Trawling ndi Kuopseza kwa Underwater Cultural Heritage

Zinaperekedwa ku Msonkhano Wapachaka wa 2022 European Association of Archaeologists

Trawling ndi Underwater Cultural Heritage

Chiyambireni kutchulidwa koyamba mu pempho la aphungu a ku England m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zinayi, kuwomba ngalawa kwadziwika kuti ndi njira yowononga kwambiri yomwe ili ndi zotsatirapo zoipa zosatha pa zamoyo zam'nyanja ndi zamoyo zam'madzi. Mawu akuti trawling amatanthauza mchitidwe wokokera ukonde kuseri kwa boti kuti ugwire nsomba. Inakula kuchokera pakufunika kogwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa nsomba ndipo idakula ndikusintha kwaukadaulo ndi zofuna, ngakhale asodzi nthawi zonse amadandaula za zovuta zomwe zidayambitsa kusodza. Trawling yakhudzanso kwambiri malo ofufuza zinthu zakale zam'madzi, ngakhale mbali imeneyo ya trawling simapeza chidziwitso chokwanira.

Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale zam'madzi ndi akatswiri azachilengedwe a m'madzi amayenera kulumikizana ndikugwira ntchito limodzi kuti alimbikitse kuletsa kwa trawl. Kusweka kwa zombo ndi gawo lalikulu la malo am'madzi, motero ndikofunikira kwa akatswiri azachilengedwe, monga momwe zilili ndi chikhalidwe, mbiri yakale.

Komabe palibe chomwe chachitidwa kuti chichepetse kwambiri mchitidwewu ndi kuteteza chikhalidwe cha pansi pa madzi, ndipo zotsatira za zofukulidwa zakale ndi deta zikusowa kuchokera ku malipoti a zamoyo za ndondomekoyi. Palibe ndondomeko za pansi pa madzi zomwe zapangidwa kuti ziyendetse usodzi wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja potengera kusunga chikhalidwe. Zoletsa zina za trawling zidayikidwa pambuyo pobwerera m'mbuyo m'zaka za m'ma 1990 ndipo akatswiri azachilengedwe, odziwa bwino za kuwopsa kwa kukwapula, apempha kuti aletse ziletso zina. Kafukufukuyu ndi kulimbikitsa malamulo ndi chiyambi chabwino, koma palibe chomwe chimachokera ku nkhawa kapena kulimbikitsana ndi akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale. UNESCO yangowonjezera nkhawa posachedwapa, ndipo, mwachiyembekezo idzatsogolera kuyesetsa kuthana ndi vutoli. Pali a ndondomeko yokondedwa chifukwa mu situ Kusungidwa mumsonkhano wachigawo wa 2001 ndi njira zina zothandiza kwa oyang'anira malo kuti athe kuthana ndi ziwopsezo zochokera kutsika pansi. Ngati mu situ Kusungidwa kuyenera kuthandizidwa, zomangapo zitha kuwonjezeredwa ndipo kusweka kwa zombo, ngati kusiyidwa, kumatha kukhala matanthwe opangira komanso malo osodzako mwaluso, mbedza ndi mizere yokhazikika. Komabe, chomwe chikufunika kwambiri ndi chakuti maboma ndi mabungwe asodzi apadziko lonse lapansi aletse kutsika pansi ndi kuzungulira malo a UCH omwe azindikiridwa monga momwe amachitira ndi ma nyanja ena. 

Malo apanyanja akuphatikizapo mbiri yakale komanso chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe. Sikuti malo okhala nsomba okha ndi amene akuwonongeka—kusweka kwa ngalawa ndi zinthu zina zakale kwambiri zimatayikanso ndipo zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira chiyambi cha kusodza. Posachedwapa, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ayamba kudziwitsa anthu za mmene ngozi zimakhudzira malo awo, ndipo ntchito yowonjezereka ikufunika. Kuyenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumawononga kwambiri, chifukwa ndikomwe kuli malo ambiri owonongeka, koma sizikutanthauza kuti kuzindikira kuyenera kungokhala panyanja yokhayokha. Ukatswiri waukadaulo ukapita patsogolo, zofukula zidzafika kunyanja yakuya, ndipo malowo akuyenera kutetezedwa kuti asagwerenso - makamaka chifukwa apa ndipamene amazembera malamulo ambiri. Malo a m'nyanja yakuya alinso nkhokwe zamtengo wapatali chifukwa, pokhala osafikirika kwa nthawi yayitali, akhala ndi zowonongeka zochepa kwambiri zomwe sizingatheke kwa nthawi yaitali. Kupalasa kuwononganso masambawo, ngati sikunatero.

Deep Seabed Mining ndi Underwater Cultural Heritage

Pankhani ya masitepe opita patsogolo, zomwe timachita ndi trawking zitha kuyambitsa njira zina zofunika kwambiri m'nyanja. Kusintha kwanyengo kupitilirabe kuwopseza nyanja yathu (mwachitsanzo, kukwera kwa madzi am'nyanja kudzamiza malo omwe kale anali padziko lapansi) ndipo tikudziwa kale zachilengedwe, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuteteza nyanja.

Sayansi ndi yofunika, ndipo ngakhale kuti pali zambiri zomwe sizikudziwika ponena za zamoyo zosiyanasiyana za m'nyanja zakuya ndi ntchito za chilengedwe, zomwe tikudziwa zimaloza ku kuwonongeka kwakukulu ndi koopsa. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, tikudziwa kale zokwanira kuchokera ku zowonongeka zomwe zilipo kale zomwe zimatiuza kuti tiyenera kusiya machitidwe ofanana, monga migodi ya pansi pa nyanja, kupita patsogolo. Tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mosamala zomwe zawonetsedwa pakuwonongeka kwa ma trawl ndipo tisayambenso kuchita zachipongwe monga momwe timachitira migodi yapanyanja.

Izi ndizofunikira makamaka panyanja yakuya, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimasiyidwa pazokambirana zanyanja, zomwe zakhala zikusiya m'mbuyomu, kusiya kukambirana za nyengo ndi chilengedwe. Koma m'malo mwake, zinthu izi ndizofunikira kwambiri komanso zogwirizana kwambiri.

Sitingathe kuneneratu kuti ndi masamba ati omwe angakhale ofunika kwambiri m'mbiri yakale, motero kukodza sikuyenera kuloledwa. Zoletsa zomwe akatswiri ena ofukula zakale anena kuti achepetse kusodza m'malo omwe ali ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri panyanja, ndi chiyambi chabwino koma sizokwanira. Kupha nsomba ndi koopsa ku nsomba zonse ndi malo okhala, komanso chikhalidwe chawo. Siziyenera kukhala kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe, ziyenera kuletsedwa.

Trawling yoperekedwa ku EAA 2022

European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) idachita nawo msonkhano wapachaka ku Budapest, Hungary kuyambira August 31 mpaka September 3, 2022. Pamsonkhano woyamba wosakanizidwa wa Association, mutu wake unali Re-Integration ndipo unalandira mapepala omwe "amaphatikizapo zosiyana siyana za EAA ndi multidimensionality of archaeological practice, kuphatikizapo kutanthauzira zakale, kasamalidwe ka cholowa. ndi ndale zakale ndi zamakono”.

Ngakhale kuti msonkhanowu umayang'ana pazochitika zomwe zimayang'ana pa zofukulidwa zakale ndi kafukufuku waposachedwapa, Claire Zak (Texas A & M University) ndi Sheri Kapahnke (University of Toronto) adachita nawo gawo la zofukulidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zovuta za kusintha kwa nyengo zomwe akatswiri a mbiri yakale apanyanja ndi ofukula zinthu zakale adzachita. nkhope kupita patsogolo.

Charlotte Jarvis, wophunzira ku The Ocean Foundation komanso wofukula zam'madzi, adapereka gawoli ndipo adapempha kuti achitepo kanthu kwa akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale zam'madzi ndi akatswiri azachilengedwe am'madzi kuti agwirizane ndikugwira ntchito kuti akwaniritse malamulo ambiri, makamaka kuletsa kuyenda panyanja panyanja. Izi zikugwirizana ndi ntchito ya TOF: Kugwira Ntchito Kuthamangitsidwa kwa Dead Seabed Mining (DSM)..