Nzira Itsva yeManyanzi

Vanyori: Mark J. Spalding
Zita Rakabudiswa: The Environmental Magazine. March/April 2011 Nyaya.
Zuva Rokuburitswa: Chipiri, Kurume 1, 2011

Musi waChikunguru 19, 2010, Mutungamiri Obama vakapa Executive Order iyo yakataura nezvekudiwa kwehutongi hwegungwa hwakabatanidzwa, uye iyo inoratidza "marine spatial planning" (MSP) senzira yekutanga kusvika ikoko. Kurongeka kwakasimuka kubva pakurudziro yeBipartisan yeInteragency Task Force - uye kubva chiziviso ichi, maindasitiri mazhinji ane chekuita nemakungwa nemasangano ezvezvakatipoteredza akamhanyira kukwikwidza MSP sekutanga kwenguva nyowani mukuchengetedza gungwa. 

Zvamazvirokwazvo vavariro dzavo ndedzechokwadi: Mabasa avanhu akatapura zvikuru makungwa enyika. Pane zvakawanda zvezvinetso zvinoda kugadziriswa: kuredza hove, kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo dzinogara vanhu, migumisiro yokuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, uye kuwedzera kwechepfu mumhuka kungodudza zvishomanana. Kufanana negwaro redu rekutonga zviwanikwa, hurongwa hwedu hwehutongi hwemakungwa hauna kuputsika asi hwakakamurwa, hwakavakwa zvidimbu mumasangano makumi maviri emubatanidzwa, anosanganisira National Marine Fisheries Service, US Fish & Wildlife Service, US Environmental Protection Age-cy uye yekare. Minerals Management Service (yakakamurwa kuita masangano maviri kubva pakateuka mafuta eBP muGulf yeMexico). Chiri kushaikwa chimiro chine musoro, chimiro chakabatanidzwa chekuita sarudzo, chiono chekubatana chehukama hwedu nemakungwa iko zvino uye mune ramangwana. 

Nekudaro, kudaidza MSP mhinduro kune iyi yakaturikidzana quagmire inogadzira matambudziko akawanda sezvainogadzirisa. MSP chishandiso chinoburitsa mepu dzemashandisiro atinoita makungwa; kuedza kuburikidza nekuedza kwakabatana pakati pemasangano kutsvaga kuti gungwa riri kushandiswa sei uye kuti ndeapi pekugara nezviwanikwa zvinoramba zviripo chero nguva. Tariro yeMSP ndeyekuunza pamwe vashandisi vegungwa-kunzvenga kusawirirana uku uchichengeta ecosystem yakasimba. Asi MSP haisi nzira yekutonga. Haisi iyo pachayo inogadza hurongwa hwekuona kushandiswa kunoisa pamberi zvinodiwa zvezvipenyu zvemugungwa, zvinosanganisira nzira dzakachengeteka dzekutama, kuwanikwa kwechikafu, nzvimbo dzekugara kana kuchinjika kune shanduko yegungwa, tembiricha kana chemistry. Izvo hazviburitse mutemo wakabatana wegungwa kana kugadzirisa zvinokakavadzana zvesangano uye kupokana kwemutemo kunowedzera mukana wenjodzi. Sesando, MSP chingori chishandiso, uye kiyi yekushandiswa kwayo iri mukushandiswa kwayo. 

Kuteuka kwemafuta eDeepwater Horizon muGulf yeMexico muchirimo cha2010 kunofanira kunge kuri iko kunopa kubvuma njodzi inounzwa nekusakwana kwekutonga uye kusadzora kusingadzoreki kwegungwa redu. Sezvo zvaityisa kuona kuputika kwekutanga uye gire rinoramba richikura remafuta ekuyerera, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti zvatinazvo munyaya yeDeepwater ndizvo chaizvo zvataiva nazvo munjodzi yemugodhi weWest Virginia, uye kune a hukuru, nekutadza kweiyo levees muNew Orleans muna 2005: kutadza kumanikidza nekuita kuchengetedza nekuchengetedza zvinodiwa pasi pemitemo iripo. Tatova nemitemo yakanaka pamabhuku — hatingoitevedzeri. Kunyangwe chirongwa cheMSP chikaburitsa mhinduro dzakangwara uye marongero, zvingabatsirei kana tikasazvishandisa zvine hungwaru uye nehungwaru? 

Mepu dzeMSP dzinoshanda chete kana dzakachengetedza zviwanikwa; ratidza maitiro echisikigo (sekutama uye kubereka) uye uvape zvakakosha; gadzirira kushanduka kwezvinodiwa zvemarudzi egungwa mumvura inodziya; batanidza vanobatana muchirongwa chakajeka chekusarudza nzira yekutarisira gungwa zvakanyanya; uye kugadzira chido chezvematongerwo enyika chekusimbisa mitemo yedu iripo yevatariri vemakungwa. Nechega, kuronga kwenzvimbo yegungwa hakuzochengetedze hove imwe, whale kana dolphin. Pfungwa iyi yakazodzwa nokuti inoratidzika sechiito uye inoita seinogadzirisa kusawirirana pakati pekushandiswa kwevanhu, izvo zvinoita kuti munhu wose anzwe zvakanaka, chero bedzi tisingabvunzi vavakidzani vedu vanogara mugungwa zvavanofunga. 

Mepu mamepu. Iwo maekisesaizi akanaka ekuita, asi haasi anotsiva chiito. Vanoisawo njodzi huru yekuisa kushandiswa kunokuvadza seshamwari dzepamutemo kune mhuka dzinogara mugungwa. Chete nzira ine nuanced uye yakawanda-yakakwenenzverwa, tichishandisa chishandiso chese chatinogona kugadzira, chichatibatsira kuvandudza hutano hwemakungwa kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa kwemabatiro atinoita mashandisirwo evanhu uye hukama hwedu nemakungwa. 

MARK J. SPALDING mutungamiri weThe Ocean Foundation muWashington, DC

Ona Chikamu