MMPA: Makore 45 ekudzivirira Mhuka dzeMarine

Muna Gumiguru, takapemberera makore 45 ekudzivirira mawhale, ma dolphin, porpoise, seal, shumba dzegungwa, manatee, dugong, walrus, otters, uye polar bears, izvo zvakatevera kusaina kwaPresident Nixon kweMarine Mammal Protection Act kuita mutemo. Tichitarira shure, tinogona kuona kuti tasvika kure zvakadini.

"America yaive yekutanga, uye mutungamiri, uye achiri mutungamiri nhasi pakuchengetedzwa kwemhuka dzemugungwa"
– Patrick Ramage, International Fund for Animal Welfare

Mukupera kwema1960, zvakava pachena kuti mhuka dzomugungwa dzakanga dzakaderera zvine ngozi mumvura dzose dzeUnited States. Veruzhinji vakawedzera kuziva kuti mhuka dzemugungwa dzaibatwa zvisina kunaka, dzichivhimwa zvakanyanya, uye dziri panjodzi huru yekutsakatika. Tsvagiridzo nyowani yakabuda ichiratidza hungwaru uye manzwiro emhuka dzemugungwa, zvichikonzera kutsamwa nekusabatwa kwavo zvakanaka kubva kune akawanda anorwira nharaunda uye mapoka ekuchengetedza mhuka. Iyo Caribbean monk seal yakanga isati yaonekwa mumvura yeFlorida mumakore anopfuura gumi. Mamwe marudzi akanga ariwo pangozi yokutsakatika zvachose. Zviri pachena kuti chimwe chinhu chaifanira kuitwa.

Mutemo weUS Marine Mammal Protection Act, kana kuti MMPA, wakadzikwa muna 1972 mukupindura kuderera kwehuwandu hwemhando dzemhuka dzemugungwa dzinoyamwisa nekuda kwezviitiko zvevanhu. Mutemo uyu unonyanya kuzivikanwa nekuyedza kushandura pfungwa dzekuchengetedza kubva kune zvipenyu kuenda kune ecosystem, uye kubva kune reactive kuenda pakuchengetedza. Mutemo uyu wakagadza mutemo une chinangwa chekudzivirira huwandu hwemhuka dzemugungwa kubva pakuderera zvekuti rudzi kana huwandu hwevanhu hunomira kuve chinhu chakakosha chinoshanda cheecosystem. Saka, iyo MMPA inodzivirira marudzi ese emhuka dzemugungwa mukati meUnited States mvura. Kushungurudza, kudyisa, kuvhima, kubata, kuunganidza, kana kuuraya mhuka dzemugungwa kunorambidzwa zvachose pasi peMutemo. Pakazosvika gore ra2022, mutemo weMarine Mammal Protection Act uchada kuti US irambidze kupinzwa kunze kwezvokudya zvemugungwa zvinouraya mhuka dzemugungwa pamwero uri pamusoro pezvakatarwa muUS kuti zvibate.

Kunze kwezviitwa izvi zvinorambidzwa zvinosanganisira tsvakiridzo inotenderwa yesainzi uye kuratidzwa neruzhinji kunzvimbo dzine marezinesi (senge aquariums kana sainzi nzvimbo). Pamusoro pezvo, kumisa kubatwa hakushande kune zvizvarwa zveAlaska zvemahombekombe, avo vanotenderwa kuvhima nekutora mawhale, zvisimbiso, uye walrus kuti vararame pamwe nekugadzira nekutengesa mabasa emaoko. Zviito zvinotsigira kuchengetedzeka kweUnited States, senge izvo zvinoitiswa neUS Navy, zvinogona zvakare kuregererwa kubva pazvirambidzo pasi pechiito.

Masangano akasiyana mukati mehurumende yemubatanidzwa ane basa rekutonga marudzi akasiyana akachengetedzwa pasi peMMPA.

National Marine Fisheries Service (mukati meDhipatimendi reCommerce) ine basa rekutarisira mawhale, ma dolphin, porpoises, zvisimbiso, uye shumba dzegungwa. Iyo US Hove uye Wildlife Service, mukati meDhipatimendi reInterior, ine basa rekutarisira mawalrus, manatee, dugong, otters, uye polar bear. Iyo Fish & Wildlife Service ine basa zvakare rekutsigira kutevedzwa kwezvirambidzo pakutakura kana kutengeswa kwemhuka dzemugungwa kana zvigadzirwa zvisiri pamutemo zvinogadzirwa kubva kwavari. Iyo Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, mukati meDhipatimendi Rezvekurima, ine mutoro wemirau ine chekuita nekutonga kwezvivakwa zvine mhuka dzemugungwa dziri muhusungwa.

Iyo MMPA inodawo kuti National Oceanic uye Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) iite ongororo yegore negore yemhuka dzemugungwa. Tichishandisa tsvakiridzo yehuwandu iyi, mamaneja anofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti hurongwa hwavo hwehutungamiriri hunotsigira chinangwa chekubatsira marudzi ese akanyanya kuchengetedzeka (OSP).

Saka nei tichifanira kuva nehanya neMMPA? Zviri kushanda here?

Iyo MMPA yave kubudirira pamatanho mazhinji. Mamiriro azvino ezvipuka zvakawanda zvomugungwa ari nani zvikuru kupfuura muna 1972. Mhuka dzemugungwa dziri mumvura dzeU. Somuenzaniso, kwave kune kunaya kunoshamisa kwezvidhindo zvepachiteshi chengarava nezvidhindo zvipfumbu muNew England uye kweshumba dzegungwa dzeCalifornia, seal elephant seal, uye zvidhindo zvepachiteshi chengarava muPacific Coast. Kuona whale muUS ikozvino indasitiri yemabhiriyoni emadhora nekuti MMPA (uye yakazotevera International Moratorium pa whaling) yakabatsira Pacific whale yeblue, uye Atlantic nePacific humpbacks kupora.

Mumwe muenzaniso wekubudirira kweMMPA uri kuFlorida uko kune dzimwe mhuka dzemugungwa dzinozivikanwa dzinosanganisira bottlenose dolphin, Florida manatee, uye North Atlantic right whale. Mhuka idzi dzinotsamira zvakanyanya pamhenderekedzo dzeFlorida dzinopisa, dzichienda kumvura yeFlorida kunobereka, chikafu, uye semusha mukati memwedzi yechando. Kuitwa kweEcotourism kunoenderana nekukwezva kwerunako rwemhuka idzi dzemugungwa nekudziona musango. Varaidzo, vafambisi vezvikepe, uye vamwe vashanyi vanogonawo kuvimba nekuona mhuka dzemugungwa kuti dziwedzere ruzivo rwavo rwekunze. KuFlorida chaiko, huwandu hwemanatee hwakawedzera kusvika pa6300 kubvira 1991, paifungidzirwa kuti vangangosvika zviuru zana nemakumi maviri nevanomwe. Muna 1,267, kubudirira uku kwakatungamira US Fish uye Wildlife Service kuti vape pfungwa yekuti mamiriro avo ari mungozi anyorerwe pasi kuti atyisidzirwe.

Nepo vatsvakurudzi vakawanda nemasayendisiti vachikwanisa kutsanangura kubudirira pasi peMMPA, hazvirevi kuti MMPA haina zvipingamupinyi. Zvinetso zvinoramba zviripo nokuda kwechiverengero chakati chamarudzi. Semuenzaniso, North Pacific neAtlantic right whales vakaona zvishoma kuvandudzwa uye vanoramba vari panjodzi huru yekufa kubva mumabasa evanhu. Nhamba yeAtlantic yerudyi whale inofungidzirwa kuti yakakwira muna 2010, uye huwandu hwechikadzi hahuna kuwanda zvakakwana kuchengetedza huwandu hwekubereka. Sekureva kweFlorida Fish uye Wildlife Conservation Commission, makumi matatu muzana ekufa kweAtlantic whale kunoitika kubva pakudhumhana kwechikepe uye kubatwa mambure. Nehurombo, magiya ekuredza ekutengesa uye mabasa ekufambisa haadzivirirwe zviri nyore nerudyi whale, kunyangwe iyo MMPA ichipa zvimwe zvinokurudzira zvekugadzira mazano uye tekinoroji yekudzikisa kudyidzana.

Uye kumwe kutyisidzira kwakaoma kuita nekuda kwekutama kwemhuka dzemugungwa uye matambudziko ekumanikidza mugungwa zvakazara. Hurumende yemubatanidzwa inopa mvumo pasi peMMPA iyo inogona kubvumira mamwe mazinga e "zvichiitika kutora" panguva yezviitiko zvakadai sekuyedzwa kwekudengenyeka kwemafuta negasi - asi mhedzisiro yechokwadi yekuedzwa kwekudengenyeka kwenyika inowanzopfuura fungidziro yeindasitiri. Dhipatimendi reInterior ezvakatipoteredza zvidzidzo zvinofungidzira kuti zvikumbiro zvekudengenyeka kwenyika munguva pfupi yapfuura zvingakonzeresa zvinopfuura mamirioni makumi matatu neshanu zviitiko zvekukuvadza mhuka dzemugungwa muGulf uye 31 miriyoni inokuvadza kusangana nemhuka dzemugungwa muAtlantic, zvinogona kuuraya kana kukuvadza 13.5 madolphin nemawhale - kusanganisira. mapfumbamwe ari mungozi yeNorth Atlantic right whales, ane nzvimbo dzekuberekera dziri pamhenderekedzo yeFlorida.

Saizvozvovo, dunhu reGulf yeMexico rinoonekwa serinopisa mhosva dzemabottlenose dolphin kunyangwe MMPA ichirambidza kushungurudzwa kana chero kukuvadza mhuka dzemugungwa. Maronda emabara, miseve, uye mabhomba epombi anongova mamwe ekukuvara kusiri pamutemo kunowanwa muzvitunha zviri pamhenderekedzo yegungwa, asi matsotsi akapera kare. Vatsvagiri vakawana humbowo hwekuti mhuka dzemugungwa dzakachekwa uye dzakasiiwa kuti dzidyise shark uye zvimwe zvikara pane kutaurwa sekunge kwakaitika netsaona sezvinodiwa neMMPA-zvingave zvakaoma kubata kutyora kwega kwega.

Pamusoro pezvo, Mutemo uyu hauna kushanda mukugadzirisa zvinokonzeresa zvisina kunanga (anthropogenic ruzha, kupera kwemhuka, mafuta uye kumwe kuteura muchetura, uye hosha, kutaura zvishoma). Matanho azvino ekuchengetedza haakwanise kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kubva mukuteuka kweoiri kana imwe njodzi yekusvibisa. Matanho azvino ekuchengetedza gungwa haagone kukurira shanduko muhove dzinodyiwa uye kumwe kunowanikwa chikafu uye nzvimbo dzinobva kune zvikonzero kunze kwekuredza hove. Uye ikozvino matanho ekuchengetedza gungwa haagone kumisa kufa kubva kune chepfu inobva mumvura yakachena senge cyanobacteria yakauraya otter yegungwa nemazana paPacific Coast yedu. Tinogona kushandisa iyo MMPA sepuratifomu kubva pakugadzirisa kutyisidzira uku.

Hatingatarisiri Marine Mammal Protection Act kuchengetedza mhuka dzese. Zvazvinoita zvakanyanya kukosha. Inopa mhuka yega yega yegungwa mamiriro akachengetedzwa ekukwanisa kutama, kudya, uye kubereka pasina kukanganiswa kubva kuvanhu. Uye, uko kune kukuvadzwa kunobva mumabasa avanhu, inopa kurudziro yokubuda nemhinduro uye kuranga vanotyora nokuda kwokubata zvisina kufanira kwamaune. Tinogona kudzikamisa kuyerera kwakasvibiswa, kuderedza ruzha kubva muzviitiko zvevanhu, kuwedzera hove dzinodyiwa, uye kudzivirira njodzi dzinozivikanwa dzakadai semafuta asina kufanira uye gasi kuongorora mumvura yedu yegungwa. Hutano hwemhuka dzemugungwa dzinoyamwisa dzinoita basa mukuenzana kwehupenyu mugungwa redu, uye zvakare mukukwanisa kwegungwa kuchengeta kabhoni. Tose zvedu tinogona kuita chimwe chinhu mukupona kwavo.

Sources:

http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/marine-mammal-protection-act.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/

http://www.joeroman.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/The-Marine-Mammal-Protection-Act-at-40-status-recovery-and-future-of-U.S.-marine-mammals.pdf      (bepa rakanaka rinotarisa kubudirira / kudonha kweChiito pamusoro pemakore makumi mana).

"Mhuka Dzemvura," Florida Hove uye Wildlife Conservation Commission, http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/mammals/aquatic/

House Report No. 92-707, “1972 MMPA Legislative History,” Animal Legal and Historical Center, https://www.animallaw.info/statute/us-mmpa-legislative-history-1972

"Marine Mammal Protection Act ye1972, Yakagadziriswa 1994," Marine Mammal Center, http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/marine-mammal-protection-act.html

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Good News Network, yakaburitswa 10 Ndira 2016, http://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/manatee-population-has-rebounded-500-percent/

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"North Atlantic Right Whale Faces Extinction, naElizabeth Pennisi, Sayenzi. ”http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/11/north-atlantic-right-whale-faces-extinction

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