Inouraya Yakakomba: Asidhi Makungwa uye Zvatinofanira Kuita

naMark J. Spalding, Mutungamiriri weThe Ocean Foundation

Vhiki rapfuura ndaiva muMonterey, California kune 3rd International Symposium paOcean muNyika yepamusoro CO2, izvo zvaive panguva imwe chete ne BLUE Ocean Film Festival pahotera iri pedyo (asi ndiyo imwe nyaya yekutaura). PaSimposium, ndakabatana nemazana evamwe vaivepo mukudzidza nezvemamiriro ekuziva iye zvino uye zvingave zvigadziriso zvekugadzirisa zvinokonzeresa carbon dioxide yakakwira (CO2) pahutano hwemakungwa edu nehupenyu mukati. Isu tinodaidza mhedzisiro yacho kuti ocean acidification nekuti pH yegungwa redu iri kuderera uye nekudaro yakawedzera acidic, paine kukuvadza kwakanyanya kune masystem emakungwa sezvatinoaziva.

Ocean Acidization

Musangano we 2012 High CO2 waive danho rakakura kubva pamusangano wechipiri muMonaco muna 2. Vanopfuura mazana mashanu vakapinda uye vatauri zana nemakumi mana nevatanhatu, vaimiririra nyika makumi matatu nenomwe, vakaungana kuti vakurukure nezvenyaya dziripo. Yaisanganisira yekutanga kubatanidzwa kwesocial-economic studies. Uye, nepo kutarisisa kwaive kuchiri pamhinduro dzezvipenyu zvemugungwa kune acidization yegungwa uye kuti zvinorevei kugungwa regungwa, munhu wese aibvumirana kuti ruzivo rwedu pamusoro pemhedzisiro uye zvingangogadziriswa zvakafambira mberi zvakanyanya mumakore mana apfuura.

Nekuda kwangu, ndakagara mukushamisika kukuru sezvo musayendisiti mumwe mushure memumwe akapa nhoroondo yesainzi yakatenderedza ocean acidification (OA), ruzivo rwemazuva ano ruzivo rwesainzi nezveOA, uye yedu yekutanga inklings yezvakajeka nezve ecosystem nemhedzisiro yehupfumi. yegungwa rinodziya iro rine acidic uye rine mwero weokisijeni wakaderera.

Sezvo Dr. Sam Dupont weThe Sven Lovén Center yeMarine Sciences - Kristineberg, Sweden akati:

Chii chatinoziva?

Ocean Acidification ndeyechokwadi
Icho chiri kubva zvakananga kubva kune yedu kabhoni emissions
Zviri kuitika nekukurumidza
Impact ndeyechokwadi
Kutsakatika kune chokwadi
Yave kutoonekwa mumasisitimu
Shanduko ichaitika

Kupisa, kuvava uye kufema zviratidzo zvechirwere chimwe chete.

Kunyanya kana yabatanidzwa nezvimwe zvirwere, OA inova tyisidziro huru.

Tinogona kutarisira misiyano yakawanda, pamwe nezvakanaka uye zvakaipa kutakura pamusoro pemhedzisiro.

Mamwe marudzi achachinja maitiro pasi peOA.

Tinoziva zvakakwana kuita

Tinoziva chiitiko chikuru chenjodzi chiri kuuya

Tinoziva kudzivirira

Tinoziva zvatisingazivi

Isu tinoziva zvatinofanira kuita (musainzi)

Isu tinoziva zvatichatarisa pazviri (kuunza mhinduro)

Asi, tinofanira kugadzirira zvinoshamisa; isu takanganisa zvachose hurongwa.

Dr. Dupont vakavhara zvavakataura nemufananidzo wevana vavo vaviri vane mutsara une simba uye unoshamisa:

Ini handisi mumiriri, ndiri musayendisiti. Asi, ndiriwo baba vane mutoro.

Chirevo chekutanga chakajeka chokuti CO2 kuunganidza mugungwa inogona kuva ne "zvinobvira njodzi yemigumisiro yehupenyu" yakabudiswa muna 1974 (Whitfield, M. 1974. Kuunganidza fossil CO2 mumhepo uye mugungwa. Zvakasikwa 247:523-525.). Makore mana gare gare, muna 1978, kubatana kwakananga kwemafuta emafuta ekuonekwa kweCO2 mugungwa kwakatangwa. Pakati pa1974 na1980, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakatanga kuratidza shanduko chaiyo mualkalinity yegungwa. Uye, pakupedzisira, muna 2004, iyo specter of ocean acidification (OA) yakagamuchirwa nevesainzi munharaunda yakakura, uye yekutanga yeyakakwira CO2 symposia yakaitwa.

Chirimo chakatevera, vabatsiri vezvikepe vakaudzwa muchidimbu pamusangano wavo wepagore muMonterey, kusanganisira rwendo rwekuenda kunoona kumwe kutsvagurudza kwepamusoro paMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI). Ndinofanira kucherechedza kuti vazhinji vedu taifanira kuyeuchidzwa nezvezvinoreva pH scale, kunyange zvazvo munhu wose aiita seanorangarira achishandisa bepa re<em>litmus kuyedza zvinwiwa mumakirasi esainzi echikoro chepakati. Sezvineiwo, nyanzvi dzakada kutsanangura kuti pH chiyero kubva pa0 kusvika 14, ne7 isina kwayakarerekera. Iyo yakaderera pH, inoreva yakaderera alkalinity, kana yakawanda acidity.

Panguva ino, zvave pachena kuti kufarira kwekutanga mugungwa pH kwakaburitsa mamwe mhedzisiro. Tine zvimwe zvidzidzo zvesainzi zvinovimbika, zvinotiudza kuti sezvo pH yegungwa ichidonha, mamwe marudzi anokura, mamwe anorarama, mamwe anotsiviwa, uye mazhinji anopera (mugumisiro unotarisirwa kurasikirwa kwezvipenyu, asi kuchengetedza biomass). Mhedziso yakafara iyi mhedzisiro yekuedza kwemurabhoritari, kuyedza kuvhenekwa kwemumunda, kucherechedzwa kunzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeCO2, uye zvidzidzo zvakanangana nezvinyorwa zvefossil kubva kune zvakapfuura OA zviitiko munhoroondo.

Zvatinoziva kubva Zvakapfuura Ocean Acidification Zviitiko

Nepo isu tichigona kuona shanduko mukemikari yegungwa uye tembiricha yegungwa pamusoro pe200 mamwe makore kubva pakuchinja kwemaindasitiri, isu tinofanirwa kudzokera kumashure munguva yekufananidza kutonga (asi kwete kure kumashure). Saka nguva yePre-Cambrian (yekutanga 7/8s yenhoroondo yeGeological Earth) yakaonekwa seyakanaka chete geological analogi (kana pasina chimwe chikonzero kunze kwemarudzi akafanana) uye inosanganisira dzimwe nguva dzine pH yakaderera. Idzi nguva dzakapfuura dzakasangana neyakafanana yakakwirira CO2 nyika ine yakaderera pH, yakaderera okisijeni mazinga, uye inodziya yegungwa tembiricha.

Zvisinei, hapana chinhu munhoroondo yenhoroondo chinoenzana nesu chiyero chezvino chekuchinja pH kana tembiricha.

Chiitiko chekupedzisira chinoshamisa cheasidhi yegungwa inozivikanwa sePETM, kana kuti Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, yakaitika makore 55 miriyoni apfuura uye ndiyo yakanakisa kuenzanisa. Zvakaitika nekukurumidza (kupfuura makore angangoita 2,000) zvakatora makore 50,000. Isu tine data rakasimba / humbowo hwayo - uye nekudaro masayendisiti anoishandisa seyedu yepamoyo analogi yeakurisa kabhoni kuburitswa.

Zvisinei, haisi analog yakakwana. Isu tinoyera izvi zvinoburitswa mumapetagrams. PgC maPetagrams ecarbon: 1 petagram = 1015 magiramu = bhiriyoni metric toni. Iyo PETM inomiririra nguva apo zviuru zvitatu zvePgC zvakaburitswa pamusoro pezviuru zvishoma zvemakore. Chakakosha chiyero cheshanduko mumakore mazana maviri nemakumi manomwe apfuura (shanduko yeindasitiri), sezvo takapomba zviuru zvishanu zvePgC zvekabhoni mumhepo yepasi redu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuburitswa kwaive 1 PgC y-3,000 zvichienzaniswa neshanduko yemaindasitiri, inova 270 PgC y-5,000. Kana, kana iwe uri murume wemutemo wepasirese seni, izvi zvinoshandura kune chokwadi chakajeka kuti zvatakaita mukati memazana matatu emakore. 10 zvakapetwa kupfuura zvakakonzera kutsakatika kwezviitiko mugungwa paPETM.

Chiitiko chePETM ocean acidification chakakonzera shanduko huru muhurongwa hwepasi rose hwemakungwa, kusanganisira kumwe kutsakatika. Sezvineiwo, sainzi inoratidza kuti yakazara biomass yakagara yakaenzana, ine dinoflagellate maruva uye zviitiko zvakafanana zvinobvisa kurasikirwa kwemamwe marudzi. Pakazara, rekodhi ye geological inoratidza huwandu hwakawanda hwemhedzisiro: maruva, kutsakatika, turnovers, calcification shanduko, uye dwarfism. Nekudaro, OA inokonzeresa kuita kwakakosha kwebhayoti kunyangwe mwero wekuchinja uchinonoka kupfuura mwero wedu wazvino wekuburitsa kabhoni. Asi, nemhaka yokuti yakanga ichinonoka zvikuru, “nguva yemberi inzvimbo isina kutaurwa munhau yokushanduka-shanduka yezvipenyu zvakawanda zvazvino uno.”

Saka, ichi chiitiko cheanthropogenic OA chichave nyore pamusoro pePETM mukukanganisa. UYE, isu tinofanirwa kutarisira kuona shanduko mukuchinja kunoitika nekuti isu takanganisa hurongwa. Dudziro: Tarisira kushamisika.

Ecosystem uye Zvisikwa Mhinduro

Ocean acidification uye tembiricha shanduko zvese zvine kabhoni dhaikisaidhi (CO2) semutyairi. Uye, nepo vachigona kupindirana, havasi kumhanya mukufanana. Shanduko mupH dzakawedzera mutsara, nekutsauka kudiki, uye dzine homogenous munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenzvimbo. Tembiricha inosiyana zvakanyanya, ine misiyano yakafara, uye inosiyana zvakanyanya munzvimbo.

Tembiricha ndiyo inotungamira shanduko mugungwa. Nokudaro, hazvishamisi kuti kuchinja kuri kukonzera kuchinja kwekugoverwa kwemarudzi kusvika pamwero wavanogona kugadzirisa. Uye isu tinofanirwa kurangarira kuti marudzi ese ane miganhu kune acclimation kugona. Chokwadika, mamwe marudzi anoramba akasimba kupfuura mamwe nemhaka yokuti ane miganhu nhete yetembiricha umo anogara arimo. Uye, sezvimwe zvinonetsa, tembiricha yakanyanyisa inowedzera kunzwa kune mhedzisiro yeyakakwira CO2.

Iyo nzira inotaridzika seiyi:

CO2 kuburitsa → OA → biophysical impact → kurasikirwa kweecosystem masevhisi (semuenzaniso dombo remvura rinofa, uye harichamisi madutu) → social-economic impact (apo dutu remhepo rinotora nzvimbo yeguta)

Tichicherekedza panguva imwecheteyo, icho chinodikanwa cheecosystem masevhisi chiri kukwira nekukura kwevanhu uye kuwedzera mari (hupfumi).

Kuti utarise mhedzisiro, masayendisiti akaongorora akasiyana-siyana ekudzikisa mamiriro (akasiyana mareti epH shanduko) zvichienzaniswa nekuchengetedza iyo quo iyo ine njodzi:

Kurerutsa kwekusiyana (kusvika ku40%), uye nekudaro kudzikiswa kwemhando ye ecosystem
Pane zvishoma kana kusave nemhedzisiro pakuwanda
Avhareji yehukuru hwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana inoderera ne50%
OA inokonzeresa kusuduruka kubva pakutonga nemacalcifiers (zvipenyu zvine chimiro chakaumbwa necalcium-based material):

Hapana tariro yekurarama kwemakorari ayo anotsamira chose pamvura pane imwe pH kuti ararame (uye kune inotonhora mvura makorari, tembiricha inodziya inowedzera dambudziko);
Gastropods (hozhwa dzegungwa dzakatetepa) ndiyo inonyanya kunzwisiswa nemollusks;
Pane kukanganisa kukuru kune exoskeleton-inobereka invertebrates yemumvura, kusanganisira mhando dzakasiyana dzemollusks, crustaceans, uye echinoderms (funga clams, lobster uye urchins)
Mukati mechikamu ichi chezvipenyu, arthropods (senge shrimp) haina kushata, asi pane chiratidzo chakajeka chekuderera kwavo.

Zvimwe zvipembenene zvisingaite zvinochinja nekukurumidza (zvakadai sejellyfish kana makonye)
Hove, kwete zvakanyanya, uye hove dzinogonawo kunge dzisina nzvimbo yekutamira (semuenzaniso muSE Australia)
Imwe budiriro yezvidyarwa zvemugungwa zvinogona kubudirira pakudya CO2
Imwe mhindumupindu inogona kuitika pazvikero zvenguva pfupi, izvo zvingareva tariro
Evolutionary kununurwa nemhando dzisina kusimba kana vanhu vari mukati mezvipenyu kubva pakumira genetic variation yepH kushivirira (tinogona kuona izvi kubva mukuedza kubereka; kana kubva kutsva shanduko (idzo dzisingawanzo)

Saka, mubvunzo unokosha unoramba uripo: Ndeapi marudzi achabatwa neOA? Tine pfungwa yakanaka yemhinduro: bivalves, crustaceans, zvikara zvema calcifiers, uye zvikara zvepamusoro zvachose. Hazvina kuoma kufunga kuti mhedzisiro yemari ichave yakaoma sei kune magodza, chikafu chemugungwa, uye dive tourism maindasitiri ega, ndoda mamwe ari munetwork yevatengesi nebasa. Uye mukutarisana nekukura kwedambudziko, zvinogona kuva zvakaoma kutarisa mhinduro.

Zvatinofanira Kuita Mhinduro Yedu

Kukwira CO2 ndicho chikonzero chikuru (chechirwere) [asi sekuputa, kuita kuti muputi arege zvakaoma]

Tinofanira kurapa zviratidzo [high blood pressure, emphysema]
Tinofanira kuderedza zvimwe zvinonetsa [kuderedza kunwa uye kudya zvakanyanya]

Kudzikisira masosi eiyo acidization yegungwa kunoda kuenderera mberi kwekudzikisa sosi kuedza kuzere pasirese uye kwenzvimbo. Global carbon dioxide emissions ndiyo mutyairi mukuru weocean acidification pachiyero chegungwa repasi, saka tinofanira kudzideredza. Mawedzero enzvimbo yenitrogen nekabhoni kubva kunzvimbo, zvisizvo zvitubu, uye masosi masosi anogona kuwedzera mhedzisiro yegungwa acidization nekugadzira mamiriro anowedzera kukurumidza kuderedzwa kwepH. Kuiswa kwekusvibiswa kwemhepo yemuno (kunyanya kabhoni dhaibhorosi, nitrogen uye sulfur oxide) zvinogonawo kubatsira mukuderedza pH uye acidification. Chiito chemunharaunda chinogona kubatsira kunonoka kumhanya kweasidhi. Saka, isu tinofanirwa kuverengera makiyi anthropogenic uye echisikigo maitiro anopa acidification.

Izvi zvinotevera zvinonyanya kukosha, zviri pedyo-nenguva-zviito zvinhu zvekugadzirisa acidification yegungwa.

1. Nokukurumidza uye zvakanyanya kuderedza kubudiswa kwepasi rose kwecarbon dioxide kuderedza uye kudzorera acidification yemakungwa edu.
2. Deredzai kubuda kwezvinovaka muviri kunopinda mumvura dzemugungwa kubva kumasuweji etsvina madiki uye makuru panzvimbo, zvivakwa zvetsvina zvemanisipala, uye zvekurima, nokudaro zvichidzikamisa zvinonetsa pamusoro pehupenyu hwegungwa kutsigira kugadzirisa uye kurarama.
3. Ita kutarisisa kwemvura yakachena kunoshanda uye maitiro akanaka ekutonga, pamwe nekudzokorora zvakare uye / kana kutora mitsva yemhando yemvura kuti iite zvinoenderana neocean acidification.
4. Ongorora maberekerwo akasarudzika ekushivirira kweasidhi yegungwa muhove nedzimwe mhuka dzemugungwa dzine njodzi.
5. Ziva, tarisa uye gadzirisa mvura yemugungwa nemhando dzemhando dzehupoteri kubva mugungwa acidization kuitira kuti vakwanise kutsungirira kushushikana kwakafanana.
6. Nzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pemakemikoro emvura uye kugadzirwa kwehove uye kurarama munzvimbo dzinoberekeswa maruva uye munzvimbo yakasikwa, uchikurudzira kudyidzana pakati pevesainzi, mamaneja nevarimi vehove. Uye, isa yambiro yekukurumidzira uye simba rekupindura kana kutarisa kunoratidza spike mumvura yakaderera pH inotyisidzira mashandiro enzvimbo yekugara kana shellfish indasitiri.
7. Dzosa uswa hwegungwa, mangroves, marsh grass nezvimwe zvinotora uye kugadzirisa carbon yakanyungudutswa mumvura yegungwa uye munharaunda kudzivirira (kana kunonoka) kuchinja kwepH yemvura idzodzo dzegungwa.
8. Dzidzisai veruzhinji nezvedambudziko reocean acidization nemhedzisiro yaro kune zvipenyu zvegungwa, hupfumi, uye tsika.

Chinofadza ndechekuti kufambira mberi kuri kuitwa pamativi ese aya. Pasi rose, makumi ezviuru zvevanhu vari kushanda kuti vaderedze kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse (kusanganisira CO2) padanho repasi rose, renyika uye remunharaunda (Item 1). Uye, muUSA, chinhu chechisere ndicho chinonyanya kutariswa chemubatanidzwa wemaNGOs anorongwa neshamwari dzedu kuOcean Conservancy. Yechinhu 8, TOF mauto kuedza kwedu pachedu kudzoreredza uswa hwegungwa hwakakuvadzwa. Asi, mukusimudzira kunonakidza kwezvinhu 2-7, tiri kushanda nevanoita sarudzo vehurumende munyika ina dzemahombekombe kuti tigadzirise, tigovane uye tiise mutemo wakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa OA. Mhedzisiro iripo yeocean acidification pahove uye humwe hupenyu hwemugungwa muWashington neOregon mvura dzemahombekombe zvakakurudzira chiito munzira dzakati wandei.

Vose vatauri pamusangano vakajekesa kuti mamwe mashoko anodiwa-kunyanya pamusoro pekuti pH iri kuchinja nokukurumidza, ndeapi marudzi achakwanisa kubudirira, kurarama, kana kugadzirisa, uye mazano emunharaunda uye emunharaunda ari kushanda. Panguva imwecheteyo, chidzidzo chekutora chaive chekuti kunyangwe isu tisingazive zvese zvatiri kuda kuziva nezve ocean acidization, tinogona uye tinofanirwa kunge tichitora matanho ekudzikisa mhedzisiro yayo. Ticharamba tichishanda nevapi vedu, vanachipangamazano, uye dzimwe nhengo dzenharaunda yeTOF kutsigira mhinduro.