Pulasitiki m'nyanja

BWINO KUTI KAFUFUZENI

M'ndandanda wazopezekamo

1. Introduction
2. US Plastics Policy
- 2.1 Ndondomeko Zapadziko Lonse
- 2.2 Ndondomeko Zadziko
3. Ndondomeko zapadziko Lonse
- 3.1 Pangano la Padziko Lonse
- 3.2 Gulu la Policy Policy
- 3.3 Kusintha kwa Zinyalala za Basel Convention
4. Zozungulira Economy
5. Green Chemistry
6. Pulasitiki ndi Ocean Health
- 6.1 Ghost Gear
- 6.2 Zotsatira pa Zamoyo Zam'madzi
- 6.3 Mabotolo apulasitiki (Nurdles)
7. Pulasitiki ndi Thanzi la Anthu
8. Chilungamo cha chilengedwe
9. Mbiri ya Pulasitiki
10. Zosiyanasiyana

1. Introduction

Kodi vuto la mapulasitiki ndi chiyani?

Pulasitiki, mtundu wofala kwambiri wa zinyalala zam'madzi zomwe zimapitilirabe, ndi imodzi mwazinthu zovuta kwambiri pazachilengedwe zam'madzi. Ngakhale ndizovuta kuyeza, pafupifupi matani 8 miliyoni apulasitiki amawonjezeredwa kunyanja yathu pachaka, kuphatikiza 236,000 matani a microplastics (Jambeck, 2015), yomwe ndi yofanana ndi magalimoto otaya zinyalala oposa amodzi omwe amatayidwa m'nyanja yathu mphindi iliyonse (Pennington, 2016).

Akuti alipo Zidutswa 5.25 thililiyoni za zinyalala zapulasitiki m'nyanja, matani 229,000 akuyandama pamwamba, ndi 4 biliyoni pulasitiki microfibers pa lalikulu kilomita zinyalala mu nyanja yakuya (National Geographic, 2015). Ma thililiyoni a zidutswa zapulasitiki zomwe zili m'nyanja yathu zidapanga zinyalala zazikulu zisanu, kuphatikiza chigamba cha Great Pacific Garbage chomwe ndi chachikulu kuposa kukula kwa Texas. Mu 2050, padzakhala pulasitiki yambiri m'nyanja polemera kuposa nsomba (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2016). Pulasitikiyo ilibenso m'nyanja yathu, imakhala mumlengalenga ndi zakudya zomwe timadya mpaka munthu aliyense atha kudya. pulasitiki yamtengo wapatali mlungu uliwonse (Wit, Bigaud, 2019).

Mapulasitiki ambiri omwe amalowa mumtsinje wa zinyalala amatha kutayidwa mosayenera kapena kutayirako. Mu 2018 mokha, panali matani 35 miliyoni apulasitiki opangidwa ku United States, ndipo mwa izo 8.7 peresenti yokha ya pulasitiki inagwiritsidwanso ntchito (EPA, 2021). Kugwiritsa ntchito pulasitiki masiku ano sikungalephereke ndipo kudzapitirizabe kukhala vuto mpaka titakonzanso ndikusintha ubale wathu ndi mapulasitiki.

Kodi pulasitiki imathera bwanji m'nyanja?

1. Mapulasitiki m'matayipilo: Pulasitiki nthawi zambiri imatayika kapena kuwulutsidwa panthawi yopita kumalo otayirako. Kenako pulasitikiyo imawunjikana mozungulira ngalande ndi kulowa m’madzi, kenako n’kukathera m’nyanja.
2. Zonyansa: Zinyalala zotayidwa mumsewu kapena m'malo athu achilengedwe zimatengedwa ndi mphepo ndi madzi amvula kulowa m'madzi athu.
3. Pansi kukhetsa: Zinthu zaukhondo, monga zopukutira zonyowa ndi maupangiri a Q, nthawi zambiri zimatsitsidwa ndi kukhetsa. Zovala zikachapidwa (makamaka zopangira) ma microfibers ndi ma microplastics amatulutsidwa m'madzi athu oyipa kudzera pamakina athu ochapira. Pomaliza, zodzikongoletsera ndi zotsukira zokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono timatumiza ma microplastics kukhetsa.
4. Makampani Osodza: Maboti osodza atha kutaya kapena kusiya zida zopha nsomba (onani Ghost Gear) munyanja kupanga misampha yakupha zamoyo zam'madzi.

Chifukwa chiyani pulasitiki m'nyanja ndi vuto lalikulu?

Pulasitiki ili ndi udindo wowononga zamoyo zam'madzi, thanzi la anthu, komanso chuma padziko lonse lapansi. Mosiyana ndi zinyalala zina, pulasitiki sichiwola, choncho imakhalabe m’nyanja kwa zaka zambiri. Kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki kumadzetsa ziwopsezo za chilengedwe: kusaka nyama zakuthengo, kumeza, kutengera mitundu yachilendo, ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo (onani Zotsatira pa Marine Life). Kuphatikiza apo, zinyalala za m'madzi ndi vuto lachuma lomwe limawononga kukongola kwa chilengedwe cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja (onani Ufulu Wachilengedwe).

Nyanja imakhala ndi chikhalidwe chambiri komanso imakhala ngati njira yopezera moyo kwa anthu am'mphepete mwa nyanja. Pulasitiki m'madzi athu amawopseza madzi athu komanso magwero a zakudya zam'madzi. Microplastics imapanga njira yawo yopita ku chakudya ndikuwopseza thanzi la anthu (Onani Pulasitiki ndi Thanzi la Anthu).

Pamene kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki m'nyanja kukukulirakulirabe, mavuto omwe akubwerawa akungokulirakulira pokhapokha titachitapo kanthu. Mtolo wa udindo wa pulasitiki suyenera kukhala pa ogula okha. M'malo mwake, pokonzanso kupanga pulasitiki isanafike kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, titha kutsogolera opanga njira zothetsera vutoli padziko lonse lapansi.

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2. US Plastics Policy

2.1 Ndondomeko Zapadziko Lonse

Schultz, J. (2021, February 8). State Plastic Bag Legislation. National Caucus of Environmental Legislators. http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/plastic-bag-legislation

Maboma asanu ndi atatu ali ndi malamulo ochepetsa kupanga/kuwononga matumba apulasitiki ogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi. Mizinda ya Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, ndi Seattle yaletsanso matumba apulasitiki. Boulder, New York, Portland, Washington DC, ndi Montgomery County Md. aletsa matumba apulasitiki ndikukhazikitsa chindapusa. Kuletsa matumba apulasitiki ndi gawo lofunikira, chifukwa ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri pakuipitsa mapulasitiki am'nyanja.

Gardiner, B. (2022, February 22). Momwe kupambana kwakukulu munkhani ya zinyalala za pulasitiki kungachepetse kuipitsidwa kwa nyanja. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-a-dramatic-win-in-plastic-waste-case-may-curb-ocean-pollution

Mu Disembala 2019, wotsutsa kuwononga chilengedwe a Diane Wilson adapambana mlandu wotsutsana ndi Formosa Plastics, imodzi mwamakampani akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi amafuta amafuta, kwazaka zambiri zakuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki kosaloledwa ndi Texas ku Gulf Coast. Kukhazikika kwa $50 miliyoni kukuyimira kupambana kwa mbiri yakale ngati mphotho yayikulu kwambiri yomwe idaperekedwapo pamilandu ya nzika motsutsana ndi wowononga mafakitale pansi pa US Clean Water Act. Mogwirizana ndi chigamulocho, Formosa Plastics yalamulidwa kuti ifikitse "ziro-kutayira" zinyalala zapulasitiki kuchokera kufakitale yake ya Point Comfort, kulipira zilango mpaka kutayika kwapoizoni kutha, ndikupereka ndalama zoyeretsera pulasitiki yomwe idasonkhanitsidwa m'madambo onse aku Texas omwe akhudzidwa, magombe, ndi madzi. Wilson, yemwe adagwira ntchito molimbika adamupatsa mphotho yapamwamba ya 2023 Goldman Environmental, adapereka ndalama zonse ku trust, kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Chovala chodziwikiratu ichi chabweretsa kusintha kwamakampani akuluakulu omwe nthawi zambiri amaipitsa popanda chilango.

Gibbens, S. (2019, Ogasiti 15). Onani mawonekedwe ovuta a zoletsa zamapulasitiki ku US National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/map-shows-the-complicated-landscape-of-plastic-bans

Pali milandu yambiri yamakhothi yomwe ikuchitika ku United States komwe mizinda ndi mayiko sagwirizana ngati kuli kovomerezeka kuletsa pulasitiki kapena ayi. Mazana a matauni ku United States ali ndi ndalama zapulasitiki kapena zoletsedwa, kuphatikiza ena ku California ndi New York. Koma maiko khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri akunena kuti sikuloledwa kuletsa zinthu zapulasitiki, kuletsa mwamphamvu kuletsa. Zoletsa zomwe zilipo zikugwira ntchito yochepetsera kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki, koma anthu ambiri amanena kuti malipiro ndi abwino kusiyana ndi kuletsa kwenikweni kusintha khalidwe la ogula.

California Ocean Protection Council. (2022, February). Statewide Microplastics Strategy. https://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/agenda_items/ 20220223/Item_6_Exhibit_A_Statewide_Microplastics_Strategy.pdf

Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Senate Bill 1263 (Sen. Anthony Portantino) mu 2018, California State Legislature anazindikira kufunika kwa dongosolo lathunthu kuthana ndi chiwopsezo chofala komanso chosalekeza cha ma microplastics m'malo am'madzi am'boma. California Ocean Protection Council (OPC) idasindikiza iyi Statewide Microplastic Strategy, ndikupereka njira yazaka zambiri kwa mabungwe aboma ndi othandizana nawo akunja kuti agwire ntchito limodzi kuti afufuze ndikuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwapoizoni kwa microplastic kudutsa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya California ndi zachilengedwe zam'madzi. Maziko a njirayi ndikuzindikira kuti boma liyenera kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu, mosamala kuti muchepetse kuipitsidwa kwa ma microplastic, pomwe kumvetsetsa kwasayansi kwa magwero a ma microplastics, zotsatira zake, ndi njira zochepetsera zogwira mtima zikupitilira kukula.

HB 1085 – 68th Washington State Legislature, (2023-24 Reg. Sess.): Kuchepetsa Kuipitsa Pulasitiki. (2023, Epulo). https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?Year=2023&BillNumber=1085

Mu Epulo 2023, Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Washington State idavomereza House Bill 1085 (HB 1085) kuti ichepetse kuyipitsa kwa pulasitiki m'njira zitatu zosiyana. Mothandizidwa ndi Rep. Sharlett Mena (D-Tacoma), biluyo ikufuna kuti nyumba zatsopano zomangidwa ndi akasupe amadzi ziyeneranso kukhala ndi malo odzaza mabotolo; kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito tinthu tating'ono ta thanzi kapena kukongola m'matumba apulasitiki omwe amaperekedwa ndi mahotela ndi malo ena ogona; ndi kuletsa kugulitsa thovu la pulasitiki yofewa yoyandama ndi madoko, pomwe ikulamula kuti afufuzidwe za zipolopolo zolimba zamapulasitiki pamwamba pamadzi. Kuti akwaniritse zolinga zake, biluyo imakhudza mabungwe angapo aboma ndi makhonsolo ndipo idzagwiritsidwa ntchito munthawi zosiyanasiyana. Rep. Mena adalimbikitsa HB 1085 ngati gawo lankhondo yofunikira ya Washington State kuteteza thanzi la anthu, madzi, ndi usodzi wa salimoni ku kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki.

California State Water Resources Control Board. (2020, Juni 16). State Water Board imalankhula ndi ma microplastics m'madzi akumwa kuti alimbikitse kuzindikira kwamadzi am'madzi [Cholengeza munkhani]. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/ 2020/pr06162020_microplastics.pdf

California ndi bungwe loyamba la boma padziko lapansi kuyesa mwadongosolo madzi ake akumwa kuti ali ndi kachilombo ka microplastic ndikukhazikitsa zida zake zoyesera m'dziko lonselo. Izi zochitidwa ndi California State Water Resources Control Board ndi zotsatira za 2018 Senate Bills Ayi. 1422 ndi Ayi. 1263, mothandizidwa ndi Sen. Anthony Portantino, omwe, motsatira, adatsogolera opereka madzi a m'madera kuti apange njira zovomerezeka zoyezera kulowetsedwa kwa microplastic m'madzi amchere ndi madzi akumwa ndikukhazikitsa kuyang'anira ma microplastics a m'nyanja pamphepete mwa nyanja ya California. Pamene akuluakulu a m'madera ndi m'boma akuwonjezera dala kuyesa ndi kupereka malipoti a milingo ya microplastic m'madzi akumwa pazaka zisanu zikubwerazi, boma la California lipitiriza kudalira gulu la asayansi kuti lipitirize kufufuza za thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe cha microplastic.

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2.2 Ndondomeko Zadziko

US Environmental Protection Agency. (2023, Epulo). Kukonzekera Njira Yadziko Lonse Yopewera Kuwonongeka kwa Pulasitiki. EPA Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery. https://www.epa.gov/circulareconomy/draft-national-strategy-prevent-plastic-pollution

Njirayi ikufuna kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa panthawi yopanga pulasitiki, kukonza kasamalidwe ka zinthu zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pake, ndikuletsa zinyalala ndi ma micro/nano-pulasitiki kulowa m'madzi ndikuchotsa zinyalala zomwe zathawa m'chilengedwe. Zolemba, zomwe zidapangidwa ngati njira yowonjezera ya EPA's National Recycling Strategy yomwe idatulutsidwa mu 2021, ikugogomezera kufunikira kwa njira yozungulira pakuwongolera mapulasitiki ndikuchitapo kanthu. Ndondomeko ya dziko, ngakhale isanakhazikitsidwe, imapereka chitsogozo cha ndondomeko za federal ndi boma komanso magulu ena omwe akuyang'ana kuthetsa kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki.

Jain, N., ndi LaBeaud, D. (2022, October) Kodi US Health Care Iyenera Kutsogolera Bwanji Kusintha Kwapadziko Lonse Kutaya Zinyalala Zapulasitiki. AMA Journal of Ethics. 24(10):E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Mpaka pano, dziko la United States silinakhale patsogolo pa ndondomeko yokhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki, koma njira imodzi yomwe US ​​ingatsogolere ndi yokhudza kutaya zinyalala za pulasitiki kuchokera kuchipatala. Kutaya zinyalala zachipatala ndi chimodzi mwa ziwopsezo zazikulu ku chisamaliro chaumoyo chokhazikika padziko lonse lapansi. Zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano zotayira zinyalala zapakhomo ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi pamtunda ndi panyanja, mchitidwe womwe umasokonezanso chilungamo padziko lonse lapansi posokoneza thanzi la anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo. Olembawo akuwonetsa kukonzanso udindo wokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe cha kayendetsedwe ka zinyalala zachipatala popereka udindo wokhazikika kwa atsogoleri a bungwe la chisamaliro chaumoyo, kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsa ndi kukonza zozungulira, ndi kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wamphamvu m'mafakitale azachipatala, pulasitiki, ndi zinyalala.

US Environmental Protection Agency. (2021, Novembala). National Recycling Strategy Gawo Loyamba la Mndandanda Womanga Chuma Chozungulira kwa Onse. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-11/final-national-recycling-strategy.pdf

National Recycling Strategy ikuyang'ana kwambiri pakulimbikitsa ndi kupititsa patsogolo njira yobwezeretsanso zinyalala za National municipal solid waste (MSW) ndipo ndi cholinga chokhazikitsa njira yamphamvu, yolimba komanso yotsika mtengo yoyendetsera zinyalala ku United States. Zolinga za lipotili ndi monga misika yowongoka yazinthu zobwezeretsedwanso, kuchulukitsidwa kwa kusonkhanitsidwa ndi kukonza njira zoyendetsera zinyalala, kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwazinthu zomwe zasinthidwa, komanso kuwonjezereka kwa mfundo zothandizira kuzungulira. Ngakhale kubwezeretsanso sikungathetse vuto la kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki, njirayi ingathandize kutsogolera njira zabwino zoyendetsera chuma chozungulira. Dziwani kuti, gawo lomaliza la lipoti ili likupereka chidule chodabwitsa cha ntchito imene mabungwe a boma ku United States akugwira.

Bates, S. (2021, June 25). Asayansi Amagwiritsa Ntchito NASA Satellite Data Kutsata Ma Microplastics a Ocean Kuchokera ku Space. NASA Earth Science News Team. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/esnt2021/scientists-use-nasa-satellite-data-to-track-ocean-microplastics-from-space

Ochita kafukufuku akugwiritsanso ntchito zomwe zilipo panopa za NASA kuti azitsatira kayendedwe ka microplastics munyanja, pogwiritsa ntchito deta ya Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) ya NASA.

Law, KL, Starr, N., Siegler, TR, Jambeck, J., Mallos, N., & Leonard, GB (2020). Kupereka kwa United States kwa zinyalala za pulasitiki kumtunda ndi nyanja. Zotsogola za Sayansi, 6(44). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0288

Kafukufukuyu wasayansi wa 2020 akuwonetsa kuti, mu 2016, US idapanga zinyalala zapulasitiki zochulukirapo komanso kulemera kwake kuposa dziko lina lililonse. Mbali yokulirapo ya zinyalalazi idatayidwa mosaloledwa ku US, ndipo zochulukirapo sizinasamalidwe mokwanira m'maiko omwe adatenga zinthu zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa ku US kuti zibwezeretsedwe. Potengera zoperekazi, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zapulasitiki zomwe zidapangidwa ku US zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa kulowa m'mphepete mwa nyanja mchaka cha 2016 zidali zazikulu kuwirikiza kasanu kuposa zomwe zidayerekezedwa mu 2010, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dzikolo lithandizire kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, ndi Medicine. (2022). Kuwerengera ndi Udindo wa US mu Global Ocean Plastic Waste. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26132.

Kuwunikaku kudachitika poyankha pempho la Save Our Seas 2.0 Act lofuna kuphatikizira zasayansi zomwe US ​​​​yathandizira pothana ndi kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki padziko lonse lapansi. Ndi US ikupanga kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zapulasitiki kuposa dziko lililonse padziko lapansi kuyambira chaka cha 2016, lipotili likufuna njira yadziko lonse yochepetsera kutulutsa zinyalala za pulasitiki ku US. Imalimbikitsanso njira yowonjezereka yowunikira kuti amvetsetse kukula ndi magwero a kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki ku US ndikuwunika momwe dziko likuyendera.

Chotsani Pulasitiki. (2021, Marichi 26). Tulukani ku Pulasitiki Pollution Act. Chotsani Pulasitiki. http://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/pollution-act/

The Break Free From Plastic Pollution Act ya 2021 (BFFPPA) ndi bili ya Federal yothandizidwa ndi Sen. Jeff Merkley (OR) ndi Rep. Alan Lowenthal (CA yomwe imapereka mayankho omveka bwino omwe akhazikitsidwa mu Congress. Lamuloli lithandiza kuteteza anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa, madera amitundu yosiyanasiyana, komanso madera akumidzi ku chiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe pochepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito pulasitiki ndi kupanga. Kumasuka ku pulasitiki kungachepetsenso kwambiri mpweya wathu wowonjezera kutentha. malamulo pa mlingo wa dziko mu United States.

Zolemba - S. 1982 - 116^th Congress (2019-2020): Sungani Nyanja Yathu 2.0 Act (2020, Disembala 18). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1982

Mu 2020, Congress idakhazikitsa lamulo la Save Our Seas 2.0 Act lomwe lidakhazikitsa zofunikira ndi zolimbikitsa zochepetsera, kubwezeretsanso, komanso kupewa zinyalala zam'madzi (mwachitsanzo, zinyalala zapulasitiki). Dziwani kuti biluyo idakhazikitsanso Marine Debris Foundation, bungwe lothandiza komanso lopanda phindu ndipo si bungwe kapena bungwe la United States. Marine Debris Foundation idzagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi NOAA's Marine Debris Program ndikuyang'ana kwambiri ntchito zowunika, kupewa, kuchepetsa, ndi kuchotsa zinyalala zam'madzi ndikuthana ndi zovuta zomwe zimachokera m'madzi am'madzi ndi zomwe zimayambitsa pachuma cha United States, apanyanja. chilengedwe (kuphatikiza madzi omwe ali m'dera la United States, nyanja zazikulu, ndi madzi omwe ali m'maiko ena), komanso chitetezo chakuyenda.

S.5163 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Kuteteza Madera ku Plastics Act. (2022, Disembala 1). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/5163

Mu 2022, Sen. Cory Booker (DN.J.) ndi Rep. Jared Huffman (D-CA) adagwirizana ndi Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) ndi Rep. Alan Lowenthal (D-CA) kuti adziwe Kuteteza Mikhalidwe ku Plastics. Chitani malamulo. Kumanga pazofunikira za Break Free From Plastic Pollution Act, lamuloli likufuna kuthana ndi vuto la kupanga pulasitiki lomwe limakhudza kwambiri thanzi la anthu osauka komanso madera amitundu. Motsogozedwa ndi cholinga chachikulu chosinthira chuma cha US kuchoka ku pulasitiki yogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi, Protecting Communities from Plastics Act ikufuna kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima pamitengo yamafuta amafuta ndikupanga milingo yatsopano yapadziko lonse yochepetsera magwero apulasitiki ndikugwiritsanso ntchito m'magawo onyamula ndi chakudya.

S.2645 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Kubwezera Mphotho Kuchepetsa Zowonongeka Zosagwiritsidwanso Ntchito mu Ecosystems Act ya 2021. (2021, Ogasiti 5). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2645

Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) adakhazikitsa lamulo latsopano loti apange chilimbikitso chatsopano chogwiritsa ntchito pulasitiki, kuchepetsa kupanga pulasitiki, ndikupangitsa makampani apulasitiki kukhala ndi mlandu chifukwa cha zinyalala zapoizoni zomwe zimawononga thanzi la anthu komanso malo ofunikira zachilengedwe. . Lamuloli, lotchedwa Rewarding Efforts to Decrease Unrecycled Contaminants in Ecosystems (REDUCE) Act, lingakhazikitse chindapusa cha 20 cent pa pounds pakugulitsa pulasitiki namwali yemwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzogulitsa kamodzi. Ndalama izi zithandiza mapulasitiki obwezerezedwanso kupikisana ndi mapulasitiki omwe sanakhalepo pamlingo wofanana. Zinthu zomwe zaphimbidwa zikuphatikiza zolongedza, zinthu zopangira chakudya, zotengera zakumwa, ndi matumba - osakhululukidwa pazinthu zachipatala ndi zaukhondo.

Jain, N., & LaBeaud, D. (2022). Kodi US Health Care Iyenera Kutsogolera Bwanji Kusintha Padziko Lonse Pakutaya Zinyalala Zapulasitiki? AMA Journal of Ethics, 24(10):E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Njira zamakono zotayira zinyalala zachipatala zapulasitiki zikuwononga kwambiri chilungamo padziko lonse lapansi, ndikusokoneza kwambiri thanzi la anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo komanso oponderezedwa. Popitiliza mchitidwe wotumiza zinyalala zapakhomo kuti zitayidwe m'dziko ndi m'madzi a mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, US ikukulitsa zovuta zachilengedwe ndi thanzi zomwe zikuwopseza chisamaliro chaumoyo padziko lonse lapansi. Kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa udindo wokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu pakupanga ndi kuyang'anira zinyalala zachipatala ndizofunikira. Nkhaniyi imalimbikitsa kuti anthu aziyankha mozama kwa atsogoleri a mabungwe azaumoyo, kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsa ndi kukonza zinthu zozungulira, ndikulimbikitsa mgwirizano wamphamvu m'mafakitale azachipatala, pulasitiki, ndi zinyalala. 

Wong, E. (2019, May 16). Sayansi Paphiri: Kuthetsa Vuto la Zinyalala Zapulasitiki. Springer Nature. Zabwezedwa kuchokera: bit.ly/2HQTrfi

Zolemba zolumikiza akatswiri asayansi kwa opanga malamulo ku Capitol Hill. Amawongolera momwe zinyalala za pulasitiki zikuwopseza komanso zomwe zingachitike kuti athetse vutoli ndikukulitsa mabizinesi ndikupangitsa kukula kwa ntchito.

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3. Ndondomeko zapadziko Lonse

Nielsen, MB, Clausen, LP, Cronin, R., Hansen, SF, Oturai, NG, & Syberg, K. (2023). Kuvumbulutsa sayansi yomwe imayambitsa ndondomeko zolimbana ndi kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki. Microplastics ndi Nanoplastics, 3(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-022-00046-y

Olembawo adasanthula njira zisanu ndi imodzi zazikuluzikulu zotsata kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki ndipo adapeza kuti zoyeserera zapulasitiki nthawi zambiri zimatengera umboni wochokera m'nkhani zasayansi ndi malipoti. Zolemba zasayansi ndi malipoti zimapereka chidziwitso chokhudza magwero apulasitiki, momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira mapulasitiki, kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake. Zoposa theka la ndondomeko za pulasitiki zomwe zafufuzidwa zimatchula deta yowunikira zinyalala. Gulu losiyanasiyana la zolemba ndi zida zasayansi zosiyanasiyana zikuwoneka kuti zagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga njira zamapulasitiki. Komabe, padakali zambiri zosatsimikizika zokhudzana ndi kudziwa kuvulaza kuchokera ku kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndondomeko za ndondomeko ziyenera kulola kusinthasintha. Ponseponse, umboni wa sayansi umawerengedwa popanga zoyeserera. Umboni wambiri wosiyanasiyana womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira zoyambitsa ndondomeko ukhoza kuyambitsa zotsutsana. Mkanganowu ukhoza kukhudza zokambirana ndi ndondomeko za mayiko.

OECD (2022, February), Maonedwe a Plastics Padziko Lonse: Madalaivala Azachuma, Zosintha Zachilengedwe ndi Zosankha za Ndondomeko. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/de747aef-en.

Ngakhale mapulasitiki ndi zida zothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu amakono, kupanga mapulasitiki ndi kutulutsa zinyalala kukupitilirabe ndipo pakufunika kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu kuti moyo wa mapulasitiki ukhale wozungulira. Padziko lonse lapansi, 9% yokha ya zinyalala za pulasitiki zimasinthidwanso pomwe 22% ndizosayendetsedwa bwino. OECD ikufuna kukulitsa mfundo za dziko ndi kupititsa patsogolo mgwirizano wa mayiko pofuna kuchepetsa kuonongeka kwa chilengedwe panthawi yonseyi. Lipotili likuyang'ana pa kuphunzitsa ndi kuthandizira zoyesayesa za mfundo zothana ndi kutayikira kwa pulasitiki. The Outlook imatchula zitsulo zinayi zazikulu zokhotakhota mapulasitiki: chithandizo cholimba cha misika yapulasitiki yokonzedwanso (yachiwiri); ndondomeko zolimbikitsira luso laukadaulo mu mapulasitiki; njira zolimbikitsira mfundo zapakhomo; ndi mgwirizano waukulu wa mayiko. Ili ndi loyamba mwa malipoti awiri omwe adakonzedwa, lipoti lachiwiri, Chiyembekezo cha Plastics Padziko Lonse: Zochitika za Ndondomeko mpaka 2060 zalembedwa pansipa.

OECD (2022, June), Chiyembekezo cha Plastics Padziko Lonse: Zochitika za Ndondomeko mpaka 2060. OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/aa1edf33-en. 

Dziko lapansi siliri pafupi kukwaniritsa cholinga chake chothetsa kuipitsa kwa pulasitiki, pokhapokha ngati malamulo okhwima ndi ogwirizana akhazikitsidwa. Pofuna kuthandizira kukwaniritsa zolinga zomwe mayiko osiyanasiyana akhazikitsa, OECD ikupereka malingaliro apulasitiki ndi ndondomeko zomwe zingathandize kutsogolera opanga ndondomeko. Lipotilo likuwonetsa ziwonetsero zofananira zamapulasitiki mpaka 2060, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki, zinyalala komanso zovuta zachilengedwe zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi mapulasitiki, makamaka kutayikira kwa chilengedwe. Lipotili ndilotsatira lipoti loyamba, Zoyendetsa Zachuma, Zosintha Zachilengedwe ndi Zosankha za Ndondomeko (zatchulidwa pamwambapa) zomwe zidawerengera momwe mapulasitiki amagwiritsidwira ntchito, kutulutsa zinyalala ndi kutayikira, komanso kuzindikira njira zinayi zochepetsera kuwononga chilengedwe kwa mapulasitiki.

IUCN. (2022). IUCN Mwachidule kwa Negotiators: Plastics Treaty INC. Mgwirizano wa IUCN WCEL pa Ntchito Yowononga Pulasitiki. https://www.iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-wcel-agreement-plastic-pollution-task-force/resources 

IUCN idapanga mndandanda wazifupi, masamba osakwana asanu, kuti athandizire gawo loyamba lazokambirana za Pangano la Kuwonongeka kwa Pulasitiki monga momwe bungwe la United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) lidanenera 5/14. ndipo zinamangidwa pa masitepe omwe adatengedwa chaka chatha ponena za matanthauzo a panganoli, mfundo zazikuluzikulu, kuyanjana ndi mapangano ena, zomanga zomwe zingatheke komanso njira zamalamulo. Zidule zonse, kuphatikiza zomwe zili pamawu ofunikira, chuma chozungulira, kuyanjana kwaulamuliro, ndi mgwirizano wamayiko osiyanasiyana achilengedwe zilipo. Pano. Zidulezi sizothandiza kokha kwa opanga ndondomeko, koma zathandizira kutsogolera chitukuko cha mgwirizano wa pulasitiki pa zokambirana zoyambirira.

Kuyeretsa Komaliza Kunyanja. (2021, Julayi). Malamulo a Dziko pa Zapulasitiki. lastbeachcleanup.org/countrylaws

Mndandanda wathunthu wamalamulo apadziko lonse okhudzana ndi zinthu zapulasitiki. Mpaka pano, mayiko 188 ali ndi chiletso cha matumba apulasitiki m'dziko lonselo kapena tsiku lomaliza, mayiko 81 ali ndi chiletso cha udzu wapulasitiki padziko lonse lapansi kapena tsiku lomaliza, ndipo mayiko 96 ali ndi chiletso cha chidebe cha pulasitiki kapena tsiku lomaliza.

Buchholz, K. (2021). Infographic: Mayiko Akuletsa Matumba Apulasitiki. Zithunzi za Statista. https://www.statista.com/chart/14120/the-countries-banning-plastic-bags/

Maiko makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu asanu ndi anayi padziko lonse lapansi ali ndi ziletso zonse kapena pang'ono pamatumba apulasitiki. Mayiko ena makumi atatu ndi awiri amalipira msonkho kapena msonkho kuti achepetse pulasitiki. China posachedwa idalengeza kuti idzaletsa matumba onse osapangidwa ndi kompositi m'mizinda ikuluikulu kumapeto kwa 2020 ndikukulitsa chiletso kudziko lonselo pofika chaka cha 2022. Matumba apulasitiki ndi gawo limodzi lokha pothetsa kudalira pulasitiki imodzi, koma malamulo omveka bwino ndi ofunikira kuthana ndi vuto la pulasitiki.

Directive (EU) 2019/904 ya Nyumba Yamalamulo ku Europe ndi Council of 5 June 2019 pakuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa zinthu zina zapulasitiki pa chilengedwe. PE/11/2019/REV/1 OJ L 155, 12.6.2019, p. 1-19 (BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, GA, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV). ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/904/oj

Kuchulukirachulukira kwa zinyalala za pulasitiki ndi kutayikira kwa zinyalala za pulasitiki m'chilengedwe, makamaka m'malo am'madzi, kuyenera kuthetsedwa kuti akwaniritse moyo wozungulira wa mapulasitiki. Lamuloli limaletsa mitundu 10 ya pulasitiki yogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi ndipo imagwiranso ntchito pazinthu zina za SUP, zopangidwa kuchokera ku pulasitiki yowonongeka ya oxo ndi zida za usodzi zomwe zili ndi pulasitiki. Imayika zoletsa zamsika pazodula zapulasitiki, udzu, mbale, makapu ndikuyika chandamale cha 90% yobwezeretsanso mabotolo apulasitiki a SUP pofika chaka cha 2029. Kuletsa uku kwa mapulasitiki ogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kwayamba kale kukhala ndi zotsatira pa momwe ogula amagwiritsira ntchito pulasitiki ndi mwachiyembekezo zidzathandiza kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi.

Global Plastics Policy Center (2022). Ndemanga yapadziko lonse ya mfundo zamapulasitiki kuti zithandizire kupanga zisankho zabwino komanso kuyankha pagulu. March, A., Salam, S., Evans, T., Hilton, J., ndi Fletcher, S. (okonza). Revolution Plastics, University of Portsmouth, UK. https://plasticspolicy.port.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GPPC-Report.pdf

Mu 2022, Global Plastics Policy Center idatulutsa kafukufuku wotengera umboni wowunika momwe mfundo 100 zamapulasitiki zimakhazikitsidwa ndi mabizinesi, maboma, ndi mabungwe padziko lonse lapansi. Lipotili limafotokoza momveka bwino zomwe zapezazo- kuzindikiritsa mipata yofunikira muumboni wa ndondomeko iliyonse, kuwunika zinthu zomwe zimalepheretsa kapena kupititsa patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka ndondomeko, ndikuphatikiza kusanthula kulikonse kuti ziwonetsere machitidwe opambana ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu za opanga mfundo. Kuwunika mozama kwa mfundo za pulasitiki zapadziko lonse lapansi ndikuwonjezera kwa banki ya Global Plastic Policy Center yofufuza paokha ntchito zamapulasitiki, yoyamba yamtundu wake yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati mphunzitsi wofunikira komanso wodziwitsa zambiri za mfundo zoipitsa za pulasitiki. 

Royle, J., Jack, B., Parris, H., Hogg, D., & Eliot, T. (2019). Pulasitiki Drawdown: Njira yatsopano yothanirana ndi kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki kuchokera kugwero kupita kunyanja. Nyanja Wamba. https://commonseas.com/uploads/Plastic-Drawdown-%E2%80%93-A-summary-for-policy-makers.pdf

Dongosolo la Plastic Drawdown lili ndi masitepe anayi: kuwonetsa momwe dziko limapangira zinyalala za pulasitiki ndi kapangidwe kake, kupanga mapu anjira pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito pulasitiki ndi kutayikira m'nyanja, kusanthula zotsatira za mfundo zazikuluzikulu, ndikuthandizira kupanga mgwirizano pamigwirizano yayikulu m'boma, anthu ammudzi, ndi okhudzidwa ndi bizinesi. Pali mfundo khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zomwe zawunikidwa m'chikalatachi, chilichonse chikukambirana momwe amagwirira ntchito, kupambana kwake (kuchita bwino), ndi ma macro ndi/kapena ma microplastics omwe amawongolera.

United Nations Environment Programme (2021). From Pollution to Solution: Kuwunika kwapadziko lonse kwa zinyalala zam'madzi ndi kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki. United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/resources/pollution-solution-global-assessment-marine-litter-and-plastic-pollution

Kuwunika kwapadziko lonse kumeneku kumayang'ana kukula ndi kuopsa kwa zinyalala zam'madzi ndi kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki m'zachilengedwe zonse komanso momwe zimawonongera thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe. Limapereka chidziwitso chokwanira pa zomwe zikuchitika panopo komanso mipata yofufuza zokhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki pazachilengedwe zam'madzi, zowopseza thanzi lapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso mtengo wachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha zinyalala zam'nyanja. Ponseponse, lipotili likuyesetsa kudziwitsa ndikulimbikitsa zochitika zachangu, zozikidwa paumboni m'magulu onse padziko lonse lapansi.

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3.1 Pangano la Padziko Lonse

United Nations Environment Programme. (2022, Marichi 2). Zomwe Muyenera Kudziwa Zokhudza Pulasitiki Kuipitsa Resolution. United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/what-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution-resolution

Imodzi mwamawebusayiti odalirika kuti mudziwe zambiri komanso zosintha pa Pangano la Padziko Lonse, United Nations Environment Programme ndi imodzi mwamagwero olondola a nkhani ndi zosintha. Tsambali lidalengeza zomwe zachitika pa gawo lachisanu la United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-5.2) ku Nairobi kuti athetse kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki ndikupanga mgwirizano womangirira mwalamulo padziko lonse lapansi pofika chaka cha 2024. Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri Okhudza Pangano Lapadziko Lonse ndi ma records a Malingaliro a UNEP kupititsa pangano patsogolo, ndi a zida za pulasitiki kuipitsa.

IISD (2023, Marichi 7). Chidule cha Zigawo Zachisanu Zomwe Zayambiranso za Komiti Yotseguka Ya Oimira Okhazikika ndi United Nations Environment Assembly ndi Chikumbutso cha UNEP@50: 21 February - 4 March 2022. Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol. 16, n166. https://enb.iisd.org/unea5-oecpr5-unep50

Gawo lachisanu la UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-5.2), lomwe linasonkhana pansi pa mutu wakuti “Kulimbitsa Zochita Kuti Chilengedwe Chikwaniritse Zolinga Zachitukuko Chokhazikika,” chinanenedwa ndi Earth Negotiations Bulletin chofalitsidwa ndi UNEA chomwe chimagwira ntchito yopereka malipoti. pazokambirana za chilengedwe ndi chitukuko. Nkhaniyi idaphimba UNEAS 5.2 ndipo ndi chida chodabwitsa kwa iwo omwe akufuna kumvetsetsa zambiri za UNEA, lingaliro la 5.2 la "Kuthetsa kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki: Kutengera chida chomangirira mwalamulo padziko lonse lapansi" ndi zisankho zina zomwe zidakambidwa pamsonkhano.  

United Nations Environment Programme. (2023, Disembala). Gawo Loyamba la Komiti Yokambirana ndi Maboma pa Kuwonongeka kwa Pulasitiki. United Nations Environment Programme, Punta del Este, Uruguay. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/inter-governmental-negotiating-committee-meeting-inc-1

Tsambali limafotokoza za msonkhano woyamba wa intergovernmental negotiating committee (INC) womwe unachitika kumapeto kwa 2022 ku Uruguay. Ikufotokoza gawo loyamba la komiti yokambirana m'maboma kuti akhazikitse chida chomangirira mwalamulo padziko lonse lapansi pakuipitsa kwa pulasitiki, kuphatikiza pazachilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, maulalo azojambulidwa pamisonkhano akupezeka kudzera pa maulalo a YouTube komanso zambiri zamagawo achidule a mfundo ndi PowerPoints kuchokera pamsonkhano. Zojambulidwa zonsezi zimapezeka m’Chingelezi, Chifulenchi, Chitchaina, Chirasha, ndi Chisipanishi.

Andersen, I. (2022, March 2). Mtsogoleli Wotsogola pa Ntchito Zachilengedwe. Kulankhula kwa: Gawo lapamwamba la Resumed Fifth Environment Assembly. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/leap-forward-environmental-action

Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa bungwe la UN Environment Programme (UNEP), adati mgwirizanowu ndi mgwirizano wofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wokhudzana ndi chilengedwe kuyambira pa mgwirizano wa nyengo ya Paris m'mawu ake olimbikitsa kuti apereke chigamulo choti ayambe kugwira ntchito pa Global Plastics Treaty. Iye adanena kuti mgwirizanowu udzawerengedwa ngati uli ndi zofunikira zomveka bwino zomwe zili zovomerezeka mwalamulo, monga momwe chigamulocho chikunenera ndipo chiyenera kutsata njira yonse ya moyo. Kulankhula uku kumagwira ntchito yabwino kwambiri yofotokozera kufunika kwa Pangano la Padziko Lonse ndi zofunikira za United Nations Environment Programme pamene zokambirana zikupitirira.

IISD (2022, December 7). Chidule cha Msonkhano Woyamba wa Komiti Yokambirana ndi Maboma Kuti Apange Chida Chomangirira Mwalamulo Padziko Lonse pa Kuwonongeka kwa Pulasitiki: 28 November - 2 December 2022. Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol 36, No. 7. https://enb.iisd.org/plastic-pollution-marine-environment-negotiating-committee-inc1

Msonkhano kwa nthawi yoyamba, komiti yokambirana zapakati pa maboma (INC), Mayiko a mamembala adagwirizana kuti akambirane chida chomangirira mwalamulo chapadziko lonse (ILBI) pa kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki, kuphatikiza m'malo am'madzi, ndikukhazikitsa nthawi yofuna kumaliza zokambirana mu 2024. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa. , Earth Negotiations Bulletin ndi buku la UNEA lomwe limagwira ntchito yopereka malipoti pazokambirana za chilengedwe ndi chitukuko.

United Nations Environment Programme. (2023). Gawo Lachiwiri la Komiti Yokambirana ya Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on Plastic Pollution: 29 May - 2 June 2023. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/second-session-intergovernmental-negotiating-committee-develop-international

Zothandizira kuti zisinthidwe pambuyo pa kutha kwa gawo lachiwiri mu June 2.

Ocean Plastics Leadership Network. (2021, Juni 10). The Global Plastics Treaty Dialogues. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Kukambitsirana kudayamba kudzera pamisonkhano yapadziko lonse lapansi yapadziko lonse lapansi pokonzekera chisankho cha United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) mu February 2022 ngati atsatira mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wapulasitiki. Ocean Plastics Leadership Network (OPLN) yomwe ili ndi mamembala 90 omenyera ufulu wamakampani ikugwirizana ndi Greenpeace ndi WWF kuti ipange zokambirana zogwira mtima. Mayiko makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu limodzi akufuna kuti pakhale mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wapulasitiki pamodzi ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma, ndi makampani akuluakulu 30. Maphwando akufuna kuti afotokoze momveka bwino za mapulasitiki m'moyo wawo wonse kuti afotokoze zonse zomwe zikuchitika komanso momwe zimachitikira, koma pali mipata yayikulu yotsalira.

Parker, L. (2021, June 8). Mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wowongolera kuyipitsa kwa pulasitiki ukukula kwambiri. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/global-treaty-to-regulate-plastic-pollution-gains-momentum

Padziko lonse pali matanthauzo asanu ndi awiri a zomwe zimatengedwa ngati thumba lapulasitiki ndipo zomwe zimabwera ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana adziko lililonse. Zokambirana za mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi zimayang'ana pakupeza matanthauzo ndi miyezo yofananira, kugwirizanitsa zolinga ndi mapulani adziko, mapangano pamiyezo yopereka malipoti, ndikupanga thumba lothandizira ndalama zoyendetsera zinyalala komwe zikufunika kwambiri m'malo osatukuka. mayiko.

World Wildlife Foundation, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, & Boston Consulting Group. (2020). Nkhani Yabizinesi ya Pangano la UN pa Kuwonongeka kwa Pulasitiki. WWF, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, ndi BCG. https://f.hubspotusercontent20.net/hubfs/4783129/ Plastics/UN%20treaty%20plastic%20poll%20report%20a4_ single_pages_v15-web-prerelease-3mb.pdf

Mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi ndi mabizinesi akuyitanidwa kuti athandizire mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi wapulasitiki, chifukwa kuyipitsa kwa pulasitiki kudzakhudza tsogolo la mabizinesi. Makampani ambiri akukumana ndi ziwopsezo zodziwika bwino, popeza ogula amazindikira kuwopsa kwa pulasitiki ndipo amafuna kuwonekera pozungulira potengera pulasitiki. Ogwira ntchito akufuna kugwira ntchito kumakampani omwe ali ndi zolinga zabwino, osunga ndalama akuyang'ana patsogolo makampani oganiza bwino zachilengedwe, ndipo owongolera akulimbikitsa mfundo zothana ndi vuto la pulasitiki. Kwa mabizinesi, pangano la UN lokhudza kuyipitsa kwa pulasitiki lidzachepetsa zovuta zogwirira ntchito ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana m'misika yonse, kufewetsa malipoti, ndikuthandizira kupititsa patsogolo mwayi wokwaniritsa zolinga zamabizinesi. Uwu ndiye mwayi wotsogolera makampani apadziko lonse lapansi kukhala patsogolo pakusintha mfundo zotukula dziko lathu.

Environmental Investigation Agency. (2020, Juni). Msonkhano Wokhudza Kuwonongeka kwa Pulasitiki: Kugwirizana ndi Pangano Latsopano Lapadziko Lonse Lothana ndi Kuwonongeka kwa Pulasitiki. Environmental Investigation Agency ndi Gaia. https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Convention-on-Plastic-Pollution-June- 2020-Masamba Amodzi.pdf.

Mayiko omwe ali mamembala ku Misonkhano ya Plastics adapeza madera akuluakulu a 4 omwe maziko adziko lonse ndi ofunika: kuyang'anira / kupereka malipoti, kupewa kuwononga pulasitiki, kugwirizanitsa dziko lonse lapansi, ndi chithandizo chaukadaulo / zachuma. Kuyang'anira ndi Kupereka Lipoti kudzakhazikitsidwa pazizindikiro ziwiri: njira yopita kumtunda yoyang'anira kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki, ndi njira yapansi panthaka yopereka malipoti otayikira. Kupanga njira zapadziko lonse zoperekera malipoti mokhazikika pa moyo wa mapulasitiki kudzalimbikitsa kusintha kwachuma chozungulira. Kupewa kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki kumathandizira kudziwitsa mapulani adziko lonse, ndikuthana ndi zovuta zina monga ma microplastics ndi standardization pamlingo wamtengo wapatali wa pulasitiki. Mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wokhudzana ndi magwero a pulasitiki opangidwa ndi nyanja, malonda a zinyalala, ndi kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala zithandiza kukulitsa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana ndikukulitsa kusinthana kwa chidziwitso m'madera osiyanasiyana. Pomaliza, thandizo laukadaulo ndi lazachuma lidzakulitsa kupanga zisankho zasayansi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndikuthandizanso kusintha kwa mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene.

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3.2 Gulu la Policy Policy

Mgwirizano wamayiko. (2023, Januwale - February). Lipoti la gawo lachiwiri la gawo loyamba la gulu logwira ntchito lotseguka la ad hoc pa gulu la sayansi-ndondomeko kuti lithandizire pakuwongolera bwino kwa mankhwala ndi zinyalala komanso kupewa kuipitsidwa.. Gulu logwira ntchito mongoyembekezera la gulu la mfundo za sayansi kuti lithandizire kuwongolera bwino kwa mankhwala ndi zinyalala komanso kupewa kuipitsa Gawo loyamba Nairobi, 6 October 2022 ndi Bangkok, Thailand. https://www.unep.org/oewg1.2-ssp-chemicals-waste-pollution

Bungwe la United Nations la ad hoc open-endd Working Group (OEWG) pa gulu la sayansi-ndondomeko kuti lithandizire kuwongolera bwino kwa mankhwala ndi zinyalala komanso kupewa kuipitsidwa kunachitika ku Bangkok, kuyambira 30 Januware mpaka 3 February 2023. Pamsonkhanowu. , chigamulo 5/8, bungwe la United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) linaganiza kuti payenera kukhazikitsidwa gulu la mfundo za sayansi kuti lithandizire bwino pa kayendetsedwe kabwino ka mankhwala ndi zinyalala komanso kupewa kuwononga chilengedwe. UNEA inaganizanso zoyitanitsa, malinga ndi kupezeka kwa zothandizira, OEWG kukonzekera malingaliro a gulu la ndondomeko ya sayansi, kuti ayambe ntchito mu 2022 ndi cholinga chomaliza kumapeto kwa 2024. Lipoti lomaliza la msonkhano likhoza kukhala anapeza Pano. 

Wang, Z. et al. (2021) Tikufuna bungwe ladziko lonse la sayansi-ndondomeko pa mankhwala ndi zinyalala. Sayansi. 371(6531) E:774-776. DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9090 | | Ulalo wina: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe9090

Maiko ambiri ndi mabungwe a ndale a m'madera ali ndi ndondomeko zoyendetsera mankhwala ndi zinyalala zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zochitika za anthu pofuna kuchepetsa kuvulaza thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe. Ndondomekozi zimathandizidwa ndi kukulitsidwa ndi zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi, makamaka zokhudzana ndi zowononga zomwe zimadutsa maulendo ataliatali kudzera mumlengalenga, madzi, ndi biota; kudutsa malire a mayiko kudzera mu malonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana a zinthu, katundu, ndi zinyalala; kapena alipo m’maiko ambiri (1). Kupita patsogolo kwina kwapangidwa, koma bungwe la Global Chemicals Outlook (GCO-II) lochokera ku United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (1) lapempha “kulimbikitsa [kulimbitsa] mawonekedwe a mfundo za sayansi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito sayansi powunika momwe zinthu zikuyendera, kuika patsogolo, ndi kupanga mfundo pa moyo wa makemikolo ndi zinyalala.” Ndi bungwe la UN Environment Assembly (UNEA) lomwe likukumana posachedwa kukambirana za momwe mungalimbikitsire mawonekedwe a sayansi-ndondomeko pamankhwala ndi zinyalala (2), timasanthula malo ndikuwonetsa malingaliro okhazikitsa bungwe lalikulu pamankhwala ndi zinyalala.

United Nations Environment Programme (2020). Kuwunika Zosankha Zolimbikitsa Sayansi-Policy Interface pa International Level for Sound Management of Chemicals and Waste. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/33808/ OSSP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Kufunika kofulumira kulimbikitsa mawonekedwe a sayansi-ndondomeko pamagulu onse kuti athandizire ndikulimbikitsa sayansi yochokera m'deralo, dziko, dera ndi dziko lonse lapansi pa kayendetsedwe kabwino ka mankhwala ndi zinyalala kupitirira 2020; kugwiritsa ntchito sayansi pakuwunika momwe zinthu zikuyendera; kuika patsogolo ndi kupanga malamulo pa nthawi yonse ya moyo wa mankhwala ndi zinyalala, poganizira mipata ndi chidziwitso cha sayansi m'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene.

Fadeeva, Z., & Van Berkel, R. (2021, January). Kutsegula chuma chozungulira popewa kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki m'madzi: Kuwunika kwa mfundo ndi zoyeserera za G20.. Journal of Environmental Management. 277(111457). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111457

Pali kuchulukitsidwa kwapadziko lonse lapansi kwa zinyalala za m'madzi ndikuganiziranso njira yathu ya pulasitiki ndi zoyikapo, ndikuwonetsa njira zothandizira kusintha kwachuma chozungulira chomwe chingamenyane ndi mapulasitiki ogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi ndi zina zake zoyipa. Izi zimatenga mawonekedwe a mfundo za mayiko a G20.

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3.3 Kusintha kwa Zinyalala za Basel Convention

United Nations Environment Programme. (2023). Msonkhano wa Basel. Mgwirizano wamayiko. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwaste/Overview/ tabid/8347/Default.aspx

Izi zidalimbikitsidwa ndi chigamulo cha Conference of Parties to Basel Convention BC-14/12 momwe idasinthira Annexes II, VIII ndi IX ku Pangano lokhudzana ndi zinyalala zapulasitiki. Maulalo othandiza ali ndi mapu a nkhani yatsopano pa 'Zinyalala za pulasitiki ndi Msonkhano wa Basel' yomwe imapereka chidziwitso chowonekera kudzera m'mavidiyo ndi infographics kufotokoza ntchito ya Basel Convention Plastic Waste Amendments pakuwongolera kayendedwe ka malire, kupititsa patsogolo kayendetsedwe kabwino ka chilengedwe, ndi kulimbikitsa kupewa ndi kuchepetsa kutulutsa zinyalala zapulasitiki. 

United Nations Environment Programme. (2023). Kuwongolera Mayendedwe Odutsa Malire a Zinyalala Zowopsa ndi Kutaya Kwake. Msonkhano wa Basel. Mgwirizano wamayiko. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwastes/PlasticWaste Partnership/tabid/8096/Default.aspx

A Plastic Waste Partnership (PWP) yakhazikitsidwa pansi pa Msonkhano wa Basel, kuti ipititse patsogolo ndi kulimbikitsa kayendetsedwe kabwino ka chilengedwe (ESM) ya zinyalala zapulasitiki ndi kuteteza ndi kuchepetsa kutulutsa kwake. Pulogalamuyi yayang'anira kapena kuthandizira ma projekiti 23 oyesa kuti alimbikitse kuchitapo kanthu. Ntchitozi ndi cholinga cholimbikitsa kupewa zinyalala, kukonza kusonkhanitsa zinyalala, kuthana ndi kayendedwe ka zinyalala za pulasitiki m'malire, ndikupereka maphunziro ndi kudziwitsa anthu za kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki ngati chinthu chowopsa.

Benson, E. & Mortsensen, S. (2021, October 7). Msonkhano wa Basel: Kuchokera ku Zinyalala Zowopsa mpaka Kuwonongeka kwa Pulasitiki. Center for Strategic & International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/basel-convention-hazardous-waste-plastic-pollution

Nkhaniyi ikuchita ntchito yabwino yofotokozera zofunikira za msonkhano wa Basel kwa anthu onse. Lipoti la CSIS likukhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Msonkhano wa Basel m'zaka za m'ma 1980 kuti athetse zinyalala zapoizoni. Mgwirizano wa Basel unasainidwa ndi mayiko 53 ndi European Economic Community (EEC) kuti athandize kuwongolera malonda a zinyalala zangozi ndi kuchepetsa kunyamulidwa kosafunika kwa katundu wapoizoni amene maboma sanalole kulandiridwa. Nkhaniyi ikuperekanso zambiri kudzera m'mafunso ndi mayankho angapo kuphatikiza omwe adasaina panganoli, zotsatira za kusintha kwa pulasitiki, ndi zomwe zikubwera pambuyo pake. Chikhazikitso choyambirira cha Basel chapanga poyambira kuthana ndi kutaya zinyalala kosasinthika, ngakhale iyi ndi gawo limodzi chabe la njira zazikulu zomwe zikufunika kuti pakhale chuma chozungulira.

US Environmental Protection Agency. (2022, Juni 22). Zofunikira Zatsopano Zapadziko Lonse Pakutumiza ndi Kutumiza kunja kwa Plastic Recyclables ndi Zinyalala. EPA. https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/new-international-requirements-export-and-import-plastic-recyclables-and-waste

Mu Meyi 2019, maiko 187 adaletsa malonda apadziko lonse a pulasitiki / zogwiritsidwanso ntchito kudzera mumgwirizano wa Basel wokhudza Kuwongolera Kusuntha kwa Zinyalala Zowopsa ndi Kutaya Kwake. Kuyambira pa Januware 1, 2021 zotha kubwezerezedwanso ndi zinyalala zimaloledwa kutumizidwa kumayiko omwe ali ndi chilolezo cholembedwa choyambirira cha dziko lotumiza ndi mayiko aliwonse odutsa. Dziko la United States silili chipani cha Pangano la Basel pakali pano, kutanthauza kuti dziko lililonse lomwe lasaina Pangano la Basel silingathe kugulitsa zinyalala zoletsedwa ku Basel ndi US (wopanda chipani) ngati palibe mgwirizano womwe udakonzedweratu pakati pa mayiko. Zofunikirazi zimayang'ana kuthana ndi kutaya kosayenera kwa zinyalala za pulasitiki ndikuchepetsa kutayikira kwamayendedwe kupita ku chilengedwe. Chakhala chizoloŵezi chofala kwa maiko otukuka kutumiza pulasitiki yawo kumaiko otukuka kumene, koma ziletso zatsopanozi zikupangitsa zimenezi kukhala zovuta.

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4. Zozungulira Economy

Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A., & Lichtfouse, E. (2021). Bwererani ku kuyipitsa kwa pulasitiki mu nthawi za COVID. Makalata a Environmental Chemistry. 19 (tsamba 1-4). HAL Open Science. https://hal.science/hal-02995236

Chisokonezo komanso kufulumira komwe kudayambika chifukwa cha mliri wa COVID-19 kudapangitsa kuti pakhale mafuta ambiri opangidwa ndi pulasitiki omwe amanyalanyaza kwambiri mfundo zomwe zafotokozedwa m'ndondomeko zachilengedwe. Nkhaniyi ikugogomezera kuti njira zothetsera chuma chokhazikika komanso zozungulira zimafuna kusintha kwakukulu, maphunziro a ogula komanso kufunitsitsa kwambiri ndale.

Center for International Environmental Law. (2023, Marichi). Kupitilira Kubwezeretsanso: Kuwerengera ndi Pulasitiki mu Chuma Chozungulira. Center for International Environmental Law. https://www.ciel.org/reports/circular-economy-analysis/ 

Lolembedwa kwa opanga mfundo, lipotili likunena kuti palingaliro lochulukirapo popanga malamulo okhudza pulasitiki. Makamaka wolembayo akunena kuti zambiri ziyenera kuchitidwa ponena za poizoni wa pulasitiki, ziyenera kuvomereza kuti kuwotcha pulasitiki si gawo la chuma chozungulira, kuti mapangidwe otetezeka angaganizidwe kuti ndi ozungulira, komanso kuti kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu ndikofunikira kupeza chuma chozungulira. mfundo kapena njira zaukadaulo zomwe zimafuna kupitiliza ndi kukulitsa kupanga mapulasitiki sizingalembedwe mozungulira, motero siziyenera kuganiziridwa ngati njira zothetsera vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi la pulasitiki. Pomaliza, wolembayo akutsutsa kuti mgwirizano uliwonse wapadziko lonse wa pulasitiki, mwachitsanzo, uyenera kukhazikitsidwa pazoletsa kupanga mapulasitiki ndi kuchotseratu mankhwala oopsa mumayendedwe operekera mapulasitiki.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2022, Novembara 2). The Global Commitment 2022 Progress Report. United Nations Environment Programme. https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/f6oxost9xeso-nsjoqe/@/# 

Kuwunikaku kunapeza kuti zolinga zomwe makampani akhazikitsa kuti akwaniritse 100% zogwiritsidwanso ntchito, zobwezerezedwanso, kapena zopangira kompositi pofika 2025 sizingakwaniritsidwe ndipo zidzaphonya zolinga zazikulu za 2025 zachuma chozungulira. Lipotilo lidawonetsa kuti kupita patsogolo kwamphamvu kukuchitika, koma chiyembekezo cholephera kukwaniritsa zomwe mukufuna kukulimbikitsani kufunikira kofulumizitsa kuchitapo kanthu ndipo likunena kuti kuchepetsedwa kwa kukula kwa bizinesi kuchokera kukugwiritsa ntchito mapaketi ndikuchitapo kanthu mwachangu komwe maboma akufuna kusintha. Lipotili ndi gawo lofunikira kwa iwo omwe akufuna kumvetsetsa momwe kampani ikudzipereka pakuchepetsa pulasitiki pomwe ikupereka chitsutso chofunikira kuti mabizinesi achitepo kanthu.

Greenpeace. (2022, Okutobala 14). Zonena Zozungulira Zimagwera Pang'onopang'ono. Malipoti a Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/circular-claims-fall-flat-again/

Monga zosintha pa Phunziro la Greenpeace la 2020, olembawo amawunikiranso zomwe adanenapo kale kuti woyendetsa zachuma pakutolera, kusanja, ndi kukonzanso zinthu zamapulasitiki omwe agula pambuyo pake atha kuipiraipira pamene kupanga pulasitiki kukuchulukirachulukira. Olembawo apeza kuti pazaka ziwiri zapitazi zomwe adanenazi zatsimikizika ndi mitundu ina yokha ya mabotolo apulasitiki omwe amakonzedwanso movomerezeka. Pepalalo lidakambirananso zifukwa zomwe makina ndi mankhwala obwezeretsanso amalephereka kuphatikiza momwe ntchito yobwezeretsanso imawonongera komanso poyizoni komanso kuti si ndalama. Zofunikira kwambiri zikuyenera kuchitika nthawi yomweyo kuthana ndi vuto lomwe likukulirakulira la kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki.

Hocevar, J. (2020, February 18). Lipoti: Zolemba Zozungulira Zimagwera Panyumba. Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Greenpeace-Report-Circular-Claims-Fall-Flat.pdf

Kuwunika kwaposachedwa kwa zinyalala za pulasitiki, kusanja, ndi kukonzanso ku US kuti muwone ngati zinthu zitha kutchedwa "zobwezerezedwanso". Kuwunikaku kudapeza kuti pafupifupi zinthu zonse zoipitsa pulasitiki wamba, kuphatikiza chakudya chogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi ndi zinthu zosavuta, sizingasinthidwenso pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku ma municipalities kutolera koma osati kubwezanso ku mabotolo opukutira apulasitiki omwe amawapangitsa kuti asagwiritsidwenso ntchito. Onani pamwambapa za lipoti losinthidwa la 2022.

US Environmental Protection Agency. (2021, Novembala). National Recycling Strategy Gawo Loyamba la Mndandanda Womanga Chuma Chozungulira kwa Onse. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-11/final-national-recycling-strategy.pdf

National Recycling Strategy ikuyang'ana kwambiri pakulimbikitsa ndi kupititsa patsogolo njira yobwezeretsanso zinyalala za National municipal solid waste (MSW) ndipo ndi cholinga chokhazikitsa njira yamphamvu, yolimba komanso yotsika mtengo yoyendetsera zinyalala ku United States. Zolinga za lipotili ndi monga misika yowongoka yazinthu zobwezeretsedwanso, kuchulukitsidwa kwa kusonkhanitsidwa ndi kukonza njira zoyendetsera zinyalala, kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwazinthu zomwe zasinthidwa, komanso kuwonjezereka kwa mfundo zothandizira kuzungulira. Ngakhale kubwezeretsanso sikungathetse vuto la kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki, njirayi ingathandize kutsogolera njira zabwino zoyendetsera chuma chozungulira. Dziwani kuti, gawo lomaliza la lipoti ili likupereka chidule chodabwitsa cha ntchito imene mabungwe a boma ku United States akugwira.

Beyond Plastics (2022, Meyi). Report: Zoona Zenizeni Zokhudza Mtengo Wobwezeretsanso Pulasitiki waku US. Kuyeretsa Komaliza Kunyanja. https://www.lastbeachcleanup.org/_files/ ugd/dba7d7_9450ed6b848d4db098de1090df1f9e99.pdf 

Mlingo waposachedwa wa 2021 waku US wobwezeretsanso pulasitiki akuti uli pakati pa 5 ndi 6%. Factoring mu zina zotayika kuti si anayeza, monga pulasitiki zinyalala anasonkhanitsa pansi kunamizira "yobwezeretsanso" kuti anawotchedwa, m'malo, US weniweni pulasitiki recycling mlingo angakhale ngakhale m'munsi. Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa mitengo ya makatoni ndi zitsulo ndiyokwera kwambiri. Lipotilo limapereka chidule cha mbiri ya zinyalala za pulasitiki, zotumiza kunja, ndi mitengo yobwezeretsanso ku United States ndikutsutsa zochita zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa pulasitiki yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito monga kuletsa pulasitiki yogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi, malo odzaza madzi, ndi chidebe chogwiritsidwanso ntchito. mapulogalamu.

New Plastics Economy. (2020). Masomphenya a Chuma Chozungulira cha Pulasitiki. PDF

Makhalidwe asanu ndi limodzi ofunikira kuti akwaniritse chuma chozungulira ndi: (a) kuchotsa pulasitiki yovuta kapena yosafunikira; (b) zinthu zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuchepetsa kufunika kwa pulasitiki yogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi; (c) pulasitiki yonse iyenera kukhala yogwiritsidwanso ntchito, yobwezerezedwanso, kapena compostable; (d) zopakira zonse zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito, zobwezerezedwanso, kapena zapangidwa ndi manyowa; (e) pulasitiki imachotsedwa pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopanda malire; (f) zoyikapo zonse zapulasitiki zilibe mankhwala owopsa ndipo ufulu wa anthu onse ukulemekezedwa. Chikalata chowongoka ndikuwerenga mwachangu kwa aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi ndi njira zabwino zopezera chuma chozungulira popanda tsatanetsatane.

Fadeeva, Z., & Van Berkel, R. (2021, January). Kutsegula chuma chozungulira popewa kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki m'madzi: Kuwunika kwa mfundo ndi zoyeserera za G20.. Journal of Environmental Management. 277(111457). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111457

Pali kuchulukitsidwa kwapadziko lonse lapansi kwa zinyalala za m'madzi ndikuganiziranso njira yathu ya pulasitiki ndi zoyikapo, ndikuwonetsa njira zothandizira kusintha kwachuma chozungulira chomwe chingamenyane ndi mapulasitiki ogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi ndi zina zake zoyipa. Izi zimatenga mawonekedwe a mfundo za mayiko a G20.

Nunez, C. (2021, September 30). Malingaliro anayi ofunikira pakumanga chuma chozungulira. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/paid-content-four-key-ideas-to-building-a-circular-economy-for-plastics

Akatswiri m'magawo onse amavomereza kuti titha kupanga njira yabwino kwambiri yomwe zinthu zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito mobwerezabwereza. Mu 2021, bungwe la American Beverage Association (ABA) lidasonkhanitsa gulu la akatswiri, kuphatikiza atsogoleri azachilengedwe, opanga mfundo, ndi oyambitsa makampani, kuti akambirane za gawo la pulasitiki pakuyika kwa ogula, kupanga mtsogolo, ndi makina obwezeretsanso, ndi dongosolo lalikulu kukhala kuganizira zosinthika zosinthika zachuma zothetsera. 

Meys, R., Frick, F., Westhues, S., Sternberg, A., Klankermayer, J., & Bardow, A. (2020, November). Kutengera chuma chozungulira cha zinyalala zamapulasitiki - kuthekera kwachilengedwe pakubwezeretsanso mankhwala. Zothandizira, Kusamalira ndi Kubwezeretsanso. 162 (105010). DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105010.

Keijer, T., Bakker, V., & Slootweg, JC (2019, February 21). Chemistry yozungulira kuti ithandizire chuma chozungulira. Nature Chemistry. 11 (190-195). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0226-9

Kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino zida ndikuthandizira kuti pakhale bizinesi yotsekeka, yopanda zinyalala, makina ogwiritsira ntchito ndiye kuti akutaya chuma ayenera kusinthidwa. Kuti tichite izi, kukhazikika kwa chinthu kuyenera kuphatikizira moyo wake wonse ndikusintha njira yozungulira ndi chemistry yozungulira. 

Spalding, M. (2018, April 23). Musalole Pulasitiki Kulowa M'nyanja. The Ocean Foundation. earthday.org/2018/05/02/musalole-pulasitiki-ilowe-mu-nyanja

Mawu ofunikira omwe adachitika pa Dialogue for Ending Plastic Pollution ku Embassy of Finland akhazikitsa nkhani ya pulasitiki m'nyanja. Spalding amakambirana za zovuta zamapulasitiki m'nyanja, momwe mapulasitiki ogwiritsira ntchito kamodzi amagwirira ntchito, komanso komwe mapulasitiki amachokera. Kupewa ndikofunikira, musakhale mbali ya vuto, ndipo zochita zanu ndi chiyambi chabwino. Kugwiritsanso ntchito komanso kuchepetsa zinyalala ndikofunikira.

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5. Green Chemistry

Tan, V. (2020, Marichi 24). Kodi Bioplastics Ndi Njira Yokhazikika? TEDx Talks. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Mapulasitiki achilengedwe amatha kukhala njira zothetsera kupanga pulasitiki yotengera mafuta, koma ma bioplastics samayimitsa vuto la zinyalala za pulasitiki. Ma bioplastics pakadali pano ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo sapezeka mosavuta poyerekeza ndi mapulasitiki opangidwa ndi mafuta. Kupitilira apo, ma bioplastics siabwino kwenikweni kwa chilengedwe kuposa mapulasitiki opangidwa ndi petroleum popeza ma bioplastics ena sangawononge chilengedwe. Bioplastics yokha sangathe kuthetsa vuto lathu la pulasitiki, koma akhoza kukhala gawo la yankho. Tikufuna malamulo ochulukirapo komanso kukhazikitsidwa kotsimikizika komwe kumakhudza kupanga pulasitiki, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kutaya.

Tickner, J., Jacobs, M. ndi Brody, C. (2023, February 25). Chemistry Ikufunika Mwachangu Kupanga Zida Zotetezeka. Scientific American. www.scientificamerican.com/article/chemistry-urgently-needs-to-develop-safer-materials/

Olembawo amatsutsa kuti ngati tikufuna kuthetsa zochitika zowopsa za mankhwala zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu ndi zachilengedwe zidwale, tiyenera kuthana ndi kudalira kwa anthu pa mankhwalawa ndi njira zopangira zomwe zimafunikira kuti apange. Zomwe zimafunikira ndi zotsika mtengo, zogwira ntchito bwino, komanso zokhazikika.

Neitzert, T. (2019, Ogasiti 2). Chifukwa chiyani mapulasitiki opangidwa ndi kompositi sangakhale abwino kwa chilengedwe. Kukambirana. theconversation.com/why-compostable-plastics-may-be-no-better-for-the-environment-100016

Pamene dziko likuchoka ku mapulasitiki ogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi, zinthu zatsopano zowonongeka kapena compostable zimawoneka ngati njira zabwinoko kuposa pulasitiki, koma zikhoza kukhala zoipa kwa chilengedwe. Vuto lalikulu liri ndi mawu, kusowa kwa zobwezeretsanso kapena zopangira kompositi, komanso kawopsedwe ka mapulasitiki owonongeka. Moyo wonse wazinthu uyenera kuwunikidwa musanatchulidwe ngati njira yabwino kuposa pulasitiki.

Gibbens, S. (2018, November 15). Zomwe Muyenera Kudziwa Zokhudza Plastic-based Plastics. National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/what-you-need-to-now-about-plant-based-plastics.aspx

Pang'onopang'ono, bioplastics ikuwoneka ngati njira yabwino yosinthira mapulasitiki, koma zenizeni ndizovuta kwambiri. Bioplastic imapereka njira yochepetsera kuyaka kwamafuta, koma ikhoza kuyambitsa kuipitsidwa kochulukirapo kuchokera ku feteleza komanso malo ambiri omwe amapatutsidwa kuchoka kukupanga chakudya. Ma bioplastics amanenedweratu kuti sangachite pang'ono kuletsa kuchuluka kwa pulasitiki kulowa m'madzi.

Steinmark, I. (2018, November 5). Mphotho ya Nobel Yoperekedwa kwa Evolving Green Chemistry Catalysts. Royal Society of Chemistry. eic.rsc.org/soundbite/nobel-prize-awarded-for-evolving-green-chemistry-catalysts/3009709.article

Frances Arnold ndi m'modzi mwa omwe adapambana Nobel Laureates chaka chino mu chemistry chifukwa cha ntchito yake mu Directed Evolution (DE), kuthyolako kwa chemistry yobiriwira komwe mapuloteni / michere imasinthidwa mosintha nthawi zambiri, kenako amawunikidwa kuti adziwe zomwe zimagwira bwino ntchito. Ikhoza kusintha makampani opanga mankhwala.

Greenpeace. (2020, Seputembara 9). Chinyengo ndi Nambala: American Chemistry Council ikunena kuti ndalama zobwezereranso mankhwala zikulephera kuunikanso.. Greenpeace. www.greenpeace.org/usa/research/deception-by-the-numbers

Magulu, monga American Chemistry Council (ACC), alimbikitsa kukonzanso kwa mankhwala monga njira yothetsera vuto la kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki, koma kuthekera kwa kubwezeretsanso mankhwala kumakhala kokayikitsa. Kubwezeretsanso mankhwala kapena "kubwezeretsanso mwaukadaulo" kumatanthauza pulasitiki kupita kumafuta, zinyalala kupita kumafuta, kapena pulasitiki kupita ku pulasitiki ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira zosiyanasiyana kuwononga ma polima apulasitiki kukhala midadada yawo yomangira. Greenpeace idapeza kuti zosakwana 50% zamapulojekiti a ACC obwezeretsanso zida zapamwamba anali ma projekiti odalirika obwezeretsanso ndipo kukonzanso kwa pulasitiki kupita ku pulasitiki kukuwonetsa mwayi wochepa wochita bwino. Mpaka pano okhometsa msonkho apereka ndalama zosachepera $506 miliyoni zothandizira mapulojekitiwa osatsimikizika. Ogula ndi osankhidwa ayenera kudziwa mavuto a njira zothetsera mavuto - monga kubwezeretsanso mankhwala - zomwe sizingathetse vuto la pulasitiki.

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6. Pulasitiki ndi Ocean Health

Miller, EA, Yamahara, KM, French, C., Spingarn, N., Birch, JM, & Van Houtan, KS (2022). Raman spectral library library of kuthekera kwa ma polima am'nyanja a anthropogenic ndi biological. Deta ya Sayansi, 9(1), 1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01883-5

Ma Microplastics apezeka mopitilira muyeso muzachilengedwe zam'madzi ndi masamba azakudya, komabe, kuti athetse vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi, ofufuza apanga njira yodziwira kapangidwe ka ma polima. Njirayi - motsogozedwa ndi Monterey Bay Aquarium ndi MBARI (Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute) - idzathandizira kufufuza magwero a kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki kudzera mu laibulale ya Raman spectral yotsegula. Izi ndizofunika kwambiri chifukwa mtengo wa njirazi umayika zotchinga pa library ya polymer spectra poyerekeza. Ofufuzawo akuyembekeza kuti nkhokwe yatsopanoyi ndi laibulale yofotokozera zithandizira kupititsa patsogolo vuto la kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki padziko lonse lapansi.

Zhao, S., Zettler, E., Amaral-Zettler, L., ndi Mincer, T. (2020, September 2). Kuthekera kwa Microbial Carrying Capacity ndi Carbon Biomass of Plastic Marine Debris. Magazini ya ISME. 15, 67-77. DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00756-2

Zinyalala za pulasitiki zam'nyanja zapezeka kuti zimanyamula zamoyo kudutsa nyanja ndi kupita nazo kumadera atsopano. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti pulasitiki ikuwonetsa madera okulirapo omwe amatsatiridwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono komanso zamoyo zambiri komanso zamoyo zina zimatha kusokoneza chilengedwe komanso chilengedwe.

Abbing, M. (2019, Epulo). Msuzi wa Pulasitiki: An Atlas of Ocean Pollution. Island Press.

Dziko likapitirizabe kuyenda m’njira imene likuyendera panopa, m’nyanjayi mudzakhala pulasitiki yochuluka kuposa nsomba podzafika chaka cha 2050. Padziko lonse, mphindi iliyonse pamakhala chofanana ndi chinyalala chodzadza ndi zinyalala zotayidwa m’nyanja ndipo chiŵerengerocho chikuwonjezeka. Msuzi wa Pulasitiki umayang'ana zomwe zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki ndi zomwe zingatheke kuti zisawonongeke.

Spalding, M. (2018, June). Momwe mungaletse mapulasitiki kuwononga nyanja yathu. Chifukwa Padziko Lonse. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/how-to-stop-plastics-polluting-our-ocean/

Pulasitiki m'nyanjayi ili m'magulu atatu: zinyalala zam'madzi, microplastics, ndi microfibres. Zonsezi zimawononga zamoyo za m’madzi ndipo zimapha mwachisawawa. Zosankha za munthu aliyense ndizofunikira, anthu ambiri akuyenera kusankha zolowa m'malo mwa pulasitiki chifukwa kusintha kwakhalidwe kumathandiza.

Attenborough, Sir D. (2018, June). Sir David Attenborough: pulasitiki ndi nyanja zathu. Chifukwa Padziko Lonse. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/sir-david-attenborough-plastic-and-our-oceans/

Sir David Attenborough akufotokoza kuyamikira kwake kwa nyanja komanso momwe ilili gwero lofunikira lomwe ndi "lofunika kwambiri kuti tipulumuke." Nkhani ya pulasitiki "sangakhale yovuta kwambiri." Akuti anthu n6.1ayenera kuganizira kwambiri za kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka pulasitiki, kulemekeza pulasitiki, ndipo “ngati simukuyifuna, musagwiritse ntchito.”

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6.1 Ghost Gear

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2023). Zida Zosodza Zowonongeka. Pulogalamu ya NOAA ya Marine Debris. https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/types/derelict-fishing-gear

Bungwe la National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration limafotokoza za zida zosodzera zomwe zatayika, zomwe nthawi zina zimatchedwa "ghost gear," amatanthauza zida zilizonse zotayidwa, zotayika, kapena zosiyidwa m'madzi. Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, NOAA Marine Debris Programme yasonkhanitsa mapaundi oposa 4 miliyoni a ghost gear, komabe, ngakhale kuti zida zazikuluzikuluzi zimapanga gawo lalikulu la kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki m'nyanja, kusonyeza kufunika kwa ntchito yambiri yolimbana ndi vutoli. chiwopsezo ichi ku chilengedwe cha m'madzi.

Kuczenski, B., Vargas Poulsen, C., Gilman, EL, Musyl, M., Geyer, R., & Wilson, J. (2022). Kutayika kwa zida za pulasitiki kuyerekeza ndi kuyang'ana kutali kwa ntchito ya usodzi wa mafakitale. Nsomba ndi Nsomba, 23, 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12596

Asayansi omwe ali ndi The Nature Conservancy ndi University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), mogwirizana ndi Pelagic Research Group ndi Hawaii Pacific University, adafalitsa kafukufuku wowunikira anzawo omwe akupereka chiyerekezo choyamba padziko lonse lapansi cha kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki kuchokera ku usodzi wa mafakitale. Mu phunziroli, Kutayika kwa zida za pulasitiki kuyerekeza ndi kuyang'ana kutali kwa ntchito ya usodzi wa mafakitale, asayansi anasanthula deta yotengedwa kuchokera ku Global Fishing Watch ndi Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO) kuti awerengetse kukula kwa ntchito za usodzi m’mafakitale. Kuphatikiza izi ndi zida zaukadaulo za zida zophera nsomba ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu zochokera kwa akatswiri amakampani, asayansi adatha kuneneratu malire apamwamba ndi otsika a kuipitsa kochokera m'mafakitale. Malinga ndi zomwe apeza, zowononga mapulasitiki opitilira 100 miliyoni zimalowa m'nyanja chaka chilichonse kuchokera ku zida za mizimu. Phunziroli limapereka chidziwitso chofunikira chofunikira kuti timvetsetse vuto la zida za mizimu ndikuyamba kusintha ndikusintha zofunikira.

Giskes, I., Baziuk, J., Pragnell-Raasch, H. ndi Perez Roda, A. (2022). Lipoti za njira zabwino zopewera ndi kuchepetsa zinyalala za pulasitiki za m'nyanja zomwe zimachokera ku ntchito za usodzi. Rome ndi London, FAO ndi IMO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8665en

Lipotili likupereka chithunzithunzi cha momwe zida zosiyidwa, zotayika, kapena zotayidwa (ALDFG) zimavutitsa malo okhala m'madzi ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndipo limafotokoza momwe zimakhudzira komanso kuthandizira pazovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi za kuyipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki m'madzi. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri pothana ndi ALDFG, monga tafotokozera m'chikalatachi, ndikumvera zomwe taphunzira kuchokera ku mapulojekiti omwe alipo m'madera ena a dziko lapansi, pamene tikuzindikira kuti njira iliyonse yoyendetsera ntchito ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poganizira kwambiri zochitika za m'deralo/zosowa. Lipoti ili la GloLitter limapereka maphunziro khumi omwe amawonetsa njira zazikulu zopewera, kuchepetsa, ndi kukonza kwa ALDFG.

Zotsatira za Ocean. (2021, Julayi 6). Ghost Gear Legislation Analysis. Global Ghost Gear Initiative, World Wide Fund for Nature, ndi Ocean Conservancy. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/ 5b987b8689c172e29293593f/t/60e34e4af5f9156374d51507/ 1625509457644/GGGI-OC-WWF-O2-+LEGISLATION+ANALYSIS+REPORT.pdf

Global Ghost Gear Initiative (GGGI) idakhazikitsidwa mu 2015 ndi cholinga choletsa mapulasitiki am'nyanja akupha kwambiri. Kuyambira chaka cha 2015, maboma 18 alowa nawo mgwirizano wa GGGI zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti mayiko akufuna kuthana ndi kuipitsidwa kwa zida zawo. Pakadali pano, mfundo zodziwika bwino zopewera kuwononga zida ndikuyika chizindikiro pagiya, ndipo mfundo zomwe sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndizoyenera kubweza zida zotayika komanso mapulani adziko lonse. Kupita patsogolo, chofunika kwambiri chiyenera kukhala kutsatiridwa kwa malamulo omwe alipo kale. Monga kuipitsidwa konse kwa pulasitiki, zida zamzukwa zimafunikira mgwirizano wapadziko lonse ku nkhani yowononga pulasitiki yodutsa malire.

World Wide Fund for Natural. (2020, Okutobala). Stop Ghost Gear: Mtundu Wakupha Kwambiri Wazinyalala Zapulasitiki Zam'madzi. WWF International. https://wwf.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Stop-Ghost-Gear_Advocacy-Report.pdf

Malinga ndi bungwe la United Nations pali matani opitilira 640,000 a zida zamzimu m'nyanja yathu, zomwe zimapanga 10% ya kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki m'nyanja. Ghost gear ndi imfa yapang'onopang'ono komanso yowawa kwa nyama zambiri ndipo zida zoyandama zaulere zimatha kuwononga malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso am'madzi. Nthawi zambiri asodzi safuna kutaya zida zawo, komabe 5.7% ya maukonde onse ophera nsomba, 8.6% ya misampha ndi mapoto, ndipo 29% ya ng'anjo zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi zimasiyidwa, kutayika, kapena kutayidwa m'chilengedwe. Usodzi wosaloleka, wopanda malipoti, komanso wosalamuliridwa ndi wosodza m'nyanja zakuya ndiwo wathandizira kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zida zotayidwa. Payenera kukhala njira zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwanthawi yayitali kuti apange njira zopewera kutayika kwa zida. Pakadali pano, ndikofunikira kupanga zida zopanda poizoni, zotetezedwa kuti zichepetse kuwonongeka zikatayika panyanja.

Global Ghost Gear Initiative. (2022). Mphamvu ya Zida Zosodza Monga Gwero la Kuipitsa Pulasitiki Yam'madzi. Ocean Conservancy. https://Static1.Squarespace.Com/Static/5b987b8689c172e2929 3593f/T/6204132bc0fc9205a625ce67/1644434222950/ Unea+5.2_gggi.Pdf

Pepala lazidziwitsoli linakonzedwa ndi Ocean Conservancy ndi Global Ghost Gear Initiative kuti athandizire zokambirana pokonzekera msonkhano wa United Nations Environmental Assembly wa 2022 (UNEA 5.2). Poyankha mafunso oti zida za mizimu ndi chiyani, zimachokera kuti, komanso chifukwa chiyani zimawononga nyanja zam'madzi, pepalali likuwonetsa kufunikira kwa zida za mizimu kuti ziphatikizidwe mumgwirizano uliwonse wapadziko lonse wothana ndi kuipitsa kwa pulasitiki yam'madzi. 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2021). Kugwirizana Kupyolera M'malire: The North American Net Collection Initiative. https://clearinghouse.marinedebris.noaa.gov/project?mode=View&projectId=2258

Ndi thandizo lochokera ku NOAA Marine Debris Program, bungwe la Ocean Conservancy's Global Ghost Gear Initiative likugwirizana ndi ogwira nawo ntchito ku Mexico ndi California kuti akhazikitse North American Net Collection Initiative, yomwe cholinga chake ndikuyendetsa bwino ndikuletsa kutayika kwa zida zosodza. Ntchito yodutsa malire iyi idzasonkhanitsa zida zakale zosodzera kuti zisinthidwe bwino ndi kusinthidwanso komanso zigwira ntchito limodzi ndi asodzi aku US ndi Mexico kulimbikitsa njira zosiyanasiyana zobwezeretsanso ndikuwongolera kayendetsedwe kabwino ka zida zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena zopumira. Ntchitoyi ikuyembekezeka kuchitika kuyambira kumapeto kwa 2021 mpaka chilimwe cha 2023. 

Charter, M., Sherry, J., & O'connor, F. (2020, July). Kupanga Mwayi Wabizinesi Kuchokera Paukonde Wosodza Zinyalala: Mwayi Wamitundu Yamabizinesi Ozungulira Ndi Mapangidwe Ozungulira Okhudzana ndi Zida Zosodza. Blue Circular Economy. Zabwezedwa Kuchokera Https://Cfsd.Org.Uk/Wp-Content/Uploads/2020/07/Final-V2-Bce-Master-Creating-Business-Opportunities-From-Waste-Fishing-Nets-July-2020.Pdf

Mothandizidwa ndi bungwe la European Commission (EC) Interreg, Blue Circular Economy linatulutsa lipotili kuti lithane ndi vuto lomwe lafalikira komanso losatha la zida zopha nsomba m'nyanja ndikupereka mwayi wochita bizinesi kudera la Northern Periphery and Arctic (NPA). Kuwunikaku kumayang'ana zomwe vutoli limadzetsa kwa okhudzidwa m'chigawo cha NPA, ndikukambirana mwatsatanetsatane zamitundu yatsopano yamabizinesi, Extended Producer Responsibility scheme yomwe ili mbali ya EC's Single Use Plastics Directive, komanso mapangidwe ozungulira a zida zophera nsomba.

Mhindu. (2020). Kukhudza kwa zida zopha nsomba za 'ghost' pa nyama zakuthengo zam'nyanja. YouTube. https://youtu.be/9aBEhZi_e2U.

Chothandizira chachikulu cha imfa za m'madzi ndi zida za mizimu. Misampha ya Ghost imakola nyama zakutchire zazikuluzikulu za m'madzi kwa zaka zambiri popanda kusokonezedwa ndi anthu kuphatikiza mitundu yowopsa ya anamgumi, ma dolphin, zisindikizo, shaki, akamba, kunyezimira, nsomba ndi zina. zogwidwa. Ghost gear ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yowopsa kwambiri yakuipitsa pulasitiki, chifukwa idapangidwa kuti igwire ndi kupha zamoyo zam'madzi. 

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6.2 Zotsatira pa Zamoyo Zam'madzi

Eriksen, M., Cowger, W., Erdle, LM, Coffin, S., Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Moore, CJ, Carpenter, EJ, Day, RH, Thiel, M., & Wilcox, C. (2023) ). Utsi wa pulasitiki womwe ukukula, womwe pano ukuyembekezeka kupitilira tinthu tapulasitiki 170 thililiyoni tikuyandama m'nyanja zapadziko lonse lapansi - Njira zoyenera zothetsera zikufunika. PLOS ONE. 18(3), e0281596. DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0281596

Pamene anthu ambiri akudziwa za vuto la kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki, deta yambiri ikufunika kuti awone ngati ndondomeko zomwe zakhazikitsidwa zikugwira ntchito. Olemba a kafukufukuyu akugwira ntchito yothana ndi kusiyana kumeneku kwa data pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe imawerengera kuchuluka kwa mapulasitiki ang'onoang'ono pamtunda wanyanja kuchokera ku 1979 mpaka 2019. tinthu tapulasitiki tolemera matani 82–358 miliyoni, pa tinthu tating’ono ting’ono toposa 1.1 thililiyoni toyandama m’nyanja zapadziko lapansi. Olemba kafukufukuyu adanena kuti panalibe zochitika zowoneka kapena zowoneka mpaka 4.9 pamene panali kuwonjezeka kofulumira kwa chiwerengero cha pulasitiki mpaka pano. Izi zimangosonyeza kufunika kochitapo kanthu mwamphamvu mwamsanga kuti zinthu zisapitirire patsogolo.

Pinheiro, L., Agostini, V. Lima, A, Ward, R., ndi G. Pinho. (2021, Juni 15). Tsogolo la Zinyalala za Pulasitiki mkati mwa Zigawo za Estuarine: Chidule cha Chidziwitso Chatsopano cha Nkhani Yodutsa Malire Kuti Itsogolere Zowunika Zamtsogolo. Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, Vol 279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116908

Ntchito ya mitsinje ndi mathithi ponyamula pulasitiki sikudziwika bwino, koma mwina ndi njira yayikulu yowonongera mapulasitiki a m'nyanja. Ma Microfibers amakhalabe mtundu wodziwika bwino wa pulasitiki, ndi maphunziro atsopano omwe amayang'ana zamoyo zazing'ono za estuarine, ma microfiber omwe akukwera/kumira monga momwe amachitira ndi ma polima awo, komanso kusinthasintha kwapanthawi kwakanthawi. Kusanthula kwina kumafunika makamaka kumadera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi chidziwitso chapadera cha chikhalidwe ndi zachuma zomwe zingakhudze ndondomeko zoyendetsera.

Brahney, J., Mahowald, N., Prank, M., Cornwall, G., Kilmont, Z., Matsui, H. & Prather, K. (2021, April 12). Kuletsa nthambi ya mumlengalenga ya kuzungulira kwa pulasitiki. Zokambirana za National Academy of Sciences ku United States of America. 118(16) e2020719118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020719118

Microplastic, kuphatikizapo tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi ulusi tsopano ndizofala kwambiri moti pulasitiki tsopano ili ndi kayendedwe kake ka mumlengalenga ndi tinthu tapulasitiki tomwe timayenda kuchokera kudziko lapansi kupita kumlengalenga ndikubwereranso. Lipotilo linapeza kuti ma microplastics omwe amapezeka mumlengalenga kumalo ophunzirira (kumadzulo kwa United States) amachokera kuzinthu zachiwiri zopangira mpweya kuphatikizapo misewu (84%), nyanja (11%), ndi fumbi la nthaka yaulimi (5% ). Kafukufukuyu ndi wochititsa chidwi kwambiri chifukwa akuwonetsa nkhawa yomwe ikukula chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki kochokera mumisewu ndi matayala.

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6.3 Mabotolo apulasitiki (Nurdles)

Faber, J., van den Berg, R., & Raphaël, S. (2023, March). Kupewa Kutayira kwa Ma pellets a Pulasitiki: Kuwunika Kuthekera kwa Zosankha Zowongolera. CE Delft. https://cedelft.eu/publications/preventing-spills-of-plastic-pellets/

Mapulasitiki apulasitiki (omwe amatchedwanso 'nurdles') ndi tiziduswa tating'ono ting'onoting'ono tapulasitiki, tomwe timakhala pakati pa 1 ndi 5 mm m'mimba mwake, opangidwa ndi mafakitale amafuta omwe amagwira ntchito ngati chothandizira kuti mafakitale apulasitiki apange zinthu zapulasitiki. Ndi unyinji wa nurdles amanyamulidwa kudzera panyanja ndikuganizira kuti ngozi zimachitika, pakhala pali zitsanzo zazikulu za kutayikira kwa pellet komwe kumatha kuyipitsa chilengedwe cha m'madzi. Pofuna kuthana ndi izi, bungwe la International Maritime Organisation lapanga komiti yaing'ono kuti iganizire malamulo othana ndi kutayikira kwa pellet. 

Fauna & Flora International. (2022).  Kuthetsa mafunde: kuthetsa kuipitsidwa kwa mapulasitiki. https://www.fauna-flora.org/app/uploads/2022/09/FF_Plastic_Pellets_Report-2.pdf

Mapulastiki ndi zidutswa za pulasitiki zomwe zimasungunuka pamodzi kupanga pafupifupi zinthu zonse zapulasitiki zomwe zilipo. Monga chakudya chamakampani apulasitiki padziko lonse lapansi, ma pellets amatengedwa padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ndizomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa microplastic; zikuyerekezeredwa kuti mabiliyoni a timafupa tating'onoting'ono timalowa m'nyanja chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha kutayikira pamtunda ndi panyanja. Kuti athetse vutoli wolemba akutsutsa kusuntha kwachangu ku njira yoyendetsera zinthu ndi zofunikira zovomerezeka zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi miyezo yokhwima ndi ndondomeko zovomerezeka.

Tunnell, JW, Dunning, KH, Scheef, LP, & Swanson, KM (2020). Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa pulasitiki (nurdle) m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Gulf of Mexico pogwiritsa ntchito asayansi a nzika: Kukhazikitsa nsanja yofufuzira yogwirizana ndi mfundo.. Bulletin Yowononga Marine. 151(110794). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110794

Ma nurdles ambiri (mapulasitiki ang'onoang'ono apulasitiki) adawonedwa akutsuka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Texas. Ntchito yasayansi yoyendetsedwa ndi anthu odzipereka, "Nurdle Patrol," idakhazikitsidwa. Odzipereka okwana 744 achita kafukufuku wa sayansi ya nzika 2042 kuchokera ku Mexico kupita ku Florida. Zowerengera zonse 20 zapamwamba kwambiri za nurdle zidalembedwa patsamba ku Texas. Mayankho a ndondomeko ndi ovuta, amitundu yambiri, ndipo amakumana ndi zopinga.

Karlsson, T., Broschen, S., Alidousst, M. & Takada, H. (2021, December). Mabotolo apulasitiki omwe amapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja padziko lonse lapansi ali ndi mankhwala oopsa. International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN).  ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen-beach-plastic-pellets-v1_4aw.pdf

Mapulasitiki ochokera m'malo onse otsatiridwa anali ndi zokhazikika khumi zowunikira za benzotriazole UV, kuphatikiza UV-328. Mapulasitiki ochokera m'malo onse osankhidwa analinso ndi ma biphenyl onse khumi ndi atatu owunikiridwa a polychlorinated. Kuchulukiraku kunali kwakukulu kwambiri m'maiko aku Africa, ngakhale kuti sianthu opanga mankhwala kapena mapulasitiki. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti ndi kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki palinso kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsanso kuti mapulasitiki amatha kukhala ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakunyamula kwautali kwamankhwala oopsa.

Maes, T., Jefferies, K., (2022, Epulo). Kuipitsa Pulasitiki Yam'madzi - Kodi Nurdles Ndi Nkhani Yapadera Yoyang'anira?. GRID-Arendal. https://news.grida.no/marine-plastic-pollution-are-nurdles-a-special-case-for-regulation

Malingaliro owongolera kayendetsedwe ka ma pellets apulasitiki opangidwa kale, otchedwa "nurdles," ali pagulu la International Maritime Organisation Pollution Prevention and Response Sub-Committee (PPR). Chidulechi chimapereka maziko abwino kwambiri, kufotokozera ma nurdles, kufotokoza momwe amafikira ku chilengedwe cha m'nyanja, ndikukambirana zoopseza chilengedwe kuchokera ku nurdles. Ichi ndi chida chabwino kwa onse opanga mfundo komanso anthu onse omwe angakonde kulongosola kosagwirizana ndi sayansi.

Bourzac, K. (2023, Januwale). Kulimbana ndi kutayika kwakukulu kwa pulasitiki yam'madzi m'mbiri. Malingaliro a kampani C&EN Global Enterprise 101 (3), 24-31. DOI: 10.1021/cen-10103-chikuto 

Mu Meyi 2021, sitima yonyamula katundu, X-Press Pearl, idayaka moto ndikumira pagombe la Sri Lanka. Zowonongekazi zidatulutsa matani 1,680 a mapepala apulasitiki ndi mankhwala oopsa osawerengeka pagombe la Sri Lanka. Asayansi akufufuza za ngoziyi, yomwe ndi moto waukulu kwambiri wa pulasitiki wapamadzi wodziwika bwino komanso kutayikira, kuti athandizire kumvetsetsa kuopsa kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa komwe sikunafufuzidwe bwino. Kuphatikiza pakuwona momwe ma nurdles amawotchera pakapita nthawi, ndi mitundu yanji ya mankhwala omwe amalowa munjirayo komanso momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira mankhwala oterowo, asayansi ali ndi chidwi chofuna kuthana ndi zomwe zimachitika pamakemikolo akapsa. Polemba za kusintha kwa ma nurdles omwe anatsukidwa pa gombe la Sarakkuwa pafupi ndi kusweka kwa ngalawa, katswiri wa sayansi ya zachilengedwe Meththika Vithanage anapeza milingo yambiri ya lithiamu m'madzi ndi pa nurdles (Sci. Total Environ. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154374; Mar. Pollut. Ng'ombe. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114074). Gulu lake lidapezanso kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ena oopsa, kukhudzana ndi zomwe zingachedwetse kukula kwa mbewu, kuwononga minyewa yanyama zam'madzi, ndikupangitsa kulephera kwa ziwalo mwa anthu. Zotsatira za ngoziyi zikupitilira kuchitika ku Sri Lanka, komwe mavuto azachuma ndi ndale amabweretsa zovuta kwa asayansi akumaloko ndipo zitha kusokoneza kuyesetsa kuti apereke chipukuta misozi pakuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, zomwe sizikudziwikabe.

Bǎlan, S., Andrews, D., Blum, A., Diamond, M., Rojello Fernández, S., Harriman, E., Lindstrom, A., Reade, A., Richter, L., Sutton, R. , Wang, Z., & Kwiatkowski, C. (2023, January). Kupititsa patsogolo Kasamalidwe ka Chemicals ku United States ndi Canada kudzera mu Essential-Use Approach. Environmental Science & Technology. 57 (4), 1568-1575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05932

Machitidwe omwe alipo atsimikizira kuti ndi osakwanira kuyesa ndi kuyang'anira zikwi zikwi za mankhwala mu malonda. Njira ina ndiyofunikira mwachangu. Malingaliro a mlembi a njira yofunikira yogwiritsira ntchito tsatanetsatane kuti mankhwala omwe ali ndi nkhawa ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati ntchito yawo muzinthu zinazake ndizofunikira pa thanzi, chitetezo, kapena ntchito za anthu komanso ngati njira zina zotheka sizikupezeka.

Wang, Z., Walker, GR, Muir, DCG, & Nagatani-Yoshida, K. (2020). Pakumvetsetsa Padziko Lonse Za Kuwonongeka kwa Chemical: Kusanthula Kwambiri Kwambiri kwa National and Regional Chemical Inventories. Sayansi Yachilengedwe & Technology. 54(5), 2575–2584. DOI: Onetsani: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b06379

Mu lipotili, zida 22 zamankhwala zochokera kumayiko 19 ndi zigawo zikuwunikidwa kuti zitheke kuwunika koyamba kwamankhwala omwe ali pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi. Kusanthula kofalitsidwaku ndi gawo loyamba lofunikira pakumvetsetsa kwapadziko lonse lapansi pakuwonongeka kwamankhwala. Zina mwazodziwika bwino zomwe zapezedwa ndi kuchuluka komwe kunkaganiziridwa kale komanso chinsinsi cha mankhwala omwe amalembedwa kuti apangidwe. Pofika mchaka cha 2020, mankhwala opitilira 350 000 ndi mankhwala osakanikirana adalembetsedwa kuti apange ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Kuwerengera kumeneku ndi kwakukulu kuwirikiza katatu kuposa zomwe zinkaganiziridwa phunziro lisanayambe. Kuphatikiza apo, zidziwitso zamankhwala ambiri sizidziwika kwa anthu chifukwa zimanenedwa kuti ndi zachinsinsi (zopitilira 50 000) kapena zofotokozedwa momveka bwino (mpaka 70 000).

OECD. (2021). Kaonedwe ka Chemicals pa Kupanga ndi Pulasitiki Yokhazikika: Zolinga, Zolinga ndi Zogulitsa. OECD Publishing, Paris, France. doi.org/10.1787/f2ba8ff3-en.

Lipotili likufuna kuthandizira kupanga zinthu zapulasitiki zokhazikika pophatikiza malingaliro okhazikika a chemistry pamapangidwe. Pogwiritsa ntchito lens yamankhwala panthawi yosankha zinthu zapulasitiki, opanga ndi mainjiniya amatha kupanga zisankho zodziwika bwino zophatikizira pulasitiki yokhazikika popanga zinthu zawo. Lipotili limapereka njira yophatikizira yosankha pulasitiki yokhazikika kuchokera kumalingaliro amankhwala, ndikuzindikiritsa zolinga zokhazikika zokhazikika, malingaliro ozungulira moyo ndi kusinthanitsa.

Zimmermann, L., Dierkes, G., Ternes, T., Völker, C., & Wagner, M. (2019). Kuyika chizindikiro mu Vitro Toxicity ndi Chemical Composition of Plastic Consumer Products. Environmental Science & Technology. 53(19), 11467-11477. DOI: Onetsani: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b02293

Pulasitiki ndi magwero odziwika a mankhwala ndipo mankhwala ochepa, odziwika bwino opangidwa ndi pulasitiki amadziwika - monga bisphenol A - komabe, chidziwitso chokwanira cha mankhwala osakanikirana omwe amapezeka mu mapulasitiki amafunika. Ofufuzawo adapeza kuti mankhwala 260 adapezeka kuphatikiza ma monomers, zowonjezera, ndi zinthu zomwe sizinawonjezedwe mwadala, ndikuyika patsogolo mankhwala 27. Kutulutsa kwa polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ndi polyurethane (PUR) kumapangitsa kawopsedwe kwambiri, pomwe polyethylene terephthalate (PET) ndi polyethylene yapamwamba kwambiri (HDPE) sizinapangitse kawopsedwe kapena kuchepa pang'ono.

Aurisano, N., Huang, L., Milà i Canals, L., Jolliet, O., & Fantke, P. (2021). Mankhwala okhudzidwa muzoseweretsa zapulasitiki. Bungwe la Environment International. 146, 106194. 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106194

Pulasitiki muzoseweretsa zitha kupereka chiopsezo kwa ana, kuti athetse izi, olemba adapanga njira zingapo ndikuwonetsetsa kuwopsa kwa mankhwala muzoseweretsa zapulasitiki ndikuyika njira yowunikira kuti athe kuwerengera zomwe zili zovomerezeka muzoseweretsa. Pakali pano pali mankhwala 126 okhudzidwa omwe amapezeka kawirikawiri muzoseweretsa, kusonyeza kufunikira kwa deta yambiri, koma mavuto ambiri sakudziwika ndipo malamulo ochulukirapo akufunika.

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7. Pulasitiki ndi Thanzi la Anthu

Center for International Environmental Law. (2023, Marichi). Pulasitiki Yopumira: Zotsatira Zaumoyo za Pulasitiki Wosawoneka Mumlengalenga. Center for International Environmental Law. https://www.ciel.org/reports/airborne-microplastics-briefing/

Microplastic ikukhala ponseponse, ikupezeka kulikonse komwe asayansi amayang'ana. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timeneti timathandizira kwambiri kuti anthu adye pulasitiki mpaka 22,000,000 microplastic ndi nanoplastics pachaka ndipo chiwerengerochi chikuyembekezeka kukwera. Pofuna kuthana ndi izi, pepalali limalimbikitsa kuti pulasitiki yophatikizana "yodyera" ivute ngati vuto lambiri mumlengalenga, m'madzi, ndi pamtunda, zomwe zimafunikira njira zomangirira zomwe zimafunikira nthawi yomweyo kuthana ndi vutoli, ndipo njira zonse zothetsera vutoli ziyenera kuthana ndi moyo wathunthu. kuzungulira kwa mapulasitiki. Pulasitiki ndivuto, koma kuvulaza thupi la munthu kumatha kuchepetsedwa ndikuchitapo kanthu mwachangu komanso motsimikiza.

Baker, E., Thygesen, K. (2022, August 1). Pulasitiki mu Ulimi- Vuto Lachilengedwe. Kuwoneratu Mwachidule. Chenjezo Loyambirira, Nkhani Zomwe Zikubwera ndi Zam'tsogolo. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/resources/emerging-issues/plastics-agriculture-environmental-challenge

Bungwe la United Nations limapereka chidule chachidule koma chodziwitsa za vuto lomwe likukula la kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki muulimi komanso kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki. Pepalali limayang'ana kwambiri pakuzindikiritsa magwero a pulasitiki ndikuwunika tsogolo la zotsalira za pulasitiki m'nthaka yaulimi. Mwachidule ichi ndi choyamba pa mndandanda womwe ukuyembekezeredwa womwe ukukonzekera kufufuza kayendetsedwe ka pulasitiki zaulimi kuchokera ku gwero kupita kunyanja.

Wiesinger, H., Wang, Z., & Hellweg, S. (2021, June 21). Phunzirani Kwambiri mu Pulasitiki Monomers, Zowonjezera, ndi Zothandizira Zopangira. Environmental Science & Technology. 55(13), 9339-9351. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00976

Pali mankhwala pafupifupi 10,500 m'mapulasitiki, 24% omwe amatha kudziunjikira mwa anthu ndi nyama ndipo ndi poizoni kapena carcinogenic. Ku United States, European Union, ndi Japan, oposa theka la mankhwala alibe malamulo. Zoposa 900 mwa mankhwala owopsawa amavomerezedwa m'maikowa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito m'matumba apulasitiki. Mwa mankhwala 10,000, 39% aiwo sanathe kuwayika m'magulu chifukwa chosowa "magulu angozi." Kawopsedwe ndi vuto la m'madzi komanso thanzi la anthu poganizira kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki.

Ragusa, A., Svelatoa, A., Santacroce, C., Catalano, P., Notarstefano, V., Carnevali, O., Papa, F., Rongioletti, M., Baioccoa, F., Draghia, S., D'Amorea, E., Rinaldod, D., Matta, M., & Giorgini, E. (2021, January). Plasticenta: Umboni Woyamba wa Microplastics mu Human Placenta. Bungwe la Environmental International. 146 (106274). DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274

Kwa nthawi yoyamba ma microplastics adapezeka mu placenta yaumunthu, kusonyeza kuti pulasitiki imatha kukhudza anthu asanabadwe. Izi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri chifukwa ma microplastics amatha kukhala ndi mankhwala omwe amakhala ngati zosokoneza za endocrine zomwe zingayambitse mavuto azaumoyo kwa anthu.

Zolakwa, J. (2020, December). Pulasitiki, EDCs, & Health: Chitsogozo cha Mabungwe Okonda Anthu ndi Opanga Ndondomeko pa Endocrine Kusokoneza Mankhwala & Pulasitiki. Endocrine Society & IPEN. https://www.endocrine.org/-/media/endocrine/files/topics/edc_guide_2020_v1_6bhqen.pdf

Mankhwala ambiri omwe amachokera ku mapulasitiki amadziwika kuti Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), monga bisphenols, ethoxylates, brominated flame retardants, ndi phthalates. Mankhwala omwe ali ma EDC angasokoneze kubereka kwa anthu, kagayidwe kake, chithokomiro, chitetezo cha mthupi, ndi ubongo. Poyankha bungwe la Endocrine Society linatulutsa lipoti lokhudza kugwirizana pakati pa kutulutsa mankhwala kuchokera ku pulasitiki ndi EDCs. Lipotilo likufuna kuyesetsa kwambiri kuteteza anthu ndi chilengedwe ku ma EDC omwe angakhale ovulaza m'mapulasitiki.

Teles, M., Balasch, J., Oliveria, M., Sardans, J., and Peñuel, J. (2020, August). Kuwunika kwa Nanoplastics Effects pa Thanzi la Anthu. Bulletin ya Sayansi. 65 (23). DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.003

Pamene pulasitiki ikuwonongeka imaphwanyidwa kukhala tizidutswa tating'ono ting'ono tomwe tingamwe ndi nyama ndi anthu. Ofufuza adapeza kuti kumeza ma nano-pulasitiki kumakhudza kapangidwe kake komanso kusiyanasiyana kwamagulu am'matumbo amunthu ndipo kumatha kukhudza kubereka, chitetezo chamthupi, komanso dongosolo lamanjenje la endocrine. Ngakhale 90% ya pulasitiki yomwe imalowetsedwa imatulutsidwa mwachangu, 10% yomaliza - nthawi zambiri tinthu tating'ono ta nano-pulasitiki - imatha kulowa m'makoma am'maselo ndikuyambitsa vuto poyambitsa cytotoxicity, kumanga ma cell, ndikuwonjezera mawonetsedwe a chitetezo chamthupi. kuyamba kwa zotupa.

The Plastic Soup Foundation. (2022, Epulo). Pulasitiki: Chobisika Chokongola Chobisika. Menyani The Microbead. Beatthemicrobead.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Plastic-Thehiddenbeautyingredients.Pdf

Lipotili lili ndi kafukufuku woyamba wamkulu wa kupezeka kwa ma microplastic muzinthu zopitilira 3,800 zodzikongoletsera komanso zosamalira anthu. Chaka chilichonse matani XNUMX a microplastics amatulutsidwa m'chilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito zodzoladzola zamasiku onse ndi zosamalira ku Europe. Pamene European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) ikukonzekera kukonzanso tanthawuzo lawo la microplastics, lipoti lonseli likuwunikira madera omwe kutanthauzira kotereku, monga kuchotsedwa kwa nanoplastics, kumachepa komanso zotsatira zomwe zingatsatire kukhazikitsidwa kwake. 

Zanolli, L. (2020, February 18). Kodi zotengera zapulasitiki ndizotetezeka ku chakudya chathu? Woyang'anira. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/feb/18/are-plastic-containers-safe-to-use-food-experts

Palibe pulasitiki imodzi yokha polima kapena pawiri, pali masauzande azinthu zomwe zimapezeka muzinthu zamapulasitiki zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya, ndipo zochepa zomwe zimadziwika za zotsatira zake paumoyo wamunthu. Mankhwala ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka chakudya ndi mapulasitiki ena azakudya amatha kuyambitsa kusabereka, mphumu, kuwonongeka kwa ubongo wakhanda ndi makanda, ndi zina za neurodevelopmental. 

Muncke, J. (2019, October 10). Pulasitiki Health Summit. Pulasitiki Soup Foundation. youtube.com/watch?v=qI36K_T7M2Q

Zoperekedwa ku Msonkhano wa Zaumoyo wa Pulasitiki, Katswiri wa Toxicologist Jane Muncke akukambirana za mankhwala owopsa komanso osadziwika apulasitiki omwe amatha kulowa m'zakudya kudzera m'matumba apulasitiki. Mapulasitiki onse amakhala ndi mazana a mankhwala osiyanasiyana, omwe amatchedwa kuti zinthu zomwe sizinawonjezedwe mwadala, zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera kumagulu amankhwala ndi kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki. Zambiri mwazinthuzi sizikudziwika, komabe, zimapanga mankhwala ambiri omwe amalowetsa chakudya ndi zakumwa. Maboma akhazikitse kafukufuku wowonjezereka ndi kuyang'anira zakudya kuti adziwe zotsatira za thanzi la zinthu zomwe sizinawonjezedwe mwadala.

Plastic Health Coalition. (2019, Okutobala 3). Pulasitiki ndi Zaumoyo Summit 2019. Plastic Health Coalition. plastichealthcoalition.org/plastic-health-summit-2019/

Pamsonkhano woyamba wa Pulasitiki Health Summit womwe unachitikira ku Amsterdam, asayansi aku Netherlands, olemba malamulo, olimbikitsa, ndi oyambitsa onse adasonkhana pamodzi kuti afotokoze zomwe akumana nazo komanso chidziwitso chawo pa vuto la pulasitiki lokhudzana ndi thanzi. Msonkhanowo udatulutsa makanema a okamba 36 akatswiri komanso magawo okambilana, omwe onse amapezeka kuti anthu aziwonera patsamba lawo. Mitu yamakanema imaphatikizapo: mawu oyamba a pulasitiki, zokambirana zasayansi paza microplastics, zokambirana zasayansi pazowonjezera, mfundo ndi kulengeza, zokambirana zapamndandanda, magawo okhudza olimbikitsa omwe alimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu motsutsana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mapulasitiki, ndipo pamapeto pake mabungwe ndi akatswiri odzipereka kuti apange zinthu zowoneka bwino. njira zothetsera vuto la pulasitiki.

Li, V., & Youth, I. (2019, September 6). Kuipitsa pulasitiki m'madzi kumabisa poizoni wa minyewa muzakudya zathu. Phys Org. phys.org/news/2019-09-marine-plastic-pollution-neurological-toxin.html

Pulasitiki imakhala ngati maginito ku methylmercury (mercury), pulasitiki imeneyo imadyedwa ndi nyama, zomwe anthu amadya. Methylmercury onse amadzikundikira mkati mwa thupi, kutanthauza kuti samachoka koma m'malo mwake amamangirira pakapita nthawi, ndi biomagnifies, kutanthauza kuti zotsatira za methylmercury zimakhala zamphamvu pazilombo kuposa nyama.

Cox, K., Covrenton, G., Davies, H., Dower, J., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S. (2019, June 5). Kugwiritsa Ntchito Anthu kwa Microplastics. Environmental Science & Technology. 53(12), 7068-7074. DOI: Onetsani: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b01517

Kuyang'ana kwambiri pazakudya zaku America, kuwunika kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono muzakudya zomwe anthu ambiri amadya molingana ndi zomwe amalimbikitsa tsiku lililonse.

Pulojekiti Yosatsegulidwa. (2019, June). Zowopsa Zaumoyo za Pulasitiki ndi Msonkhano Wama Chemical Packaging Food. https://unwrappedproject.org/conference

Msonkhanowu udakambirana za pulojekiti ya Plastic Exposed, yomwe ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi kuti aulule kuwopsa kwa thanzi la anthu chifukwa cha mapulasitiki ndi zakudya zina.

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8. Chilungamo cha chilengedwe

Vandenberg, J. ndi Ota, Y. (eds.) (2023, January). Kufikira ndi Njira Yofanana ya Kuipitsa Pulasitiki Yam'madzi: Ocean Nexus Equity & Lipoti Loipitsa Pulasitiki Wam'madzi 2022. Yunivesite ya Washington. https://issuu.com/ocean_nexus/docs/equity_and_marine_plastic_ pollution_report?fr=sY2JhMTU1NDcyMTE

Kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki m'madzi kumakhudza kwambiri anthu ndi chilengedwe (kuphatikiza chitetezo cha chakudya, moyo, thanzi lakuthupi ndi m'maganizo, miyambo ndi zikhalidwe), ndipo kumakhudza kwambiri miyoyo ndi moyo wa anthu osauka. Lipotili likuyang'ana udindo, chidziwitso, ubwino ndi kugwirizanitsa ntchito kupyolera mu kusakaniza mitu ndi maphunziro a zochitika ndi olemba omwe amachokera ku mayiko a 8, kuyambira ku United States ndi Japan kupita ku Ghana ndi Fiji. Pamapeto pake, wolembayo akutsutsa kuti vuto la kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki ndilolephera kuthetsa kusagwirizana. Lipotilo likumaliza ndi kunena kuti mpaka kusamvana kuthetsedwe komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu ndi malo omwe amasiyidwa akukumana ndi zotsatira za kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki ndiye kuti sipadzakhala kuthetsa vuto la kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki.

GRID-Arendal. (2022, Seputembala). Mpando Patebulo - Udindo wa Gawo Losakanizidwa Mwamwayi Pakuchepetsa Kuwonongeka kwa Pulasitiki, ndi Kusintha Kwa Ndondomeko Zomwe Alangizidwa. GRID-Arendal. https://www.grida.no/publications/863

Gawo lobwezeretsanso, lomwe nthawi zambiri limapangidwa ndi anthu oponderezedwa komanso anthu osalembedwa, ndilo gawo lalikulu la ntchito yobwezeretsanso m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene. Pepala la ndondomekoyi likupereka chidule cha kumvetsetsa kwathu kwaposachedwa pazantchito zobwezeretsanso mwachisawawa, mawonekedwe ake azachuma komanso zovuta zomwe gawoli likukumana nalo. Imayang'ana zoyesayesa zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zapadziko lonse lapansi kuti zizindikire ogwira ntchito osakhazikika ndikuwaphatikiza pamadongosolo ndi mapangano okhazikika, monga Global Plastics Treaty Lipotilo limaperekanso malingaliro apamwamba azamalamulo kuphatikiza gawo lazantchito zobwezeretsanso mwachisawawa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha koyenera. ndi chitetezo cha moyo wa ogwira ntchito yobwezeretsanso zinthu zosakhazikika. 

Cali, J., Gutiérrez-Graudiņš, M., Munguía, S., Chin, C. (2021, April). ZOSAVUTIKA: Zokhudza Chilungamo Chachilengedwe pa Zinyalala Zam'madzi ndi Kuwonongeka kwa Pulasitiki. United Nations Environment Programme & Azul. https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/ 35417/EJIPP.pdf

Lipoti la 2021 la United Nations Environment Programme ndi Azul, bungwe lopanda boma la Justice Justice, likufuna kuti madera akutsogolo azinyansidwa ndi zinyalala za pulasitiki azitha kuphatikizidwa ndikuphatikizidwa pakusankha kwawoko. Ili ndi lipoti loyamba lapadziko lonse lapansi kulumikiza mfundo zomwe zili pakati pa chilungamo cha chilengedwe ndi vuto la kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki m'madzi. Kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki kumakhudza kwambiri anthu omwe sali bwino omwe amakhala pafupi ndi malo opangira pulasitiki ndi zinyalala. Kuphatikiza apo, pulasitiki imawopseza moyo wa omwe amagwira ntchito ndi zinthu zam'madzi komanso omwe amadya nsomba zam'madzi zomwe zili ndi mapulasitiki a poizoni. Zopangidwa mozungulira umunthu, lipotili likhoza kukhazikitsa ndondomeko za mayiko kuti zithetse pang'onopang'ono kuipitsa ndi kupanga pulasitiki.

Creshkoff, R., & Enck, J. (2022, September 23). Mpikisano Woyimitsa Chomera cha Pulasitiki Upeza Kupambana Kwambiri. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-race-to-stop-a-plastics-plant-scores-a-crucial-win/

Omenyera zachilengedwe ku St. James Parish, Louisiana adapambana chigonjetso chachikulu chamilandu motsutsana ndi Formosa Plastics, yomwe idakonzekera kumanga fakitale yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yapulasitiki m'derali mothandizidwa ndi bwanamkubwa, aphungu a boma, ndi ogulitsa magetsi am'deralo. Gulu la anthu omwe amatsutsa chitukuko chatsopanochi, motsogozedwa ndi Sharon Lavigne wa Rise St. James ndi magulu ena ammudzi mothandizidwa ndi maloya a Earthjustice, adakakamiza Khothi Lachigawo la 19 la Louisiana kuti liletse zilolezo 14 zoipitsa mpweya zomwe zidaperekedwa ndi dipatimenti ya boma yoona za chilengedwe. adalola Formosa Plastics kuti apange petrochemical complex yake. Petrochemicals amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzinthu zosawerengeka, kuphatikizapo mapulasitiki.Kusasunthika kwa polojekiti yaikuluyi, komanso kufalikira kwa Formosa Plastics, ndizofunikira kwambiri pa chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chilengedwe. Pafupi ndi mtunda wa makilomita 85 wa mtsinje wa Mississippi wotchedwa "Cancer Alley," anthu okhala ku St. James Parish, makamaka okhala ndi ndalama zochepa komanso anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana, ali pachiopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi khansa pa moyo wawo wonse kusiyana ndi dziko. pafupifupi. Malinga ndi pempho lawo la chilolezo, nyumba yatsopano ya Formosa Plastics ikanapangitsa Parishi ya St. James kuti iwonjezere matani 800 azinthu zowononga mpweya, kuwirikiza kawiri kapena katatu kuchuluka kwa carcinogens komwe anthu am'deralo amakoka chaka chilichonse. Ngakhale kuti kampaniyo yalonjeza kuti ichita apilo, kupambana komwe kwapambanitsa kumeneku kudzalimbikitsanso chitsutso cham'deralo m'malo omwe malo oipitsa ofananirako akukonzedwanso - nthawi zonse m'madera opeza ndalama zochepa amitundu. 

Madapoosi, V. (2022, August). Imperialism yamasiku ano mu malonda a zinyalala padziko lonse lapansi: Chida cha Digital Toolkit Kufufuza Njira Zogulitsa Zinyalala Padziko Lonse, (J. Hamilton, Ed.). Intersectional Environmentalist. www.intersectionalenvironmentalist.com/toolkits/global-waste-trade-toolkit

Ngakhale zili ndi dzina lake, malonda a zinyalala padziko lonse lapansi si malonda, koma ndi njira yopezerapo mizu mu imperialism. Monga dziko lachifumu, dziko la US limapereka kasamalidwe ka zinyalala ku mayiko omwe akutukuka padziko lonse lapansi kuti athane ndi zinyalala zomwe zaipitsidwa ndi pulasitiki. Kupitilira pa zovuta zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhala m'malo okhala m'nyanja, kuwonongeka kwa nthaka, ndi kuwonongeka kwa mpweya, malonda a zinyalala padziko lonse lapansi amabweretsa chilungamo chachikulu pazachilengedwe komanso zovuta zaumoyo wa anthu, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri anthu ndi zachilengedwe za mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene. Zolemba za digito izi zimawunika momwe zinyalala ku US, cholowa chautsamunda chomwe chakhazikika pamalonda a zinyalala padziko lonse lapansi, chilengedwe, chikhalidwe ndi ndale za kayendetsedwe ka zinyalala zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi, komanso mfundo zakomweko, zadziko komanso zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zingasinthe. 

Environmental Investigation Agency. (2021, Seputembala). The Truth Behind Trash: Kukula ndi kukhudzidwa kwa malonda apadziko lonse a zinyalala zapulasitiki. EIA. https://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/EIA-The-Truth-Behind-Trash-FINAL.pdf

Gawo loyang'anira zinyalala m'maiko ambiri omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri limadalira kwambiri kutumiza zinyalala zapulasitiki kumayiko opeza ndalama zochepa omwe akupitabe patsogolo pazachuma ndipo pochita izi atulutsa ndalama zambiri zapagulu komanso zachilengedwe monga njira yachitsamunda yachitsamunda. Malinga ndi lipoti la EIA ili, Germany, Japan ndi US ndi mayiko ochulukirachulukira omwe amatumiza zinyalala kunja, ndipo mayiko onse adatumiza kuwirikiza kawiri zinyalala za pulasitiki za dziko lina lililonse kuyambira pomwe lipoti lidayamba mu 1988. China inali yotulutsa zinyalala zazikulu kwambiri zapulasitiki, zomwe zikuyimira 65% ya dzikolo. kuchokera ku 2010 mpaka 2020. Pamene China inatseka malire ake ku zinyalala za pulasitiki mu 2018, Malaysia, Vietnam, Turkey, ndi magulu a zigawenga omwe akugwira ntchito ku SE Asia adawonekera ngati malo ofunika kwambiri a zinyalala zapulasitiki kuchokera ku Japan, US ndi EU. Zothandizira zenizeni za bizinesi yamalonda ya zinyalala zapulasitiki pakuwononga pulasitiki padziko lonse lapansi sizikudziwika, koma zikuwonekeratu kuti ndizokulirapo chifukwa cha kusiyana pakati pa kuchuluka kwa malonda a zinyalala ndi kuthekera kogwirira ntchito kwa mayiko omwe akutumiza kunja. Kutumiza zinyalala za pulasitiki padziko lonse lapansi kwathandizanso mayiko omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri kuti apitilize kukulitsa kupanga mapulasitiki osayang'aniridwa mwakuwalola kupewa zotsatira zachindunji zakugwiritsa ntchito pulasitiki. EIA International ikuwonetsa kuti vuto la zinyalala za pulasitiki zitha kuthetsedwa kudzera munjira yokhazikika, monga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, womwe ukugogomezera njira zakumtunda zochepetsera kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki a namwali, kuwonetsetsa komanso kuwonekera kwa zinyalala zilizonse zapulasitiki muzamalonda, komanso zonse. kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwazinthu komanso chuma chozungulira chozungulira cha pulasitiki - mpaka kutulutsa zinyalala zapulasitiki popanda chilungamo kuletsedwe padziko lonse lapansi.

Global Alliance For Incinerator Alternatives. (2019, Epulo). Zotayidwa: Madera Patsogolo Pavuto Lapulasitiki Lapadziko Lonse. GAIA. www.No-Burn.Org/Resources/Discarded-Communities-On-The-Frontlines-Of-The-Global-Plastic-Crisis/

China itatseka malire ake kuti alowetse zinyalala zapulasitiki mu 2018, maiko aku Southeast Asia adasefukira ndi zinyalala zomwe zimawoneka ngati zobwezeretsanso, makamaka zochokera kumayiko olemera ku Global North. Lipoti lofufuzali likuwonetsa momwe anthu akumidzi adakhudzidwira ndi kuchuluka kwadzidzidzi kwa zoyipa zakunja, komanso momwe akulimbana nawo.

Karlsson, T, Dell, J, Gündoğdu, S, & Carney Almroth, B. (2023, March). Malonda a Zinyalala Zapulasitiki: Nambala Zobisika. International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN). https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen_plastic_waste _trade_report-final-3digital.pdf

Njira zoperekera malipoti zamasiku ano nthawi zonse zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala za pulasitiki zomwe zimagulitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ochita kafukufuku omwe amadalira zomwe zanenedwazi zichitike. Kulephera kwadongosolo kuwerengera ndikutsata kuchuluka kwa zinyalala za pulasitiki kumabwera chifukwa chosowa kuwonekera pazinambala zamalonda a zinyalala, zomwe sizimasinthidwa kuti zitsatire magulu enaake azinthu. Kufufuza kwaposachedwa kwapeza kuti malonda apulasitiki padziko lonse lapansi ndi okwera 40% kuposa momwe amawerengera m'mbuyomu, ndipo ngakhale chiwerengerochi chikulephera kuwonetsa chithunzi chachikulu cha mapulasitiki omwe amaphatikizidwa munsalu, mabalu amapepala osakanikirana, zinyalala za e-zinyalala, ndi mphira, osatchulapo zapoizoni. mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga pulasitiki. Ngakhale ziwerengero zobisika za malonda a zinyalala za pulasitiki zingakhale, kuchuluka kwaposachedwa kwa mapulasitiki kumapangitsa kukhala kosatheka kwa dziko lililonse kuyendetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zomwe zimapangidwa. Chofunikira chachikulu sikuti zinyalala zambiri zikugulitsidwa, koma kuti mayiko omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri akuwononga mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene ndi kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa zomwe zanenedwa. Pofuna kuthana ndi izi, mayiko omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri akuyenera kuchita zambiri kuti atengere udindo wa zinyalala zapulasitiki zomwe amatulutsa.

Karasik R., Lauer NE, Baker AE., Lisi NE, Somarelli JA, Eward WC, Fürst K. & Dunphy-Daly MM (2023, January). Kugawa kosagwirizana kwa phindu la pulasitiki ndi zolemetsa pazachuma komanso thanzi la anthu. Frontiers mu Marine Science. 9:1017247. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.1017247

Pulasitiki imakhudza mosiyanasiyana chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuyambira paumoyo wa anthu kupita ku chuma chapafupi ndi padziko lonse lapansi. Posiyanitsa ubwino ndi zolemetsa za gawo lililonse la moyo wa pulasitiki, ofufuza apeza kuti phindu la pulasitiki ndilofunika kwambiri pazachuma, pamene zolemetsa zimagwera kwambiri pa thanzi laumunthu. Kuphatikiza apo, pali kusagwirizana kosiyana pakati pa omwe amapeza zabwino kapena zolemetsa za pulasitiki popeza phindu lazachuma siligwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri kukonza zolemetsa zaumoyo zomwe mapulasitiki amapanga. Malonda a zinyalala zapadziko lonse apulasitiki akulitsa kusalingana kumeneku chifukwa kulemedwa kwa udindo woyang'anira zinyalala kumagwera m'madera akumunsi kwa mayiko omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa, osati kwa opanga m'mayiko omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri, omwe amadya kwambiri omwe apindula kwambiri pazachuma. Phindu lamtengo wapatali likuwunikira zomwe zimadziwika kuti mapangidwe a ndondomeko amalemera mopanda malire phindu la zachuma la mapulasitiki kuposa ndalama zachindunji, nthawi zambiri zosawerengeka, ku thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe. 

Liboiron, M. (2021). Kuwononga Ndi Chikoloni. Duke University Press. 

In Kuwononga chilengedwe ndi Chikoloni, wolembayo akunena kuti mitundu yonse ya kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi zolimbikitsana zili ndi ubale wapamtunda, ndipo zomwe zingathe kugwirizanitsa kapena zotsutsana ndi utsamunda monga mtundu wina wa kuchotsa, koyenera kugwirizanitsa malo. Poyang'ana kwambiri kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki, bukhuli likuwonetsa momwe kuipitsa sikuli chizindikiro chabe cha capitalism, koma kukhazikitsidwa kwachiwawa kwa ubale wapadziko la atsamunda omwe amati ndi mwayi wopeza malo achikhalidwe. Pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito yawo mu Civic Laboratory for Environmental Action Research (CLEAR), Liboiron ali chitsanzo cha sayansi yotsutsana ndi atsamunda yotsogolera malo, makhalidwe, ndi maubwenzi, kusonyeza kuti sayansi ya chilengedwe yotsutsana ndi akoloni ndi zolimbikitsana sizingatheke, koma pakalipano.

Bennett, N., Alava, JJ, Ferguson, CE, Blythe, J., Morger, E., Boyd, D., & Côté, IM (2023, January). Zachilengedwe (mu) chilungamo mu nyanja ya Anthropocene. Ndondomeko ya Marine. 147(105383). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105383

Kafukufuku wa chilungamo cha chilengedwe poyambirira adayang'ana kwambiri kugawidwa kosagwirizana ndi zotsatira za kuipitsa ndi kutaya zinyalala zapoizoni m'madera omwe anali osaloledwa kale. Pamene gawoli likukula, zolemetsa zenizeni za chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zachilengedwe zam'madzi ndi anthu am'mphepete mwa nyanja adalandira kufotokozedwa kochepa m'mabuku a chilungamo cha chilengedwe. Pofotokoza za kusiyana kwa kafukufukuyu, pepalali likuwonjezera mbali zisanu za chilungamo cha chilengedwe chomwe chili pakati pa nyanja zamchere: kuipitsa ndi zinyalala zapoizoni, mapulasitiki ndi zinyalala zam'madzi, kusintha kwa nyengo, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, ndi kuchepa kwa usodzi. 

Mcgarry, D., James, A., & Erwin, K. (2022). Info-Sheet: Kuipitsa Pulasitiki Yam'madzi Monga Nkhani Yopanda Chilungamo Pachilengedwe. One Ocean Hub. https://Oneoceanhub.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Information-Sheet_4.Pdf

Tsambali likuwonetsa kukula kwa chilungamo cha chilengedwe pakuyipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki m'madzi kuchokera kumalingaliro a anthu osasankhidwa mwadongosolo, mayiko opeza ndalama zochepa omwe ali ku Global South, komanso omwe ali m'maiko opeza ndalama zambiri omwe ali ndi udindo wopanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki omwe. kupeza njira yawo yopita kunyanja. 

Owens, KA, & Conlon, K. (2021, August). Kupukuta Kapena Kuyimitsa Tap? Kusalungama kwa chilengedwe ndi Ethics of Pulasitiki Kuipitsa. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.713385

Makampani oyang'anira zinyalala sangagwire ntchito mopanda kanthu mosaganizira zoopsa za chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe zomwe amakolola. Pamene opanga amalimbikitsa njira zothetsera zizindikiro za kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki koma osati zomwe zimayambitsa, amalephera kugwira nawo ntchito pa gwero lomwe ali ndi udindo ndipo motero amachepetsa zotsatira za kukonzanso kulikonse. Makampani apulasitiki pakali pano amakonza zinyalala za pulasitiki ngati zakunja zomwe zimafuna yankho laukadaulo. Kutumiza kunja vutoli ndi kutulutsa njira yothetsera vutoli kumakankhira kulemetsa ndi zotsatira za zinyalala za pulasitiki kwa anthu osasamala padziko lonse lapansi, kumayiko omwe akutukukabe, komanso ku mibadwo yamtsogolo. M'malo mosiya kuthetsa mavuto kwa omwe amayambitsa mavuto, asayansi, opanga ndondomeko, ndi maboma akulangizidwa kuti apange nkhani za zinyalala za pulasitiki ndikugogomezera kuchepetsa kumtunda, kukonzanso, ndi kugwiritsiranso ntchito, m'malo moyang'anira pansi.

Mah, A. (2020). Zolowa zapoizoni ndi chilungamo cha chilengedwe, mu Ufulu Wachilengedwe (1st ed.). Manchester University Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/978042902 9585-12/toxic-legacies-environmental-justice-alice-mah

Kuwonetseredwa mopanda malire kwa madera ang'onoang'ono ndi omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa kumalo owononga poizoni ndi malo otaya zinyalala ndi vuto lalikulu lomwe lakhalapo kwanthawi yayitali mkati mwa bungwe loona zachitetezo cha chilengedwe. Ndi nkhani zosawerengeka za masoka oopsa oopsa padziko lonse lapansi, gawo lochepa chabe la milanduyi ndi lomwe likuwonetsedwa m'mbiri yakale pomwe ena onse amanyalanyazidwa. Mutuwu ukukambirana za zovuta zapoizoni, kusalinganizika kwa anthu komwe kumaperekedwa pa kusokonekera kwa chilengedwe, komanso momwe mayendedwe odana ndi poizoni ku US ndi kunja ali mkati mwa gulu lachilungamo padziko lonse lapansi.

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9. Mbiri ya Pulasitiki

Science History Institute. (2023). Mbiri ya Plastics. Science History Institute. https://www.sciencehistory.org/the-history-and-future-of-plastics

Mbiri yachidule ya masamba atatu a mapulasitiki imapereka chidziwitso chachidule, koma cholondola kwambiri pazomwe ndi mapulasitiki, amachokera kuti, pulasitiki yoyamba yopangira, pulasitiki yomwe inachitika mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse komanso nkhawa zambiri za pulasitiki m'tsogolomu. Nkhaniyi ndiyabwino kwa iwo omwe angafune kukwapula kokulirapo pakukula kwa pulasitiki popanda kulowa muukadaulo wopanga pulasitiki.

United Nations Environment Programme (2022). Pulaneti Lathu Likutsamwitsidwa Papulasitiki. https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/ 

Bungwe la United Nations Environment Programme lapanga tsamba lothandizirana kuti lithandizire kuwonetsa vuto lomwe likukulirakulira la kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki ndikuyika mbiri ya pulasitiki m'malo omwe anthu ambiri angawamvetse. Zambirizi zikuphatikiza zowonera, mamapu ochezera, kutulutsa mawu, ndi maulalo a maphunziro asayansi. Tsambali limatha ndi malingaliro omwe anthu angatenge kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito pulasitiki komanso kulimbikitsa kulimbikitsa kusintha kudzera m'maboma am'deralo.

Hohn, S., Acevedo-Trejos, E., Abrams, J., Fulgencio de Moura, J., Spranz, R., & Merico, A. (2020, May 25). Cholowa chanthawi yayitali cha Plastic Mass Production. Science of the Total Environment. 746, 141115. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141115

Mayankho ambiri aperekedwa kuti asonkhanitse pulasitiki kuchokera ku mitsinje ndi nyanja, komabe, kugwira ntchito kwawo sikudziwika. Lipotili likupeza mayankho apano adzakhala ndi zopambana zochepa pakuchotsa pulasitiki ku chilengedwe. Njira yokhayo yochepetsera zinyalala za pulasitiki ndikuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wa pulasitiki, ndi kulimbikitsa kusonkhanitsa ndikugogomezera zosonkhanitsidwa m'mitsinje pulasitikiyo isanafike kunyanja. Kupanga pulasitiki ndi kuwotcha kudzapitiriza kukhala ndi zotsatira za nthawi yayitali pa bajeti yapadziko lonse lapansi ya carbon dioxide ndi chilengedwe.

Dickinson, T. (2020, Marichi 3). Momwe Mafuta Aakulu ndi Soda Akuluakulu adasungira ngozi yapadziko lonse lapansi kukhala chinsinsi kwazaka zambiri. Stone Rolling. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/plastic-problem-recycling-myth-big-oil-950957/

Pa sabata, munthu wamba padziko lonse lapansi amadya tinthu tating'ono ting'ono 2,000 tapulasitiki. Izi ndizofanana ndi 5 magalamu apulasitiki kapena mtengo wa kirediti kadi imodzi. Kuposa theka la pulasitiki tsopano pa Dziko Lapansi lapangidwa kuyambira 2002, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki kukuwonjezeka kawiri ndi 2030. Ndi gulu latsopano la anthu ndi ndale kuti athetse kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki, mabungwe akuyamba kuchitapo kanthu kuti asiye pulasitiki pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri nkhanza.

Ostle, C., Thompson, R., Broughton, D., Gregory, L., Wootton, M., & Johns, D. (2019, April). Kuwonjezeka kwa mapulasitiki a m'nyanja kunatsimikiziridwa kuyambira zaka 60. Chiyanjano chachilengedwe. rdcu.be/bCso9

Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa mndandanda wanthawi zatsopano, kuyambira 1957 mpaka 2016 ndipo amatenga ma 6.5 nautical miles, ndipo ndi woyamba kutsimikizira kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mapulasitiki a m'nyanja yotseguka m'zaka zaposachedwa.

Taylor, D. (2019, Marichi 4). Momwe US ​​adatengera mapulasitiki. Grist. grist.org/article/how-the-us-got-addicted-to-plastics/

Cork inali chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, koma chinasinthidwa mwachangu pulasitiki itabwera. Pulasitiki idakhala yofunika mu WWII ndipo US yakhala ikudalira pulasitiki kuyambira pamenepo.

Geyer, R., Jambeck, J., & Law, KL (2017, July 19). Kupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi tsogolo la mapulasitiki onse omwe adapangidwapo. Zotsogola za Sayansi, 3(7). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700782

Kusanthula koyamba kwapadziko lonse kwa mapulasitiki opangidwa mochuluka omwe adapangidwapo. Iwo akuyerekeza kuti pofika chaka cha 2015, matani 6300 miliyoni a matani 8300 miliyoni apulasitiki omwe adapangidwa adakhala ngati zinyalala za pulasitiki. Mwa omwe, 9% okha ndi omwe adasinthidwanso, 12% adatenthedwa, ndipo 79% adasonkhana m'malo achilengedwe kapena malo otayiramo. Ngati kupanga ndi kuyang'anira zinyalala kupitilirabe zomwe zikuchitika pano, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala za pulasitiki m'malo otayiramo kapena zachilengedwe zitha kuwirikiza kawiri pofika 2050.

Ryan, P. (2015, June 2). Mbiri Yachidule ya Kafukufuku wa Marine Litter. Zinyalala za Anthropogenic Zam'madzi: p 1-25. link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_1#enumeration

Mutuwu ukufotokoza mbiri yachidule ya momwe zinyalala za m’madzi zafufuzidwa m’zaka khumi zilizonse kuyambira m’ma 1960 mpaka pano. M'zaka za m'ma 1960, maphunziro oyambilira a zinyalala za m'madzi adayamba omwe adayang'ana kwambiri kutsekeredwa ndi kumeza pulasitiki ndi zamoyo zam'madzi. Kuyambira pamenepo, chidwi chasinthira ku microplastics ndi zotsatira zake pa moyo wa organic.

Hohn, D. (2011). Moby Bakha. Viking Press.

Wolemba Donovan Hohn akupereka nkhani ya utolankhani ya mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha pulasitiki ndipo amafika pamizu ya zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mapulasitiki atayike. Pambuyo pa zovuta za WWII, ogula anali ndi chidwi chofuna kudzipangira okha zinthu, kotero m'ma 1950 pamene chilolezo cha polyethylene chinatha, zinthuzo zinakhala zotsika mtengo kuposa kale lonse. Njira yokhayo yomwe opanga pulasitiki amatha kupanga phindu ndiyo kukopa ogula kutaya, kugula zambiri, kutaya, kugula zambiri. M'magawo ena, amafufuza mitu monga kutumiza ma conglomerates ndi mafakitale aku China.

Bowermaster, J. (mkonzi). (2010). Nyanja. Othandizira Media. 71-93.

Captain Charles Moore adapeza zomwe tsopano zimadziwika kuti Great Pacific Garbage Patch mu 1997. David de Rothschild anamanga bwato loyenda panyanja lalitali mamita 2009 lomwe linapangidwa kuchokera ku mabotolo apulasitiki omwe adamutengera iye ndi gulu lake kuchokera ku California kupita ku Australia kukadziwitsa anthu za zinyalala za m'nyanja.

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10. Zosiyanasiyana

Rhein, S., & Sträter, KF (2021). Kudzipereka kwamakampani kuti achepetse vuto la pulasitiki lapadziko lonse lapansi: Kubwezeretsanso m'malo mochepetsa ndikugwiritsanso ntchito. Journal of Cleaner Production. 296(126571).

Pomwe akuyesera kutengera kusintha kwachuma chozungulira, mayiko ambiri akungolowera kuchuma chosakhazikika chobwezeretsanso. Komabe, popanda mapangano ogwirizana padziko lonse lapansi, mabungwe amasiyidwa kuti adzipangira okha matanthauzidwe azinthu zokhazikika. Palibe matanthauzo ofanana ndi masikelo ofunikira ochepetsera ndikugwiritsanso ntchito kotero mabungwe ambiri akuyang'ana kwambiri zokonzanso ndi kuyeretsa pambuyo pa kuwononga chilengedwe. Kusintha kwenikweni kwa mtsinje wa zinyalala za pulasitiki kudzafuna kupewedwa kosalekeza kwa kuyika kwa ntchito imodzi, kuteteza kuipitsa kwa pulasitiki kuyambira pachiyambi. Mapangano ogwirizana ndi makampani ndi mayiko omwe agwirizana padziko lonse lapansi angathandize kudzaza zomwe zilibe kanthu, ngati ayang'ana njira zopewera.

Surfrider. (2020). Chenjerani ndi Pulasitiki Yabodza. Surfrider Europe. PDF

Njira zothetsera vuto la kuipitsidwa ndi pulasitiki zikupangidwa, koma si njira zonse "zokonda zachilengedwe" zomwe zingathandize kuteteza ndi kusunga chilengedwe. Akuti matani 250,000 apulasitiki amayandama pamwamba pa nyanja, koma izi zimapanga 1% yokha ya pulasitiki yonse yomwe ili m'nyanja. Ili ndi vuto popeza ambiri otchedwa mayankho amangoyang'ana pulasitiki yoyandama (monga Seabin Project, The Manta, ndi The Ocean Clean-up). Njira yokhayo yoona ndiyo kutseka mpopi wa pulasitiki ndikuletsa pulasitiki kulowa m'nyanja ndi nyanja. Anthu akuyenera kukakamiza mabizinesi, kufuna kuti akuluakulu aboma achitepo kanthu, achotse pulasitiki pomwe angathe, ndikuthandizira mabungwe omwe siaboma omwe akugwira ntchitoyo.

Data yanga ya NASA (2020). Mayendedwe Ozungulira Nyanja: Mapu a Nkhani Za Zinyalala.

Mapu a nkhani ya NASA amaphatikiza deta ya satelayiti kukhala tsamba losavuta kupeza lomwe limalola alendo kuwona momwe mayendetsedwe am'nyanja amayenderana ndi zinyalala zapanyanja zapadziko lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito data ya NASA. Webusaitiyi imayang'aniridwa kwa ophunzira giredi 7-12 ndipo imapereka zowonjezera ndi zolemba zosindikizidwa kuti aphunzitsi alole mapu kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'maphunziro.

DeNisco Rayome, A. (2020, Ogasiti 3). Kodi Tingaphe Pulasitiki? CNET. PDF

Wolemba mabuku Allison Rayome akufotokoza vuto la kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki kwa anthu ambiri. Mapulasitiki ochulukirachulukira ogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi amapangidwa chaka chilichonse, koma pali njira zomwe anthu angatenge. Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa kukwera kwa pulasitiki, nkhani zobwezeretsanso, lonjezano la njira yozungulira, ubwino wa pulasitiki (ena), ndi zomwe zingachitike ndi anthu kuti achepetse pulasitiki (ndi kulimbikitsa kugwiritsidwanso ntchito). Rayome amavomereza ngakhale kuti izi ndi njira zofunika kwambiri zochepetsera kuipitsa, kukwaniritsa kusintha kwenikweni kumafuna kuchitapo kanthu kwa malamulo.

Persson, L., Carney Almroth, BM, Collins, CD, Cornell, S., De Wit, CA, Diamondi, ML, Fantke, P., Hassellöv, M., MacLeod, M., Ryberg, MW, Jørgensen, PS , Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Wang, Z., & Hauschild, MZ (2022). Kunja kwa Safe Operating Space of the Planetary Boundary for Novel Entities. Environmental Science & Technology, 56 (3), 1510-1521. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04158

Asayansi atsimikiza kuti umunthu ukugwira ntchito kunja kwa malire otetezeka a mapulaneti a mabungwe atsopano chifukwa kupanga ndi kutulutsidwa kwapachaka kukuchulukirachulukira kuposa momwe dziko lonse lapansi lingayesere komanso kuwunika. Pepalali likulongosola malire a mabungwe omwe ali m'malire a mapulaneti monga mabungwe omwe ali atsopano mwalingaliro la geological ndipo akhoza kusokoneza kukhulupirika kwa kayendetsedwe ka dziko lapansi. Powonetsa kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki monga gawo linalake lomwe likudetsa nkhawa kwambiri, asayansi amalimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu kuti achepetse kupanga ndi kutulutsa kwazinthu zatsopano, ndikuzindikira kuti ngakhale zili choncho, kulimbikira kwazinthu zambiri zatsopano monga kuyipitsa kwa pulasitiki kupitilira kuvulaza kwambiri.

Lwanga, EH, Beriot, N., Corradini, F. et al. (2022, February). Kuwunikanso kwa magwero a microplastic, njira zoyendera ndi kulumikizana ndi zovuta zina zadothi: ulendo wochokera kumadera aulimi kupita ku chilengedwe. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture. 9 (20). DOI: 10.1186/s40538-021-00278-9

Pali zambiri zomwe zilipo paulendo wa microplastic m'malo apadziko lapansi. Ndemanga yasayansi iyi imayang'ana machitidwe osiyanasiyana komanso njira zonyamulira ma microplastics kuchokera kuzinthu zaulimi kupita kumadera ozungulira, kuphatikiza kuwunika kwaposachedwa momwe kayendedwe ka microplastic kamachitikira kuchokera ku plastisphere (ma cell) kupita kumtunda.

Zosavuta Kwambiri. (2019, Novembala 7). Njira 5 zosavuta zochepetsera pulasitiki kunyumba. https://supersimple.com/article/reduce-plastic/.

United Nations Environment Programme. (2021). Chilungamo cha chilengedwe ndi makanema ojambula poyipitsidwa ndi pulasitiki (Chingerezi). YouTube. https://youtu.be/8YPjYXOjT58.

Madera omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa komanso akuda, azikhalidwe, amitundu (BIPOC) ndi omwe ali patsogolo pakuipitsa pulasitiki. Anthu amitundu amakonda kukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja popanda chitetezo ku kusefukira kwa madzi, kuwonongeka kwa zokopa alendo, ndi ntchito ya usodzi. Njira iliyonse yopanga pulasitiki ikapanda kuwongolera komanso yosayang'aniridwa imatha kuwononga zamoyo zam'madzi, chilengedwe, komanso madera omwe ali pafupi. Madera oponderezedwawa amatha kuvutika ndi kusagwirizana, motero amafunikira ndalama zambiri komanso chisamaliro chopewera.

TEDx. (2010). TEDx Great Pacific Garbage Patch - Van Jones - Environmental Justice. YouTube. https://youtu.be/3WMgNlU_vxQ.

M'nkhani ya Ted ya 2010 yomwe ikuwonetsa kukhudzidwa kwakukulu kwa anthu osauka kuchokera ku zinyalala za pulasitiki, Van Jones akutsutsa kudalira kwathu pakutaya "kuti muwononge dziko lapansi muyenera kutaya anthu." Anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa alibe ufulu wachuma wosankha zosankha zathanzi kapena zopanda pulasitiki zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azitha kukhudzidwa ndi mankhwala apulasitiki akupha. Anthu osauka nawonso amakumana ndi vutoli chifukwa amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi malo otaya zinyalala. Mankhwala owopsa kwambiri amatulutsidwa m'madera osauka komanso oponderezedwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zambiri paumoyo. Tiyenera kuyika mawu ochokera m'maderawa patsogolo pa malamulo kuti kusintha kwenikweni kwa anthu kuchitike.

Center for International Environmental Law. (2021). Pumani Mpweya Uyu - Tulukani ku Pulasitiki Kuipitsa Act. Center for International Environmental Law. YouTube. https://youtu.be/liojJb_Dl90.

The Break Free From Plastic Act imayang'ana kwambiri chilungamo cha chilengedwe ponena kuti "mukakweza anthu pansi, mumakweza aliyense." Makampani amafuta amafuta amavulaza mopanda malire anthu amitundu ndi anthu opeza ndalama zochepa popanga ndi kutaya zinyalala zapulasitiki m'madera awo. Tiyenera kusiya kudalira pulasitiki kuti tipeze chilungamo m'madera omwe sali okhudzidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa pulasitiki.

The Global Plastics Treaty Dialogues. (2021, Juni 10). Ocean Plastics Leadership Network. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Kukambitsirana kudayamba kudzera pamisonkhano yapadziko lonse lapansi yapadziko lonse lapansi pokonzekera chisankho cha United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) mu February 2022 ngati atsatira mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wapulasitiki. Ocean Plastics Leadership Network (OPLN) yomwe ili ndi mamembala 90 omenyera ufulu wamakampani ikugwirizana ndi Greenpeace ndi WWF kuti ipange zokambirana zogwira mtima. Mayiko makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu limodzi akufuna kuti pakhale mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wapulasitiki pamodzi ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma, ndi makampani akuluakulu 30. Maphwando akufuna kuti afotokoze momveka bwino za mapulasitiki m'moyo wawo wonse kuti afotokoze zonse zomwe zikuchitika komanso momwe zimachitikira, koma pali mipata yayikulu yotsalira.

Tan, V. (2020, Marichi 24). Kodi Bioplastics Ndi Njira Yokhazikika? TEDx Talks. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Mapulasitiki achilengedwe amatha kukhala njira zothetsera kupanga pulasitiki yotengera mafuta, koma ma bioplastics samayimitsa vuto la zinyalala za pulasitiki. Ma bioplastics pakadali pano ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo sapezeka mosavuta poyerekeza ndi mapulasitiki opangidwa ndi mafuta. Kupitilira apo, ma bioplastics siabwino kwenikweni kwa chilengedwe kuposa mapulasitiki opangidwa ndi petroleum popeza ma bioplastics ena sangawononge chilengedwe. Bioplastics yokha sangathe kuthetsa vuto lathu la pulasitiki, koma akhoza kukhala gawo la yankho. Tikufuna malamulo ochulukirapo komanso kukhazikitsidwa kotsimikizika komwe kumakhudza kupanga pulasitiki, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kutaya.

Scarr, S. (2019, September 4). Kumira mu Pulasitiki: Kuwona momwe dziko limakhudzira mabotolo apulasitiki. Zithunzi za Reuters. Zobwezeredwa ku: graphics.reuters.com/ENVIRONMENT-PLASTIC/0100B275155/index.html

Padziko lonse lapansi, mabotolo apulasitiki pafupifupi 1 miliyoni amagulitsidwa mphindi iliyonse, mabotolo 1.3 biliyoni amagulitsidwa tsiku lililonse, zomwe ndi zofanana ndi theka la kukula kwa Eiffel Tower. Pansi pa 6% ya mapulasitiki onse omwe adapangidwa adasinthidwanso. Ngakhale umboni wonse wa pulasitiki wowopseza ndi chilengedwe, kupanga kukukulirakulira.

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