Zviri Mukati

1. ziviso
2. Ngano pamusoro peKodzero dzevanhu neThe Ocean
3. Mitemo neMitemo
4. IUU Hove uye Kodzero dzevanhu
5. Zvokudya Zvokudya Zvokudya Mazano
6. Kudzingwa uye Kudzingwa
7. Ocean Governance
8. Shipbreaking uye Human Rights Abuses
9. Yakarongwa Mhinduro

1. ziviso

Zvinosuruvarisa, kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kunoitika kwete panyika chete asiwo mugungwa. Kutengeswa kwevanhu, huwori, kushandiswa, uye kumwe kutyorwa zvisiri pamutemo, zvakasanganiswa nekushaikwa kwemapurisa nekutevedzwa kwemitemo yenyika dzakawanda, ichokwadi chinosiririsa chezviitiko zvakawanda zvemugungwa. Uku kuvapo kuri kuramba kuchikura kwekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu mugungwa uye kubatwa zvisina kunaka kwakananga uye zvisina kunanga kwegungwa kunofambidzana. Kungave kuri muchimiro chokuredza zvisiri pamutemo kana kuti kumanikidzirwa kutiza kwenyika dzezvitsuwa zvakaderera kubva kumawere egungwa, gungwa riri kufashukira noutsotsi.

Kushandisa kwedu zvisizvo zviwanikwa zvemunyanza uye kuwedzera kuburitsa kabhoni kwakatowedzera kuvepo kwezviitwa zvemugungwa zvisiri pamutemo. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunokonzerwa nevanhu kwakonzera kudziya kwemakungwa, kukwira kwegungwa, uye madutu kukwira, zvichimanikidza nharaunda dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa kutiza misha yadzo uye kutsvaka raramo kune imwe nzvimbo nerubatsiro rushoma rwemari kana rwenyika dzakawanda. Kuredza hove zvakapfurikidza, semhinduro kukuwedzera kuri kuita kudiwa kwezvokudya zvomugungwa zvakachipa, kwakamanikidza vabati vehove vomunzvimbomo kuenda kure kuti vawane hove dzinokwanisa kuchengetwa kana kuti kukwira ngarava dzokuredza zvisiri pamutemo vachibhadharwa zvishoma kana kuti kusabhadharwa.

Kushaikwa kwekutevedzwa, kudzora, uye kutarisa kwegungwa harisi dingindira idzva. Zvave zvichinetsa nguva dzose kumasangano epasi rose ane rimwe basa rekutarisa kwegungwa. Mukuwedzera, hurumende dzinoramba dzichifuratira mutoro wokudzivisa kubudiswa kwemhepo nokupa tsigiro kunyika dziri kunyangarika idzi.

Danho rekutanga rekutsvaga mhinduro kune kuwanda kwekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu munyanza kuziva. Pano takanyora zvimwe zvezvakanakisa zviwanikwa zvinoenderana nemusoro wekodzero dzevanhu uye gungwa.

Chirevo Chedu pamusoro peKumanikidzwa Kwevashandi uye Kutengeswa kwevanhu muFisheries Sector

Kwemakore, vagari vemugungwa vave kuziva zvakanyanya kuti vabati vehove vanoramba vari munjodzi yekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu vari mungarava dzekuredza. Vashandi vanomanikidzwa kuita basa rakaoma uye pane dzimwe nguva rine ngozi kwemaawa akawanda pamubhadharo wakaderera zvikuru, vachityisidzirwa nechisimba kana kuti kupfurikidza nousungwa hwechikwereti, kuchiguma nokubatwa zvisina kufanira mumuviri nomundangariro uye kunyange rufu. Sezvakataurwa neInternational Labour Organisation, hove dzekubata hove dzine huwandu hwepamusoro hwekufa kwevanhu pasi rose. 

Maererano UN Trafficking Protocol, kutengeswa kwevanhu kunosanganisira zvinhu zvitatu:

• kupinza vanhu basa kunonyengera kana kubiridzira;
• kufambisa mafambiro kunzvimbo yekushandiswa; uye
• kushandiswa panzvimbo.

Muchikamu chehove, kumanikidzwa kushanda uye kutengeswa kwevanhu zvose zvinotyora kodzero dzevanhu uye zvinokanganisa kuchengetedza kwegungwa. Tichifunga nezvekubatana kwezviviri izvi, nzira ine mativi mazhinji inodiwa uye kuedza kutarisisa chete pakurongeka kwekutengesa cheni hakuna kukwana. Vazhinji vedu muEurope neUnited States vangangovewo vanogashira zvekudya zvemugungwa zvakabatwa pasi pemamiriro ekumanikidzwa kwebasa. Imwe ongororo yezvokudya zvegungwa zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika kuEurope neUnited States zvinoratidza kuti kana hove dzinotengeswa kunze kwenyika uye dzinobatwa munyika dzabatanidzwa mumisika yemuno, njodzi yekutenga hove yegungwa yakasvibiswa nekushandiswa kweuranda hwemazuva ano inowedzera ka8.5, zvichienzaniswa nehove dzinobatwa mudzimba.

Iyo Ocean Foundation inotsigira zvakasimba iyo International Labor Organisation's "Global Action Programme yekurwisa kumanikidzwa kushanda uye kutengeswa kwevabati vehove mugungwa" (GAPfish), iyo inosanganisira: 

• Kuvandudzwa kwemhinduro dzinogara dziripo dzekudzivirira kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu nedzevashandi dzevaredzi munzvimbo dzekutsvaga uye dzekufambisa;
• Kusimudzirwa kwesimba renyika dzemureza kuti ive nechokwadi chekutevedzwa kwemitemo yepasi rose neyenyika pazvikepe zvinopeperetsa mureza wazvo kudzivirira kumanikidzwa kushanda;
• Kuwedzera masimba ezviteshi zvezvikepe kugadzirisa uye kupindura kune mamiriro ekumanikidzwa kushanda mukuredza; uye 
• Kuvambwa kwenzvimbo ine ruzivo rwevatengi yebasa rekumanikidzirwa mukubata hove.

Kuti isaenderere mberi nekumanikidzwa kushanda uye kutengeswa kwevanhu muchikamu chehove, The Ocean Foundation haizodyidzani kana kushanda ne (1) masangano anogona kunge aine njodzi huru yeuranda hwemazuva ano mukushanda kwavo, zvichibva paruzivo kubva kuGlobal Slavery Index. pakati pemamwe masosi, kana (2) masangano asina kuzvipira kweveruzhinji mukuwedzera kurongeka uye kubuda pachena mukati mekutengesa kwezvokudya zvegungwa. 

Asi, kutevedzwa kwemutemo mugungwa rose kunoramba kwakaoma. Zvisinei, mumakore achangopfuura matekinoroji matsva ari kushandiswa kuronda ngarava uye kurwisa kubiwa kwevanhu nenzira itsva. Zviitiko zvizhinji pamakungwa makuru zvinotevera 1982 United Nations Mutemo weGungwa iyo inotsanangura zviri pamutemo mashandisirwo emakungwa nenyanza kuitira munhu mumwe nemumwe kubatsirwa, kunyanya, yakamisa nzvimbo dzehupfumi dzakasarudzika, kodzero-yekufamba-famba, uye yakagadzira International Seabed Authority. Mumakore mashanu apfuura, kwave nekusundidzira kune a Geneva Declaration on Human Rights paGungwa. Kubva munaFebruary 26^th, 2021 shanduro yekupedzisira yeDeclaration iri kuongororwa uye ichaunzwa mumwedzi iri kuuya.

2. Ngano pamusoro peKodzero dzevanhu neThe Ocean

Vithani, P. (2020, Zvita 1). Kubata Kushungurudzwa kweKodzero dzevanhu Kwakakosha kuHupenyu Hwakasimba paGungwa uye Panyika. World Economic Forum.  https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/12/how-tackling-human-rights-abuses-is-critical-to-sustainable-life-at-sea-and-on-land/

Nyanza ihombe zvichiita kuti zviome kumapurisa. Sezvo zviitiko zvisiri pamutemo uye zvisiri pamutemo zvatekeshera uye nharaunda zhinji pasi rese dziri kuona mhedzisiro pahupfumi hwenzvimbo yavo nemararamiro echinyakare. Kunyora kupfupi uku kunopa sumo yakanakisa yepamusoro-soro kudambudziko rekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu mukuredza uye inopa mazano ekugadzirisa akadai sekuwedzera kwekudyara kwehunyanzvi, kuwedzera kwekutarisa, uye kudiwa kwekugadzirisa zvikonzero zvekuredza kweIUU.

Dhipatimendi reHurumende. (2020). Kutengeswa Kwevanhu Report. Dhipatimendi reHurumende Hofisi Kuongorora uye Kurwisa Kutengeswa Kwevanhu. PDF. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-trafficking-in-persons-report/.

The Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP) ishumo repagore rakaburitswa neUnited States Department of State iro rinosanganisira ongororo yekubiwa kwevanhu munyika dzese, kuvimbisa maitiro ekurwisa kubiwa, nyaya dzevakabatwa, uye zviri kuitika. TIP yakaratidza Burma, Haiti, Thailand, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, South Korea, China senyika dziri kubata nekutengesa nekumanikidzwa kushanda muchikamu chehove. Checherechedzo iyo 2020 TIP chirevo chakaisa Thailand seTier 2, zvisinei, mamwe mapoka ezvekukurudzira anopokana kuti Thailand inofanirwa kudzikiswa kuenda kuTier 2 Watch List sezvo vasina kuita zvakakwana kurwisa kutengeswa kwevashandi vanobva kune dzimwe nyika.

Urbina, I. (2019, Nyamavhuvhu 20). Iyo Outlaw Ocean: Nzendo Mhiri Kwekupedzisira Untamed Frontier. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.

Gungwa rakakurisa kumapurisa ane nzvimbo huru dzisina masimba akajeka epasi rose. Mazhinji ematunhu akakura aya ane hutsotsi hwakatekeshera kubva kune vatengesi kuenda kumakororo, vatengesi vanoenda kune mamercenaries, vanovhima zvisiri pamutemo kuenda kuvaranda vakasungwa. Munyori, Ian Urbina, anoshanda kuunza ngwariro kugakava riri muSoutheast Asia, Africa, uye mhiri. Bhuku rinonzi Outlaw Ocean rakavakirwa pakushuma kwaUrbina kuNew York Times, zvinyorwa zvakasarudzwa zvinogona kuwanikwa pano:

1. "Stowaways uye Mhosva Muchikepe cheScofflaw." The New York Times, 17 July 2015.
   Kushanda semucherechedzo wenyika isingateereri mutemo yemakungwa makuru, chinyorwa ichi chakanangana nenhau yevaviri stowaways vari muchikepe che scofflaws Dona Liberty.
2.  "Mhondi paGungwa: Yakabatwa paVhidhiyo, Asi Mhondi Dzinoenda Makasununguka." The New York Times, 20 Chikunguru 2015.
   Mifananidzo yevarume vana vasina zvombo vakaurayiwa pakati pegungwa nezvikonzero zvisati zvazivikanwa.
3. ” ‘Varanda Vemugungwa:’ Nhamo Yevanhu Inodyisa Zvipfuyo Nezvipfuyo.” The New York Times, 27 Chikunguru 2015.
   Bvunzurudzo dzevarume vakatiza muusungwa mumagwa okuredza. Vanorondedzera kurohwa kwavo uye zvakatoipisisa sezvo mambure anokandwa kuitira kubata hove izvo zvinozova chikafu chemhuka uye chezvipfuyo.
4. "A Renegade Trawler, Akavhimwa kwe10,000 Miles neVigilantes." The New York Times, 28 Chikunguru 2015.
   Chirevo chemazuva 110 umo nhengo dzesangano rezvakatipoteredza, Sea Shepherd, dzinotevera ngarava ine mukurumbira wakashata wokuredza zvisiri pamutemo.
5.  “Akanyengedzwa Uye Ane Chikwereti Panyika, Akashungurudzwa Kana Kusiiwa pagungwa. ” The New York Times, 9 Mbudzi 2015.
   “Masangano evashandi” asiri pamutemo anonyengerera vagari vomuPhilippines nevimbiso dzenhema dzemihoro yakakwirisa uye ovaendesa kungarava dzine mukurumbira wakashata uye marekodhi ebasa.
6. "Maritime 'Repo Varume': Nzvimbo Yekupedzisira Yezvikepe Zvakabiwa." The New York Times, 28 Zvita 2015.
   Zviuru zvezvikepe zvinobiwa gore negore, uye mamwe anowanwa nedoro, pfambi, n’anga nemamwe marudzi ehunyengeri.
7. "Palau vs. The Poachers." Iyo New York Times Magazini, 17 Nyamavhuvhu 2016.
   Paula, inyika iri kwayo yoga inosvika hukuru hweFiladelphia inoona nezvekufamba-famba kwegungwa rakaita saizi yeFrance, munzvimbo izere nemakungwa makuru, ngarava dzinopihwa rubatsiro nehurumende, mambure akareba mamaira uye vanokwezva hove dzinoyangarara dzinozivikanwa seFADs. . Maitiro avo ehasha anogona kugadza mwero wekuteedzera mutemo mugungwa.

Tickler, D., Meeuwig, JJ, Bryant, K. and unto. (2018). Uranda hwemazuva ano uye Mujaho weHove. Nature Communications Vol. 9,4643 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07118-9

Mumakumi emakore anoverengeka apfuura pave paine muitiro wekuona kudzikira kudzoka muindasitiri yehove. Vachishandisa Global Slavery Index (GSI), vanyori vanopokana kuti nyika dzine magwaro ekushungurudzwa kwevashandi dzinogoverawo huwandu hwepamusoro hwekuredza kure-kure-kure uye kushumwa kwekubata. Nekuda kwekuderera kwekudzoka, kune humbowo hwekushungurudzwa kwakanyanya kwevashandi uye huranda hwemazuva ano hunoshandisa vashandi kuderedza mari.

Associated Press (2015) Associated Press Kuongorora muVaranda paGungwa muSoutheast Asia, gumi-zvikamu zvakatevedzana. [firimu]. https://www.ap.org/explore/seafood-from-slaves/

Ongororo yeAssociated Press 'yaive imwe yekutanga kuferefeta kwakasimba muindasitiri yezvegungwa, muUS nekune dzimwe nyika. Mukati memwedzi gumi nemisere, vatori venhau vana veThe Associated Press vakaronda ngarava, vakawana varanda, uye vakanyahwaira marori ane firiji kuti vafumure hutsinye hweindasitiri yekuredza muSoutheast Asia. Ongororo iyi yakakonzera kusunungurwa kwevaranda vanopfuura zviuru zviviri uye kuita kwekukurumidza kwevatengesi vakuru uye hurumende yeIndonesia. Vatapi venhau vana vakahwina Mubairo weGeorge Polk weKutaura Kwekunze muna Kukadzi 2,000 nebasa ravo. 

Kodzero Dzevanhu paGungwa. (2014). Kodzero dzevanhu paGungwa. London, United Kingdom. https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/

Kodzero dzevanhu Pagungwa (HRAS) yabuda senzvimbo inotungamira yakazvimirira yekodzero dzevanhu yemugungwa. Kubva payakatangwa muna 2014, HRAS yakakurudzira zvikuru kuti kuwedzere kuitwa uye kuzvidavirira kwezvipo zvekodzero dzevanhu pakati pevafambisi vegungwa, vabati vehove, uye humwe raramo mumakungwa pasi rose. 

Fishwise. (2014, Kurume). Yakatengeswa II - Chidimbu Yakagadziridzwa yeHuman Rights Abuses muIndasitiri yeSeafood. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Trafficked_II_FishWise_2014%20%281%29.compressed.pdf

Yakatengeswa II neFishWise inopa tarisiro yenyaya dzekodzero dzevanhu mumaketani ekupa chikafu chegungwa uye matambudziko ekugadzirisa indasitiri. Chirevo ichi chinogona kushanda sechombo chekubatanidza maNGO anochengetedza uye nyanzvi dzekodzero dzevanhu.

Treves, T. (2010). Kodzero dzevanhu uye Mutemo weGungwa. Berkeley Journal yeInternational Law. Vhoriyamu 28, Chinyorwa 1. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Human%20Rights%20and%20the%20Law%20of%20the%20Sea.pdf

Munyori Tillio Treves anotarisa Mutemo Wemakungwa kubva pamaonero emutemo wekodzero dzevanhu unoona kuti kodzero dzevanhu dzinodyidzana neMutemo weGungwa. Treves inopinda mumatare edzimhosva anopa humbowo hwekudyidzana kweMutemo weGungwa uye kodzero dzevanhu. Icho chinyorwa chakakosha kune avo vari kutsvaga kunzwisisa nhoroondo yemutemo kumashure kwekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu sezvo ichiisa muchirevo masikirwo akaitwa Mutemo weMakungwa.

3. Mitemo neMitemo

United States International Trade Commission. (2021, Kukadzi). Zvokudya zvemugungwa Zvinowanikwa Kuburikidza Nekuredza Kusiri Pamutemo, Kusina kutaurwa, uye Kusina Kudzorwa: Zvinotengwa neU.S uye Kukanganisa Kwehupfumi paU. United States International Trade Commission Publication, No. 5168, Investigation No. 332-575. https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub5168.pdf

US International Trade Commission yakaona kuti mari ingangoita mabhiriyoni maviri nemazana mana emadhora basa rekutenga chikafu chemugungwa kubva kunze kwenyika inotorwa kubva kuIUU kubata hove muna 2.4, kunyanya gakanje rekushambira, shrimp dzakabatwa musango, yellowfin tuna, uye squid. Vatengesi vakuru vekunze kwemarine-capture IUU zvinotengeswa zvinobva kuChina, Russia, Mexico, Vietnam, neIndonesia. Chirevo ichi chinopa ongororo yakadzama yekubata hove kweIUU pamwe necherechedzo yekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu munyika dzakabva kunze kwenyika dzemugungwa dzeUS. Zvakanyanya, chirevo chakawana kuti 2019% yezvikepe zveChinese DWF muAfrica zvaifungidzirwa kuve chigadzirwa cheIUU yekuredza.

National Oceanic uye Atmospheric Administration. (2020). Taura kuCongress Human Trafficking muSeafood Supply Chain, Chikamu 3563 cheNational Defense Authorization Act yeFiscal Year 2020 (PL 116-92). Dhipatimendi reCommerce. https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2020-12/DOSNOAAReport_HumanTrafficking.pdf?null

Pasi pekutungamirwa neCongress, NOAA yakaburitsa chirevo pamusoro pekutengesa kwevanhu mugungwa rekutengesa cheni. Chirevo ichi chinodonongodza nyika makumi maviri nepfumbamwe dziri panjodzi huru yekutengeswa kwevanhu muchikamu chekudya kwegungwa. Zvinokurudzirwa kurwisa kutengeswa kwevanhu muchikamu chehove zvinosanganisira kusvika kune dzimwe nyika dzakarongwa, kusimudzira kuedza kwepasi rose kwekutevera uye zvirongwa zvepasi rose kugadzirisa kutengeswa kwevanhu, uye kusimbisa kubatana neindasitiri kugadzirisa kutengeswa kwevanhu mugungwa rekutengesa.

Greenpeace. (2020). Bhizinesi reFish: Mafambisirwo Ekufambisa Mugungwa Kunofambisa Kuredza Kusiri pamutemo, Kusina kutaurwa, uye Kusina Kudzorwa Kunoparadza Magungwa edu. Greenpeace International. PDF. https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-international-stateless/2020/02/be13d21a-fishy-business-greenpeace-transhipment-report-2020.pdf

Greenpeace yakaratidza 416 "ine njodzi" ngarava dzereefer dzinoshanda mumakungwa makuru uye kufambisa IUU kubata hove uku ichikanganisa kodzero dzevashandi vari muchikepe. Greenpeace inoshandisa data kubva kuGlobal Fishing Watch kuratidza pachiyero mafambisirwo ezvikepe zvevafambisi vezvikepe mukutakura uye kushandisa mireza yekurerutsira kune siketi mutemo uye kuchengetedza zviyero. Kuenderera mberi kwehutongi gaka kunobvumira kusashanda zvakanaka mumvura dzepasi rose kuenderera mberi. Chirevo ichi chinomiririra Chibvumirano cheGlobal Ocean Treaty kuti chipe nzira yakadzama yekutonga kwemakungwa.

Oceana. (2019, Chikumi). Kubata Hove Kusiri pamutemo uye Kushungurudzwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu paGungwa: Kushandisa Tekinoroji Kusimbisa Maitiro Anofungira. 10.31230/osf.io/juh98. PDF.

Kuredza hove kusiri pamutemo, kusingareported, uye kusingadzorerwe (IUU) inyaya yakakomba kune manejimendi ehove dzekutengesa uye kuchengetedza kwegungwa. Sezvo hove dzekutengesa dzichiwedzera, hove dzehove dziri kudzikira sezvakaita IUU hove. Chirevo chaOceana chinosanganisira nyaya nhatu dzezvidzidzo, yekutanga pakunyura kweOyang 70 pamhenderekedzo yeNew Zealand, yechipiri paHung Yu chikepe cheTaiwanese, uye chechitatu chikepe chefiriji chekutakura zvinhu Renown Reefer chaishanda kubva kumahombekombe eSomalia. Pamwe chete izvi zvidzidzo zvenyaya zvinotsigira nharo yekuti makambani ane nhoroondo yekusatevedzera, kana akabatanidzwa nekutarisa kwakashata uye hurongwa husina kusimba hwemutemo wepasirese, anoita kuti kuredza kwekutengesa kuve munjodzi yekuitwa zvisiri pamutemo.

Human Rights Watch. (2018, Ndira). Maketani Akavanzika: Kushungurudzwa kweKodzero uye Kumanikidzwa Basa muThailand Kuredza Indasitiri. PDF.

Kusvika pari zvino, Thailand haisati yatora matanho akakwana ekugadzirisa matambudziko ekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu muindasitiri yekuredza yeThai. Chirevo ichi chinonyora kumanikidzwa kwebasa, mamiriro ekushanda asina kunaka, nzira dzekupinza vanhu basa, uye matambudziko ebasa anokonzeresa mamiriro ezvinhu anoshungurudza. Nepo mamwe maitiro akatangwa kubva pakaburitswa mushumo muna 2018, chidzidzo ichi chakakosha kuverenga kune chero munhu anoda kudzidza zvakawanda nezveHuman rights muThailand hove.

International Organisation for Migration (2017, Ndira 24). Chirevo pamusoro peHuman Trafficking, Kumanikidzwa Basa uye Hove Mhosva muIndonesian Hove Indasitiri. IOM Mission muIndonesia. https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/country/docs/indonesia/Human-Trafficking-Forced-Labour-and-Fisheries-Crime-in-the-Indonesian-Fishing-Industry-IOM.pdf

Chisungo chitsva chehurumende chakavakirwa patsvagiridzo yeIOM pamusoro pekubiwa kwevanhu muhove dzeIndonesia chichagadzirisa kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Uyu mushumo wakabatanidzwa weIndonesia Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP), Indonesia Presidential Task Force to Combat Illegal Fishing, International Organisation for Migration (IOM) Indonesia, uye Coventry University. Chirevo ichi chinokurudzira kupera kwekushandiswa kweMireza Yekureruka neHove neFisheries Support Vessels, kuvandudza registry yepasi rose uye masisitimu ekuzivikanwa kwechikepe, kuvandudzwa kwemamiriro ekushanda muIndonesia neThailand, uye kuwedzera hutongi hwemakambani ekuredza kuti ave nechokwadi chekutevedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, kuwedzera kuteedzera. uye kuongorora, kunyoresa kwakakodzera kune vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika, uye kuedza kwakarongeka mumasangano akasiyana-siyana.

Braestrup, A., Neumann, J., uye Goridhe, M., Spalding, M. (ed), Middleburg, M. (ed). (2016, Kubvumbi 6). Kodzero dzevanhu & The Ocean: Huranda uye Shrimp paPlate Yako. White Paper. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/SlaveryandtheShrimponYourPlate1.pdf

Richitsigirwa neOcean Leadership Fund yeThe Ocean Foundation, bepa iri rakagadzirwa sechikamu chenhevedzano iri kuongorora kudyidzana pakati pekodzero dzevanhu negungwa rine hutano. Sechikamu chechipiri chenhevedzano, iyi chena bepa rinoongorora kushungurudzwa kwakabatana kwehupfumi hwevanhu uye hupfumi hwechisikigo hunova nechokwadi chekuti vanhu vemuUS neUK vanogona kudya zvakapetwa kana shrimp sezvavakaita makumi mashanu emakore apfuura, uye nehafu yemutengo.

Alifano, A. (2016). Zvishandiso Zvitsva Zvemabhizinesi eChikafu Kuti Anzwisise Njodzi dzeKodzero dzevanhu uye Kuvandudza Kuteerera Kwemagariro. Fishwise. Seafood Expo North America. PDF.

Makambani ari kuwedzera kutariswa neveruzhinji kushungurudzwa kwevashandi, kugadzirisa izvi, Fishwise yakaratidzwa pa2016 Seafood Expo North America. Mharidzo iyi yaisanganisira ruzivo kubva kuFishwise, Humanity United, Verite, uye Seafish. Kutarisa kwavo kuri pa-gungwa-kubata-musango uye kukurudzira mitemo yesarudzo yakajeka uye kushandisa data rinowanikwa pachena kubva kunzvimbo dzakasimbiswa.

Fishwise. (2016, Chikumi 7). ZVIMWE ZVIMWE: Kupfupikisa pamusoro peKutengeswa kwevanhu uye Kushungurudzwa muThailand's Shrimp Supply. Fishwise. Santa Cruise, California. PDF.

Kutanga mukutanga 2010s Thailand yanga ichiongororwa zvakanyanya maererano neakawanda akanyorwa nyaya dzekutevera uye kutyorwa kwevashandi. Kunyanya, pane zvinyorwa zvevanotengeswa vachimanikidzwa kupinda muzvikepe kure kure nemahombekombe kuti vabate hove dzekudya hove, mamiriro euranda munzvimbo dzekugadzira hove, uye kushandiswa kwevashandi kuburikidza nechikwereti husungwa uye vashandirwi vachinyima magwaro. Nekuda kwekuomarara kwekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu vanobata zvakasiyana vakatanga kutora matanho kudzivirira kutyorwa kwevashandi mumaketani ekugovera chikafu chegungwa, zvisinei, pane zvakawanda zvinoda kuitwa.

Kuredza Kusiri pamutemo: Ndedzipi Mhando dzeHove dziri Munjodzi Yakanyanya Kubva Kuredza Kusiri pamutemo uye Kusina Kutaurwa? (2015, Gumiguru). World Wildlife Fund. PDF. https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/publications/834/files/original/Fish_Species_at_Highest_Risk_ from_IUU_Fishing_WWF_FINAL.pdf?1446130921

Sangano reWorld Wildlife Fund rakaona kuti pamusoro pe85% yehove dzehove dzinogona kutariswa panjodzi huru yekuredza zvisiri pamutemo, zvisina kutaurwa, uye zvisina kunyoreswa (IUU). Kuredza kweIUU kwakapararira mumarudzi nematunhu.

Couper, A., Smith, H., Ciceri, B. (2015). Varedzi nevapambi: Kuba, Uranda uye Hove muGungwa. Pluto Press.

Bhuku rino rinotarisa kushandiswa kwehove nevabati vehove zvakafanana muindasitiri yepasi rose iyo inopa hanya zvishoma kune kuchengetedza kana kodzero dzevanhu. Alastair Couper akanyorawo bhuku ra1999, Voyages of Abuse: Seafarers, Human Rights, uye International Shipping.

Environmental Justice Foundation. (2014). Uranda paGungwa: Dambudziko Rinoenderera mberi reVafambi Vanotengeswa Muindasitiri yeHove yeThailand. London. https://ejfoundation.org/reports/slavery-at-sea-the-continued-plight-of-trafficked-migrants-in-thailands-fishing-industry

Chirevo chakaitwa neEnvironmental Justice Foundation inotarisa zvakadzama indasitiri yezvokudya zvegungwa muThailand uye kuvimba kwayo nekutengesa vanhu kuti vashande. Ichi chishumo chechipiri neEJF nezvenyaya iyi, yakaburitswa mushure mekunge Thailand yaendeswa kuTier 3 Watchlist yemushumo weUS Department of State's Trafficking in Persons. Ndiyo imwe yemishumo yakanakisa kune avo vanoedza kunzwisisa kuti kutengeswa kwevanhu kwave sei chikamu chikuru cheindasitiri yekuredza uye nei zvishoma zvakaitwa kuti zvimise.

Munda, M. (2014). Kubata: Makambani Ekubata Hove Akadzoreredza Huranda uye Kupamba Makungwa. AWA Press, Wellington, NZ, 2015. PDF.

Mutori wenhau wenguva refu Michael Field akatanga kufumura kutengeswa kwevanhu munzvimbo dzehove dzeNew Zealand, achiratidza basa ringaitwa nenyika dzakapfuma mukuenderera mberi nebasa reuranda mukuredza hove.

United Nations. (2011). Transnational Yakarongeka Mhosva muIndasitiri Yekuredza Hove. Hofisi yeUnited Nations pamusoro pezvinodhaka uye mhosva. Vienna. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/TOC_in_the_Fishing%20Industry.pdf

Ichi chidzidzo cheUN chinotarisa hukama pakati pehutsotsi hwakarongwa hwepasi rose neindasitiri yekuredza. Inotaridza zvikonzero zvakati kuti indasitiri yehove iri panjodzi yekupara mhosva dzakarongwa uye nzira dzinobvira dzekurwisa kusazvibata ikoko. Inoitirwa vateereri vevatungamiri venyika dzakawanda nemasangano vanogona kuuya pamwe chete neUN kurwisa kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kunokonzerwa nehutsotsi hwakarongeka.

Agnew, D., Pearce, J., Pramod, G., Peatman, T. Watson, R., Beddington, J., uye Pitcher T. (2009, July 1). Kufungidzira Kuwanda Kwepasirese Kwekuredza Kusiri pamutemo. PLOS Imwe.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004570

Chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chehove dzepasi rose dzinobata hove mhedzisiro yeIUU yekubata hove yakaenzana ne56 bhiriyoni mapaundi ehove yegungwa gore rega rega. Kuredza kwakakwirira kudaro kweIUU kunoreva kuti hupfumi hwenyika yose hwakatarisana nekurasikirwa kuri pakati pemadhora gumi nemazana maviri nematatu emadhora gore rega rega. Nyika dzichiri kusimukira ndidzo dziri panjodzi huru. IUU idambudziko repasi rose rakakanganisa chikamu chikuru chezvese zvegungwa zvinodyiwa uye kukanganisa kusimba kwekuedza uye kuwedzera kusatarisirwa zvakanaka kwezviwanikwa zvemugungwa.

Conathan, M. naSiciliano, A. (2008) Ramangwana reKuchengetedzwa Kwezvokudya zvegungwa - Kurwisana Nekuredza Kusingabvumirwi Nemutemo uye Kubiridzira Kwezvokudya zvegungwa. Center for American Progress. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/IllegalFishing-brief.pdf

Iyo Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act ya2006 yave budiriro huru, zvekuti kuredza hove kwakapera mumvura yeUS. Nekudaro, vanhu vekuAmerica vachiri kudya mamirioni ematani ehove dzegungwa dzinobatwa zvisina kugadzikana gore rega - kubva kunze kwenyika.

4. IUU Hove uye Kodzero dzevanhu

Task Force pamusoro peKutengeswa kwevanhu muKuredza muMvura dzeMarudzi. (2021, Ndira). Task Force pamusoro peKutengeswa kwevanhu muKuredza muMvura dzeMarudzi. Taura kuCongress. PDF.

Kugadzirisa dambudziko riri kukura rekubiwa kwevanhu muindasitiri yehove, United States Congress yakaraira kuti iongororwe. Mhedzisiro iyi iboka remubatanidzwa rakaongorora kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu muchikamu chehove kubva muna Gumiguru 2018 kusvika Nyamavhuvhu 2020. Chirevo ichi chinosanganisira 27 mitemo yepamusoro-soro uye kurudziro yezviitiko zvinosanganisira, kuwedzera kururamisira kwevashandi vanomanikidzwa, kubvumidza zvirango zvitsva kuvashandirwi vakawanikwa vaine vanoita zviito zvechisimba, vanorambidza vashandi vanobhadhara mari yekunyoresa mungarava dzeUS hove, zvinosanganisira kushingairira maitiro, zvinonangwa masangano ane chekuita nekubiwa kwevanhu kuburikidza nezvirango, kugadzira uye kutora chishandiso chekuongorora kutengeswa kwevanhu negwaro rereferenzi, kusimbisa kuunganidzwa kwedata, fuse, uye kuongorora. , uye kuvandudza kudzidziswa kwevaongorori vengarava, vacherechedzi, uye vamwe vekunze.

Department of Justice. (2021). Tafura yeZviremera zveHurumende yeUS Inoenderana Nekutengesa Vanhu Mukubata Hove Mumvura Yepasi Pose. https://www.justice.gov/crt/page/file/1360371/download

Tafura yeZviremera zveHurumende yeUS Zvinechekuita neKutengeswa Kwevanhu muKuredza muMvura dzepasi rose inoburitsa mabasa akaitwa nehurumende yeUnited States kugadzirisa nyaya dzekodzero dzevanhu mukufambiswa kwezvokudya zvegungwa. Chirevo chakakamurwa neDhipatimendi uye chinopa gwara pachiremera chesangano rega rega. Tafura iyi inosanganisira Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro, Dhipatimendi reVashandi, Dhipatimendi reHomeland Security, Dhipatimendi reCommerce, Dhipatimendi reHurumende, Hofisi yeUnited States Trade Representative, Dhipatimendi reTreasury, uye Internal Revenue Service. Iyo tafura inosanganisirawo ruzivo nezve federal agency, chiremera chekutonga, rudzi rwechiremera, tsananguro, uye chiyero chekutonga.

Kodzero Dzevanhu paGungwa. (2020, Kurume 1). Kodzero dzevanhu paGungwa Briefing Note: Ndiyo 2011 UN Inotungamira Mitemo Inoshanda Nekubudirira uye Iri Kushandiswa Zvakasimba muIndasitiri yeMaritime.https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/HRAS_UN_Guiding_Principles_Briefing_Note_1_March_2020_SP_LOCKED.pdf

Iyo 2011 UN Guiding Principles yakavakirwa pakuita kwekambani neyehurumende uye pfungwa yekuti makambani ane basa rekuremekedza kodzero dzevanhu. Chirevo ichi chinotarisa kumashure mumakore gumi apfuura uye chinopa ongororo pfupi yezvese kubudirira uye nzvimbo dzinofanirwa kugadziriswa kuitira kuti dziwane kuchengetedzwa nekuremekedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Chirevo ichi chinocherekedza kushomeka kwazvino kwekubatana pamwe uye shanduko yemitemo yakabvumiranwa yakaoma uye zvakanyanya kudzorwa nekuteedzera zvinodiwa. Mamwe ruzivo pamusoro pe 2011 UN Inotungamira Mitemo inogona kuwanikwa pano.

Teh LCL, Caddell R., Allison EH, Finkbeiner, EM, Kittinger JN, Nakamura K., et al. (2019). Basa Rekodzero Dzevanhu Mukuita Zvekudya Zvokudya Zvegungwa Zvinotarisirwa Nemagariro. PLoS YEMWE 14(1): e0210241. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210241

Misimboti yezvekudya zvemugungwa inotarisika mumagariro inofanirwa kudzika midzi muzvisungo zvemutemo zvakajeka uye kutsigirwa nekugona kwakakwana uye kuda kwezvematongerwo enyika. Vanyori vakaona kuti mitemo yekodzero dzevanhu inowanzotaura nezvekodzero dzevanhu nedzezvematongerwo enyika, asi ine rwendo rurefu rwekugadzirisa kodzero dzehupfumi, magariro, uye tsika. Nekukwevera pazviridzwa zvepasi rose hurumende dzinogona kupasisa mitemo yenyika yekubvisa kuredza kweIUU.

United Nations. (1948). Kuzivisa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights

Sangano reUnited Nations' Declaration of Human Rights rinoisa chiyero chekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu dzakakosha uye dziviriro yadzo yepasi rose. Gwaro rine mapeji masere rinozivisa kuti vanhu vose vanozvarwa vakasununguka uye vakaenzana muchiremera nekodzero, pasina rusaruro, uye havazosungwa muuranda, kana kubatwa zvine utsinye, zvisina hunhu, kana kubatwa zvisina kunaka pakati pedzimwe kodzero. Chiziviso chakakurudzira zvibvumirano zvekodzero dzevanhu makumi manomwe, zvakashandurirwa mumitauro inopfuura 500 uye inoramba ichitungamirira mitemo nezviito nhasi.

5. Zvokudya Zvokudya Zvokudya Mazano

Nakamura, K., Bishop, L., Ward, T., Pramod, G., Thomson, D., Tungpuchayakul, P., and Srakaew, S. (2018, July 25). Kuona Huranda muSeafood Supply Chains. Science Advans, E1701833. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/7/e1701833

Cheni yekugovera chikafu chemugungwa yakakamurwa zvakanyanya neruzhinji rwevashandi vanoshandirwa semacontractors kana kuburikidza nemabroker zvichiita kuti zviome kuona kwakabva chikafu chegungwa. Kugadzirisa izvi, vatsvakurudzi vakagadzira hurongwa uye vakagadzira nzira yekuongorora njodzi yekumanikidzirwa kushanda mumaketani ezvokudya zvegungwa. Hurongwa hwemapoinzi mashanu, hunodaidzwa kuti Labour Safe Screen, hwakaona kuti kwakavandudza ruzivo rwemamiriro evashandi kuitira kuti makambani ezvekudya agadzirise dambudziko iri.

Nereus Chirongwa (2016). Ruzivo Pepa: Hove dzeuranda uye Kudyira Kwekudya kwegungwa kweJapan. Iyo Nippon Foundation - University yeBritish Columbia. PDF.

Basa rokumanikidzirwa uye uranda hwemazuva ano idambudziko ratekeshera muindasitiri yokuredza yepasi pose yanhasi. Kuzivisa vatengi, iyo Nippon Foundation yakagadzira gwara rinoratidza mhando dzekushungurudzwa kwevashandi munzvimbo dzehove zvichienderana nenyika kwaanobva. Gwaro pfupi iri rinoratidza nyika dzingangokwanisa kuendesa kunze hove kunze kwenyika idzo dzakabva mukumanikidzwa kushanda pane imwe nguva mukutengesa kwadzo. Nepo gwara rakanangana nevaverengi vechiJapan, rinoburitswa muChirungu uye rinopa ruzivo rwakanaka kune chero munhu anofarira kuve mutengi ane ruzivo. Vapari vemhosva zvakanyanya, maererano negwaro, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, neMyanmar.

Warne, K. (2011) Rega Vadye Shrimp: Kuparara Kwakashata kweMasango eGungwa. Island Press, 2011.

Kugadzirwa kwepasi rose shrimp aquaculture kwakakonzera kukuvadza kwakakura kumangrove emahombekombe enzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzinopisa dzepasirese-uye ine mhedzisiro yakaipa pamararamiro emahombekombe uye kuwanda kwemhuka dzemugungwa.

6. Kudzingwa uye Kudzingwa

Hofisi yeUnited Nations High Commissioner yeHuman Rights (2021, Chivabvu). Lethal Kuregeredza: Kutsvaga uye Kununura uye Kudzivirirwa kwevanotamira muCentral Mediterranean Sea. United Nations Human Rights. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Migration/OHCHR-thematic-report-SAR-protection-at-sea.pdf

Kubva muna Ndira 2019 kusvika Zvita 2020 Hofisi yeUnited Nations Human Rights yakabvunzurudza vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika, nyanzvi, uye vane chekuita kuti vaone kuti mimwe mitemo, marongero, uye maitiro zvakakanganisa sei kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika. Chirevo ichi chinotarisa pakutsvaga nekununura kuedza sevanotama vachipfuura neLibya nepakati peGungwa reMeditera. Chirevo ichi chinosimbisa kuti kushaikwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwakaitika zvichikonzera mazana ekufa kunodzivirirwa mugungwa nekuda kwekutadza kwehurongwa hwekutama. Nyika dzeMediterranean dzinofanirwa kugumisa mitemo yakafambisa kana kugonesa kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye inofanira kutora maitiro anodzivirira kufa kwevatorwa vakawanda mugungwa.

Vinke, K., Blocher, J., Becker, M., Ebay, J., Fong, T., uye Kambon, A. (2020, Gunyana). Nzvimbo dzekumba: Zvitsuwa uye Nyika dzeArchipelagic 'Kugadzira Matemo eKufambiswa Kwevanhu muChimiro cheKushanduka Kwemamiriro ekunze. Kubatana kweGerman. https://disasterdisplacement.org/portfolio-item/home-lands-island-and-archipelagic-states-policymaking-for-human-mobility-in-the-context-of-climate-change

Zvitsuwa uye nzvimbo dzemahombekombe dziri kutarisana nekuchinja kukuru nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunosanganisira: kushomeka kwenyika inorimika, kure, kurasikirwa kwenyika, uye matambudziko ekuyamurwa kunowanikwa panguva dzenjodzi. Matambudziko aya ari kuita kuti vakawanda vatame kubva kunyika dzavo. Chirevo ichi chinosanganisira zvidzidzo zvenyaya paThe Eastern Caribbean (Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Dominica, uye St. Lucia), The Pacific (Fiji, Kiribati, Tuvalu, uye Vanuatu), uye The Philippines. Kugadzirisa izvi vatevedzeri vemunyika nevedunhu vanofanirwa kutora mitemo yekudzora kutama, kuronga kutamiswa, uye kugadzirisa kutamiswa kuti kuderedze zvinonetsa zvekufamba kwevanhu.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2018, Nyamavhuvhu). Mepu yeKufamba Kwevanhu (Kutama, Kutama uye Kutamiswa Kwakarongwa) uye Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze muMaitirwo Epasi Pose, Mitemo uye Zvirongwa Zvemutemo. International Organisation for Migration (IOM). PDF.

Sezvo shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ichimanikidza vanhu vazhinji kusiya misha yavo, maitiro akasiyana-siyana emutemo uye maitiro akabuda. Chirevo ichi chinopa mamiriro uye ongororo yeakakodzera hurongwa hwepasi rose uye hurongwa hwemutemo huripo hune chekuita nekutama, kutamiswa, uye kutama kwakarongwa. Chirevo ichi chakaburitswa neUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Task Force on Displacement.

Greenshack Dotinfo. (2013). Climate Refugees: Alaska paEdge seVagari veNewtok Vanomhanya kumisa Musha Uchiwira muGungwa. [Firimu].

Vhidhiyo iyi ine vaviri vanobva kuNewtok, Alaska vanotsanangura shanduko kumamiriro ekwavanogara: kusimuka kwegungwa, madutu ane chisimba, uye kuchinja shiri dzinotama. Vanokurukura nezvokuda kwavo kutamisirwa kunzvimbo yakachengeteka, iri mukati menyika. Nekudaro, nekuda kwematambudziko ekugamuchira zvinhu uye rubatsiro, vanga vakamirira kwemakore kuti vatame.

Puthucherril, T. (2013, Kubvumbi 22). Shanduko, Kusimuka kweGungwa Kusimuka uye Kudzivirira Nharaunda dzeMahombekombe Akadzingwa: Zvinogoneka Mhinduro. Global Journal yeComparative Law. Vol. 1. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/sea%20level%20rise.pdf

Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuchava netapuro huru paupenyu hwemamiriyoni. Iri bepa rinodonongodza zviitiko zviviri zvekutamiswa kwakakonzerwa nekukwira kwegungwa uye rinotsanangura kuti chikamu che "mupoteri wemamiriro ekunze" hachina chimiro chepamutemo chepasi rose. Rakanyorwa sewongororo yemutemo, bepa rino rinotsanangura zvakajeka kuti sei avo vakadzingwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze vasingazopihwe kodzero dzavo dzevanhu.

Environmental Justice Foundation. (2012). Nyika Iri Kutyisidzirwa: Mhedzisiro Yekuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze paKodzero dzevanhu uye Kumanikidzwa Kutama muBangladesh. London. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/A_Nation_Under_Threat.compressed.pdf

Bangladesh iri panjodzi yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze nekuda kwekuwanda kwayo kwevanhu uye zviwanikwa zvishoma, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu. Chirevo ichi cheEnvironment Justice Foundation chakaitirwa avo vane zvinzvimbo mumasangano ekuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu, pamwe nemasangano epasi rose. Inotsanangura kushaikwa kwerubatsiro uye kucherechedzwa zviri pamutemo kwe 'vapoteri vemamiriro ekunze' uye inotsigira rubatsiro rwekukurumidza uye zvishandiso zvitsva zvinosunga zviri pamutemo kuti zvizivikanwe.

Environmental Justice Foundation. (2012). Hapana Nzvimbo Senge Imba - Kuchengetedza Kuzivikanwa, Dziviriro uye Rubatsiro rweVapoteri Vemamiriro ekunze. London.  https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/NPLH_briefing.pdf

Vapoteri vemamiriro ekunze vanosangana nematambudziko ekuzivikanwa, kuchengetedzwa, uye kushaikwa kwerubatsiro. Iyi pfupiso yakaitwa neEnvironmental Justice Foundation inokurukura matambudziko akatarisana neavo vasingazokwanise kujairana nekuipa kwemamiriro ekunze. Chirevo ichi chakanangana neruzhinji rwevanhu vanoda kunzwisisa kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, sekurasikirwa kwevhu, kunokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Bronen, R. (2009). Kumanikidzwa Kutama Kwenharaunda Dzakazvarwa dzeAlaska Nekuda Kwekuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze: Kugadzira Mhinduro Yekodzero Dzevanhu. Yunivhesiti yeAlaska, Resilience uye Adaptation Chirongwa. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/forced%20migration%20alaskan%20community.pdf

Kumanikidzwa Kutama nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kukanganisa dzimwe nharaunda dzeAlaska dzakanyanya kutambudzika. Munyori Robin Bronen anotsanangura kuti hurumende yeAlaska yakapindura sei pakumanikidzwa kutama. Bepa rinopa mienzaniso yemusoro kune avo vari kutsvaga kudzidza nezvekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu muAlaska uye rinoratidza hurongwa hwemasangano hwekupindura kutama kwevanhu kunokonzerwa nemamiriro ekunze.

Claus, CA uye Mascia, MB (2008, Chivabvu 14). Nzira Yekodzero Yezvivakwa Kunzwisisa Kutamiswa Kwevanhu Kubva Kunzvimbo Dzakachengetedzwa: Nyaya Yenzvimbo Dzakachengetedzwa Mugungwa. Conservation Biology, World Wildlife Fund. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/A%20Property%20Rights%20Approach%20to% 20Understanding%20Human%20Displacement%20from%20Protected%20Areas.pdf

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) ndiwo musimboti wenzira dzakawanda dzekuchengetedza zvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana pamwe nemotokari yekusimudzira magariro evanhu uye bviro yemitengo yemagariro pamwe nemaitiro ekuchengetedza siyana. Mhedzisiro yekugoverazve kodzero kune zviwanikwa zveMPA inosiyana mukati uye pakati pemapoka evanhu, zvichikonzera shanduko munharaunda, mumashandisirwo ezviwanikwa, uye nharaunda. Ichi chinyorwa chinoshandisa nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzemugungwa senzira yekuongorora zvinokonzeresa kugovaniswa kwekodzero zvichikonzera kutamiswa kwevanhu veko. Inotsanangura kuoma nekukakavadzana kwakapoteredza kodzero dzezvivakwa maererano nekutamiswa.

Alisopp, M., Johnston, P., uye Santillo, D. (2008, Ndira). Kunetsa iyo Aquaculture Indasitiri pane Sustainability. Greenpeace Laboratories Technical Note. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Aquaculture_Report_Technical.pdf

Kukura kwekutengeserana aquaculture uye nzira dzakawedzerwa dzekugadzira zvakakonzera kuwedzera kuipa kwezvakatipoteredza uye nzanga. Chirevo ichi chakaitirwa avo vanofarira kunzwisisa kuoma kweindasitiri yezvekurima kwemvura uye inopa mienzaniso yenyaya dzine chekuita nekuedza kugadzirisa kwemutemo.

Lonergan, S. (1998). Basa Rokuparara Kwenzvimbo Mukutamiswa Kwevanhu. Kuchinja Kwenzvimbo uye Chengetedzo Project Report, Nyaya 4: 5-15.  https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/The%20Role%20of%20Environmental%20Degradation% 20in%20Population%20Displacement.pdf

Huwandu hwevanhu vakadzingwa nekukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza hwakakura. Kuti utsanangure zvinhu zvakaoma zvinotungamira kuchirevo chakadaro ichi chinyorwa chinopa seti yemibvunzo nemhinduro nezve mafambiro ekufambisa uye basa renharaunda. Pepa racho rinopedzisa nemazano emitemo nekusimbisa kukosha kwekusimudzirwa kwakasimba senzira yekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu.

7. Ocean Governance

Gutierrez, M. uye Jobbins, G. (2020, Chikumi 2). China's Kure-Mvura Hove Fleet: Scale, Impact, uye Hutongi. Overseas Development Institute. https://odi.org/en/publications/chinas-distant-water-fishing-fleet-scale-impact-and-governance/

Kushaikwa kwehove dzemudzimba kuri kuita kuti dzimwe nyika dzifambe mberi kuti dzizadzise kudiwa kuri kuwedzera kwehove dzemugungwa. Iyo huru yezvikepe zviri kure-mvura (DWF) ingarava yeChina, iyo ine DWF inoverengera pedyo ne17,000 ngarava, Mushumo wechangobva kuitika wakawana kuti ngarava iyi yaive 5 kusvika 8 nguva yakakura kupfuura yakambotaurwa uye kanenge 183 ngarava dzaifungidzirwa kuti dzaibatanidzwa. muIUU kubata hove. Trawlers ndiyo ngarava inonyanyozivikanwa, uye ingangoita chiuru ngarava dzeChinese dzakanyoreswa kune dzimwe nyika kunze kweChina. Kujeka kwakawanda uye kutonga kunodiwa pamwe nekudzora kwakasimba uye kuteedzera. 

Kodzero Dzevanhu paGungwa. (2020, Chikunguru 1). Fisheries Observer Rufu paGungwa, Kodzero dzevanhu & Basa & Mabasa eMasangano eHove.. PDF. https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/HRAS_Abuse_of_Fisheries_Observers_REPORT_JULY-2020_SP_LOCKED-1.pdf

Hakusi chete kuti kune nyaya dzekodzero dzevanhu dzevashandi mukati mechikamu chehove pane zvinonetsa kune Fisheries Observers vanoshanda kugadzirisa kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu mugungwa. Chirevo ichi chinodaidzira kuchengetedzwa kuri nani kwevaviri vashandi vehove neFisheries Observers. Chirevo ichi chinosimbisa kuferefetwa kuri kuitika kwekufa kweFishery Observers uye nzira dzekuvandudza dziviriro kune vese vanoona. Chirevo ichi ndechekutanga munhevedzano yakagadzirwa neHuman Rights paGungwa chirevo chechipiri cheiyi nhevedzano, yakaburitswa muna Mbudzi 2020, ichatarisa pane zvinogoneka kurudziro.

Kodzero Dzevanhu paGungwa. (2020, Mbudzi 11). Kugadzira Kurudziro uye Polisi mukutsigira kweFisheries Observers 'Chengetedzo, Chengetedzo & Hupenyu. PDF.

Kodzero dzeHuman Rights at Sea dzakaburitsa nhevedzano yemishumo kugadzirisa kushushikana kwevacherechedzi vehove mukuyedza kuzivisa veruzhinji. Chirevo ichi chinotarisa pamakurudziro ekugadzirisa zvinonetsa zvinoratidzwa mukati mechikamu. Kurudziro idzi dzinosanganisira: dhata rinowanikwa neruzhinji rwengarava dzekutarisa hove (VMS), kuchengetedzwa kwevacherechedzi vehove uye inishuwarenzi yehunyanzvi, kuwaniswa kwemidziyo yekuchengetedza yakasimba, kuwedzera kutariswa nekutariswa, kushandiswa kwekodzero dzevanhu mune zvekutengeserana, kuzivisa veruzhinji, kuwedzera uye kuferefeta pachena, uye pakupedzisira kugadzirisa maonero ekusarangwa kubva kururamisiro padanho rehurumende. Chirevo ichi ndechekuteedzera kweHuman Rights at Sea, Fisheries Observer Rufu paGungwa, Kodzero dzevanhu & Basa & Mabasa eMasangano eHove. rakaburitswa muna Chikunguru 2020.

United States Dhipatimendi reNyika. (2016, Gunyana). Kushandura Mafungu: Kubatanidza Innovation uye Kudyidzana Kurwisa Kutengeswa Kwevanhu muSector yeChikafu. Hofisi Yekutarisa uye Kurwisa Kutengeswa Kwevanhu. PDF.

Dhipatimendi reHurumende, muna 2016 Trafficking in Persons rinoti nyika dzinopfuura makumi mashanu dzakaona kushushikana kwekumanikidzwa kushanda mukuredza, kugadzira chikafu chegungwa, kana kurima kwemvura kunobata varume, vakadzi, uye vana munzvimbo dzese pasirese. Kurwisa izvi masangano mazhinji epasi rose uye maNGOs muSoutheast Asia ari kushanda kuti ape rubatsiro rwakananga, kupa nharaunda kudzidzisa, kuvandudza kugona kweakasiyana masisitimu ekutonga (kusanganisira Thailand neIndonesia), kuwedzera chaiyo-nguva yekuunganidza data, uye kukurudzira mamwe ane mutoro ekupa cheni.

8. Shipbreaking uye Human Rights Abuses

Daems, E. naGoris, G. (2019). Hunyengeri hweMabhichi arinani: Kupwanya kwechikepe muIndia, varidzi vengarava muSwitzerland, vachitsvaga muBelgium. NGO Shipbreaking Platform. MO Magazine. PDF.

Panopera upenyu hwengarava, ngarava dzakawanda dzinotumirwa kunyika dzichiri kusimukira, dzinoiswa mumhenderekedzo yegungwa, uye dzakaputsika, dzakazara nezvinhu zvine chepfu, uye dzinoparadzwa pamhenderekedzo dzeBangladesh, India, uye Pakistan. Vashandi vanoputsa zvikepe vanowanzoshandisa maoko avo asina maoko mumamiriro ezvinhu akanyanyisa uye ane chepfu anokonzera kukanganisa kwevanhu uye kwezvakatipoteredza uye njodzi dzinouraya. Musika wengarava dzekare hauna kujeka uye makambani ezvikepe, mazhinji anogara muSwitzerland nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope, anowanzoona zvakachipa kutumira ngarava kunyika dzichiri kusimukira zvisinei nekukuvadza. Chirevo ichi chine chinangwa chekuunza kutarisisa kunyaya yekupwanya kwengarava uye kukurudzira shanduko yemitemo kugadzirisa kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu pamahombekombe ari kupaza ngarava. Anex yemushumo uye glossary isumo yakanaka kune avo vanofarira kudzidza mamwe mazwi uye mutemo une chekuita nekupwanya kwechikepe.

Heidegger, P., Jenssen, I., Reuter, D., Mulinaris, N. uye Carlsson, F. (2015). Ndeupi Musiyano Unoitwa neMureza: Nei Basa Revaridzi Vengarava Kuona Kugadziriswa Kwengarava Kudzokororwa Kunoda kuenda Beyond Flag State Jurisdiction. NGO Shipbreaking Platform. PDF. https://shipbreakingplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/FoCBriefing_NGO-Shipbreaking-Platform_-April-2015.pdf

Gore roga roga ngarava huru dzinopfuura chiuru, dzinosanganisira matangi, ngarava dzinotakura zvinhu, ngarava dzinotakura vanhu, uye michina yemafuta, zvinotengeswa kuti zviputse 1,000% yacho inoguma yave kumayadhi emahombekombe kuIndia, Bangladesh, kana Pakistan. European Union ndiyo musika mumwechete mukuru wekutumira ngarava dzekupedzisira kune dzine tsvina uye dzine njodzi dzinopwanya ngarava. Nepo European Union yakaronga matanho ekudzora makambani mazhinji anoteera mitemo iyi nekunyoresa ngarava kune imwe nyika ine mitemo yakareruka. Iyi tsika yekushandura mureza wengarava inoda kushanduka uye zvimwe zviri pamutemo uye zvemari zviridzwa zvekuranga makambani ekufambisa zvinoda kugamuchirwa kuitira kumisa kodzero dzevanhu uye kushungurudzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kwekupwanya kwemahombekombe.

Heidegger, P., Jenssen, I., Reuter, D., Mulinaris, N., uye Carlsson, F. (2015). Musiyano Wakaita Nemureza. NGO Shipbreaking Platform. Brussels, Belgium. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/FoCBriefing_NGO-Shipbreaking-Platform_-April-2015.pdf

Iyo Shipbreaking Platform inopa zano pamitemo mitsva ine chinangwa chekudzora kudzokororwa kwengarava, inoteedzerwa mushure memitemo yakafanana yeEU. Vanopokana kuti mutemo unobva pamireza yekurerutsira (FOC) uchakanganisa kugona kudzora kuputsika kwechikepe nekuda kwemaburi mukati meFOC system.

Lipman, Z. (2011). Kutengeserana Nemarara Ane Njodzi: Kururamisira Kwezvakatipoteredza Kuchipikisa Kukura Kweupfumi. Environmental Justice uye Legal Process, Macquarie University, Australia. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Trade%20in%20Hazardous%20Waste.pdf

Chibvumirano cheBasel, icho chinoda kumisa kutakurwa kwemarara ane ngozi kubva kunyika dzakabudirira kuenda kunyika dzichiri kusimukira idzo dzinoshandisa mamiriro ekushanda asina kuchengetedzeka uye dzichibhadhara vashandi vadzo mari shoma, ndiyo yakanangana nebepa rino. Inotsanangura zvinhu zviri pamutemo zvine chekuita nekumisa kupaza kwengarava uye matambudziko ekuyedza kuita kuti Chibvumirano chibvumirwe nenyika dzakakwana.

Dann, B., Gold, M., Aldalur, M. uye Braestrup, A. (series editor), Mukuru, L. (ed), Neumann, J. (ed). (2015, Mbudzi 4). Kodzero dzevanhu & The Ocean: Shipbreaking uye Toxins.  White Paper. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/TOF%20Shipbreaking%20White%20Paper% 204Nov15%20version.compressed%20%281%29.pdf

Richitsigirwa neOcean Leadership Fund yeThe Ocean Foundation, bepa iri rakagadzirwa sechikamu chenhevedzano iri kuongorora kudyidzana pakati pekodzero dzevanhu negungwa rine hutano. Sechikamu cheimwe yenhevedzano, iyi chena bepa rinoongorora njodzi yekuve ngarava yekupwanya uye kushomeka kweruzivo rwepasirese uye mutemo wekutonga indasitiri yakakura kudaro.

International Federation for Human Rights. (2008). Kupwanya Mayadhi: Kushandirwa Kwevana muIndasitiri Yekutsvagisa Zvikepe muBangladesh. NGO Shipbreaking Platform. PDF. https://shipbreakingplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Report-FIDH_Childbreaking_Yards_2008.pdf

Vatsvakurudzi vachiongorora mishumo yekukuvara kwevashandi uye kufa mukutanga kwe2000s vakawana kuti vacherechedzi vanogara vachicherechedza vana pakati pevashandi uye vachishingaira mumabasa ekuputsa ngarava. Chirevo ichi - chakaita tsvakiridzo kutanga muna 2000 uye ichienderera mberi kusvika 2008 - chakanangana neyadhi yekupwanya ngarava muChittagong, Bangladesh. Vakaona kuti vana nevadiki vechidiki vari pasi pemakore gumi nemasere vanoumba 18% yevashandi vese uye mitemo yemumba inotarisisa maawa ekushanda, mihoro yepasi, muripo, kudzidziswa, uye zera rekushanda raigara richiregeredzwa. Nekufamba kwemakore kuchinja kuri kuuya kuburikidza nematare edzimhosva, asi zvakawanda zvinoda kuitwa kusimbisa mapurisa anochengetedza vana vari kubhinywa.

Greenpeace uye International Federation for Human Rights. (2005, Zvita).Kupera KweHupenyu Ngarava - Mutengo Wevanhu Wekuputsa Ngarava.https://wayback.archive-it.org/9650/20200516051321/http://p3-raw.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/planet-2/report/2006/4/end-of-life-the-human-cost-of.pdf

Chirevo chakabatanidzwa cheGreenpeace neFIDH chinotsanangura indasitiri yekupwanya ngarava kuburikidza nemaakaundi emunhu kubva kuvashandi vanopwanya ngarava muIndia neBangladesh. Chirevo ichi chakaitirwa sekudaidzira kuita kune avo vanobatanidzwa muindasitiri yekutumira vatevedze mirau mitsva nemitemo inodzora zviito zveindasitiri.

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