Kutarisa kune Zvinyorwa Zvidiki

The Colorful Blur yaOctober
Chikamu 4: Kutarisana neGreat Pacific, Kutarisa kune Zvinyorwa Zviduku

naMark J. Spalding

Kubva paBlock Island, ndakaenda kumadokero ndichigura nyika yacho kuMonterey, California, uye kubva ipapo ndichienda kuAsilomar Conference Grounds. Asilomar ine nzvimbo inokwezva ine maonero makuru ePacific uye marefu mabhodhi ekufamba kuti ave mumatope akadzivirirwa. Iri zita rekuti "Asilomar" inoreva chirevo cheSpanish asilo al mar, zvichireva hutiziro pagungwa, uye zvivakwa zvakagadzirwa uye zvakavakwa nemugadziri ane mukurumbira Julia Morgan muma1920s senzvimbo yeYWCA. Yakava chikamu chepaki system muNyika yeCalifornia muna 1956.

Ndakanga ndiripo munzvimbo yangu semukuru paMiddlebury Institute for International Studies, Center for the Blue Economy, yaigara muMonterey. Takaunganira “The Oceans in National Income Accounts: Seking Consensus on Definitions and Standards,” musangano waisanganisira vamiririri 30 vanobva kunyika 10, * kuti tikurukure kuyera upfumi hwegungwa, uye upfumi (hutsva) hwebhuruu (hunoramba huripo) iwo mazwi akanyanya kukosha: iyo national accounting classifications yezviitwa zvehupfumi. Chinokosha ndechekuti hatina tsanangudzo yakafanana yehupfumi hwegungwa. Saka, takanga tiripo kuti titsanangure tose uye kuwiriranisa North American Industry Classification System (NAICS kodhi), pamwe chete neaya anoenderana masisitimu kubva kune dzimwe nyika nematunhu kuronga hurongwa hungaite kuti hupfumi hwemakungwa huzere, uye zviitiko zvehupfumi zvegungwa zvinogona kuteverwa.

Chinangwa chedu mukutarisisa maakaundi enyika kuyera hupfumi hwedu hwegungwa uye yebhuruu sub-sector uye tikwanise kupa data nezve izvo hupfumi. Data rakadaro richatibvumira kutarisa shanduko nekufamba kwenguva uye kupesvedzera marongero akakosha kumarine nemahombekombe ecosystem masevhisi kuitira kubatsira kwevanhu uye kusimudzira. Tinoda data rekutanga pane hupfumi hwedu hwepasi rose hwepasi rose kuyera kushanda kwezvakatipoteredza pamwe nekutengeserana kwemusika muzvinhu nemasevhisi, uye kuti chimwe nechimwe chinoshanduka sei nekufamba kwenguva. Kana tave neizvi, tinofanira kuzvishandisa kukurudzira vatungamiri vehurumende kuti vatore matanho. Isu tinofanirwa kupa vanogadzira mitemo nehumbowo hunobatsira uye hurongwa, uye nhoroondo dzedu dzenyika kare matsime anovimbika eruzivo. Tinoziva kuti kune zvakawanda zvisingabatike zvine chekuita nekukoshesa kunoita vanhu gungwa, saka hatizokwanisi kuyera zvese. Asi tinofanira kuyera sezvatinokwanisa uye kusiyanisa pakati pezvakagadzikana uye zvisingagoneki (mushure mekubvumirana kuti izwi iri rinorevei) nokuti, sekutaura kwaPeter Drucker "zvaunoyera ndizvo zvaunokwanisa."

Iyo yekutanga SIC system yakavambwa neUnited States mukupera kwema1930's. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, maindasitiri ekuisa makodhi mana-manhamba enhamba inomiririra yemabhizinesi makuru nemaindasitiri. Iwo macode anopihwa zvichibva pane zvakajairika maitiro akagovaniswa mune zvigadzirwa, masevhisi, kugadzira uye kuburitsa system yebhizinesi. Iwo macode anogona kuzorongedzerwa muzvikamu zvishoma nezvishoma zvakakura zveindasitiri: boka reindasitiri, boka guru, uye kupatsanura. Saka indasitiri yega yega kubva kuhove kuenda kumigodhi kusvika kuzvitoro zvezvitoro zvine kodhi yemhando, kana nhevedzano yemakodhi, inovabvumira kuiswa mumapoka zvichienderana neyakakura zviitiko uye zviitwa zvishoma. Sechikamu chenhaurirano dzinotungamira kuNorth American Free Trade Agreement mukutanga kwema1990, United States, Canada, neMexico vakabvumirana kugadzira kutsiva kweSIC system inodaidzwa kuti North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) iyo inopa rumwe ruzivo. inovandudza SIC nemaindasitiri mazhinji matsva.

Takabvunza imwe neimwe yenyika gumi * kuti ndeapi maindasitiri avakaisa mu "ocean economy" yavo muakaunti yavo yenyika (sechiitiko chakakura kudaro); uye kuti tingatsanangure sei kugadzikana munyanza kuitira kuti tikwanise kuyera chiitiko chidiki (kana chikamu-chikamu) chehupfumi hwegungwa chaive chakanaka kuti gungwa rinzi hupfumi hwebhuruu. Saka nei zvine basa? Kana munhu ari kuyedza kuverenga kukosha kwakaita basa reimwe indasitiri, kana imwe sosi, munhu anoda kuziva kuti ndeapi makodhi emaindasitiri ekubatanidza kuitira kunyatso ratidza hukuru kana hupamhi hweindasitiri iyoyo. Ipapo ndipo patingazotanga kugovera kukosha kune zvisingabatike sehutano hwezviwanikwa, zvakafanana nemabatirwo anoita miti kana zvimwe zviwanikwa mumaindasitiri akadai semapepa, kana matanda kana kuvaka imba.

Kutsanangura hupfumi hwegungwa hakusi nyore, uye kutsanangura hupfumi hwebhuruu hwegungwa hwakaoma. Tinogona kubiridzira uye kutaura kuti zvikamu zvese muakaunti yedu yenyika zvinoenderana negungwa neimwe nzira. Kutaura zvazviri, takanzwa kwenguva refu (kuvonga kuna Dr. Sylvia Earle) kuti zvinenge zvese zvinozvigadzirisa zvinochengetedza pasi rino kuti zvirarame zvinosanganisira gungwa neimwe nzira. Nokudaro, tinogona kushandura mutoro wehumbowo uye kupikisa vamwe kuti vayere zvinyorwa zvishoma izvo zvisingatsamiri panyanza zvakasiyana neyedu. Asi, hatigoni kushandura mitemo yemutambo nenzira iyoyo.

Saka, nhau dzakanaka, kutanga, ndedzekuti nyika dzese gumi dzine zvakawanda zvakafanana mune zvavanonyora sehupfumi hwemakungwa. Pamusoro pezvo, vese vanoita sekunge vanokwanisa kubvumirana zviri nyore pane mamwe maindasitiri ekuwedzera ari chikamu chehupfumi hwegungwa asiri munhu wese anotambira (uye nekudaro havasi vese vanonyora). Kune, zvisinei, mamwe masekete eindasitiri ari kutenderera, asina kunanga kana "chikamu mu" hupfumi hwegungwa (mune sarudzo yenyika imwe neimwe) [nekuda kwekuwanikwa kwedata, kufarira nezvimwewo]. Kune zvakare mamwe matunhu ari kusimukira (akadai semigodhi yepasi pegungwa) ayo asati anyatso paradar skrini.

Nyaya iripo ndeyekuti kuyera hupfumi hwegungwa kune hukama sei nekugadzikana? Isu tinoziva kuti nyaya dzehutano hwemugungwa dzakakosha pakutsigira hupenyu hwedu. Pasina gungwa rine hutano hakuna hutano hwevanhu. Kutaura kwacho ndokwechokwadiwo; kana tikadyara mari mumaindasitiri egungwa akasimba (iyo hupfumi hwebhuruu) tichaona mabhenefiti ehutano hwevanhu uye mararamiro. Tiri kuzviita sei izvi? Tinotarisira tsananguro yehupfumi hwegungwa uye hupfumi hwebhuruu, uye/kana kubvumirana pane maindasitiri atinosanganisira, kuti tikwidziridze chiyero chezvatinoyera.

Mumharidzo yake, Maria Corazon Ebarvia (maneja wepurojekiti yeKudyidzana muEvironment Management yeMakungwa eEast Asia), akapa tsananguro inoshamisa yehupfumi hwebhuruu, yakanaka sezvataona: isu tinotsvaka inodzikama-yakavakirwa mugungwa. ehupfumi modhi ine zvakatipoteredza zvakanaka zvivakwa, matekinoroji uye maitiro. Imwe inoziva kuti gungwa rinogadzira hunhu hwehupfumi husingawanzo kuverengerwa (sekudzivirira kwemahombekombe uye kutorwa kwekabhoni); uye, inoyera kurasikirwa kubva mukusimudzira kusingagoneki, pamwe nekuyera zviitiko zvekunze (madutu). Zvese kuitira kuti tizive kana mari yedu yakasikwa iri kushandiswa zvine mutsindo sezvo isu tichitsvaga kukura kwehupfumi.

Tsanangudzo yekushanda yatakauya nayo yaive inotevera:
Ihwo hupfumi hwebhuruu, hunoreva iyo yakagadzikana-yakavakirwa hupfumi modhi uye inoshandisa zvakatipoteredza-inonzwika zvivakwa, matekinoroji uye maitiro. tsigiro iyoyo kusimudzira kwakasimba.

Isu hatifarire zvekare zvichienzaniswa nezvitsva, isu tinofarira zvinogara zvichipikisa zvisingagoneki. Kune vatsva vanopinda muhupfumi hwegungwa vari bhuruu / inogoneka, uye kune ekare maindasitiri echinyakare ari kugadzirisa / kuvandudza. Saizvozvo kune vatsva vanopinda, senge migodhi yepasi pegungwa, iyo inogona kunge isingagoneke.

Dambudziko redu rinoramba riri rekuti kusimudzira hakuenderane zviri nyore nemakodhi emhando dzemaindasitiri. Semuyenzaniso kuredza nekugadzirisa hove kunogona kusanganisira vadiki-diki, vanochengetedza vatambi uye vatengesi vakuru vane giya kana maitiro anoparadza, anopambadza, uye haagoneke. Kubva pakuona kwekuchengetedza, tinoziva zvakawanda nezvevatambi vakasiyana, magiya nezvimwewo asi hurongwa hwedu hweakaundi yenyika haina kunyatso gadzirirwa kuziva izvi nuances.

Tinoda kurega kutora zvipenyu zvegungwa uye zvegungwa zvinotipa zviwanikwa uye mikana yekutengeserana inobatsira zvikuru kugara kwevanhu, kuchengetedzwa kwezvokudya nezvimwewo. Mushure mezvose, gungwa rinotipa mhepo yatinofema. Inotipawo chikuva chekufambisa, nechikafu, nemushonga, uye mamwe miriyoni mamwe masevhisi asingakwanisi kugara achiverengerwa nemakodhi mana-mana. Asi iwo macode uye kumwe kuedza kuziva hupfumi hwebhuruu hune hutano uye kuvimba kwedu pairi kunoumba nzvimbo imwe chete yekuyera zviitiko zvevanhu uye hukama hwayo negungwa. Uye kunyangwe isu takapedza yakawanda yenguva yedu tiri mumba, tichiedza kunzwisisa masisitimu akasiyana mumitauro yakasiyana, Pacific yaivepo kutiyeuchidza nezvekubatana kwedu kwakafanana, uye basa redu tese.

Pakupera kwevhiki, takabvumirana kuti tinoda kushanda kwenguva refu 1) kuvaka yakajairika seti yezvikamu, shandisa yakajairwa nzira uye yakanyatsotsanangurwa geographies kuyera hupfumi hwemusika wemakungwa; uye 2) kutsvaga nzira dzekuyera mari yakasikwa kuratidza kana kukura kwehupfumi kwakamira kwenguva refu (uye kukoshesa zvinhu zveecosystem uye masevhisi), uye nekudaro kubvuma nzira dzakakodzera dzechinyorwa chimwe nechimwe. Uye, isu tinofanirwa kutanga iko zvino pane chiyero chezviwanikwa zvegungwa. 

Boka iri richakumbirwa muongororo ichagoverwa munguva pfupi iri kutevera, kuratidza mapoka anoshanda mavari kuda kutora chikamu mukati megore rinotevera, sefanotungamira kugadzira ajenda yemusangano wechipiri wePagore Oceans muNational Accounts muChina muna 2. .

Uye, takabvumirana kuedza mutyairi uyu nekubatana pakunyora rondedzero yekutanga yakajairika yenyika dzese. Iyo Ocean Foundation inodada kuve chikamu cheiyi nyika dzakawanda kuedza kugadzirisa dhiabhori mune ruzivo.

* Australia, Canada, China, France, Indonesia, Ireland, Korea, Philippines, Spain uye USA