Ulimi wokhazikika wa m'madzi ukhoza kukhala chinsinsi chodyetsa anthu omwe akukula. Pakadali pano, 42% yazakudya zam'madzi zomwe timadya zimalimidwa, koma palibe malamulo omwe amapanga zomwe "zabwino" zoweta m'madzi zidakalipo. 

Ulimi wa Aquaculture umathandizira kwambiri pazakudya zathu, choncho ziyenera kuchitika m'njira yokhazikika. Makamaka, The OF ikuyang'ana matekinoloje osiyanasiyana otsekedwa, kuphatikiza akasinja ozunguliranso, misewu yothamanga, makina odutsa, ndi maiwe amkati. Njirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamitundu yambiri ya nsomba, nkhono, ndi zomera za m'madzi. Ngakhale ubwino woonekeratu (thanzi ndi zina) za machitidwe otsekedwa a m'madzi a m'madzi adziwika, timathandiziranso zoyesayesa zopewera zolakwika zachilengedwe ndi chitetezo cha chakudya cha zolembera zotseguka. Tikuyembekeza kuyesetsa kuyesetsa kumayiko ena komanso kunyumba zomwe zingapangitse kusintha kwabwino.

Ocean Foundation yapanga zotuluka zakunja zotsatirazi kukhala bukhu lofotokozera kuti lipereke zambiri za Sustainable Aquaculture kwa omvera onse. 

M'ndandanda wazopezekamo

1. Mau oyamba a Aquaculture
2. Zoyambira Zam'madzi
3. Kuipitsa ndi Kuopsa kwa Chilengedwe
4. Zomwe Zachitika Panopa ndi Zatsopano Zatsopano mu Aquaculture
5. Aquaculture and Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Justice
6. Malamulo ndi Malamulo Okhudza Zamoyo Zam'madzi
7. Zowonjezera Zowonjezera & Mapepala Oyera Opangidwa ndi The Ocean Foundation

1. Introduction

Aquaculture ndi kulima kapena kulima kolamulidwa kwa nsomba, nkhono, ndi zomera za m'madzi. Cholinga chake ndi kupanga gwero la chakudya cham'madzi ndi zinthu zamalonda m'njira yomwe idzawonjezere kupezeka ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndikuteteza zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zam'madzi. Pali mitundu ingapo ya zamoyo zam'madzi zomwe aliyense ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana okhazikika.

Kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi komanso ndalama zomwe zimapeza zidzapitirira kuwonjezeka kwa nsomba. Ndipo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nsomba zamtchire, kuchuluka konse kwa nsomba ndi nsomba zam'madzi zachokera ku ulimi wamadzi. Ngakhale kuti ulimi wa m'madzi umakumana ndi mavuto monga nsabwe za m'nyanja ndi kuipitsa anthu ambiri omwe akuchita nawo ntchitoyi akugwira ntchito mwakhama kuti athetse mavuto ake. 

Kulima M'madzi—Njira Zinayi

Pali njira zinayi zazikuluzikulu za ulimi wam'madzi zomwe zawonedwa masiku ano: zolembera zotseguka pafupi ndi gombe, zolembera zoyeserera zakunyanja, machitidwe "otsekedwa" okhazikika pamtunda, ndi machitidwe otseguka "akale".

1. Zolembera Zotsegula pafupi ndi gombe.

Njira zoweta nsomba za m'mphepete mwa nyanja nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poweta nkhono, nsomba za salimoni ndi nyama zina zam'madzi ndipo, kupatula za nkhono zam'madzi, zimawonedwa ngati zosakhalitsa komanso zowononga chilengedwe. Mapangidwe achilengedwe "otseguka ku chilengedwe" a machitidwewa amapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kuthana ndi zovuta za zinyalala, kuyanjana ndi nyama zolusa, kuyambitsa zamoyo zomwe si zachilendo / zachilendo, zowonjezera (zakudya, maantibayotiki), kuwonongeka kwa malo, ndi matenda. kusamutsa. Kuonjezera apo, madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja sangathe kuthandizira mchitidwe wamakono woyenda pansi pamphepete mwa nyanja potsatira kufalikira kwa matenda mkati mwa zolembera. [NB: Ngati tilima moluska pafupi ndi gombe, kapena kuchepetsa kwambiri zolembera zotseguka pafupi ndi gombe ndikuyang'ana kwambiri kulera nyama zodya udzu, pali kusintha kwina pa kukhalitsa kwa ulimi wa m'madzi. M'malingaliro athu ndikofunikira kuti tifufuze njira zina zochepera izi.]

2. Offshore Open Pens.

Njira zatsopano zoyesera zopangira zolembera zam'madzi za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zimangochotsa zoyipa zomwezi kuti zisamawoneke ndikuwonjezeranso zovuta zina pa chilengedwe, kuphatikiza kukula kwa mpweya wowongolera malo omwe ali kumtunda. 

3. Dongosolo la "Lotsekedwa" la Land-based.

Machitidwe "otsekedwa" pamtunda, omwe amadziwika kuti recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), akulandira chidwi chowonjezereka ngati njira yothetsera nthawi yayitali yokhazikika pazamoyo zam'madzi, m'mayiko otukuka ndi omwe akutukuka kumene. Machitidwe ang'onoang'ono, otsika mtengo otsekedwa akutsatiridwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene pamene njira zazikulu, zogulitsira malonda, ndi zodula zikupangidwa m'mayiko otukuka kwambiri. Machitidwewa ndi okhazikika ndipo nthawi zambiri amalola njira zogwirira ntchito za polyculture zoweta nyama ndi ndiwo zamasamba palimodzi. Iwo amaonedwa kuti ndi okhazikika pamene akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphamvu zowonjezereka, amaonetsetsa kuti pafupifupi 100% akubwezeretsanso madzi awo, ndipo amayang'ana kwambiri kulera omnivores ndi herbivores.

4. "Akale" Open Systems.

Kuweta nsomba si kwachilendo; wakhala ukuchitidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri m’zikhalidwe zambiri. Anthu akale a ku China ankadyetsa ndowe za mbozi za silika ndi nymphs ku carp zokulira m'mayiwe a m'minda ya mbozi za silika, Aigupto ankalima tilapia monga mbali ya luso lawo la ulimi wothirira, ndipo anthu a ku Hawaii ankatha kulima zamoyo zambiri monga milkfish, mullet, prawns, ndi nkhanu (Costa). -Pierce, 1987). Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apezanso umboni wokhudzana ndi ulimi wa m'madzi m'dera la Mayan komanso miyambo ya anthu aku North America. (www.enaca.org).

Nkhani Zachilengedwe

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa pali mitundu ingapo ya Aquaculture iliyonse yokhala ndi malo awoawo zachilengedwe zomwe zimasiyana kuchokera ku zokhazikika mpaka zovuta kwambiri. Ulimi wa m'nyanja (omwe nthawi zambiri umatchedwa open ocean kapena open water aquaculture) umawoneka ngati gwero latsopano lakukula kwachuma, koma umanyalanyaza mndandanda wazinthu zachilengedwe komanso zamakhalidwe amakampani ochepa omwe amalamulira chuma chambiri kudzera mwachinsinsi. Ulimi wa m'nyanja za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ukhoza kuyambitsa kufala kwa matenda, kulimbikitsa kadyedwe kosakhazikika ka nsomba, kutulutsa zinthu zowononga zachilengedwe, kuzinga nyama zakuthengo, ndi kuthawa kwa nsomba zamtovu. Kuthawa kwa nsomba ndi pamene nsomba zoweta zimathawira ku chilengedwe, zomwe zimawononga kwambiri nsomba zakuthengo komanso chilengedwe chonse. M'mbiri silinakhale funso if kuthawa kumachitika, koma pamene zidzachitika. Kafukufuku wina waposachedwapa wapeza kuti 92% ya nsomba zonse zomwe zimathawa zimachokera m'mafamu a nsomba za m'nyanja (Føre & Thorvaldsen, 2021). Ulimi wa ku Offshore aquaculture ndi wofunika kwambiri ndipo siwothandiza pazachuma monga momwe zilili pano.

Palinso zovuta zokhudzana ndi kutaya zinyalala ndi kutaya madzi otayira m'mphepete mwa nyanja zam'madzi. Muchitsanzo chimodzi malo apafupi ndi gombe adapezeka kuti amatulutsa magaloni 66 miliyoni amadzi onyansa - kuphatikiza mazana a mapaundi a nitrates - m'malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja tsiku lililonse.

N'chifukwa Chiyani Ulimi wa Aquaculture Uyenera Kulimbikitsidwa?

Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse lapansi amadalira nsomba kuti azipeza chakudya komanso zofunika pamoyo wawo. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nsomba zapadziko lonse lapansi zimasodza mosakhazikika, pomwe magawo awiri mwa atatu a nsomba za m'nyanja za m'nyanja zimasowetsedwa bwino. Ulimi wa Aquaculture umathandizira kwambiri pazakudya zathu, choncho ziyenera kuchitika m'njira yokhazikika. Makamaka, TOF ikuyang'ana matekinoloje osiyanasiyana otsekedwa, kuphatikiza akasinja obwereza, misewu yothamanga, makina odutsa, ndi maiwe amkati. Njirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamitundu yambiri ya nsomba, nkhono, ndi zomera za m'madzi. Ngakhale ubwino woonekeratu (thanzi ndi zina) za machitidwe otsekedwa a m'madzi a m'madzi adziwika, timathandiziranso zoyesayesa zopewera zolakwika zachilengedwe ndi chitetezo cha chakudya cha zolembera zotseguka. Tikuyembekeza kuti tigwire ntchito zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zapakhomo zomwe zingakhudze kusintha kwabwino.

Ngakhale pali zovuta za Aquaculture, The Ocean Foundation imalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo makampani osamalira zamoyo zam'madzi - pakati pamakampani ena okhudzana ndi thanzi la m'nyanja - chifukwa dziko likhoza kuwona kufunikira kwazakudya zam'nyanja. Muchitsanzo chimodzi, The Ocean Foundation imagwira ntchito ndi Rockefeller ndi Credit Suisse kuti alankhule ndi makampani osamalira zamoyo zam'madzi za kuyesetsa kwawo kuthana ndi nsabwe za m'nyanja, kuipitsa, komanso kusakhazikika kwa chakudya cha nsomba.

Ocean Foundation ikugwiranso ntchito mogwirizana ndi ogwira nawo ntchito pa Environmental Law Institute (ELI) ndi Emmett Environmental Law and Policy Clinic ya Harvard Law School kumveketsa bwino ndi kukonza momwe ulimi wa m'madzi umayendetsedwa ku United States federal ocean waters.

Pezani zothandizira izi pansipa ndi zina Webusayiti ya ELI:

2. Mfundo Zoyambira Zamoyo Zam'madzi

Food and Agriculture Organisation ya United Nations. (2022). Usodzi ndi Ulimi wa Madzi. Mgwirizano wamayiko. https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/aquaculture

Aquaculture ndi ntchito yazaka chikwi yomwe masiku ano imapereka zoposa theka la nsomba zonse zomwe zimadyedwa padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, ulimi wa m’madzi wachititsa kusintha kosayenera kwa chilengedwe kuphatikizapo: mikangano pakati pa anthu ogwiritsira ntchito nthaka ndi zinthu za m’madzi, kuwononga zinthu zofunika kwambiri zachilengedwe, kuwononga malo okhala, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ovulaza ndi mankhwala azinyama, kupanga kosakhazikika kwa ufa wa nsomba ndi mafuta a nsomba, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zotsatira za chikhalidwe pa ogwira ntchito m'madzi ndi madera. Izi mwachidule za Aquaculture kwa anthu wamba ndi akatswiri akufotokoza tanthauzo la ulimi wa m'madzi, maphunziro osankhidwa, zolemba zenizeni, zizindikiro za ntchito, ndemanga za m'madera, ndi malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka usodzi.

Jones, R., Dewey, B., ndi Seaver, B. (2022, January 28). Aquaculture: Chifukwa Chake Padziko Lonse Padziko Lonse Likufunika Kupanga Chakudya Chatsopano. World Economic Forum. 

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/01/aquaculture-agriculture-food-systems/

Alimi am'madzi atha kukhala oyang'anira kwambiri kusintha kwa chilengedwe. Ulimi wam'madzi wa m'madzi umapereka maubwino ambiri pothandiza dziko lapansi kuti lisinthe machitidwe ake azakudya, kuyesayesa zochepetsera nyengo monga kuthira mpweya komanso zopereka kumakampani omwe amapanga zinthu zokomera chilengedwe. Alimi olima zam'madzi ali ndi mwayi wapadera wokhala ngati oyang'anira zachilengedwe ndikuwonetsa zakusintha kwa chilengedwe. Olembawo amavomereza kuti ulimi wa m'madzi sukhala ndi mavuto ndi kuipitsa, koma pamene kusintha kwa machitidwe apangidwa, ulimi wa m'madzi ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko chokhazikika cha nthawi yaitali.

Alice R Jones, Heidi K Alleway, Dominic McAfee, Patrick Reis-Santos, Seth J Theuerkauf, Robert C Jones, Zakudya Zam'madzi Zopanda Nyengo: Zomwe Zingatheke Kuchepetsa Kutulutsa ndi Kujambula kwa Carbon mu Marine Aquaculture, BioScience, Volume 72, Issue 2, February 2022, masamba 123-143 , https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab126

Aquaculture imapanga 52% ya nyama zam'madzi zomwe zimadyedwa ndi mariculture zomwe zimapanga 37.5% ya zokolola izi ndi 97% ya zokolola zam'madzi padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwa mpweya (GHG) kudzadalira ndondomeko zoganiziridwa bwino pamene ulimi wa m’nyanja za m’madzi ukupitirirabe kukula. Pogwirizanitsa kuperekedwa kwa zinthu zapanyanja ndi mwayi wochepetsera GHG, olemba amanena kuti malonda a zamoyo zam'madzi akhoza kupititsa patsogolo machitidwe ogwirizana ndi nyengo omwe amabweretsa zotsatira zokhazikika za chilengedwe, chikhalidwe, ndi zachuma kwa nthawi yaitali.

FAO. 2021. World Food and Agriculture - Statistical Yearbook 2021. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4477en

Chaka chilichonse bungwe la Food and Agriculture Organization limapanga buku lachiwerengero lachiwerengero lokhala ndi chidziwitso pazakudya zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi ulimi komanso chidziwitso chofunikira pazachuma. Lipotili lili ndi magawo angapo omwe amakambirana zausodzi ndi ulimi wa m’madzi, nkhalango, mitengo ya zinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi, ndi madzi. Ngakhale kuti gweroli silinayang'ane mofanana ndi magwero ena omwe afotokozedwa pano, udindo wake pakutsata chitukuko cha zachuma cha ulimi wa m'nyanja sungathe kunyalanyazidwa.

FAO. 2019 Ntchito ya FAO pakusintha kwanyengo - Usodzi & ulimi wamadzi. Roma. https://www.fao.org/3/ca7166en/ca7166en.pdf

Bungwe la Food and Agriculture Organisation lidafotokoza lipoti lapadera lomwe likugwirizana ndi Lipoti Lapadera la 2019 pa Ocean and Cryosphere. Iwo ati kusintha kwanyengo kupangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwakukulu pakupezeka ndi malonda a nsomba ndi zinthu za m'nyanja zomwe zingakhale ndi zotsatira zofunikira pazandale komanso zachuma. Izi zidzakhala zovuta kwambiri kumayiko omwe amadalira nyanja ndi nsomba za m'nyanja monga gwero la mapuloteni (anthu odalira nsomba).

Bindoff, NL, WWL Cheung, JG Kairo, J. Arístegui, VA Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, MS Karim, L. Levin, S. O'Donoghue, SR Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, ndi P. Williamson, 2019: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities. Mu: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.-O. Pörtner, DC Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, NM Weyer ( ed.)]. Mu press. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/09_SROCC_Ch05_FINAL.pdf

Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, mafakitale opangira zinthu zam'nyanja sangatheke kwa nthawi yayitali popanda kutsatira njira zokhazikika. Lipoti Lapadera la 2019 la Ocean and Cryosphere likuti gawo lausodzi ndi ulimi wamadzi ndi pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha oyendetsa nyengo. Makamaka, mutu wachisanu wa lipotilo ukunena za kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zaulimi wa m'madzi ndikuwonetsa mbali zingapo za kafukufuku wofunikira kulimbikitsa kukhazikika kwa nthawi yaitali. Mwachidule, kufunikira kwa machitidwe okhazikika a zamoyo zam'madzi sikunganyalanyazidwe.

Heidi K Alleway, Chris L Gillies, Melanie J Bishop, Rebecca R Gentry, Seth J Theuerkauf, Robert Jones, The Ecosystem Services of Marine Aquaculture: Valuing Benefits to People and Nature, BioScience, Volume 69, Issue 1, January 2019, Masamba 59 -68, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy137

Pamene chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lapansi chikuchulukirachulukira, Ulimi wa Aquaculture udzakhala wofunikira kwambiri pazakudya zam'nyanja zam'tsogolo. Komabe, zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zoyipa zaulimi wa m'madzi zitha kulepheretsa kuchuluka kwa zokolola. Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kudzachepetsedwa kokha pakuwonjezeka kwa kuzindikira, kumvetsetsa, ndi kuwerengera ndalama zothandizira zachilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko zachitukuko, ndalama, ndi ndondomeko za certification zomwe zingathandize kuti phindu likhale lopindulitsa. Choncho, ulimi wa m'madzi sayenera kuonedwa kuti ndi wosiyana ndi chilengedwe koma ngati gawo lofunika kwambiri la chilengedwe, malinga ngati akhazikitsidwa njira zoyendetsera bwino.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2017). Kafukufuku wa NOAA Aquaculture - Mapu a Nkhani. Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda. https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Shortlist/index.html?appid=7b4af1ef0efb425ba35d6f2c8595600f

Bungwe la National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration lidapanga mapu ankhani omwe amawunikira ma projekiti awo amkati a kafukufuku wam'madzi. Ma projekitiwa akuphatikizapo kusanthula chikhalidwe cha zamoyo zinazake, kusanthula kayendedwe ka moyo, zakudya zina, kusintha kwa acidity m'nyanja, ndi mapindu omwe angakhalepo ndi zotsatirapo zake. Mapu a nkhani amawunikira mapulojekiti a NOAA kuyambira 2011 mpaka 2016 ndipo ndiwothandiza kwambiri kwa ophunzira, ofufuza omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi mapulojekiti am'mbuyomu a NOAA, komanso omvera onse.

Engle, C., McNevin, A., Racine, P., Boyd, C., Paungkaew, D., Viriyatum, R., Quoc Tinh, H., ndi Ngo Minh, H. (2017, April 3). Economics of Sustainable Intensification of Aquaculture: Umboni wochokera ku Mafamu ku Vietnam ndi Thailand. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Vol. 48, No2, p. 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12423.

Kukula kwa zamoyo zam'madzi ndikofunikira kuti pakhale chakudya chowonjezera kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Kafukufukuyu adayang'ana minda 40 yaulimi ku Thailand ndi 43 ku Vietnam kuti adziwe momwe kukula kwaulimi m'maderawa kuli kolimba. Kafukufukuyu anapeza kuti panali phindu lalikulu pamene alimi a shrimp amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zipangizo zina moyenera komanso kuti ulimi wa m’mphepete mwa nyanja ukhoza kupangidwa kuti ukhale wokhazikika. Kafukufuku wowonjezera adzafunikabe kuti apereke chitsogozo chokhazikika chokhudzana ndi machitidwe okhazikika a kasamalidwe ka zamoyo zam'madzi.

3. Kuipitsa ndi Kuopsa kwa Chilengedwe

Føre, H. ndi Thorvaldsen, T. (2021, February 15). Causal Analysis of Escape of Atlantic Salmon and Rainbow Trout from Norwegian Fish Farms Munthawi ya 2010 - 2018. Aquaculture, Vol. 532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736002

Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wa mafamu a nsomba ku Norwegian anapeza kuti 92% ya nsomba zonse zomwe zimathawa zimachokera ku nsomba za m'nyanja, pamene zosakwana 7% zinali zochokera pamtunda ndipo 1% inachokera kumayendedwe. Kafukufukuyu adayang'ana zaka zisanu ndi zinayi (2019-2018) ndipo adawerengera zopitilira 305 zomwe zidapulumuka ndi nsomba pafupifupi 2 miliyoni zomwe zidathawa, chiwerengerochi ndi chofunikira kwambiri chifukwa kafukufukuyu adangokhala a Salmon ndi Rainbow Trout omwe amalimidwa ku Norway. Zambiri mwa kuthawa kumeneku kunayambitsidwa mwachindunji ndi mabowo a maukonde, ngakhale kuti zinthu zina zaumisiri monga zida zowonongeka ndi nyengo yoipa zinathandiza. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa vuto lalikulu la ulimi wamadzi otseguka ngati mchitidwe wosakhazikika.

Racine, P., Marley, A., Froehlich, H., Gaines, S., Ladner, I., MacAdam-Somer, I., ndi Bradley, D. (2021). Mlandu wophatikizika ndi ulimi wa m'nyanja za m'madzi mu kasamalidwe ka kuipitsidwa kwa michere ku US, Marine Policy, Vol. 129, 2021, 104506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104506.

Udzu wa m'nyanja uli ndi kuthekera kochepetsera kuipitsidwa kwa michere yam'madzi, kuletsa kukula kwa eutrophication (kuphatikiza hypoxia), komanso kuwongolera kuwononga chilengedwe pochotsa nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous wambiri m'malo okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Komabe, mpaka pano udzu wambiri wa m'nyanja sunagwiritsidwepo ntchito ngati izi. Pamene dziko likupitirizabe kuvutika ndi zotsatira za kutha kwa michere, nyanja zam'madzi zimapereka yankho logwirizana ndi chilengedwe lomwe liri loyenera kubwereketsa kwakanthawi kochepa kuti lipindule kwa nthawi yayitali.

Flegel, T. ndi Alday-Sanz, V. (2007, July) The Crisis in Asian Shrimp Aquaculture: Mkhalidwe Wamakono ndi Zosowa Zamtsogolo. Journal of Applied Ichthyology. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1998.tb00654.x

Chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 2000, nsomba zonse zomwe zimalimidwa ku Asia zidapezeka kuti zili ndi matenda a White-spot omwe mwina ataya ndalama zokwana madola mabiliyoni angapo. Ngakhale kuti matendawa adayankhidwa, kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuopsa kwa matenda mkati mwa mafakitale a zamoyo zam'madzi. Kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zofufuza ndi chitukuko zidzafunika, ngati malonda a shrimp ayenera kukhala okhazikika, kuphatikizapo: kumvetsetsa bwino za chitetezo cha shrimp ku matenda; kafukufuku wowonjezera pazakudya; ndi kuthetsa kuwononga chilengedwe.

Boyd, C., D'Abramo, L., Glencross,B., David C. Huyben, D., Juarez, L., Lockwood, G., McNevin, A., Tacon, A., Teletchea, F., Tomasso Jr, J., Tucker, C., Valenti, W. (2020, June 24). Kukwaniritsa Zamoyo Zam'madzi Zokhazikika: Zowonera zakale komanso zamakono komanso zosowa ndi zovuta zamtsogolo. Journal ya World Aquaculture Society. Wiley Online Libraryhttps://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12714

Pazaka zisanu zapitazi, makampani a Aquaculture achepetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wake kudzera pakutengera pang'onopang'ono njira zatsopano zopangira zomwe zachepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi abwino pagawo lililonse lopangidwa, kuwongolera kasamalidwe ka chakudya, ndikutengera njira zatsopano zaulimi. Kafukufukuyu akutsimikizira kuti ngakhale ulimi wa m’madzi ukupitirizabe kuona kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, zochitika zonse zikupita ku makampani okhazikika.

Turchini, G., Jesse T. Trushenski, J., ndi Glencross, B. (2018, September 15). Malingaliro a Tsogolo la Zakudya Zam'madzi: Kukonzanso Malingaliro Oti Muwonetsere Nkhani Zamakono Zokhudzana ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mwachilungamo kwa Zida Zam'madzi mu Aquafeeds. American Fisheries Society. https://doi.org/10.1002/naaq.10067 https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/naaq.10067

Pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi 'ofufuza apita patsogolo kwambiri pa kafukufuku wazakudya zam'madzi ndi zakudya zina. Komabe, kudalira chuma cham'madzi kumakhalabe chopinga chomwe chimachepetsa kukhazikika. Njira yofufuzira yokhazikika - yogwirizana ndi zosowa zamakampani komanso yoyang'ana pakupanga kwa michere ndi kuphatikizika kwazinthu - ndiyofunika kulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwazakudya zam'madzi.

Buck, B., Troell, M., Krause, G., Angel, D., Grote, B., ndi Chopin, T. (2018, May 15). State of the Art and Challenges for Offshore Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA). Frontiers in Marine Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00165

Olemba pepalali akuti kusamutsa malo osungiramo zinthu zam'madzi kupita kunyanja yotseguka komanso kutali ndi zachilengedwe zakufupi ndi nyanja kumathandizira kukulitsa kwakukulu kwazakudya zam'madzi. Kafukufukuyu akupambana m’chidule chake cha zomwe zikuchitika panopa za umisiri waulimi wa m’nyanja za m’nyanja, makamaka kagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaphatikizidwe ka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo zam’madzi komwe mitundu ingapo (monga nsomba za m’nyanja, oyster, nkhaka za m’nyanja, ndi kelp) zimalimidwa pamodzi kuti apange njira yolima yophatikizika. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti ulimi wa m'nyanja za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ukhozabe kuwononga chilengedwe ndipo sunagwirebe ntchito pazachuma.

Duarte, C., Wu, J., Xiao, X., Bruhn, A., Krause-Jensen, D. (2017). Kodi Ulimi Waudzu Wam'nyanja Ungathe Kutenga Mbali Pakuchepetsa ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo? Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00100

Kulima m'madzi am'nyanja si gawo lokhalo lomwe likukula mwachangu pakupanga chakudya padziko lonse lapansi koma ndi bizinesi yomwe imatha kuthandiza kuchepetsa kusintha kwanyengo komanso njira zosinthira. Ulimi wa m'nyanja zam'madzi utha kukhala ngati mbiya ya kaboni yopangira mafuta a biofuel, umapangitsa nthaka kukhala yabwino polowa m'malo mwa feteleza woipitsa, ndikuchepetsa mphamvu zamafunde kuti ziteteze magombe. Komabe, msika waposachedwa waulimi wam'madzi wam'nyanja uli ndi malire chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa malo oyenera komanso mpikisano wamalo oyenera ndi ntchito zina, makina opangira uinjiniya omwe amatha kuthana ndi zovuta zakunyanja, komanso kuchuluka kwa msika wazinthu zam'madzi, pakati pazifukwa zina.

5. Zamoyo Zamadzi ndi Zosiyanasiyana, Zofanana, Kuphatikizidwa, ndi Chilungamo

FAO. 2018. State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 - Kukwaniritsa zolinga zachitukuko chokhazikika. Roma. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf

Bungwe la United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Sustainable Development Goals limalola kusanthula za usodzi ndi ulimi wa m’madzi zomwe zimayang’ana kwambiri za chitetezo cha chakudya, kadyedwe, kagwiritsidwe ntchito kosatha ka zachilengedwe, ndikuganiziranso zochitika zachuma, chikhalidwe, ndi chilengedwe. Ngakhale kuti lipotili latsala pang'ono kutha zaka zisanu, kuyang'ana kwake pa maulamuliro ozikidwa pa ufulu wa chitukuko chofanana ndi chitukuko chidakali chofunikira kwambiri lero.

6. Malamulo ndi Malamulo Okhudza Zamoyo Zam'madzi

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2022). Upangiri Wololeza Zamoyo Zam'madzi ku United States. Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2022-02/Guide-Permitting-Marine-Aquaculture-United-States-2022.pdf

Bungwe la National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration linapanga kalozera kwa omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi mfundo za United States zokhudza ulimi wa m'madzi ndi kulola. Bukuli ndi la anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi chofunsira zilolezo zaulimi wa m'madzi ndi omwe akufuna kudziwa zambiri za njira zololeza kuphatikiza zida zofunikira zofunsira. Ngakhale chikalatacho sichinafotokoze zambiri, chili ndi mndandanda wa ndondomeko zololeza boma ndi boma za nkhono, finfish, ndi udzu.

Ofesi yayikulu ya Purezidenti. (2020, Meyi 7). US Executive Order 13921, Kulimbikitsa Mpikisano wa Zakudya Zam'madzi zaku America ndi Kukula Kwachuma.

Kumayambiriro kwa 2020, Purezidenti Biden adasaina EO 13921 ya Meyi 7, 2020, kuti ayambitsenso ntchito ya usodzi ku US. Makamaka, Gawo 6 limapereka njira zitatu zololeza ulimi wa m'madzi: 

  1. yomwe ili mkati mwa EEZ komanso kunja kwa madzi a State kapena Territory,
  2. amafuna kuwunika kwa chilengedwe kapena kuvomerezedwa ndi mabungwe awiri kapena kuposerapo (Federal), ndi
  3. bungwe lomwe likanakhala lotsogolera latsimikiza kuti likonzekera chikalata chokhudza chilengedwe (EIS). 

Izi ndizomwe zimapangidwira kulimbikitsa msika wam'nyanja wampikisano ku United States, kuyika zakudya zotetezeka komanso zathanzi pamagome aku America, ndikuthandizira chuma cha America. Lamuloli limathetsanso mavuto a kusodza kosaloledwa, kosaneneka, komanso kosalamuliridwa, ndikuwongolera kuwonekera.

FAO. 2017. Climate Smart Agriculture Sourcebook - Climate-Smart Fisheries and Aquaculture. Roma.http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/production-resources/module-b4-fisheries/b4-overview/en/

Bungwe la Food and Agriculture Organisation lapanga buku loti "lifotokoze momveka bwino za ulimi wogwiritsa ntchito bwino nyengo" kuphatikiza zonse zomwe zingatheke komanso zolepheretsa kuthana ndi kusintha kwanyengo. Izi zitha kukhala zothandiza kwambiri kwa opanga mfundo kumayiko onse komanso madera ang'onoang'ono.

NATIONAL AQUACULTURE ACT OF 1980 Act of September 26, 1980, Public Law 96-362, 94 Stat. 1198, 16 USC 2801, ndi seq. https://www.agriculture.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/National%20Aquaculture%20Act%20Of%201980.pdf

Malamulo ambiri a ku United States okhudza za Aquaculture akhoza kutsatiridwa ku National Aquaculture Act ya 1980. Lamuloli linafuna kuti Dipatimenti ya Zaulimi, Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda, Dipatimenti ya Zam'kati, ndi Regional Fishery Management Councils ikhazikitse National Aquaculture Development. Konzani. Lamuloli likufuna kuti ndondomeko yozindikiritsa zamoyo za m'madzi zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamalonda, inakhazikitsa njira zomwe anthu achinsinsi komanso aboma angachite pofuna kulimbikitsa ulimi wa m'madzi ndi kufufuza zotsatira za ulimi wa m'madzi pa zamoyo zam'madzi ndi zam'madzi. Inakhazikitsanso Interagency Working Group on Aquaculture monga bungwe lothandizira mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe a federal ku US pazochitika zokhudzana ndi ulimi wa m'madzi. Mtundu waposachedwa kwambiri wa dongosololi, the National Strategic Plan for Federal Aquaculture Research (2014-2019), idapangidwa ndi National Science and Technology Council Committee on Science Interagency Working Group on Aquaculture.

7. Zowonjezera Zowonjezera

Bungwe la National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration linapanga mapepala angapo okhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana za Aquaculture ku United States. Maumboni okhudzana ndi Tsambali la Kafukufuku akuphatikiza: Kuyanjana kwa Aquaculture ndi Environmental, Aquaculture Amapereka Ntchito Zopindulitsa Zachilengedwe, Kupirira kwa Nyengo ndi Ulimi wa Madzi, Thandizo pa Masoka Osodza, Marine Aquaculture ku US, Zowopsa Zomwe Zingatheke Zothawa Zamoyo Zam'madzi, Regulation of Marine Aquaculture, ndi Zakudya Zam'madzi Zokhazikika ndi Zakudya Zam'madzi.

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