Pepani, Iyi SI Cocktail Yapa Tchuthi Yapadera

Wolemba Mark J. Spalding, Purezidenti

Kumayambiriro kwa December 2014, ndinali ndi mwayi wopezeka pamisonkhano iwiri yapadera kwambiri ku Annapolis, Maryland. Yoyamba inali chakudya chamadzulo champikisano wa Chesapeake Conservancy komwe tidamva mawu okhudzidwa kuchokera kwa ED wa bungwe, a Joel Dunn, zakufunika kokhulupirira kuti tonse titha kuthandiza kuti dera la Chesapeake Bay la madera asanu ndi limodzi kukhala malo abwino okhalamo, ntchito, ndi kusewera. Mmodzi mwa olemekezeka madzulo anali Keith Campbell yemwe adatiuza kuti zowona zimachirikiza aliyense amene amakhulupirira kuti Chesapeake Bay yathanzi ndiye gawo lofunikira kwambiri pazachuma chathanzi chachigawo.

Madzulo otsatirawa, anali Keith ndi mwana wake wamkazi Samantha Campbell (pulezidenti wa Keith Campbell Foundation for the Environment ndi membala wakale wa TOF Board) omwe amakondwerera zomwe Verna Harrison adachita, yemwe akusiya udindo patatha zaka khumi ndi ziwiri ngati Executive Director wa Foundation. Wokamba nkhani pambuyo pa wokamba nkhani adazindikira kudzipereka kwachangu kwa Verna ku Chesapeake Bay yathanzi kwazaka zambiri. Othandizira kukondwerera ntchito yake mpaka pano anali abwanamkubwa akale, akuluakulu aboma, maboma, ndi akuluakulu aboma, ogwira nawo ntchito oposa khumi ndi awiri, komanso anthu ena ambiri omwe amathera masiku awo ku Chesapeake Bay yathanzi.

M'modzi mwa anthu odzipereka pamwambowu anali Julie Lawson, director of Trash-Free Maryland, yemwe adanyamula mnzake mtsuko wamadzi kuchokera ku Bay. Kuyang'anitsitsa kunapeza kuti sanali madzi ake akumwa. Ndipotu, ndinali ndi chisoni kumva kuti chilichonse chinali kumwa kapena kukhala m'madzi awa. Monga mmene mukuonera pachithunzichi, madzi a mumtsukowo anali obiriŵira kwambiri, obiriŵira mofanana ndi tsiku limene anatoledwa. Kuyang'anitsitsa kunawonetsa kuti muzitsulo zolimba za algae munapachika tinthu tapulasitiki tosiyanasiyana. Galasi yokulirapo imatha kuwonetsa tizidutswa tapulasitiki tochulukira komanso tating'ono.

Zitsanzo zomwe adanyamula zidasonkhanitsidwa kumapeto kwa Novembala pomwe mabungwe awiri oteteza zachilengedwe, Trash Free Maryland ndi 5 Gyres Institute, adapita kukatenga zitsanzo zamadzi ndi zitsanzo za zinyalala ku Chesapeake. Adayitana katswiri wa Chesapeake Bay komanso mlangizi wamkulu wa EPA Jeff Corbin kuti apite nawo:  Mu blog ina pambuyo pake, adalemba: “Ndinaneneratu kuti sitidzapeza zambiri. Lingaliro langa linali loti Chesapeake Bay ndi yosunthika kwambiri, yokhala ndi mafunde osalekeza, mphepo ndi mafunde, mosiyana ndi njira zapanyanja zotseguka zotseguka zomwe zimatha kuyang'ana kwambiri kuipitsidwa kwa mapulasitiki. Ndinali wolakwa."

Microplastics ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza tinthu ting'onoting'ono tapulasitiki tomwe timakhalapo m'nyanja yathu yonse - zotsalira za zinyalala za pulasitiki zomwe zimalowa m'madzi ndi m'nyanja. Mapulasitiki sasowa m'nyanja; amasweka kukhala tiziduswa tating'ono ting'ono. Monga momwe Julie adalembera posachedwa za Bay sampling, "Zambiri za tinthu tating'onoting'ono tochokera kuzinthu zosamalira anthu komanso kachulukidwe ka pulasitiki koyerekeza kuwirikiza ka 10 mulingo wopezeka mu "zinyalala" zodziwika bwino za m'nyanja zapadziko lapansi. Tizidutswa ting’onoting’ono tapulasitiki timeneti timamwa mankhwala ena a petrochemical monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mafuta, ndi mafuta a petulo, n’kukhala poyizoni kwambiri n’kuika poyizoni pansi pa chakudya cha ku Bay komwe kumayambitsa nkhanu za blue ndi rockfish zomwe anthu amadya.”

Kusindikizidwa kwa Disembala kwazaka zisanu zasayansi zam'nyanja zapadziko lonse lapansi mu PLOS 1 inali yodetsa nkhawa - "Mapulasitiki amitundu yonse adapezeka m'zigawo zonse zam'nyanja, akusinthika m'malo owunjikana m'malo otentha, kuphatikiza ma gyres akum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi komwe kuchuluka kwa anthu am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikotsika kwambiri kuposa kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi." Kafukufukuyu akuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa pulasitiki m'nyanja zapadziko lapansi akugogomezera momwe kumeza ndi kutsekeka kumawonongera moyo wa m'nyanja.

Tonse titha kuchita monga momwe Julie amachitira ndi kunyamula madzi. Kapena titha kukumbatira uthenga womwe timamva mobwerezabwereza kuchokera ku Trash Free Maryland, 5 Gyres Institute, Plastics Pollution Coalition, Beyond Plastic, Surfrider Foundation, ndi anzawo ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ndivuto lomwe anthu amamvetsetsa - ndipo funso loyamba lomwe timafunsidwa nthawi zambiri ndilakuti "Tingabweze bwanji pulasitiki m'nyanja?"

Ndipo, ku The Ocean Foundation, talandirapo malingaliro pafupipafupi kuchokera kumabungwe osiyanasiyana komanso anthu pawokha okhudza kuchotsedwa kwa mapulasitiki m'madzi am'nyanja momwe adapeza. Mpaka pano, palibe chimodzi mwa izi chomwe chatulutsidwa. Ngakhale titha kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lake kusonkhanitsa pulasitiki kuchokera ku gyre, ndiye kuti tifunika kudziwa kuti zingawononge ndalama zingati kunyamula zinyalalazo kuti zifike pamtunda ndikuzibisa kuti zikhale mafuta mwanjira ina. Kapena, mutembenuzire panyanja, ndiyeno mutenge mafutawo kupita nawo kumtunda kumene angagwiritsire ntchito. Mtengo wathunthu wopita kukafunafuna pulasitiki, kuyisintha kukhala mphamvu kapena kuigwiritsa ntchito kwina kumaposa mtengo wamagetsi aliwonse kapena zinthu zina zobwezerezedwanso zomwe zimapangidwa (izi zikuchulukirachulukira kuti mitengo yamafuta ikutsika).

Ngakhale ndikukhudzidwa kuti zidzakhala zovuta kupanga kuchotsa pulasitiki m'nyanja kukhala ndi ndalama zothandizira (monga bizinesi yopindulitsa); Ndimathandizira kuchotsa mapulasitiki m'nyanja yathu. Pakuti, ngati titha kuchotsa pulasitiki yochuluka kuchokera ku gyre imodzi, zingakhale zotsatira zabwino kwambiri.
Chifukwa chake kuyankha kwanga kwanthawi zonse kumakhala kuti, "Chabwino, titha kuyamba ndikuchita gawo lathu kuti tisalole kuti pulasitiki inanso ilowe m'nyanja pomwe timapeza njira yochotsera mwachuma kuipitsa kwa pulasitiki m'nyanja popanda kuvulaza." Kotero pamene tikuyandikira Chaka Chatsopano, mwinamwake izi ndi zina zomwe tingathe kusunga m'malo mwa nyanja:

• Choyamba, yomwe ili yovuta kwambiri panthawi ino ya chaka: Chepetsani kupanga zinyalala. Kenako, tayani zinyalala zonse moyenera.  Bwezeraninso ngati kuli koyenera.
• Pezani njira zina m'malo mwa zinthu zapulasitiki zomwe mumadalira; ndikukana zoyikapo kamodzi, mapesi, kuyika mochulukira, ndi mapulasitiki ena 'otayika'.
• Osadzaza zinyalala ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chivundikirocho chikukwanira bwino - kusefukirako nthawi zambiri kumadutsa mumsewu, kumakokoloka m'ngalande zamphepo yamkuntho, ndikupita kumadzi.
• Limbikitsani osuta kutaya matako awo moyenera—akuyerekezeredwa kuti gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu (120 biliyoni) a ndudu zonse za ndudu zimathera m’mitsinje yamadzi mu United States mokha.
• Nyamula botolo lako lamadzi ndi zikwama zogulira zomwe zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ndi inu-Timagwiritsa ntchito matumba okwana 3 thililiyoni pachaka padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ambiri mwa iwo amatha kukhala zinyalala.
• Pewani mankhwala osamalira omwe ali nawo "Microbeads" - ayamba kupezeka paliponse m'madzi ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja chifukwa akhala akufalikira ponseponse mu mankhwala otsukira mano, kutsuka kumaso, ndi zinthu zina pazaka khumi zapitazi.
• Limbikitsani opanga ndi ena kuti atsatire njira zina zowonjezera—Unilever, L'Oreal, Crest (Procter & Gamble), Johnson & Johnson, ndi Colgate Palmolive ndi ena mwa makampani omwe avomereza kutero pofika kumapeto kwa 2015 kapena 2016 (kuti mupeze mndandanda wathunthu).
• Limbikitsani makampani kuti pitilizani kufunafuna njira zothetsera pulasitiki kuyambira kulowa m'nyanja poyamba.