Nsomba Pamtima pa Chakudya Chakudya

Nkhaniyi idawonekera koyamba pa Limn ndipo idalembedwanso ndi Alison Fairbrother ndi David Schleifer.

Simunaonepo manhaden, koma mwaidya. Ngakhale kuti palibe amene amakhala pansi pa mbale ya nsomba za silvery, maso a tizilombo, zotalika mapazi pa malo odyera zakudya zam'nyanja, menhaden amayenda m'maketani a chakudya cha anthu makamaka osadziŵika m'matupi a zamoyo zina, zobisika mu nsomba, nkhumba, anyezi, ndi zakudya zina zambiri.

Mamiliyoni a mapaundi a menhaden amasodza kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Gulf of Mexico ndi kampani imodzi yokhala ku Houston, Texas, yokhala ndi dzina lomveka bwino: Omega Protein. Phindu la kampaniyo makamaka limachokera ku njira yotchedwa "kuchepetsa," yomwe imaphatikizapo kuphika, kugaya, ndi kulekanitsa mafuta a menhaden ndi mapuloteni ake ndi micronutrients. Zigawozi zimakhala zogwiritsidwa ntchito pazamoyo zam'madzi, zoweta zamafakitale, komanso kulima masamba. Zakudya zokhala ndi mafuta ndi mapuloteni zimakhala chakudya cha nyama. Ma micronutrients amakhala feteleza wa mbewu.

Zimagwira ntchito motere: kuyambira Epulo mpaka Disembala, tawuni yaying'ono yam'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Reedville, Virginia, imatumiza asodzi ambiri ku Chesapeake Bay ndi Nyanja ya Atlantic pa zombo zisanu ndi zinayi za Omega Protein. Oyendetsa ndege a Spotter m'ndege zing'onozing'ono amawulukira pamwamba, kufunafuna menhaden kuchokera pamwamba, yomwe imadziwika ndi mthunzi wofiira womwe amasiya pamadzi pamene akunyamula pamodzi m'masukulu olimba a nsomba zikwi makumi.

Pamene menhaden azindikiridwa, spotter amayendetsa wailesi ku sitima yapafupi ndi kuilozera kusukulu. Asodzi a Omega Protein amatumiza mabwato ang'onoang'ono awiri, omwe amakola sukulu ndi ukonde waukulu wotchedwa purse seine. Nsombazo zikatsekeredwa, ukonde wa purse seine umangiriridwa mwamphamvu ngati chingwe chokokera. Pampu ya hydraulic vacuum ndiye imayamwa menhaden kuchokera muukonde kupita kumtunda wa sitimayo. Kubwerera ku fakitale, kuchepetsa kumayamba. Zofananazo zimachitika ku Gulf of Mexico, komwe Omega Protein ali ndi mafakitale atatu ochepetsera.

Menhaden imagwidwa ndi nsomba zambiri kuposa nsomba zina zilizonse mu kontinenti ya United States ndi kuchuluka kwake. Mpaka posachedwapa, ntchito yaikulu imeneyi ndi zogulitsa zake zinali pafupifupi zopanda malamulo, ngakhale kuti chilengedwe chinakhudzidwa kwambiri. Chiwerengero cha menhaden chatsika pafupifupi 90 peresenti kuyambira nthawi yomwe anthu adayamba kukolola menhaden kuchokera kumadzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic ndi nyanja.

Omega Protein sanali woyamba kuzindikira phindu la menhaden. Etymology ya menhaden imasonyeza malo ake aatali pakupanga chakudya. Dzina lake limachokera ku liwu la Narragansett munnawhatteaûg, lomwe kwenikweni limatanthauza "chimene chimalemeretsa dziko." Kafukufuku wofukulidwa m'mabwinja ku Cape Cod amasonyeza kuti Amwenye Achimereka kumeneko anakwirira nsomba zomwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi menhaden m'minda yawo ya chimanga (Mrozowski 1994: 47-62). Nkhani ya William Bradford ndi Edward Winslow yochokera mu 1622 ya a Pilgrim ku Plymouth, Massachusetts, ikufotokoza atsamunda omwe ankadyetsera minda yawo ndi nsomba “molingana ndi machitidwe a Amwenye” (Bradford ndi Winslow 1622).

Amalonda koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu anayamba kumanga malo ang'onoang'ono kuti achepetse menhaden kukhala mafuta ndi chakudya kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafakitale ndi zaulimi. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 1950, malo opitirira mazana awiri mwa malowa anali m'mphepete mwa nyanja kum'mawa kwa United States ndi Gulf of Mexico. Kwa zaka zambiri, asodzi ankapha nsomba pogwiritsa ntchito maukonde omwe ankakokera pamanja. Koma kuyambira m’ma 60, mapampu a hydraulic vacuum apangitsa kuti zitheke kuyamwa mamiliyoni a menhaden kuchokera ku maukonde akuluakulu kulowa m’sitima zazikulu zonyamula mafuta. M'zaka 47 zapitazi, ma pounds XNUMX biliyoni a menhaden adakololedwa kuchokera ku Atlantic.

Pamene nsomba za menhaden zinkakula, mafakitale ang'onoang'ono ndi asodzi anasiya malonda. Pofika m'chaka cha 2006, kampani imodzi yokha inali itatsala. Omega Protein, yomwe ili ku likulu lake ku Texas, imagwira pakati pa kotala ndi theka biliyoni ya mapaundi a menhaden chaka chilichonse kuchokera ku Atlantic, ndipo pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri ndalamazo kuchokera ku Gulf of Mexico.

Chifukwa Omega Protein ndiyomwe imayang'anira makampani, malipoti awo azaka zapachaka amapangitsa kuti athe kutsata menhaden kudzera muzakudya zapadziko lonse lapansi kuchokera kumalo ake ochepetserako ku Reedville, Virginia, ndi mafakitale ochepa ku Louisiana ndi Mississippi.

Mogwirizana ndi mmene Amwenye a ku America amagwiritsira ntchito, ma micronutrients a menhaden—makamaka nayitrogeni, phosphorous, ndi potaziyamu—amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga feteleza. Ku United States, feteleza wa menhaden amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulima anyezi ku Texas, blueberries ku Georgia, ndi maluwa ku Tennessee, pakati pa mbewu zina.

Gawo laling'ono la mafutawa limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya zopatsa thanzi za anthu, zomwe ndi mapiritsi amafuta a nsomba omwe ali ndi omega-3 fatty acids, omwe adalumikizidwa ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa zinthu zina zowopsa za matenda amtima. Omega-3s amapezeka mwachilengedwe mumasamba obiriwira ndi mtedza. Alinso mu algae, omwe menhaden amadya mochuluka. Zotsatira zake, menhaden ndi mitundu ya nsomba zomwe zimadalira menhaden kuti zikhale chakudya zili ndi omega-3s.

Mu 2004, bungwe la US Food and Drug Administration lidalola opanga kuti anene pazakudya zomwe zimagwirizanitsa kudya zakudya zomwe zili ndi omega-3s kuti achepetse chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima. Kaya kapena osamwa mapiritsi a mafuta a nsomba omega-3 ali ndi ubwino wofanana ndi kudya zakudya zomwe zili ndi omega-3s zimakhalabe zotsutsana (Allport 2006; Kris-Etherton et al. 2002; Rizos et al. 2012). Komabe, malonda a mapiritsi amafuta a nsomba adakula kuchokera ku $ 100 miliyoni mu 2001 mpaka $ 1.1 biliyoni mu 2011 (Frost & Sullivan Research Service 2008; Herper 2009; Packaged Facts 2011). Msika wa omega-3 supplements ndi zakudya ndi zakumwa zolimba ndi omega-3s unali $195 miliyoni mu 2004. Pofika chaka cha 2011, chinali $13 biliyoni.

Kwa Omega Protein, ndalama zenizeni zili m'mapuloteni ndi mafuta a menhaden, zomwe zakhala zopangira chakudya cha nyama pazakudya zam'madzi, nkhumba, ndi ng'ombe ku United States ndi kunja. Kampaniyo ili bwino kupitiliza kukulitsa malonda a menhaden padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwamafuta ndi mapuloteni padziko lonse lapansi kwatsika kuyambira 2004, kufunikira kwakula kwambiri. Ndalama za Omega Protein pa tani zachuluka kuwirikiza katatu kuyambira 2000. Ndalama zonse zinali $236 miliyoni mu 2012, 17.8 peresenti ya malire.

Makasitomala a Omega Protein a “blue chip” pazakudya za ziweto ndi zakudya za anthu akuphatikizapo Whole Foods, Nestlé Purina, Iams, Land O'Lakes, ADM, Swanson Health Products, Cargill, Del Monte, Science Diet, Smart Balance, ndi Vitamin Shoppe. Koma makampani omwe amagula chakudya cha menhaden ndi mafuta kuchokera ku Omega Protein sakuyenera kulemba ngati mankhwala awo ali ndi nsomba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ogula asamadziwe ngati akudya menhaden. Komabe, poganizira kuchuluka kwa nsomba komanso kukula kwa Omega Protein, ngati mwadya nsomba za salimoni kapena nyama yankhumba, ndiye kuti mwadyapo nyama zoweta pang'ono pa menhaden. Mwinanso munadyetsapo nyama zokwezedwa pa menhaden kwa ziweto zanu, kumeza menhaden mu makapisozi a gel ovomerezedwa ndi dokotala wamtima wanu, kapena kuwawaza pamunda wanu wamasamba wakumbuyo.

"Tasintha kampaniyo pakapita nthawi komwe mungadzuke m'mawa, kukhala ndi Omega-3 (mafuta a nsomba) kuti muyambe tsiku lanu, mutha kuthetsa njala yanu pakati pa chakudya ndi protein kugwedezeka, ndipo mutha kukhala pansi. pansi pa chakudya chamadzulo ndi chidutswa cha salimoni, ndipo mwayi uli, chimodzi mwazinthu zathu chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kukweza nsombayo, "Mkulu wa Omega Protein Brett Scholtes adanena poyankhulana ndi Houston Business Journal (Ryan 2013).

Chifukwa chiyani zili zofunikira kuti nsomba yaying'onoyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni a nyama padziko lonse lapansi pamene ndalama zapadziko lonse zimakwera komanso zakudya zikusintha (WHO 2013: 5)? Chifukwa menhaden siwofunika kokha pa chakudya cha anthu, iwonso ndi ma linchpins a chakudya cha m'nyanja.

Menhaden amaswana m'nyanja, koma nsomba zambiri zimapita ku Chesapeake Bay kuti zikakule m'madzi amchere am'mphepete mwa nyanja yayikulu kwambiri mdzikolo. M'mbiri, Chesapeake Bay idathandizira anthu ambiri a menhaden: nthano imanena kuti Captain John Smith adawona ma menhaden ambiri atadzaza ku Chesapeake Bay atafika mu 1607 kuti adatha kuwagwira ndi poto yokazinga.

M'malo osungira ana nazale, menhaden amakula ndikuchita bwino m'masukulu akuluakulu asanasamuke m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic. Masukulu a menhaden awa amapereka chakudya chofunikira, chopatsa thanzi kwa adani ambiri ofunikira, monga ma bass amizeremizere, weakfish, bluefish, spiny dogfish, dolphin, anamgumi a humpback, harbor seal, osprey, loons, ndi zina.

Mu 2009, asayansi a zausodzi adanenanso kuti anthu a ku Atlantic menhaden adacheperachepera 10 peresenti ya kukula kwake koyambirira. Asayansi a m’mafakitale amanena kuti nsomba zazing’ono zomwe zimadya nyama monga menhaden, sardines, ndi hering’i zimachulukana mofulumira kuti zilowe m’malo mwa nsomba zimene zimachotsedwa m’nyanja ndi nsomba zamalonda. Koma akatswiri ambiri azachilengedwe, asayansi aboma ndi ophunzira, komanso okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja amatsutsa kuti kusodza kwa menhaden kumasokoneza zachilengedwe, ndikusiya ma menhaden ochepa m'madzi kuti awerengere zomwe zilombo zimafuna.

Mabass okhala ndi mizere kwa nthawi yayitali akhala amodzi mwa nyama zolusa kwambiri za menhaden ku East Coast. Masiku ano, mabasi ambiri amizeremizere ku Chesapeake Bay ali ndi mycobacteriosis, matenda omwe amayambitsa zilonda omwe kale anali osowa kwambiri okhudzana ndi kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi.

Osprey, adani ena a menhaden, sizinamuyendere bwino. M'zaka za m'ma 1980, oposa 70 peresenti ya zakudya za osprey zinali menhaden. Pofika m'chaka cha 2006, chiwerengerochi chinali chitatsika kufika pa 27 peresenti, ndipo kupulumuka kwa ana a osprey ku Virginia kudatsika kwambiri kuyambira m'ma 1940, pamene mankhwala ophera tizilombo a DDT anabweretsedwa m'deralo, zomwe zinawononga ana a osprey. Ndipo chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 2000, ofufuza anayamba kupeza kuti nsomba za weakfish, zomwe ndi zofunika pazachuma zodya nyama m’nyanja ya Atlantic, zinali kufa mochuluka. Popanda kukhala ndi thanzi labwino la menhaden kuti azidyetserako, ma bass amizeremizere ankadya nsomba zazing'ono zochepa ndipo kuchepetsa chiwerengero chawo.

Mu 2012, gulu la akatswiri am'madzi lotchedwa Lenfest Forage Fish Task Force linanena kuti mtengo wosiya nsomba zam'madzi m'nyanja ngati chakudya chazilombo zolusa unali $11 biliyoni: kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa $5.6 biliyoni yopangidwa pochotsa zamoyo ngati menhaden. kuchokera m'nyanja ndikukankhira m'matumba a chakudya cha nsomba (Pikitch et al, 2012).

Pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri akulengeza za mabungwe a zachilengedwe, mu December 2012, bungwe loyang'anira lotchedwa Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission linakhazikitsa lamulo loyamba lodziwika bwino la nsomba za menhaden. Bungweli lidadula zokolola za menhaden ndi 20 peresenti kuchokera m'mbuyomu poyesa kuteteza anthu kuti asachuluke. Lamuloli linakhazikitsidwa munyengo ya usodzi ya 2013; kaya zakhudza anthu a menhaden ndi funso lomwe asayansi aboma akukakamira kuliyankha.

Pakadali pano, mankhwala a menhaden amakhalabe ofunikira pakupanga padziko lonse lapansi nsomba ndi nyama zotsika mtengo. Dongosolo lazakudya zamafakitale limadalira kuchotsa zakudya kuchokera ku nyama zakuthengo. Timadya menhaden mu mawonekedwe a nyama ya nkhumba, nkhuku, ndi tilapia. Ndipo pochita izi, madyedwe athu amatsogolera ku imfa ya mbalame ndi nsomba zolusa zomwe sizidutsa milomo yathu.
Alison Fairbrother ndi wamkulu wa Public Trust Project, bungwe lopanda phindu, lopanda phindu lomwe limafufuza ndi kupereka malipoti onama zabodza za sayansi ndi mabungwe, boma, ndi ma TV.

David Schleifer amafufuza ndikulemba za chakudya, chisamaliro chaumoyo, ukadaulo ndi maphunziro. Ndiwothandizanso pa kafukufuku wamkulu ku Public Agenda, bungwe lopanda phindu, lopanda phindu komanso lochita nawo zinthu. Malingaliro omwe afotokozedwa pano sikuti ndi a Public Agenda kapena opereka ndalama. 

Zothandizira
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