Kuteteza Madambo Padziko Lonse Lapansi, Kenako ndi Tsopano: Msonkhano wa Ramsar

ndi Luke Elder
Sabine Wetlands Walk, Hackberry, Louisiana (Chithunzi mwachilolezo cha Louisiana Tourism Locations & Events – Peter A Mayer Advertising / Assoc. Creative Director: Neil Landry; Account Executives: Fran McManus & Lisa Costa; Art Production: Janet Riehlmann)
Sabine Wetlands Walk, Hackberry, Louisiana (Chithunzi mwachilolezo cha Louisiana Tourism Locations & Events – Peter A Mayer Advertising / Assoc. Creative Director: Neil Landry; Account Executives: Fran McManus & Lisa Costa; Art Production: Janet Riehlmann)

Chaka chilichonse, anthu okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja omwe ali ndi nkhawa amaoneratu za mphepo yamkuntho yomwe ikubwera, yomwe imadziwika kuti mphepo yamkuntho ikakhwima, malingana ndi kumene ili. Mphepo yamkunthoyo ikafika kumtunda, monga mmene mphepo yamkunthoyo inachitira Isake kumapeto kwa mwezi watha, anthu amene anadutsa m’mphepete mwa nyanjayi amakumbutsidwa za kufunika kwa madambo, nkhalango, ndi malo ena okhala m’mphepete mwa nyanja powateteza ku mvula yamkunthoyo.

M'dziko lamakono la kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja ndi nyengo yofunda, madambo ndi ntchito za m'dambo ndizofunika kwambiri pakusintha kwanyengo ndi kuchepetsa. Kuphatikiza apo, madambo ndi magwero ofunikira azachuma, sayansi, ndi zosangalatsa. Komabe zachilengedwezi zikuyang'anizana ndi kuwonongeka ndi kuwonongeka.
RAMSARPakhoza kukhala chitayiko chosaneneka ku madambo chifukwa cha kulowerera kwachitukuko kumadambo kuchokera kumbali ya nthaka, ndi kukokoloka kwa madambo chifukwa cha madzi opangidwa ndi anthu ndi ntchito zina. Zaka zoposa 40 zapitazo, maiko anasonkhana pamodzi kuti azindikire kufunika kwa madambo ndi malo okhala pafupi, ndi kupanga dongosolo lowatetezera. Msonkhano wa Ramsar ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wopangidwa kuti uthandizire kupewa kulowereraku, komanso kuthandizira zoyesayesa zokonzanso, kukonzanso, ndi kusunga madambo padziko lonse lapansi. Msonkhano wa Ramsar umateteza madambo chifukwa cha ntchito ndi ntchito zawo zapadera za chilengedwe, monga kuwongolera maulamuliro a madzi ndi malo okhala komwe amapereka kwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana kuyambira pamlingo wa chilengedwe mpaka kumlingo wamitundu.
Msonkhano wapachiyambi wa Wetlands unachitikira mumzinda wa Iran wa Ramsar mu 1971. Pofika m'chaka cha 1975, Msonkhanowu unali wamphamvu, ndikupereka ndondomeko ya zochitika zapadziko lonse ndi zapadziko lonse ndi mgwirizano wa chitetezo chokhazikika ndi kusamalira madambo ndi zachilengedwe ndi ntchito zawo. . Msonkhano wa Ramsar ndi mgwirizano wapakati pa maboma omwe amapereka maiko omwe ali mamembala ake kuti asungitse kukhulupirika kwa chilengedwe cha malo ena a madambo ndi kusunga kagwiritsidwe ntchito kosatha kwa madambowa. Cholinga cha msonkhanowu ndi "kuteteza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru madambo onse kudzera m'magawo, zigawo ndi mayiko komanso mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, monga chothandizira kukwaniritsa chitukuko chokhazikika padziko lonse lapansi".
Msonkhano wa Ramsar ndiwosiyana ndi zoyeserera zina zapadziko lonse lapansi zofananira m'njira ziwiri zofunika. Choyamba, sichigwirizana ndi United Nations system of Multilateral Environmental Agreements, ngakhale imagwira ntchito ndi ma MEA ena ndi NGOs ndipo ndi mgwirizano wodziwika wokhudzana ndi mapangano ena onse okhudzana ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Chachiwiri, ndi mgwirizano wokhawo wapadziko lonse wa chilengedwe womwe umakhudza chilengedwe: madambo. Msonkhanowu umagwiritsa ntchito tanthauzo lalikulu la madambo, omwe akuphatikizapo "madambo ndi madambo, nyanja ndi mitsinje, madambo amvula ndi mapiri, malo otsetsereka, malo otsetsereka, mathithi ndi mafunde, madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mapiri a mangrove ndi matanthwe a coral, ndi zopangidwa ndi anthu. malo monga maiwe a nsomba, minda ya mpunga, mosungiramo madzi, ndi mapoto amchere.”
Mwala waukulu wa Msonkhano wa Ramsar ndi Mndandanda wa Ramsar wa Madambo Ofunika Padziko Lonse, mndandanda wa madambo onse omwe Msonkhanowo wasankha kukhala malo omwe ali ofunikira paumoyo wazinthu zam'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zam'madzi padziko lonse lapansi.
Cholinga cha List ndi “kupanga ndi kusunga dambo lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe ndi lofunika kwambiri poteteza zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuchirikiza moyo wa anthu posamalira zigawo, njira ndi maubwino/ntchito zawo.” Polowa nawo mumgwirizano wa Ramsar, dziko lililonse lili ndi udindo wosankha malo amodzi ngati madambo ngati Dambo Lofunika Padziko Lonse, pomwe malo ena amasankhidwa ndi mayiko ena kuti alowe nawo pamndandanda wa madambo omwe asankhidwa.
Zitsanzo zina za Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance zomwe zimapezeka ku North America ndi Chesapeake Bay Estuarine Complex (USA), Laguna de Términos Reserve ku Campeche (Mexico), malo osungira omwe ali kumapeto kwenikweni kwa Cuba's Isla de la Juventud, Everglades National Park ku. Florida (USA), ndi malo aku Alaska ku Canada Fraser River Delta. Malo aliwonse a Ramsar omwe akuvutika kusunga umphumphu wa chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe chokhazikitsidwa ndi Msonkhanowu atha kuikidwa pamndandanda wapadera ndipo atha kupeza thandizo laukadaulo kuti athetse mavuto omwe malowa akukumana nawo. Kuphatikiza apo, mayiko atha kulembetsa kuti alandire thandizo kudzera mu Ramsar Small Grants Fund ndi Wetlands for Future Fund kuti amalize ntchito zosamalira madambo. US National Fish and Wildlife Service imagwira ntchito ngati bungwe lotsogolera malo 34 a Ramsar ku US komanso kulumikizana ndi mayiko ena.
Msonkhano wa Ramsar uli ndi Msonkhano wa Maphwando Ogwirizana (COP) zaka zitatu zilizonse kuti akambirane ndi kulimbikitsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ndondomeko ndi ndondomeko za Msonkhano. Pankhani ya zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku, pali Secretariat ya Ramsar ku Gland, Switzerland, yomwe imayang'anira Msonkhano wapadziko lonse. Padziko lonse lapansi, Gulu lililonse Lochita Mapangano lili ndi Ulamuliro wosankhidwa womwe umayang'anira kukhazikitsidwa kwa malangizo a Msonkhanowo m'dziko lawo. Ngakhale kuti Ramsar Convention ndi ntchito yapadziko lonse lapansi, Mgwirizanowu umalimbikitsanso mayiko omwe ali mamembala kuti akhazikitse makomiti awoawo a madambo, kuphatikiza ma NGO, ndikuphatikiza zochitika zamagulu a anthu pakuyesetsa kwawo kuteteza madambo.
July 2012 anali Msonkhano wa 11 wa Msonkhano Wogwirizana ndi Maphwando a Msonkhano wa Ramsar, womwe unachitikira ku Bucharest, Romania. Kumeneko, momwe zokopa alendo zokhazikika za madambo zimathandizira kuti chuma chikhale chobiriwira chinawonetsedwa.
Msonkhanowo unatha ndi chiyamiko cholemekeza ntchito yaikulu yomwe yachitidwa, ndi kuvomereza kufunikira kwa kupitirizabe kupirira ndi kudzipereka pakusunga madambo ndi kukonzanso padziko lonse lapansi. Kuchokera pamalingaliro oteteza nyanja, Msonkhano wa Ramsar umathandizira chitetezo cha chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zomangira thanzi lanyanja.
United States of America: 34 Ramsar Sites, 4,122,916.22 Acres kuyambira 15 June 2012 (Source: USFWS)

Malo Othawirako Padziko Lanyama Zakuthengo a Ash Meadows 18/12/86    
Nevada
9,509 ha
Bolinas Lagoon 01/09/98    
California
445 ha
Cache-Lower White Rivers 21/11/89    
Arkansas
81,376 ha
Cache River-Cypress Creek Wetlands 01/11/94    
Illinois
24,281 ha
Caddo Lake 23/10/93    
Texas
7,977 ha
Nyanja ya Catahoula 18/06/91    
Louisiana
12,150 ha
Chesapeake Bay Estuarine Complex 04/06/87    
Virginia
45,000 ha
Cheyenne Bottoms 19/10/88    
Kansas
10,978 ha
Congaree National Park 02/02/12    
South Carolina
10,539 ha
Connecticut River Estuary & Tidal Wetlands Complex 14/10/94    
Connecticut
6,484 ha
Malo Opatulika a Chidambo cha Corkscrew 23/03/09    
Florida
5,261 ha
Delaware Bay Estuary 20/05/92    
Delaware, New Jersey
51,252 ha
Edwin B Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge 18/12/86    
yunifomu zatsopano
13,080 ha
Everglades National Park 04/06/87    
Florida
610,497 ha
Francis Beidler Forest 30/05/08    
South Carolina
6,438 ha
Grassland Ecological Area 02/02/05    
California
65,000 ha
Humbug Marsh 20/01/10    
Michigan
188 ha
Horicon Marsh 04/12/90    
Wisconsin
12,912 ha
Izembek Lagoon National Wildlife Refuge 18/12/86    
Alaska
168,433 ha
Kakagon ndi Bad River Sloughs 02/02/12    
Wisconsin
4,355 ha
Kawainui and Hamakua Marsh Complex 02/02/05    
Hawaii
414 ha
Laguna de Santa Rosa Wetland Complex 16/04/10    
California
1576 ha
Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge 18/12/86    
Georgia, Florida
162,635 ha
Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge 01/04/11    
Hawaii
204,127 ha
Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge 14/03/93    
Florida
1,908 ha
Quivira National Wildlife Refuge 12/02/02    
Kansas
8,958 ha
Roswell Artesian Wetlands 07/09/10    
New Mexico
917 ha
Malo Othawirako a Nyama Zakuthengo za Sand Lake 03/08/98    
South Dakota
8,700 ha
Sue ndi Wes Dixon Waterfowl Pothawirako ku Hennepin &
Hopper Lakes 02/02/12    
Illinois
1,117 ha
Emiquon Complex 02/02/12    
Illinois
5,729 ha
Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve 02/02/05    
California
1,021 ha
Tomales Bay 30/09/02    
California
2,850 ha
Madzi osefukira a Mtsinje wa Mississippi 05/01/10    
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois
122,357 ha
Wilma H. ​​Schiermeier Olentangy River Wetland Research Park 18/04/08    
Ohio
21 ha
Luke Elder adagwira ntchito yofufuza za TOF m'chilimwe cha 2011. Chaka chotsatira adaphunzira ku Spain komwe adakhala ndi internship ndi Spanish National Research Council akugwira ntchito mu Environmental Economics Group. Chilimwechi Luke adagwira ntchito ngati Conservation Intern wa The Nature Conservancy akuwongolera nthaka ndi kuyang'anira. Mkulu wa ku Middlebury College, Luke akuphunzira kwambiri za Conservation Biology ndi Environmental Studies ndi mwana wamng'ono wa Chisipanishi, ndipo akuyembekeza kupeza ntchito yamtsogolo yosamalira zachilengedwe.