitsulo, chitsulo, mwala, mbiya, galasi, ndi zina zotero) mu situ? Apanso, Ian McLeod wapereka chidziwitso: 

Pankhani ya chikhalidwe cha pansi pa madzi ambiri, kunyezimira kwa matope kudzawonongeka mofulumira kwambiri chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwa lead ndi malata amayaka m'nyanja. Chifukwa chake, kwa chitsulo, kuchuluka kwa acidification sikungakhale chinthu chabwino chifukwa zinthu zakale komanso zomanga zam'matanthwe zomwe zimasweka ndi chitsulo cha konkriti zitha kugwa mwachangu ndipo zitha kuwonongeka ndikugwa chifukwa cha mvula yamkuntho chifukwa concretion sichingakhale champhamvu kapena chokhuthala. monga m'malo amchere a alkaline. 

Kutengera zaka zawo, ndizotheka kuti zinthu zamagalasi zitha kukhala bwino m'malo okhala acidic kwambiri chifukwa zimatha kusokonezedwa ndi kusungunuka kwa alkaline komwe kumawona ma ayoni a sodium ndi calcium akutuluka m'madzi a m'nyanja kuti alowe m'malo ndi asidi. kuchokera ku hydrolysis ya silika, yomwe imapanga silicic acid m'matumbo owonongeka a zinthu.

Zinthu monga zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku mkuwa ndi ma aloyi ake sizingayende bwino chifukwa kusungunuka kwa madzi a m'nyanja kumakonda hydrolyze acidic dzimbiri komanso kumathandizira kuyala pansi patina yoteteza yamkuwa (I) oxide, cuprite, kapena Cu2O, komanso, monga kwa zitsulo zina monga lead ndi pewter, kuchuluka kwa acidification kumapangitsa kuti dzimbiri zikhale zosavuta chifukwa ngakhale zitsulo za amphoteric monga malata ndi lead sizingayankhe bwino pakuwonjezeka kwa asidi.

Pankhani ya zinthu zakuthupi, kuchuluka kwa acidification kungapangitse kuti nkhuni zotopetsa zisawonongeke, chifukwa nkhonozi zimakhala zovuta kuswana ndi kuyika ma exoskeletons awo, koma monga momwe katswiri wina wa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tazaka zambiri anandiuza, . . . mutangosintha chikhalidwe chimodzi pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, mtundu wina wa mabakiteriya udzakhala wotanganidwa kwambiri chifukwa umayamikira kwambiri acidic microenvironment, choncho sizingatheke kuti zotsatira zake zingakhale zopindulitsa kwenikweni ku matabwa. 

Ena "otsutsa" amawononga UCH, monga gribbles, kanyama kakang'ono ka crustacean, ndi shipworms. Mphutsi zapamadzi, zomwe sizili nyongolotsi nkomwe, kwenikweni ndi nkhono zam'madzi zokhala ndi zipolopolo zazing'ono kwambiri, zodziwika bwino chifukwa chotopetsa ndi kuwononga nyumba zamatabwa zomwe zimamizidwa m'madzi a m'nyanja, monga ma pier, ma docks, ndi zombo zamatabwa. Nthawi zina amatchedwa "chiswe cha m'nyanja."

Nyongolotsi zimachulukitsa kuwonongeka kwa UCH chifukwa cha mabowo otopetsa amitengo. Koma, chifukwa ali ndi zipolopolo za calcium bicarbonate, nyongolotsi zapamadzi zitha kuwopsezedwa ndi acidity ya m'nyanja. Ngakhale izi zitha kukhala zopindulitsa kwa UCH, zikuwonekerabe ngati nyongolotsi zapamadzi zidzakhudzidwa. M’madera ena, monga ku Nyanja ya Baltic, mchere ukuwonjezeka. Zotsatira zake, nyongolotsi zokonda mchere zikufalikira ku ngozi zambiri. M'madera ena, madzi a m'nyanja yotentha amachepa mchere (chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana a madzi opanda mchere ndi madzi otsekemera), motero mphutsi zapamadzi zomwe zimadalira mchere wambiri zimawona kuti chiwerengero chawo chikuchepa. Koma mafunso adakalipo, monga ngati kuti, liti, ndipo, ndithudi, kumlingo wotani?

Kodi pali zopindulitsa pakusintha kwamankhwala & kwachilengedwe? Kodi pali zomera, algae, kapena nyama zomwe zikuwopsezedwa ndi acidity ya m'nyanja zomwe zimateteza UHC? Awa ndi mafunso omwe tilibe mayankho enieni pakadali pano ndipo sitingathe kuyankha munthawi yake. Ngakhale kusamala kuyenera kutengera kulosera kosagwirizana, zomwe zitha kuwonetsa momwe tipitire patsogolo. Chifukwa chake, kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni kwa osamalira ndikofunikira kwambiri.

Nyanja yakuthupi imasintha

Nyanja imayenda nthawi zonse. Kuyenda kwa madzi ambiri chifukwa cha mphepo, mafunde, mafunde, ndi mafunde nthawi zonse zakhudza malo apansi pa madzi, kuphatikizapo UCH. Koma kodi pali zotulukapo zochulukirachulukira pamene njira zakuthupi izi zimasokonekera kwambiri chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo? Pamene kusintha kwa nyengo kumatenthetsa nyanja yapadziko lonse lapansi, machitidwe a mafunde ndi ma gyres (ndipo motero kugawanso kutentha) amasintha m'njira yomwe imakhudza kwambiri kayendetsedwe ka nyengo monga momwe tikudziwira ndipo imatsagana ndi kutayika kwa kukhazikika kwa nyengo yapadziko lonse kapena, osachepera, kulosera. Zotsatira zake zikhoza kuchitika mofulumira kwambiri: kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja, kusintha kwa kagwedwe ka mvula ndi kuchulukira kwa mphepo yamkuntho kapena kuchulukira kwake, ndi kuchuluka kwa dothi. 

Zotsatira za mphepo yamkuntho yomwe inagunda gombe la Australia kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 20113 zikuwonetsa zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyanja pa UCH. Malinga ndi a Principal Heritage Officer wa ku Australian Department of Environment and Resource Management, Paddy Waterson, Cyclone Yasi inakhudza ngozi yotchedwa Yongala pafupi ndi Alva Beach, Queensland. Ngakhale kuti dipatimentiyo ikuyang'anabe momwe mphepo yamkuntho yamphamvuyi inakhudzidwira pa ngoziyo, 4 imadziwika kuti zotsatira zake zonse zinali kusokoneza chombocho, kuchotsa miyala yamtengo wapatali yofewa komanso ma corals olimba kwambiri. Izi zinavumbula pamwamba pa chitsulo chachitsulo kwa nthawi yoyamba m'zaka zambiri, zomwe zidzasokoneza kusungidwa kwake. Mofanana ndi zimenezi ku North America, akuluakulu a ku Biscayne National Park ku Florida akuda nkhawa ndi zimene mphepo yamkuntho inawononga pa ngozi ya HMS Fowey mu 1744.

Pakali pano, nkhani zimenezi zikuipiraipira. Njira zamphepo zamkuntho, zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira komanso zochulukira, zipitiliza kusokoneza masamba a UCH, kuwononga ma buoys, ndikusintha ma mapu. Kuphatikiza apo, zinyalala zochokera ku tsunami ndi mvula yamkuntho zimatha kusesedwa kuchokera kumtunda kupita kunyanja, kugundana ndikuwononga chilichonse chomwe chikuyenda. Kuchuluka kwa madzi a m'nyanja kapena mvula yamkuntho kungayambitse kukokoloka kwa magombe. Kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndi kukokoloka kungathe kuphimba malo amtundu uliwonse wapafupi ndi gombe kuti asawonekere. Koma pangakhalenso mbali zabwino. Madzi okwera adzasintha kuya kwa malo odziwika a UCH, kukulitsa mtunda wawo kuchokera kumtunda koma kupereka chitetezo chowonjezera ku mafunde ndi mphamvu yamkuntho. Momwemonso, kusuntha kwa matope kumatha kuwonetsa malo omizidwa osadziwika, kapena, mwina, kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja kudzawonjezera malo atsopano a chikhalidwe cha pansi pa madzi pamene midzi ikumizidwa. 

Kuphatikiza apo, kudziunjikira kwa zigawo zatsopano za dothi ndi dothi kungafunike kuchepetsedwa kowonjezereka kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zamayendedwe ndi kulumikizana. Funso likadali loti ndi chitetezo chotani chomwe chiyenera kuperekedwa ku situ heritage pamene njira zatsopano ziyenera kujambulidwa kapena pamene magetsi atsopano ndi mauthenga otumizira mauthenga aikidwa. Zokambirana zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zikupangitsa kuti nkhaniyi ikhale yovuta. Ndizokayikitsa ngati chitetezo cha UCH chidzayikidwa patsogolo kuposa zosowa za anthu.

Kodi omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi angayembekezere chiyani pokhudzana ndi acidity ya m'nyanja?

Mu 2008, ofufuza otsogolera okwana 155 ochokera ku mayiko a 26 adavomereza Chidziwitso cha Monaco.5 Chilengezochi chingapereke chiyambi cha kuyitanidwa kuchitapo kanthu, monga momwe mitu yake yachigawo ikuwululira: (1) kusungunuka kwa asidi m'nyanja kukuchitika; (2) zochitika za acidification m'nyanja zayamba kale kudziwika; (3) acidification ya m'nyanja ikupita patsogolo ndipo kuwonongeka kwakukulu kuli pafupi; (4) acidification ya m'nyanjayi idzakhala ndi zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha anthu; (5) acidification m'nyanja ndi mofulumira, koma kuchira adzakhala pang'onopang'ono; ndi (6) acidity ya m'nyanja imatha kulamuliridwa pochepetsa milingo ya CO2 yamtsogolo.6

Tsoka ilo, malinga ndi malamulo a mayiko a m'nyanja zapanyanja, pakhala kusalinganika kwa ndalama ndi chitukuko chosakwanira cha mfundo zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha UCH. Zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi, monganso njira zothetsera vutoli. Palibe lamulo lachindunji lapadziko lonse lapansi lokhudzana ndi acidization ya m'nyanja kapena zotsatira zake pazachilengedwe kapena zolowa zomira. Mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wapanyanja wapadziko lonse lapansi umapereka mwayi wocheperako kukakamiza mayiko akuluakulu otulutsa mpweya wa CO2 kusintha machitidwe awo kukhala abwino. 

Mofanana ndi kuyitanidwa kokulirapo kwa kuchepetsa kusintha kwa nyengo, zochita zapadziko lonse lapansi pakukula kwa acidity yam'nyanja zimakhalabe zovuta. Pakhoza kukhala njira zomwe zingabweretse nkhaniyi ku mbali zonse za mgwirizano wapadziko lonse womwe ungakhale wogwirizana, koma kungodalira mphamvu ya kunyengerera kwa makhalidwe kuti ichititse manyazi maboma kuti achitepo kanthu kumawoneka kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chopitirira malire. 

Mapangano oyenerera apadziko lonse lapansi amakhazikitsa dongosolo la "alamu yamoto" lomwe lingatchule vuto la acidization ya m'nyanja padziko lonse lapansi. Mapanganowa akuphatikizapo UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Kyoto Protocol, ndi UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Pokhapokha, mwinamwake, pankhani yoteteza malo ofunika kwambiri a cholowa, zimakhala zovuta kulimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu pamene kuvulaza kumayembekezeredwa kwambiri ndikubalalika kwambiri, m'malo mokhalapo, momveka bwino, komanso payekha. Kuwonongeka kwa UCH kungakhale njira yolankhulirana kufunikira kochitapo kanthu, ndipo Msonkhano Woteteza Chikhalidwe cha Underwater Cultural Heritage ungapereke njira zochitira zimenezo.

Mgwirizano wa UN Framework Convention on Climate Change ndi Kyoto Protocol ndi magalimoto akuluakulu othetsera kusintha kwa nyengo, koma onsewa ali ndi zofooka zawo. Komanso sizikutanthauza acidification ya m'nyanja, ndipo "maudindo" a maphwando amawonetsedwa mwakufuna kwawo. Chabwino, misonkhano ya maphwando pamsonkhanowu imapereka mwayi wokambirana za acidity ya m'nyanja. Zotsatira za Msonkhano wa Zanyengo ku Copenhagen ndi Msonkhano wa Maphwando ku Cancun sizikuyenda bwino. Kagulu kakang'ono ka "okana nyengo" apereka ndalama zambiri kuti apangitse nkhaniyi kukhala "njanji yachitatu" yandale ku United States ndi kwina kulikonse, ndikuchepetsanso chidwi cha ndale kuti achitepo kanthu mwamphamvu. 

Momwemonso, UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) silinena za acidity ya m'nyanja, ngakhale limafotokoza momveka bwino za ufulu ndi udindo wa maphwando okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha nyanja, ndipo imafuna kuti maphwando ateteze chikhalidwe cha pansi pa madzi. pansi pa mawu akuti “zinthu zakalekale ndi zakale.” Ndime 194 ndi 207, makamaka, ikuvomereza lingaliro lakuti mbali zonse za msonkhanowo ziyenera kuletsa, kuchepetsa, ndi kuletsa kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe cha m’nyanja. Mwina olemba makonzedwewa analibe vuto la acidization ya m'nyanja, koma malamulowa atha kupereka njira zina zothanirana ndi maphwando kuti athane ndi vutoli, makamaka akaphatikizidwa ndi makonzedwe a udindo ndi udindo komanso chipukuta misozi. malamulo a dziko lililonse lomwe likuchita nawo ntchitoyi. Chifukwa chake, UNCLOS ikhoza kukhala "muvi" wamphamvu kwambiri paphodo, koma, chofunikira kwambiri, United States sinavomereze. 

Mosakayikira, UNCLOS itayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1994, idakhala lamulo lapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo United States ikuyenera kuchita zomwe ikupereka. Koma kungakhale kupusa kunena kuti mkangano wosavuta woterewu ungakokere dziko la United States mu njira yothetsera mikangano ya UNCLOS kuti iyankhe zomwe dziko lomwe lili pachiwopsezo likufuna kuchitapo kanthu pa acidity ya m'nyanja. Ngakhale United States ndi China, mayiko awiri akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi, adachita nawo ntchitoyi, kukwaniritsa zofunikira zaulamuliro kungakhale kovuta, ndipo maphwando odandaula angakhale ndi nthawi yovuta kutsimikizira kapena kuti maboma awiri akuluakulu a emitter makamaka. zidabweretsa zovulaza.

Mapangano ena awiri akutchulidwa apa. Mgwirizano wa UN pa Biological Diversity sunatchule za acidity ya nyanja, koma cholinga chake pa kuteteza zamoyo zosiyanasiyana chikuyambitsidwa ndi nkhawa za acidity ya m'nyanja, zomwe zakhala zikukambidwa pamisonkhano yosiyanasiyana yamagulu. Osachepera, Secretariat ikuyenera kuyang'anira mwachangu ndikupereka lipoti za acidity yam'nyanja kupita mtsogolo. Msonkhano wa London ndi Protocol ndi MARPOL, mgwirizano wa International Maritime Organization wokhudza kuipitsa m'nyanja, akuyang'ana kwambiri kutaya, kutulutsa, ndi kutulutsa zombo zoyenda panyanja kuti zikhale zothandiza kwambiri pothana ndi acidity ya nyanja.

The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage ikuyandikira chaka chake cha 10 mu November 2011. N'zosadabwitsa kuti sankayembekezera kuti nyanja ikhale acidity, koma sichitchula ngakhale kusintha kwa nyengo monga gwero lotheka la nkhawa - ndipo sayansi inalipo ndithu. kulimbikitsa njira yodzitetezera. Pakadali pano, Secretariat for the UNESCO World Heritage Convention yanena za acidity yam'nyanja pokhudzana ndi malo achilengedwe, koma osati potengera chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe. Mwachiwonekere, pakufunika kupeza njira zophatikizira zovutazi pakukonzekera, ndondomeko, ndi kuika patsogolo kuti ateteze chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe padziko lonse lapansi.

Kutsiliza

Mafunde, kutentha, ndi chemistry yomwe imalimbikitsa zamoyo monga momwe timadziwira m'nyanja ili pangozi yosweka kosasinthika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Tikudziwanso kuti zachilengedwe zam'nyanja zimakhala zolimba kwambiri. Ngati mgwirizano wa anthu odzikonda ukhoza kubwera pamodzi ndikuyenda mofulumira, mwina sikunachedwe kudziwitsa anthu za kupititsa patsogolo kusintha kwa chilengedwe kwa madzi a m'nyanja. Tiyenera kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi acidity ya m'nyanja pazifukwa zambiri, chimodzi chokha chomwe ndi kuteteza UCH. Malo odziwika bwino m'madzi am'madzi ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakumvetsetsa kwathu zamalonda apanyanja padziko lonse lapansi komanso maulendo azachuma komanso mbiri yakale yaukadaulo yomwe yathandizira. Kuchuluka kwa acidity m'nyanja ndi kusintha kwa nyengo zikuwopseza cholowa chimenecho. Kuthekera kwa kuwonongeka kosasinthika kumawoneka kwakukulu. Palibe lamulo lokakamiza lomwe limayambitsa kuchepetsa CO2 komanso kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Ngakhale mawu a zolinga zabwino zapadziko lonse lapansi amatha mu 2012. Tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo omwe alipo kuti tilimbikitse ndondomeko yatsopano yapadziko lonse, yomwe iyenera kuthana ndi njira zonse zomwe tili nazo kuti tikwaniritse zotsatirazi:

• Kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe za m'mphepete mwa nyanja kuti zikhazikike panyanja ndi magombe kuti achepetse zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo pa malo apafupi a UCH; 
• Kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa nthaka komwe kumachepetsa mphamvu zapanyanja ndikuwononga malo a UCH; 
• Onjezani umboni wowopsa womwe ungakhalepo ku malo achilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe chochokera ku kusintha kwamadzi am'nyanja kuti zithandizire kuyesetsa komwe kulipo kuti muchepetse kutulutsa kwa CO2; 
• Kuzindikiritsa njira zobwezeretseranso / zolipirira kuwonongeka kwa nyanja yamchere (malingaliro owononga owononga) omwe amapangitsa kusachitapo kanthu kukhala kocheperako; 
• Kuchepetsa zodetsa nkhawa zina pazachilengedwe zam'madzi, monga kumanga m'madzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zopha nsomba, kuti muchepetse kuwononga zachilengedwe ndi malo a UCH; 
• Kuchulukitsa kuwunika kwa tsamba la UCH, kuzindikiritsa njira zodzitchinjiriza pamikangano yomwe ingachitike ndi kusuntha kwa nyanja (mwachitsanzo, kuyala chingwe, malo opangira mphamvu panyanja, ndi kugwetsa), komanso kuyankha mwachangu poteteza omwe ali pachiwopsezo; ndi 
• Kupanga njira zamalamulo pofuna kuwononga zowonongeka chifukwa chowononga chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chonse kuchokera ku zochitika zokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo (izi zingakhale zovuta kuchita, koma ndizolimbikitsa kwambiri chikhalidwe ndi ndale). 

Popanda mapangano atsopano apadziko lonse lapansi (ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwawo kwachikhulupiriro), tiyenera kukumbukira kuti acidization ya m'nyanja ndi imodzi mwazovuta zambiri pazachuma chathu chapadziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti acidization ya m'nyanjayi imawononga zachilengedwe ndipo, mwina, malo a UCH, pali zovuta zambiri, zolumikizana zomwe zimatha ndipo ziyenera kuthetsedwa. Pamapeto pake, mtengo wachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu osachitapo kanthu udzazindikirika ngati ukuposa mtengo wakuchitapo kanthu. Pakalipano, tikuyenera kukhazikitsa njira yodzitetezera kuti titeteze kapena kukumba UCH pakusintha, kusintha kwa nyanja, ngakhale pamene tikuyesetsa kuthana ndi acidity ya nyanja ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. 

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1. Kuti mumve zambiri zokhudza kukula kovomerezeka kwa mawu oti “cholowa cha m’madzi,” onani United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, Nov. 2, 2001, 41 ILM 40.

2. Mawu onse, pano ndi m'mbali yonse yotsala ya nkhaniyi, akuchokera pa imelo ndi Ian McLeod wa ku Western Australian Museum. Mawu awa atha kukhala ndi zosintha zazing'ono, zopanda tanthauzo kuti zimveke bwino komanso kalembedwe.

3. Meraiah Foley, Cyclone Lashes Storm-Otopa Australia, NY Times, Feb. 3, 2011, ku A6.

4. Zambiri zokhuza kuonongeka kwa ngoziyo zikupezeka ku Australian National Shipwreck Database pa http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/shipwrecks/database.html.

5. Chidziwitso cha Monaco (2008), chopezeka pa http://ioc3. unesco.org/oanet/Symposium2008/MonacoDeclaration. pdf.

6. ID.