Zakale Zikulankhula Zam'tsogolo: Chikhalidwe Chakale Chokhazikika

Wolemba: Mark J. Spalding, Kathryn Peyton ndi Ashley Milton

Blog iyi idawonekera koyamba pa National Geographic's Mawonedwe a Ocean

Mawu ngati "maphunziro akale" kapena "kuphunzira kuchokera ku mbiri yakale" ndi oyenera kupangitsa maso athu kuyang'ana bwino, ndipo timakumbukira kukumbukira makalasi otopetsa a mbiri yakale kapena kuwonera makanema apa TV. Koma pankhani ya ulimi wa m’madzi, chidziwitso chochepa cha mbiri yakale chingakhale chosangalatsa komanso chowunikira.

Kuweta nsomba si kwachilendo; wakhala ukuchitidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri m’zikhalidwe zambiri. Anthu akale a ku China ankadyetsa ndowe za mbozi za silika ndi nymphs ku ma carp omwe anakulira m'mayiwe a m'mafamu a mbozi za silika, Aigupto ankalima tilapia monga mbali ya luso lawo la ulimi wothirira, ndipo anthu a ku Hawaii ankatha kulima zamoyo zambiri monga milkfish, mullet, prawns, ndi nkhanu. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apezanso umboni wokhudza zamoyo zam'madzi m'magulu a Mayan komanso miyambo ya anthu aku North America.

Mphotho ya zolemba zakale kwambiri za ulimi wa nsomba imapita ku China, kumene tikudziwa kuti zinkachitika kalekale cha m’ma 3500 B.C.E., ndipo pofika m’chaka cha 1400 B.C.E., tingathe kupeza zolembedwa za mlandu wakuba nsomba. Mu 475 BCE, wochita bizinesi yodziphunzitsa yekha nsomba (komanso woyang'anira boma) dzina lake Fan-Li analemba buku loyamba lodziwika bwino la ulimi wa nsomba, kuphatikizapo nkhani yomanga dziwe, kusankha nkhuku ndi kukonza dziwe. Popeza akhala ndi nthawi yayitali yosamalira zamoyo zam'madzi, sizodabwitsa kuti China ikupitilizabe kukhala wopanga wamkulu kwambiri wazomera zam'madzi.

Ku Ulaya, Aroma apamwamba ankalima nsomba m’minda yawo ikuluikulu, n’cholinga choti apitirizebe kudya zakudya zopatsa thanzi komanso zosiyanasiyana akakhala ku Roma. Nsomba zonga ngati mullet ndi trout zinkasungidwa m'mayiwe otchedwa "stews." Lingaliro la dziwe la mphodza lidapitilira mpaka ku Middle Ages ku Europe, makamaka ngati gawo la miyambo yolemera yaulimi ku nyumba za amonke, ndipo m'zaka zamtsogolo, m'mabwalo achitetezo. Ulimi wa amonke unapangidwa, makamaka mwa zina, kuti uwonjezere kuchepa kwa nsomba zakutchire, mutu wa mbiri yakale womwe ukuchitika kwambiri masiku ano, pamene tikukumana ndi zotsatira za kuchepa kwa nsomba zakutchire padziko lonse lapansi.

Magulu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ulimi wa m'madzi kuti agwirizane ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kufalikira kwa chikhalidwe, m'njira zapamwamba komanso zokhazikika. Zitsanzo za m’mbiri zikhoza kutilimbikitsa kulimbikitsa ulimi wa m’madzi umene umakhala wosamalira chilengedwe komanso umene umalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndiponso kuwononga anthu okhala m’nyanja zakuthengo.

Mwachitsanzo, mabwalo a nsomba m'madera okwera a Hawaii ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kumera nsomba zamitundumitundu zosalolera mchere komanso zam'madzi, monga mullet, nsomba zasiliva, gobies za ku Hawaii, prawns ndi algae wobiriwira. Maiwewa ankadyetsedwa ndi mitsinje yotuluka m’mitsinje yothirira komanso mitsinje yopangidwa ndi manja yolumikizidwa kunyanja yapafupi. Zinali zobala zipatso kwambiri, chifukwa cha magwero a madzi owonjezeranso komanso milu ya zomera za taro zobzalidwa pamanja m’mphepete mwa nyanja, zomwe zinkakopa tizilombo kuti tidye nsomba.

Anthu a ku Hawaii anapanganso njira zochulukitsira zoweta nsomba m’madzi amchere komanso madamu a m’madzi a m’nyanja kuti azilima nsomba za m’nyanja. Maiwe a madzi a m’nyanja anapangidwa pomanga khoma la m’nyanja, lomwe nthawi zambiri limapangidwa ndi miyala ya coral kapena lava. Algae ya Coralline yosonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kunyanja idagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbitsa makoma, popeza imakhala ngati simenti yachilengedwe. Maiwe amadzi a m’nyanjayi anali ndi zamoyo zonse za m’matanthwe oyambilira ndipo anali ndi mitundu 22. Ngalande zatsopano zomangidwa ndi matabwa ndi miyala ya fern zinkapangitsa kuti madzi a m'nyanja, komanso nsomba zazing'ono kwambiri, zidutse khoma la ngalandeyo kulowa m'dziwe. Magalasiwo angalepheretse nsomba zokhwima kuti zibwererenso kunyanja pamenenso zimalola nsomba zing’onozing’ono kulowa m’madzi. Nsomba ankazithyoledwa ndi manja kapena maukonde m’nyengo ya masika, pamene ankafuna kubwerera kunyanja kuti akabereke. Magalasiwo amalola kuti maiwe azikhalanso ndi nsomba za m'nyanja nthawi zonse ndikutsukidwa ndi zinyalala ndi zinyalala pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde achilengedwe, popanda kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi anthu.

Aigupto akale anakonza zoti a njira yobwezeretsanso nthaka cha m'ma 2000 BCE yomwe ikugwirabe ntchito kwambiri, ikubweretsanso dothi la mchere wopitilira 50,000ha ndikuthandiza mabanja opitilira 10,000. M'nyengo ya masika, maiwe akuluakulu amamangidwa mu dothi la mchere ndipo amasefukira ndi madzi abwino kwa milungu iwiri. Kenako madziwo amatsanulidwa ndipo kusefukira kumabwerezedwa. Pambuyo pa kusefukira kwachiwiri kutayidwa, maiwewo amadzazidwa ndi madzi 30cm ndikudzaza ndi zala za mullet zomwe zagwidwa m'nyanja. Alimi a nsomba amawongolera mcherewo powonjezera madzi munyengo yonse ndipo sipafunika feteleza. Pafupifupi 300-500kg/ha/chaka amakololedwa kuyambira Disembala mpaka Epulo. Kufalikira kumachitika pamene madzi otsika amchere otsika amakakamiza kuti madzi apansi apansi amchere atsike pansi. Chaka chilichonse akakolola m’nyengo ya masika, nthaka imafufuzidwa mwa kuika kanthambi ka bulugamu m’dothi la dziwe. Mphukira ikafa, nthaka imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati ulimi wa m'madzi kwa nyengo ina; ngati nthambiyo yapulumuka alimi akudziwa kuti nthaka yabwezeredwa ndipo yakonzeka kuthandiza mbewu. Njira yoweta zam'madziyi imabwezeretsa nthaka m'zaka zitatu kapena zinayi, poyerekeza ndi zaka 10 zomwe zimafunidwa ndi machitidwe ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'derali.

Mitundu ina yakale ya m'madzi ku China ndi Thailand inapezerapo mwayi pa zomwe masiku ano zimatchedwa Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA). Machitidwe a IMTA amalola kuti zakudya zosadyedwa ndi zinyalala za mtundu wofunika, wogulitsidwa, monga shrimp kapena finfish, zitengedwenso ndi kusinthidwa kukhala feteleza, chakudya ndi mphamvu za zomera zolimidwa ndi zinyama zina. Machitidwe a IMTA sikuti amangogwira ntchito pazachuma; amachepetsanso zina mwazinthu zovuta kwambiri zaulimi wamadzi, monga zinyalala, kuwononga chilengedwe komanso kuchulukana.

Kale ku China ndi Thailand, famu imodzi imatha kuweta mitundu ingapo, monga abakha, nkhuku, nkhumba ndi nsomba pomwe imagwiritsa ntchito chigayo cha anaerobic (popanda mpweya) ndikubwezeretsanso zinyalala kuti ipange ulimi wabwino wapadziko lapansi komanso ulimi womwe umathandizira minda yolima yam'madzi. .

Maphunziro Amene Tingaphunzire ku Ancient Aquaculture Technology

Gwiritsani ntchito zakudya zochokera ku zomera m'malo mwa nsomba zakutchire;
Gwiritsani ntchito machitidwe ophatikizika a polyculture monga IMTA;
Kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa nayitrogeni ndi mankhwala kudzera muzakudya zam'madzi zamitundu yambiri;
Kuchepetsa kuthawa kwa nsomba zoweta kupita kutchire;
Kuteteza malo okhala;
Limbikitsani malamulo ndikuwonjezera kuwonekera;
Yambitsaninso kachitidwe kolemekeza nthawi komanso kachitidwe kaulimi kamadzi/ulimi (Chitsanzo cha ku Egypt).