The Underwater Cultural Heritage of Nkhondo Yadziko II

Chaka chilichonse panthaŵiyi, timakhala ndi nthaŵi yokumbukira kuukira kwa Pearl Harbor komwe kunadabwitsa United States m’bwalo lamasewera la Pacific la Nkhondo Yadziko II. Mwezi watha, ndinali ndi mwayi wochita nawo msonkhano wa anthu amene adakali otanganidwa kwambiri ndi nkhondo zapambuyo pake, makamaka nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse. Bungwe la Lawyers' Committee for Cultural Heritage Preservation linachita msonkhano wawo wapachaka ku Washington, DC Chaka chino msonkhanowu unali ndi zaka 70 za Nkhondo za ku Coral Sea, Midway, ndi Guadalcanal ndipo unali ndi mutu. Kuchokera ku Zofunkha mpaka Kusungidwa: The Untold Story of Cultural Heritage, World War II, ndi Pacific.

Tsiku loyamba la msonkhanowu linayang'ana kuyesetsa kugwirizanitsa zojambula ndi zojambula ndi eni ake oyambirira atatengedwa panthawi ya nkhondo. Kuyesayesa kumeneku mwachisoni kukulephera kutsanzira zoyesayesa zothetsa umbava wofananako m’bwalo la zisudzo la ku Ulaya. Kufalikira kwakukulu kwa malo a zisudzo za Pacific, kusankhana mitundu, zolemba zochepa za eni ake, komanso chikhumbo chofuna kukhala paubwenzi ndi Japan ngati bwenzi lolimbana ndi kukula kwa chikominisi ku Asia, zonse zidabweretsa zovuta. Tsoka ilo, kunalinso kukhudzidwa kwa osonkhanitsa zojambulajambula ku Asia ndi oyang'anira kubweza ndi kubwezeretsanso omwe anali osachita khama kuposa momwe ayenera kukhalira chifukwa cha mikangano ya chidwi. Koma tidamva za ntchito zodabwitsa za anthu monga Ardelia Hall omwe adapereka luso ndi mphamvu zambiri pobweza mkazi m'modzi m'malo ake monga mlangizi wa Zokumbukira, Zojambulajambula, ndi Archives ku dipatimenti ya Boma mkati ndi zaka zotsatira za WW II. .

Tsiku lachiwiri lidaperekedwa pakuyesa kuzindikira, kuteteza, ndi kuphunzira ndege zotsika, zombo, ndi zolowa zina zankhondo zomwe zili mu situ kuti amvetsetse bwino mbiri yawo. Ndipo, kuti tikambirane za vuto la mafuta omwe angakhalepo, zipolopolo ndi kutayikira kwina kwa zombo zomwe zamira, ndege, ndi zida zina zomwe zimawola pansi pamadzi (gulu lomwe tidathandizira nawo pamsonkhano).

Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ku Pacific ingatchedwe kuti nkhondo yapanyanja. Nkhondozo zinkachitika pazilumba ndi m’matanthwe, panyanja yotseguka komanso m’malo otsetsereka ndi m’nyanja. Fremantle Harbor (Western Australia) idakhala ndi malo akulu kwambiri apanyanja apamadzi a Pacific ku US Navy pankhondo zambiri. Chilumba ndi chilumba chinakhala malo achitetezo a magulu otsutsana. Madera akumaloko adataya gawo losawerengeka la chikhalidwe chawo komanso zomangamanga. Monga mu

nkhondo zonse, mizinda ndi matauni ndi midzi zinasinthidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha mabomba, moto, ndi mabomba. Momwemonso kunalinso kutali kwa matanthwe a korali, zisumbu, ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe pamene zombo zinaima, ndege zinagwa, ndi mabomba anagwa m’madzi ndi m’mphepete mwa nyanja. Zombo zamalonda za ku Japan zoposa 7,000 zokha zinamira pankhondo.

Makumi masauzande a sitima zapamadzi ndi ndege zotsika zili pansi pamadzi komanso kumadera akutali ku Pacific konse. Zowonongeka zambiri zikuimira manda a anthu amene anali m’ngalawayo pamene mapeto anafika. Amakhulupirira kuti ndi ochepa okha omwe ali ndi vuto, motero, owerengeka amaimira ngozi ya chilengedwe kapena mwayi wothetsa chinsinsi chilichonse chokhudza tsogolo la wogwira ntchito. Koma chikhulupiriro chimenecho chikhoza kusokonezedwa ndi kusowa kwa deta - sitidziwa kwenikweni kumene zowonongeka zonse zili, ngakhale tikudziwa bwino kumene kumira kapena kukhazikikako kunachitika.

Okamba nkhani ena pamsonkhanowo anakambitsirana za zovutazo mwachindunji. Vuto limodzi ndi kukhala ndi umwini wa ngalawa motsutsana ndi ufulu wa madera pomwe sitimayo idamira. Mochulukirachulukira, malamulo odziwika padziko lonse lapansi akuwonetsa kuti chombo chilichonse cha boma ndi katundu wa boma limenelo (onani, mwachitsanzo, US Sunken Military Craft Act ya 2005) - mosasamala kanthu komwe imamira, kugwa, kapena kugwa m'nyanja. Momwemonso zombo zilizonse zomwe zimabwerekedwa ndi boma panthawi ya chochitikacho. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zina mwa zowonongekazi zakhala m'madzi am'deralo kwa zaka zopitirira makumi asanu ndi limodzi, ndipo mwina zakhala gwero laling'ono la ndalama zapakhomo monga zokopa zamadzimadzi.

Sitima iliyonse yotsitsidwa kapena ndege imayimira mbiri ya dziko lomwe muli nalo komanso cholowa chake. Magawo osiyanasiyana ofunikira komanso mbiri yakale amaperekedwa ku zombo zosiyanasiyana. Utumiki wa Purezidenti John F. Kennedy mu PT 109 ukhoza kupereka tanthauzo lalikulu kuposa mazana angapo a PT omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Pacific Theatre.

Ndiye kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani kwa nyanja masiku ano? Ndinayang'anira gulu lomwe limayang'ana makamaka kuthana ndi vuto la chilengedwe lochokera ku zombo ndi zombo zina zomira kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse. Otsogolera atatuwa anali a Laura Gongaware (wa ku Tulane University Law School) omwe adafotokoza mwachidule mafunso azamalamulo omwe angabwere pansi pa malamulo a US ndi mayiko akunja pothana ndi nkhawa zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi ngalawa yomira yomwe ingawononge chilengedwe. Papepala laposachedwa adalemba ndi Ole Varmer (Ofesi ya Attorney-Advisor International Section of the General Counsel). Anatsatiridwa ndi Lisa Symons (Ofesi ya National Marine Sanctuaries, NOAA) yemwe ulaliki wake udayang'ana njira yomwe NOAA yapanga kuti achepetse mndandanda wamalo owonongeka a 20,000 m'madzi aku US kukhala ochepera 110 omwe akuyenera kuyesedwa mosamala kwambiri. za zowonongeka zomwe zilipo kapena zomwe zingatheke. Ndipo, Craig A. Bennett (Mtsogoleri, National Pollution Funds Center) anatseka ndi chithunzithunzi cha momwe ndi nthawi yomwe mafuta a spill liability trust fund ndi Oil Pollution Act ya 1990 angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthetsa nkhawa za zombo zomwe zamira ngati ngozi ya chilengedwe.

Pamapeto pake, ngakhale tikudziwa kuti vuto lomwe lingakhalepo ndi chilengedwe ndi mafuta a bunker, katundu wowopsa, zida, zida zomwe zili ndi zida zoopsa, ndi zina zotere zomwe zidakali mkati mwa sitima zankhondo zomwe zamira (kuphatikiza zombo zamalonda), sitikudziwa motsimikiza kuti ndani ali ndi udindo. pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka kwa thanzi la chilengedwe, ndi/kapena amene ali ndi udindo pakachitika ngozi. Ndipo, tiyenera kulinganiza mbiri yakale ndi / kapena chikhalidwe cha kuwonongeka kwa WWII ku Pacific? Kodi kuyeretsa ndi kupewa kuipitsa kumalemekeza bwanji cholowa komanso manda ankhondo omwe adamira? Ife a The Ocean Foundation timayamikira mwayi woterewu wophunzitsa ndi kugwirizana poyankha mafunsowa ndikupanga dongosolo lothetsera mikangano yomwe ingachitike.