Yankho la Humanitarian Response ndi Healthy Ocean Response

Kuchitapo kanthu pofuna kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi nkhondo yosaloledwa yogonjetsa Russia motsutsana ndi Ukraine

Tikuwona ndi mantha pamene nkhondo ya Russia ku Ukraine ikuwononga anthu ake. Timalembera otipanga zisankho kuti achitepo kanthu. Timapereka kuti tithandizire zosowa za anthu omwe athawa kwawo komanso omwe adazingidwa. Timayesetsa kusonyeza kuti tikuthandiza ndi kudera nkhawa anthu amene okondedwa awo sangathe kuthawa nkhondo. Tikukhulupirira kuti njira zopanda chiwawa, zamalamulo zomwe atsogoleri adziko lapansi akuyankhira zidzagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zokwanira kuti Russia ione zolakwika za njira zake. Ndipo tiyenera kuganizira zomwe izi zikutanthauza kulinganiza kwa mphamvu, kuteteza chilungamo, ndi tsogolo la thanzi la dziko lapansi. 

Ukraine ndi dziko la m’mphepete mwa nyanja ndipo m’mphepete mwa nyanja muli makilomita pafupifupi 2,700 kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Azov m’mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda mpaka kumtsinje wa Danube kumalire a Romania. Mitsinje yambiri ya mitsinje ndi mitsinje imayenda kudutsa dzikolo kupita kunyanja. Kukwera kwa nyanja ndi kukokoloka kwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja kukusintha m'mphepete mwa nyanja - kuphatikiza kwa kukwera kwa nyanja ya Black Sea ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi opanda mchere chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mvula komanso kutsika kwa nthaka. Kafukufuku wasayansi wa 2021 motsogozedwa ndi Barış Salihoğlu, mkulu wa Institute of Marine Sciences ku Middle East Technical University, adanena kuti zamoyo zam'madzi za Black Sea zili pachiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kosasinthika chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko. Monga madera ena onse, amamangidwa chifukwa chodalira mafuta omwe amayambitsa mavutowa.

Malo apadera a dziko la Ukraine akutanthauza kuti ndi kwawo kwa mapaipi ambiri onyamula mafuta ndi gasi. Mapaipi a gasi 'odutsa'wa amanyamula mafuta oyaka, kuwotchedwa kuti apange magetsi komanso kukwaniritsa mphamvu zina zamayiko aku Europe. Mapaipi amenewo atsimikiziranso kuti ndi gwero lamphamvu lamphamvu pomwe Russia idalanda Ukraine.

Dziko lapansi ladzudzula nkhondoyi kuti ndi yosaloledwa 

Mu 1928, dziko lonse lapansi linagwirizana zothetsa nkhondo zolanda anthu kudzera mu Pangano la Paris Peace Pact. Mgwirizano wapadziko lonse umenewu unaletsa kuukira dziko lina n’cholinga chogonjetsa. Ndiwo maziko a kudzitetezera kwa dziko lililonse lodzilamulira ndi kuti mayiko ena ateteze oukirawo, monga ngati pamene Hitler anayamba kuyesayesa kulanda maiko ena ndi kukulitsa Germany. Ndichifukwa chake maikowa sanatchulidwe kuti ndi Germany, koma ngati "France yolandidwa" komanso "yolanda Denmark". Lingaliro ili lidafikira ku "Japan yomwe idalandidwa" pomwe USA idamulamulira kwakanthawi nkhondo itatha. Pangano lazamalamulo lapadziko lonseli liyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti mayiko ena SIDZALANDIRA ulamuliro wa Russia ku Ukraine, motero azindikire Ukraine ngati dziko lolandidwa, osati ngati gawo la Russia. 

Mavuto onse a mgwirizano wapadziko lonse angathe ndipo ayenera kuthetsedwa mwamtendere, kulemekeza ulamuliro wa mayiko ndi kufunikira kwa mapangano olemekezedwa. Ukraine sinawononge chitetezo cha Russia. M'malo mwake, kuwukira kwa Russia kukanawonjezera chiopsezo chake. Atayambitsa nkhondo yopanda nzeru komanso yopanda chifukwa iyi, Purezidenti waku Russia Vladimir Putin walamula kuti dziko la Russia litsutsidwe ndi dziko lonse lapansi ngati dziko lachiyanjano, komanso anthu ake kuti azivutika ndi mavuto azachuma komanso kudzipatula, pakati pa zovuta zina. 

Maboma, mabungwe, mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, ndi mabungwe ena ali ogwirizana m'chikhulupiriro chawo kuti nkhondo zosaloledwa zamtunduwu zimafunikira kuyankhapo. Pamsonkhano wosowa mwadzidzidzi womwe UN Security Council idachita, pa Marichi 2^nd, bungwe la United Nations General Assembly linavota kuti lidzudzule dziko la Russia chifukwa cha kuukira kumeneku. Chigamulocho chinachirikizidwa ndi 141 mwa mamembala 193 a msonkhanowo (ndipo 5 okha otsutsa), ndipo chinaperekedwa. Izi ndi mbali ya zilango, kunyanyala, ndi zina zomwe zakonzedwa kuti zilange dziko la Russia chifukwa chosokoneza chitetezo chapadziko lonse komanso kuphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo tikamacita zimene tingathe n’kunong’oneza bondo zimene sitingathe, tingathenso kuthetsa gwero la mkanganowo.

Nkhondo ikugwirizana ndi mafuta

Malinga ndi Kennedy School ya Harvard, pakati pa 25-50% ya nkhondo kuyambira 1973 idalumikizidwa ndi mafuta ngati njira yoyambitsa. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mafuta ndi omwe amachititsa nkhondo. Palibe china chilichonse chomwe chimayandikira.

Mwa zina, kuwukira kwa Russia ndi nkhondo inanso yokhudzana ndi mafuta oyaka. Ndiwoyang'anira mapaipi omwe amadutsa ku Ukraine. Mafuta aku Russia ndi kugulitsa kumadzulo kwa Europe ndi ena amathandizira bajeti yankhondo yaku Russia. Western Europe imalandira pafupifupi 40% ya gasi wake wachilengedwe ndi 25% yamafuta ake kuchokera ku Russia. Choncho, nkhondoyi ikukhudzanso chiyembekezo cha Putin kuti kuyenda kwa mafuta ndi gasi kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi Russia kukanati, ndipo mwinamwake, kuyankha pang'onopang'ono kwa asilikali a Russia pamalire a Ukraine. Ndipo, mwinanso kulepheretsa kubwezera pambuyo kuwukira. Palibe dziko komanso mabungwe ochepa omwe amafuna kuyika mkwiyo wa Putin pachiwopsezo chifukwa chodalira mphamvu izi. Ndipo, zowonadi, a Putin adachitapo kanthu pomwe mitengo yamafuta idakwera chifukwa cha kufunikira kwanyengo komanso kusowa kwachibale.

Chochititsa chidwi, koma n'zosadabwitsa, zilango zomwe mukuwerengazo - zomwe zimafuna kuti Russia ikhale dziko la pariah - zonse zopanda mphamvu zogulitsa mphamvu kuti kumadzulo kwa Ulaya kukhalebe ndi bizinesi monga mwachizolowezi ngakhale kuvulaza anthu a ku Ukraine. Malipoti a BBC ati ambiri asankha kukana kutumiza mafuta ndi gasi ku Russia. Ichi ndi chizindikiro chabwino kuti anthu ndi okonzeka kupanga zisankho zotere ataona kuti ndi zoyenera.

Ichi ndi chifukwa china chothetsera kusokoneza kwa anthu kwa nyengo

Kufunika kothana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kumalumikizana mwachindunji ndi kufulumira kwa kupewa nkhondo ndi kuthetsa mikangano ya anthu mwa kukambirana ndi mgwirizano mwa kuchepetsa zomwe zimadziwika kuti zimayambitsa nkhondo - monga kudalira mafuta oyaka.

Patangopita masiku ochepa kuchokera pamene Russia anaukira, latsopano Ripoti la IPCC adafotokoza momveka bwino kuti kusintha kwanyengo kuli koyipa kwambiri kuposa momwe timaganizira. Ndipo zotsatira zowonjezera zikubwera mofulumira. Ndalama zothandizira anthu zikuyesedwa m'miyoyo miyandamiyanda yomwe yakhudzidwa kale, ndipo chiwerengerochi chikukula kwambiri. Ndi nkhondo yamtundu wina kukonzekera zotsatira ndikuyesera kuchepetsa zomwe zimayambitsa kusintha kwa nyengo. Koma ndizofunikanso kuchepetsa mikangano yomwe ingangowonjezera ndalama za anthu.

Ndizovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi kuti anthu achepetse mpweya wa GHG kuti akwaniritse malire a 1.5°C pakutentha kwa dziko. Izi zimafuna ndalama zosayerekezeka pakusintha kofanana kupita ku magwero amphamvu a carbon (owonjezedwanso). Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndikofunikira kuti pasavomerezedwe ntchito zatsopano zamafuta ndi gasi. Kupanga komwe kulipo kuyenera kuchepetsedwa kwambiri. Zikutanthauza kuti tiyenera kusamutsa ndalama zothandizira msonkho kuchoka ku mafuta oyaka mafuta kupita ku mphepo, dzuwa, ndi mphamvu zina zoyera. 

Mwina mosalephera, kuwukiridwa kwa Ukraine kwathandiza kukankhira dziko mafuta ndi gasi mitengo apamwamba (ndipo motero, mtengo wa mafuta ndi dizilo). Izi ndi zotsatira zapadziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha mkangano wapang'ono womwe ungachepe ngati utachotsedwa pamafuta oyaka. Zachidziwikire, zokonda zamafuta aku US zakakamiza kwambiri kubowola m'dzina la "ufulu wamagetsi waku US" ngakhale kuti US ndiyogulitsa kunja mafuta ndipo ikhoza kukhala yodziyimira pawokha popititsa patsogolo ntchito yopangira zongowonjezera zomwe zikukula kale. 

Osunga ndalama ambiri m'mabungwe komanso payekha afuna kuti achotse ndalama zawo kumakampani opanga ma hydrocarbon, ndipo akufuna makampani onse omwe ali m'mabungwe awo kuti aulule zomwe amatulutsa ndikupereka mapulani omveka bwino amomwe angapangire kutulutsa ziro. Kwa iwo omwe sathawa, kupitilizabe kukulitsa ndalama zokulitsa gawo lamafuta ndi gasi sikukugwirizana ndi Pangano la Paris la 2016 pakusintha kwanyengo, komanso kuthekera kwanthawi yayitali kwa ndalama zawo. Ndipo kukwera kwake kuli kumbuyo kwa zolinga za net-zero.

Zikuyembekezeka kuti kukulitsa mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso, magalimoto amagetsi, ndi matekinoloje ofananirako kufooketsa kufunikira kwamafuta ndi gasi. Zowonadi, mtengo wokhudzana ndi matekinoloje amagetsi osinthika ndiwotsika kale kuposa mphamvu zopangira mafuta - ngakhale makampani opangira mafuta amafuta amalandira ndalama zambiri zamisonkho. Chofunika kwambiri, mafamu amphepo ndi dzuwa - makamaka komwe amathandizidwa ndi kuyika kwa dzuwa panyumba, malo ogulitsira, ndi nyumba zina - sakhala pachiwopsezo chosokonekera, mwina chifukwa cha nyengo kapena nkhondo. Ngati, monga momwe tikuyembekezerera, dzuŵa ndi mphepo zipitirizabe kutsatira njira zawo zomangirira zowonjezereka mofulumira kwa zaka zina khumi, dongosolo la mphamvu zotulutsa mpweya woipa pafupifupi zero likhoza kukwaniritsidwa mkati mwa zaka 25 m’maiko amene tsopano ali m’gulu la otulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha.

Mfundo yofunika

Kusintha kofunikira kuchokera kumafuta opangira mafuta kupita ku mphamvu zoyera kudzakhala kosokoneza. Makamaka ngati tigwiritsa ntchito mphindi iyi kuti tifulumizitse. Koma sizidzakhala zosokoneza kapena zowononga monga nkhondo. 

Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Ukraine ikuzunguliridwa pamene ndikulemba. Lerolino, zombo ziwiri zonyamula katundu zaphulika ndipo zamira ndi kutayika kwa miyoyo ya anthu. Asodzi ndi madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja adzavulazidwanso ndi mafuta omwe amatuluka m'sitima mpaka, kapena atapulumutsidwa. Ndipo, ndani akudziwa zomwe zikutuluka kuchokera ku zida zomwe zidawonongedwa ndi zida zoponyera mumtsinje wa Ukraine ndikukafika kunyanja yathu yapadziko lonse lapansi? Ziwopsezo za m'nyanjazi zikuchitika posachedwa. Zotsatira za mpweya wowonjezera kutentha zimabweretsa chiopsezo chachikulu. Chimodzi chomwe pafupifupi mayiko onse adagwirizana kale kuthana nacho, ndipo tsopano chiyenera kukwaniritsa mapanganowo.

Vuto lothandizira anthu silinathe. Ndipo n’zosatheka kudziŵa mmene mbali imeneyi ya nkhondo yosaloledwa ya Russia idzathera. Komabe, titha kusankha, pano ndi pano, kudzipereka padziko lonse lapansi kuthetsa kudalira kwathu pamafuta oyaka. Kudalira komwe ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa nkhondoyi. 
Ma autocracies samachita mphamvu zogawidwa - ma solar panel, mabatire, ma turbines amphepo, kapena kuphatikiza. Amadalira mafuta ndi gasi. Maboma odziyimira pawokha salandira ufulu wodziyimira pawokha pogwiritsa ntchito zongowonjezera chifukwa mphamvu zogawidwa zotere zimachulukitsa chilungamo ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chuma. Kuyika ndalama pothana ndi kusintha kwanyengo kumakhudzanso kupatsa mphamvu ma demokalase kuti apambane maulamuliro.