KUDZOKERA KUTSVAKA

Zviri Mukati

1. ziviso
2. Nheyo dzeOcean Acidification
3. Mhedzisiro yeOcean Acidification paNharaunda dzeMahombekombe
4. Ocean Acidification uye Zvazvinoita Migumisiro paMarine Ecosystems
5. Zvishandiso zveVadzidzisi
6. Mirayiridzo Yemitemo uye Zvinyorwa zveHurumende
7. Zvimwe Zvishandiso

1. ziviso

Gungwa rinotora chikamu chakakosha checarbon dioxide yedu, iyo iri kushandura kemikari yegungwa pamwero usina kumboitika. Chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chezvese zvinobuda mukati memakore mazana maviri apfuura zvakanyudzwa negungwa, zvichikonzera avhareji yepH kuderera kwemvura yemugungwa inosvika 200 unit - kubva pa0.1 kusvika 8.2. Shanduko iyi yakatokonzera nguva pfupi, kukanganisa kwenzvimbo pamaruva nemhuka dzemugungwa. Mhedzisiro, yenguva refu mhedzisiro yegungwa rinowedzera acidic inogona kunge isingazivikanwe, asi njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzakakwirira. Ocean acidification idambudziko riri kukura sezvo anthropogenic carbon dioxide inobuda ichiramba ichichinja mhepo uye mamiriro ekunze. Inofungidzirwa kuti pakupera kwezana remakore, pachava nekuwedzera kudonha kwezvikamu zve 8.1-0.2.

Chii chinonzi Ocean Acidification?

Izwi rekuti ocean acidification rinonyanya kusanzwisiswa zvisizvo nekuda kwezita raro rakaomarara. 'Ocean acidification inogona kutsanangurwa sekushanduka kwekemikari yegungwa kunosundwa nekutorwa kwekemikari mumhepo kunosanganisira carbon, nitrogen, uye sulfur compounds.' Mumashoko akareruka, apa ndipo apo yakawandisa CO₂ inonyungudika pamusoro pegungwa, ichichinja kemikari yegungwa. Chinonyanya kukonzera izvi imhaka yeanthropogenic zviitiko zvakaita sekupiswa kwefossil mafuta uye shanduko yekushandiswa kwenyika inoburitsa yakawanda CO.₂. Mishumo yakaita seIPCC Special Report on Oceans and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate yakaratidza kuti mwero wenyanza wekukwira mumhepo CO.₂ yakawedzera mumakumi maviri emakore apfuura. Parizvino, iyo atmospheric CO₂ concentration is ~ 420ppmv, nhanho isingaonekwe kweanenge makore 65,000. Chiitiko ichi chinowanzonzi ocean acidification, kana "imwe CO₂ dambudziko,” kuwedzera pakudziya kwegungwa. Global surface ocean pH yakatodzikira neanopfuura 0.1 mayunitsi kubva kuIndustrial Revolution, uye Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios inofanotaura kuderera kweramangwana kwe0.3 kusvika 0.5 pH mauniti pasi rose mugore ra2100, kunyangwe chiyero uye chiyero che kuderera kunoshanduka nenharaunda.

Gungwa rose zvaro richaramba riri alkaline, ine pH iri pamusoro pe7. Saka, nei ichinzi ocean acidification? Panguva iyo CO₂ inopindirana nemvura yegungwa, inova carbonic acid, iyo isina kugadzikana. Iyi morekuru inopindirana zvakare nemvura yegungwa nekuburitsa H⁺ ion kuita bicarbonate. Pakusunungura H⁺ ion, inova yakawedzera payo ichikonzera kudzikiswa kwepH. Saka kuita kuti mvura iwedzere acid.

Chii chinonzi pH Scale?

Chiyero chepH ndicho kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemahara ehydrogen ions mumushonga. Kana pane yakakwira yakawanda yehydrogen ions, mhinduro inoonekwa se acidic. Kana paine yakaderera kusanganiswa kwehydrogen ions maererano neiyo hydroxide ion, mhinduro inoonekwa seyakakosha. Kana uchibatanidza zvakawanikwa izvi kune kukosha, kuyerwa kwepH kuri pachikero chelogarithmic (10-fold change) kubva pa0-14. Chero chinhu chiri pasi pe7 chinoonekwa sechinhu chakakosha, uye pamusoro pacho chinonzi acidic. Sezvo chiyero chepH chiri logarithmic, chidimbu chinodzikira mupH chakaenzana nekuwedzera kagumi mu acidity. Muenzaniso wekuti isu vanhu tinzwisise izvi kuzvienzanisa nepH yeropa redu, iyo paavhareji inenge 7.40. Dai pH yedu yaizochinja, taizosangana nedambudziko rekufema totanga kurwara chaizvo. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya akafanana nezvinoitika zvipenyu zvemugungwa nekutyisidzira kuri kuwedzera kweasidhi yegungwa.

Ocean Acidification Inobata Sei Marine Hupenyu?

Ocean acidification inogona kukanganisa zvimwe zvipenyu zvemugungwa, senge mollusks, coccolithophores, foraminifera, uye pteropods zvinogadzira biogenic calcium carbonate. Calcite uye aragonite ndiwo makuru biogenically akaumbwa carbonate zvicherwa zvinogadzirwa neaya marine calcifiers. Kugadzikana kwemaminerari aya kunoenderana nehuwandu hweCO2 mumvura uye zvishoma nekushisa. Sezvo anthropogenic CO2 concentrations inoramba ichikwira, kugadzikana kweizvi biogenic minerals kunoderera. Kana paine kuwanda kweH⁺ ions mumvura, chimwe chezvivakwa zve calcium carbonate, carbonate ions (CO₃^2-) inosunga nyore nyore nehydrogen ions pane maion e calcium. Kuti macalcifiers abudise maumbirwo ecalcium carbonate, anofanirwa kufambisa kusungwa kwecarbonate necalcium, iyo inogona kudhura zvakanyanya. Nekudaro, zvimwe zvipenyu zvinoratidza kudzikira kwemazinga ecalcification uye / kana kuwedzera kwekunyungudika kana yaiswa kune ramangwana regungwa acidification mamiriro.  (ruzivo kubva kuYunivhesiti yePlymouth).

Kunyange zvipenyu zvisiri macalcifiers zvinogona kukanganiswa neocean acidification. Yemukati acid-base regulation iyo inodiwa kukwikwidza nekuchinja kwekunze kemikari yemvura yegungwa inogona kutsausa simba kubva kune zvakakosha maitiro, akadai semetabolism, kubereka, uye zvakajairwa kuona kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvidzidzo zvebhayoloji zvinoramba zvichirongeka kuti zvinzwisise huwandu hwakazara hwezvinogona kuitika zvekuchinja mamiriro egungwa pahupamhi hwemhando dzegungwa.

Asi, iyi miuyo inogona kusaganhurirwa kurudzi rumwe norumwe. Kana matambudziko akadai amuka, dandemutande rekudya rinobva ravhiringwa. Kunyange zvingasaratidzika sedambudziko guru kwatiri isu vanhu, tinovimba nezvisikwa izvi zvakaoma-makoko kuti zvipise hupenyu hwedu. Kana vasiri kuumba kana kugadzira nemazvo, domino mhedzisiro inoitika kune yese chikafu webhu, nezviitiko zvakafanana zvichiitika. Kana masayendisiti nevatsvakurudzi vakanzwisisa zvinokuvadza zvingave nazvo mugungwa, nyika, vanogadzira mitemo, uye nharaunda dzinofanira kuungana kuti dzideredze migumisiro yayo.

Chii chinonzi The Ocean Foundation Kuita Nezve Ocean Acidification?

Iyo Ocean Foundation's International Ocean Acidification Initiative inovaka hunyanzvi hwesainzi, vanogadzira mitemo, uye nharaunda kuti vatarise, vanzwisise, uye vapindure kuOA zvese munharaunda nekubatana pamwero wepasi rose. Isu tinoita izvi nekugadzira maturusi anoshanda uye zviwanikwa zvakagadzirirwa kushanda pasi rese. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve iyo iyo Ocean Foundation iri kushanda kugadzirisa Ocean Acidification ndapota shanya iyo International Ocean Acidification Initiative webhusaiti. Isu tinokurudzirawo kushanyira The Ocean Foundation yegore negore Ocean Acidification Zuva reChiito peji rewebhu. Iyo Ocean Foundation's Ocean Acidification Guidebook yeVagadziri vePolisi yakagadzirirwa kupa mienzaniso yakatogamuchirwa yemitemo nemutauro kubatsira kunyorwa kwemitemo mitsva yekugadzirisa kugadzirwa kwegungwa, Bhuku rinotungamirira rinowanikwa pakukumbira.

---

2. Basic Resources paOcean Acidification

Pano paThe Ocean Foundation, yedu yeInternational Ocean Acidification Initiative inowedzera kugona kwevasainzi, vanogadzira mitemo, uye nharaunda kuti vanzwisise uye vatsvage OA pamwero wemuno nepasirese. Isu tinodada nebasa redu rekuwedzera kugona kuburikidza nekudzidziswa kwepasirese, kutsigirwa kwenguva refu nemidziyo, uye stipends kutsigira kuenderera mberi kwekutarisa nekutsvaga.

Chinangwa chedu mukati mechirongwa cheOA ndechekuita kuti nyika yega yega ive nehurongwa hwakasimba hwekutarisa nekugadzirisa OA inotungamirwa nenyanzvi dzemuno nezvido. Ndichiri kurongedza chiito chedunhu nepasirese kupa hutongi hunodiwa uye rutsigiro rwemari runodiwa kugadzirisa dambudziko iri repasi rose. Kubva pakugadzirwa kwechirongwa ichi takakwanisa kuita:

• Yakaendesa 17 kits yekuongorora michina munyika gumi nematanhatu
• Led 8 yedunhu kudzidziswa nemasainzi anopfuura zana nemakumi mashanu aripo kubva kumativi ese enyika
• Rakatsikiswa bhuku renhungamiro rinokwana pamusoro pemutemo weocean acidification
• Yakagadzira kit nyowani yemidziyo yekutarisa iyo yakadzikisa mutengo wekutarisisa ne90%
• Yakapihwa mari mbiri dzekudzoreredza mapurojekiti ekudzidza kuti bhuruu kabhoni, senge mangrove nehuswa hwegungwa, inogona kuderedza sei acidification yegungwa munharaunda.
• Yakaumba kudyidzana kwakarongeka nehurumende dzenyika uye masangano ehurumende kubatsira kuronga zviitiko zvakakura
• Yakabatsirwa nekupasisa sarudzo mbiri dzedunhu kuburikidza nehurongwa hweUN hwekusimudzira kusimudzira

Izvi zvinongova zvishoma pane zvakawanda zvave zvichiitwa nechirongwa chedu mumakore mashoma apfuura. MaOA ekutsvagisa kits, anodaidzwa kuti “Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network in a Box,” anga ari musimboti webasa reIOAI. Aya mapurojekiti anowanzo tanga ekutanga chemistry yekuongorora munyika imwe neimwe uye anobvumira vaongorori kuti vawedzere pakutsvagisa kuti vadzidze mhedzisiro yemarudzi akasiyana emugungwa sehove nemakorari. Aya mapurojekiti akatsigirwa neGOA-ON muBhokisi kit akabatsira mukutsvagisa sezvo vamwe vakagamuchira vakawana dhigirii kana kuvaka maLab avo.

Ocean Acidification inoreva kudzikiswa kwepH yegungwa kwenguva yakareba, kazhinji makumi emakore kana kupfuura. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekutorwa kweCO₂ kubva mumhepo, asi zvinogonawo kukonzerwa nemamwe makemikari ekuwedzera kana kubvisa kubva mugungwa. Chinonyanya kukonzera OA munyika yanhasi imhaka yezviitwa zveanthropogenic kana nemazwi akareruka, mabasa evanhu. Panguva iyo CO₂ inopindirana nemvura yegungwa, inova asidhi isina simba, ichiita shanduko dzakawanda mumakemikari. Izvi zvinowedzera bicarbonate ions [HCO₃^-] uye yakanyungudutswa inorganic carbon (C_t), uye inoderedza pH.

Chii chinonzi pH? Chiyero cheasidhi yegungwa inogona kutaurwa uchishandisa zviyero zvakasiyana: National Bureau of Standards (pH_NBS), mvura yegungwa (pH_sws), uye zvachose (pH_t) zvikero. Chiyero chose (pH_t) inokurudzirwa (Dickinson, 2007) uye ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa.

Hurd, C., Lenton, A., Tilbrook, B. & Boyd, P. (2018). Kunzwisisa kwazvino uye matambudziko emakungwa mune yepamusoro-CO₂ nyika. Nature. Zvakatorwa kubva https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0211-0

Kunyange zvazvo acidification yegungwa iri chiitiko chepasi rose, kucherechedzwa kwekusiyana kwakakura kwedunhu kwakonzera kugadzwa kwekutarisa network. Matambudziko emangwana mune yakakwirira-CO₂ Nyika inosanganisira dhizaini iri nani uye kuyedzwa kwakasimba kwekuchinja, kudzikisira, uye sarudzo dzekupindira kugadzirisa mhedzisiro yegungwa acidification.

National Caucus of Environmental Legislators. NCEL Chokwadi Pepa: Ocean Acidification.

Pepa rechokwadi rinotsanangura mapoinzi akakosha, mutemo, uye rumwe ruzivo maererano neocean acidification.

Amaratunga, C. 2015. Chii dhiyabhorosi chinonzi ocean acidification (OA) uye nei tichifanira kuita hanya? Marine Environmental Observation Prediction and Response Network (MEOPAR). Kanadha.

Ichi chinyorwa chevaenzi chinovhara kuunganidzwa kwemasaenzi emugungwa uye nhengo dzeindasitiri yezvekurima mugungwa muVictoria, BC apo vatungamiriri vakakurukura pamusoro pechinhu chinotyisa chekuiswa kweasidhi yegungwa nemhedzisiro yacho pamakungwa eCanada uye kurima kwemvura.

Eisler, R. (2012). Ocean Acidification: A Comprehensive Overview. Enfield, NH: Vaparidzi veSainzi.

Iri bhuku rinoongorora zvinyorwa zviripo uye tsvagiridzo paOA, kusanganisira nhoroondo yekutarisisa pH uye mumhepo CO₂ mazinga uye zvakasikwa uye anthropogenic masosi eCO₂. Chiremera isimba rinozivikanwa pakuongorora njodzi yemakemikari, uye bhuku rinopfupisa chaiyo uye inofungidzirwa mhedzisiro yegungwa acidification.

Gattuso, J.-P. & L. Hansson. Eds. (2012). Ocean Acidification. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN- 978-0-19-959108-4

Ocean Acidification idambudziko riri kukura uye bhuku rino rinobatsira kugadzirisa dambudziko. Iri bhuku rinonyanya kukosha kune vezvidzidzo sezvo riri gwaro-padanho rekutsvagisa uye rinogadzira tsvakiridzo yezvino-zvino pamusoro pezvingangoitika zveOA, nechinangwa chekuzivisa zvese zviri zviviri zvinokosheswa netsvakiridzo yeramangwana uye mutemo wekutonga kwemugungwa.

Gattuso, J.-P., J. Orr, S. Pantoja. H.-O. Portner, U. Riebesell, & T. Trull (Eds.). (2009). Gungwa mune yakakwirira-CO2 nyika II. Gottingen, Germany: Copernicus Publications. http://www.biogeosciences.net/ special_issue44.html

Ichi chakakosha chinyorwa cheBiogeoscience chinosanganisira zvinopfuura makumi maviri zvinyorwa zvesainzi nezvekemikari yegungwa uye kukanganisa kweOA pane zvipenyu zvegungwa.

Turley, C. naK. Boot, 2011: The Ocean acidification matambudziko akatarisana nesainzi uye nzanga. Mu: Ocean Acidification [Gattuso, J.-P. naL. Hansson (eds.)]. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, mapeji 249-271

Kubudirira kwevanhu kwakafambira mberi zvakanyanya muzana remakore rapfuura nemigumisiro yakanaka uye yakaipa pane zvakatipoteredza. Sezvo huwandu hwevanhu huri kuramba huchikura, vanhu vanga vachiramba vachigadzira nekugadzira matekinoroji matsva kuti varambe vachiwana hupfumi. Apo chinangwa chikuru chiri pfuma, dzimwe nguva migumisiro yezviito zvavo haina kuverengwa. Kunyanya kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvepuraneti uye kuvakwa kwemagasi kwachinja chemistry yemuchadenga nemakungwa kuve nemhedzisiro. Nekuti vanhu vane simba, kana mamiriro ekunze anga ari munjodzi, isu takakurumidza kupindura nekudzoreredza kukuvadza uku tichigadzira zvakanaka. Nekuda kwengozi inogona kuitika yemhedzisiro yakaipa pane zvakatipoteredza, zvibvumirano zvepasi rose nemitemo zvinofanirwa kuitwa kuchengetedza nyika ine hutano. Vatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika nevesainzi vanofanirwa kuungana kuti vaone pazvinenge zvakakodzera kuti vapindire kudzoreredza mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Mathis, JT, JN Cross, uye NR Bates, 2011: Kubatanidza kugadzirwa kwekutanga uye kumhanya kwepasi kune acidification yegungwa uye carbonate mineral kudzvinyirirwa kumabvazuva kweBering Sea. Chinyorwa cheGeophysical Research, 116, C02030, doi:10.1029/2010JC006453.

Tichitarisa yakanyungudika organic kabhoni (DIC) uye yakazara alkalinity, kukosha kwakakosha kwecarbonate minerals uye pH kunogona kucherechedzwa. Dhiyabhorosi yakaratidza kuti calcite uye aragonite zvakakanganiswa zvakanyanya nerwizi runoff, kugadzirwa kwekutanga, uye remineralization ye organic matter. Aya maminerari ecarbonate akakosha akaiswa pasi mukati memukoramu wemvura kubva kune zviitiko izvi zvinobva kune anthropogenic carbon dioxide mumakungwa.

Gattuso, J.-P. Ocean Acidification. (2011) Villefranche-sur-mer Developmental Biological Laboratory.

Yepfupi-mapeji matatu ekutarisa ecean acidization, chinyorwa ichi chinopa mamiriro ekutanga ekemikari, pH chiyero, zita, nhoroondo, uye zvinokonzeresa yegungwa acidification.

Harrould-Kolieb, E., M. Hirshfield, & A. Brosius. (2009). Makuru Emitters Pakati Akaomesesa Akarohwa neOcean Acidification. Oceana.

Ongororo iyi inoongorora kusakanganiswa uye kukanganisa kweOA munyika dzakasiyana pasi rose zvichibva pahukuru hwehove dzavo nehove dzavanobata, chiyero chadzo chekudya kwegungwa, chikamu checoral reef mukati meEEZ yavo, uye huwandu hunofungidzirwa hweOA mumagariro avo. mvura dzemumhenderekedzo yegungwa muna 2050. Mushumo wacho unotaura kuti nyika dzine nzvimbo huru dzecoral reef, kana kuti dzinobata nekudya hove dzakawanda nehove, uye idzo dziri munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzine ngozi zvikuru kuOA.

Doney, SC, VJ Fabry, RA Feely, naJA Kleypas, 2009: Ocean acidification: Imwe CO₂ dambudziko. Ongororo yegore negore yeMarine Science, 1, 169-192, doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834.

Sezvo anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions inowedzera shanduko mu carbonate chemistry inoitika. Izvi zvinoshandura kutenderera kwebiogeochemical yemakemikari anokosha akafanana nearagonite uye calcite, kuderedza kubereka kwakakodzera kwezvipenyu zvakaoma-shelled. Lab bvunzo dzakaratidza kuderedzwa calcification uye kukura mazinga.

Dickson, AG, Sabine, CL uye Christian, JR (Eds.) 2007. Nhungamiro kune akanakisa maitiro emakungwa CO2 kuyerwa. PICES Special Publication 3, 191 map.

Carbon dioxide zviyero ndeye hwaro hwekutsvagisa kwegungwa acidification. Imwe yenzira dzakanakisa dzekuyera dzakagadzirwa nechikwata chesainzi neUS Department of Energy (DOE) kuti chirongwa chavo chiite ongororo yekutanga yepasi rose yecarbon dioxide mumakungwa. Nhasi gwara rinochengetwa neNational Oceanic uye Atmospheric Administration.

---

3. Mhedzisiro yeOcean Acidification paNharaunda dzeMahombekombe

Ocean acidification inokanganisa basa rekutanga rehupenyu hwemugungwa uye ecosystem. Tsvagiridzo yazvino inoratidza kuti acidization yegungwa ichave nemhedzisiro yakakomba kunharaunda dzemahombekombe dzinotsamira pakuchengetedzwa kwemahombekombe, hove, uye aquaculture. Sezvo acidification yegungwa ichikwira mumakungwa epasi, pachava nekushanduka kwekutonga kwemacroalgal, kuparara kwenzvimbo, uye kurasikirwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. Nharaunda dziri munzvimbo dzinopisa nedzepasi pevhu ndidzo dziri panjodzi huru yekuderera kukuru kwemari inobva mugungwa. Zvidzidzo zvinoongorora mhedzisiro yeasidhi yegungwa pahuwandu hwehove dzakafumurwa dzinoratidza shanduko inokuvadza mukunhuhwirira, hunhu hwekubereka, uye mhinduro yekutiza (mataundi pazasi). Shanduko idzi dzinotyora hwaro hwakakosha hwehupfumi hwenzvimbo uye ecosystem. Dai vanhu vaizoona shanduko idzi pachavo, kutarisisa kudzikisa mitengo yazvino yeCO₂ kuburitsa kwaizosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune chero mamiriro aongororwa pamusoro. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kana izvi zvikaramba zvichiita izvi pahove, panogona kunge paine mazana emamiriyoni emadhora anorasika gore negore panosvika 2060.

Pamwe chete nehove, coral reef ecotourism inounza mamiriyoni emadhora emari gore negore. Nharaunda dzemumhenderekedzo yegungwa dzinovimba uye dzinotsamira pamakorari kuti vawane chouviri. Zvave zvichifungidzirwa kuti sezvo acidification yegungwa iri kuramba ichikwira, migumisiro pamatombo ekorari ichava yakasimba, nokudaro ichideredza utano hwawo izvo zvichaguma neanofungidzirwa kuva mabhiriyoni 870 emadhora anorasika gore negore ne2100. Izvi zvoga mugumisiro weacidification yegungwa. Kana masayendisiti akawedzera zvakasanganiswa mhedzisiro yeizvi, nekudziya, deoxygenation, uye nezvimwe, zvinogona kukonzeresa zvakanyanya kukuvadza kune zvese hupfumi uye ecosystem kunharaunda dzemahombekombe.

Moore, C. naFuller J. (2022). Economic Impacts yeOcean Acidification: Meta-Analysis. Yunivhesiti yeChicago Press Journals. Marine Resource Economics Vol. 32, Nha

Chidzidzo ichi chinoratidza ongororo yemhedzisiro yeOA pahupfumi. Migumisiro yehove, aquaculture, varaidzo, kuchengetedzwa kwemahombekombe, uye zvimwe zviratidzo zvehupfumi zvakaongororwa kuti zvidzidze zvakawanda pamusoro pemigumisiro yenguva refu yegungwa acidification. Chidzidzo ichi chakawana huwandu hwezvidzidzo makumi maviri kubva muna 20 zvakaongorora hupfumi hwegungwa acidification, zvisinei, gumi nerimwe chete dzaive dzakasimba zvekukwanisa kuongororwa sezvidzidzo zvakazvimirira. Pakati peizvi, ruzhinji rwakatarisa pamisika yemollusk. Vanyori vanopedzisa chidzidzo chavo nekushevedzera kudiwa kwekutsvagisa kwakawanda, kunyanya zvidzidzo zvinosanganisira kuburitswa kwakasiyana uye mamiriro ehupfumi hwemagariro, kuitira kuti vawane kufungidzira kwakaringana kwemhedzisiro yenguva refu yegungwa acidification.

Hall-Spencer JM, Harvey BP. Ocean acidification inokanganisa pamahombekombe ecosystem masevhisi nekuda kwekuparara kwenzvimbo. Emerg Top Life Sci. 2019 Chivabvu 10;3(2):197-206. doi: 10.1042/ETLS20180117. PMID: 33523154; PMCID: PMC7289009.

Ocean acidification inodzikisira kusimba kwenzvimbo dzemumhenderekedzo yegungwa kusvika kuboka revamwe vatyairi vane chekuita nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze (kupisa kwepasi rose, kukwira kwegungwa, kuwedzera kwemadutu) zvichiwedzera njodzi yekuchinja kwehutongi hwegungwa uye kurasikirwa kwemabasa akakosha ecosystem uye masevhisi. Njodzi dzezvinhu zvemugungwa dzinowedzera neOA zvichikonzera shanduko mukutonga kwe macroalgal, kuparara kwenzvimbo, uye kurasikirwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana. Migumisiro iyi yakaonekwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana pasi rose. Zvidzidzo zveCO₂ seeps ichave nemhedzisiro pakubata hove dziri pedyo, uye nzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzinopisa dzichasangana nedambudziko remhedzisiro nekuda kwemamiriyoni evanhu vanovimba nekuchengetedzwa kwemahombekombe, hove, uye kurima kwemvura.

Cooley SR, Ono CR, Melcer S naRoberson J (2016) Nharaunda-Level Zviito zvinogona kugadzirisa Ocean Acidification. Mberi. Mar. Sci. 2:128. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2015.00128

Iri bepa rinonyura muzviito zvazvino zviri kutorwa nenyika nemamwe matunhu asina kunzwa mhedzisiro yeOA asi aneta nemhedzisiro yayo.

Ekstrom, JA nevamwe. (2015). Kusagadzikana uye kuchinjika kweUS shellfishes kune ocean acidification. muzvarirwo. 5, 207-215, doi: 10.1038/climate2508

Zvinogoneka uye zvine chekuita nenharaunda kudzikisira uye kugadzirisa matanho anodiwa kubata nemhedzisiro yegungwa acidification. Chinyorwa ichi chinopa ongororo yekusagadzikana kwenzvimbo dzenharaunda dzemahombekombe muUnited States.

Spalding, MJ (2015). Dambudziko reSherman's Lagoon - Uye iyo Global Ocean. The Environmental Forum. 32 (2), 38-43.

Chirevo ichi chinoratidza kuomarara kweOA, kukanganisa kwayo padandemutande rekudya uye pazvitubu zvevanhu zveprotein, uye chokwadi chekuti haisi kungotyisidzira kuri kukura asi dambudziko riripo uye rinoonekwa. Chinyorwa chinokurukura nezvekuita kweUS state pamwe nemhinduro yepasi rose kuOA, uye chinopera nerondedzero yezvinhanho zvidiki zvinogona uye zvinofanirwa kutorwa kubatsira kurwisa OA.

---

4. Ocean Acidification uye Migumisiro Yayo PaMarine Ecosystems

Doney, Scott C., Busch, D. Shallin, Cooley, Sarah R., & Kroeker, Kristy J. Mhedzisiro yeOcean Acidification paMarine Ecosystems uye Reliant Human Communities. Ongororo Yegore Nezvezvakatipoteredza uye Zviwanikwa, 45 (1). Yakadzorerwa kubva https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10164807. https:// doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019

Chidzidzo ichi chakanangana nemhedzisiro yekukwira kwekabhoni dhaikisaidhi kubva kumafuta ezvipfuyo nezvimwe zviitiko zveanthropogenic. Iwo maLab kuyedza anoratidza kuti izvi zvakagadzira shanduko mune yemhuka physiology, huwandu hwevanhu, uye kuchinja ecosystems. Izvi zvinoisa hupfumi panjodzi hunovimba zvakanyanya negungwa. Hove, kurima kwemvura, uye kuchengetedzwa kwemahombekombe zviri pakati pezvizhinji zvichasangana nemhedzisiro yakaipa.

Olsen E, Kaplan IC, Ainsworth C, Fay G, Gaichas S, Gamble R, Girardin R, Eide CH, Ihde TF, Morzaria-Luna H, Johnson KF, Savina-Rolland M, Townsend H, Weijerman M, Fulton EA uye Link JS (2018) Ocean Futures Pasi peOcean Acidification, Marine Protection, uye Kuchinja Hove Dzvinyiriro Inoongororwa Uchishandisa Worldwide Suite yeEcosystem Models. Mberi. Mar. Sci. 5:64. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00064

Ecosystem-based management, inozivikanwawo seEBM, yanga iri kuwedzera kufarira kuyedza dzimwe nzira dzekutonga uye kubatsira kuona tradeoffs kuderedza kushandiswa kwevanhu. Iyi inzira yekutsvagisa mhinduro dzematambudziko akaomarara ekutonga kwemakungwa kuvandudza hutano hweecosystem munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi.

Mostofa, KMG, Liu, C.-Q., Zhai, W., Minella, M., Vione, D., Gao, K., Minakata, D., Arakaki, T., Yoshioka, T., Hayakawa, K. ., Konohira, E., Tanoue, E., Akhand, A., Chanda, A., Wang, B., uye Sakugawa, H.: Ongororo uye Syntheses: Ocean acidification uye inogona kuitika pazvipenyu zvegungwa, Biogeosciences, 13 , 1767–1786, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1767-2016, 2016.

Ichi chinyorwa chinonyura munhaurirano yezvidzidzo zvakasiyana zvakaitwa kuti zvione mhedzisiro yeOA pagungwa.

Cattano, C, Claudet, J., Domenici, P. uye Milazzo, M. (2018, May) Kugara munyika yakakwira CO2: yepasi rose meta-analysis inoratidza akawanda maitiro-mediated hove mhinduro kugungwa acidification. Ecological Monographs 88(3). DOI:10.1002/ecm.1297

Hove chinhu chakakosha pakurarama munharaunda dzemahombekombe uye chinhu chakakosha mukugadzikana kwezvipenyu zvegungwa. Nekuda kwekushushikana-kwakanangana nemhedzisiro yeOA pa physiology, panofanirwa kuitwa zvakawanda kuzadza gaka reruzivo pane akakosha eco-physiological maitiro uye kuwedzera tsvakiridzo kunzvimbo dzakaita sekudziya kwepasirese, hypoxia, uye hove. Sezvineiwo, mhedzisiro pahove haina kuve yakanyanya, kusiyana neinvertebrate mhando dzinoiswa pasi pespatiotemporal yezvakatipoteredza gradients. Kusvika iye zvino, kune zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinoratidza kusiyana kwakasiyana kune vertebrates uye invertebrates. Nekuda kwekusiyana, zvakakosha kuti zvidzidzo zviitwe kuona misiyano iyi kuti uwedzere kunzwisisa kuti acidization yegungwa ichakanganisa sei hupfumi hwenharaunda dzemahombekombe.

Albright, R. uye Cooley, S. (2019). Ongororo yeMapindiro anokurudzirwa kudzikisira zvinokanganisa pagungwa acidization pamatombo emakorari Zvidzidzo zveDunhu muMarine Science, Vol. 29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100612

Ichi chidzidzo chinopinda mune zvakadzama nezvekuti makorari reef akabatwa sei neOA mumakore achangopfuura. Muchidzidzo ichi, vatsvakurudzi vakawana kuti matombo emakorari anogona kukwanisa kudzoka kubva pachiitiko chekubuda. 

1. Makorari ematombo ane mukana wekudzokera kumashure kubva pachiitiko chekubvongodza nenzira inononoka kana ichibatanidza mhedzisiro yezvakatipoteredza, senge acidification yegungwa.
2. "Ecosystem masevhisi ari panjodzi kubva kuOA mumacoral reef ecosystems. Masevhisi ekupa anowanzo kuverengerwa mune zveupfumi, asi mamwe masevhisi akanyanya kukosha kunharaunda dzevanhu dzemahombekombe. "

Malsbury, E. (2020, Kukadzi 3) "Mienzaniso kubva kune Yakakurumbira 19th Century Voyage Inoburitsa 'Inokatyamadza' Mhedzisiro yeOcean Acidification." Science Magazine. AAAS. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/ plankton-shells-have-become-dangerously-thin-acidifying-oceans-are-blame

Shell samples, dzakaunganidzwa kubva kuHMS Challenger muna 1872-76, dzakakora zvakanyanya kupfuura magoko emhando imwe chete inowanikwa nhasi. Vatsvakurudzi vakawana izvi apo mateko anoda kusvika 150 emuunganidzwa weMuseum of Natural History yeLondon akaenzaniswa nemifananidzo yemazuva ano yenguva imwe cheteyo. Masayendisiti akashandisa danda rengarava kuti awane chaiwo marudzi, nzvimbo, uye nguva yegore yegore mateko acho akaunganidzwa ndokushandisa ikoku kuunganidza mienzaniso yazvino uno. Kuenzanisa kwaive kwakajeka: mabhomba emazuva ano aive akatetepa kusvika 76% kupfuura vamwe vavo vekare uye mhedzisiro inonongedza kugungwa acidization sechikonzero.

MacRae, Gavin (12 Kubvumbi 2019.) "Ocean Acidification iri Kugadziridza Marine Food Webs." Watershed Sentinel. https://watershedsentinel.ca/articles/ocean-acidification-is-reshaping-marine-food-webs/

Kudzika kwegungwa kuri kunonoka kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, asi nemutengo. Asidhi yemvura yegungwa iri kuwedzera sezvo nyanza dzichitora carbon dioxide kubva mumafuta ezvicherwa.

Spalding, Mark J. (21 Ndira 2019.) "Nyaya: Gungwa riri kuchinja - riri kuwedzera acidic." Channel News Asia. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/ commentary/ocean-acidification-climate-change-marine-life-dying-11124114

Zvipenyu zvose pasi pano zvichapedzisira zvakanganiswa sezvo gungwa riri kuramba richidziya uye rine acidic richibudisa okisijeni shoma inogadzira mamiriro ezvinhu anotyisidzira zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvipenyu zvegungwa uye zvipenyu. Pane kudikanwa kwekukurumidzira kuvaka kurwisa kurwisa acidization yegungwa kuchengetedza zvipenyu zvemugungwa zviri panyika yedu.

---

5. Zvishandiso zveVadzidzisi

NOAA. (2022). Dzidzo uye Kuparidzira. Ocean Acidification Chirongwa. https://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/AboutUs/ EducationOutreach/

NOAA ine chirongwa chekudzidzisa uye chekufambisa kuburikidza nedhipatimendi rayo regungwa acidification. Izvi zvinopa nharaunda zvekushandisa panzira yekukwevera pfungwa kune vanogadzira mitemo kuti vatange kutora mitemo yeOA kune imwe nhanho uye kushanda. 

Thibodeau, Patrica S., Kushandisa Yenguva Yakareba-Data Kubva kuAntarctica Kudzidzisa Ocean Acidification (2020). Yazvino Iyo Journal yeMarine Dzidzo, 34 (1), 43-45.https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles

Iyo Virginia Institute of Marine Science yakagadzira chirongwa ichi chechidzidzo chekubatanidza vadzidzi vechikoro chepakati kugadzirisa chakavanzika: chii chinonzi acidification yegungwa uye iri kukanganisa sei hupenyu hwemugungwa muAntarctic? Kugadzirisa chakavanzika, vadzidzi vanotora chikamu mukuvhima kwegungwa acidification scavenger, vape pfungwa uye vasvike pamhedzisiro yavo nekududzirwa kwechaiyo-nguva data kubva kuAntarctic. Urongwa hwechidzidzo hwakadzama hunowanikwa pa: https://doi.org/10.25773/zzdd-ej28.

Ocean Acidification Curriculum Collection. 2015. The Suquamish Tribe.

Iyi online sosi muunganidzwa wakasarudzika wemahara zviwanikwa pagungwa acidification yevadzidzisi nevatauri, yemagiredhi K-12.

Iyo Alaska Ocean Acidification Network. (2022). Ocean Acidification yeVadzidzisi. https://aoan.aoos.org/community-resources/for-educators/

Alaska's Ocean Acidification Network yakagadzira zviwanikwa kubva pane akarondedzerwa PowerPoints uye zvinyorwa kusvika kumavhidhiyo uye zvirongwa zvezvidzidzo zveakasiyana mamakisi. Iyo curated curriculum pagungwa acidification yakanzi yakakosha muAlaska. Tiri kushanda pane mamwe macurricula anosimbisa yakasarudzika yeAlaska mvura chemistry uye OA vatyairi.

---

6. Mirayiridzo Yemitemo uye Mishumo yeHurumende

Interagency Working Group paOcean Acidification. (2022, Gumiguru, 28). Yechitanhatu Chirevo pane Federally Funded Ocean Acidification Tsvagiridzo uye Monitoring Mabasa. Subcommittee yeOcean Sayenzi neTekinoroji Komiti yeZvakatipoteredza yeNational Science uye Technology Council. https://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/sites/oap-redesign/Publications/SOST_IWGOA-FY-18-and-19-Report.pdf?ver=2022-11-01-095750-207

Ocean acidification (OA), kudzikiswa kwepH yegungwa kunokonzerwa zvakanyanya nekutorwa kweanthropogenically yakaburitswa kabhoni dhaikisaidhi (CO).₂) kubva muchadenga, injodzi kune zvipenyu zvemugungwa uye nerubatsiro rwunopihwa nehurongwa uhu kunharaunda. Gwaro iri rinopfupisa zviitiko zveFederal paOA muFiscal Years (FY) 2018 na 2019. Yakarongwa kuita zvikamu zvinoenderana nepfumbamwe matunhu enzvimbo, kunyanya, nhanho yepasi rose, nhanho-yenyika, uye kushanda muUnited States Northeast, United States Mid. -Atlantic, United States Southeast neGulf Coast, Caribbean, United States West Coast, Alaska, US Pacific Islands, Arctic, Antarctic.

Komiti Yezvakatipoteredza, Zviwanikwa, uye Kusimba kweNational Science uye Technology Council. (2015, Kubvumbi). Yechitatu Chirevo pamusoro peFederally inotsigirwa neOcean Acidification Research uye Monitoring Mabasa.

Gwaro iri rakagadzirwa neInteragency Working Group paOcean Acidification, iro rinopa zano, rinobatsira, uye rinopa kurudziro pazvinhu zvine chekuita negungwa acidification, kusanganisira kurongeka kwezviitiko zveFederal. Chirevo ichi chinopfupikisa inotsigirwa nemari yegungwa-acidification tsvakiridzo nekutarisa zviitiko; inopa mashandisirwo ezviitwa izvi, uye inotsanangura kuburitswa kwazvino kwehurongwa hwekutsvagisa chirongwa cheFederal research uye kutarisisa kwegungwa acidification.

NOAA Agencies Kugadzirisa Nyaya yeOcean Acidification muMvura Yenzvimbo. National Oceanic uye Atmospheric Administration.

Chirevo ichi chinopa chidzidzo chipfupi che "Ocean Chemistry 101" pane OA kemikari maitiro uye chiyero chepH. Inonyorawo NOAA's general ocean acidification zvinonetsa.

NOAA Climate Science & Services. Basa Rakakosha reKucherechedzwa kwePasi mukunzwisisa Kushandura Ocean Chemistry.

Chirevo ichi chinonongedza NOAA's Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) kuedza kwakanangana nekuratidzira, kufanotaura, uye kuongorora nharaunda dzemahombekombe, makungwa, uye Great Lake.

Taura kuna Gavhuna uye Maryland General Assembly. Task Force Kudzidza Impact yeOcean Acidification paNyika Mvura. Web. Ndira 9, 2015.

Nyika yeMaryland inyika yemahombekombe isingavimbi negungwa chete asiwo Chesapeake Bay. Wona chinyorwa ichi kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve ongororo yeboka rebasa rakaitwa neMaryland neMaryland General Assembly.

Washington State Blue Ribbon Panel paOcean Acidification. Ocean Acidification: Kubva Ruzivo kusvika Kuita. Web. Mbudzi 2012.

Chirevo ichi chinopa mamiriro egungwa acidization uye maitiro ayo kuWashington state. Senyika yepamhenderekedzo yegungwa inotsamira pakubata hove nezviwanikwa zvemumvura, inonyura mune zvinogona kuitika mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pahupfumi. Verenga chinyorwa ichi kuti udzidze zviri kuitwa neWashington pari zvino pamberi pesainzi uye nezvematongerwo enyika kurwisa izvi zvinokonzeresa.

Hemphill, A. (2015, Kukadzi 17). Maryland Inotora Nhanho Kugadzirisa Ocean Acidification. Mid-Atlantic Regional Council paGungwa. Yakadzorerwa kubva http://www.midatlanticocean.org

Nyika yeMaryland iri pamberi penyika dziri kutora matanho ekugadzirisa matambudziko eOA. Maryland yakapasa House Bill 118, ichigadzira boka rebasa kuti ridzidze maitiro eOA pamvura yenyika panguva yayo ye2014. Boka rebasa rakanangana nenzvimbo nomwe dzakakosha dzekuvandudza kunzwisisa kweOA.

Upton, HF & P. ​​Folger. (2013). Ocean Acidization (CRS Report No. R40143). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.

Zviri mukati zvinosanganisira chokwadi cheOA, chiyero chiri kuitika OA, zvinogona kuitika neOA, mhinduro dzechisikigo uye dzevanhu dzinogona kuderedza kana kuderedza OA, kufarira kwekongiresi muOA, uye zviri kuitwa nehurumende yemubatanidzwa nezveOA. Rakadhindwa muna Chikunguru wa2013, iyi CRS shumo ndeyekuvandudza kune yakapfuura CRS OA mishumo uye inocherekedza bhiri chete rakaunzwa mu113th Congress (Coral Reef Conservation Act Amendments of 2013) iyo yaizosanganisira OA mumaitiro anoshandiswa kuongorora zvirongwa zveprojekiti. kudzidza kutyisidzira kumatombo emakorari. Chirevo chepakutanga chakaburitswa muna 2009 uye chinogona kuwanikwa pane iyi link: Buck, EH & P. ​​Folger. (2009). Ocean Acidization (CRS Report No. R40143). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.

IGBP, IOC, SCOR (2013). Mhedziso yeOcean Acidification yeVagadziri vePolisi - Yechitatu Symposium paMunyanza mune Yakakwira-CO₂ Nyika. International Geosphere-Biosphere Chirongwa, Stockholm, Sweden.

Iyi pfupiso ndeye mamiriro eruzivo rwegungwa acidization yakavakirwa patsvagurudzo yakapihwa pamusangano wechitatu wekusiirana pamusoro peOcean muHigh-CO.₂ Nyika muMonterey, CA muna 2012.

InterAcademy Panel paInternational Issues. (2009). Chirevo cheIAP paOcean Acidification.

Ichi chirevo chemapeji maviri, chakatsigirwa neanopfuura makumi matanhatu ezvikoro pasi rose, chinotsanangura muchidimbu kutyisidzira kwakatumirwa neOA, uye inopa kurudziro uye kushevedzera kuita.

Zvakatipoteredza Mhedzisiro yeOcean Acidification: Dambudziko kune Kuchengetedzwa Kwekudya. (2010). Nairobi, Kenya. UNEP.

Ichi chinyorwa chinobata hukama pakati peCO₂, kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, uye OA, kukanganisa kweOA pane zviwanikwa zvekudya zvemugungwa, uye inopedzisa nerondedzero ye8 zviito zvinodiwa kuderedza njodzi yemhedzisiro yeocean acidification.

Chiziviso cheMonaco paOcean Acidification. (2008). Yechipiri yeInternational Symposium pagungwa mune yakakwirira-CO₂ Nyika.

Yakakumbirwa naPrince Albert II mushure mehurukuro yechipiri yepasi rose muMonaco paOA, chiziviso ichi, chakavakirwa pane zvisingarambike zvakawanikwa nesainzi uye chakasainwa nemasayendisiti zana nemakumi mashanu neshanu kubva kumarudzi makumi maviri nenhanhatu, chinopa kurudziro, ichidaidzira kuti vanogadzira mitemo kuti vagadzirise dambudziko rakakura rekuomarara kwegungwa.

---

7. Zvimwe Zvishandiso

Iyo Ocean Foundation inokurudzira zvinotevera zviwanikwa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve Ocean Acidification Research

1. NOAA Ocean Service
2. University of Plymouth
3. National Marine Sanctuary Foundation

Spalding, MJ (2014) Ocean Acidification uye Kuchengetedzwa Kwekudya. Yunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Irvine: Ocean Health, Global Fishing, uye Food Security musangano mharidzo yekurekodha.

Muna 2014, Mark Spalding akapa hukama pakati peOA nekuchengetedzwa kwechikafu pamusangano wehutano hwegungwa, hove dzepasi rose, uye kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu kuUC Irvine. 

The Island Institute (2017). Mamiriro ekunze ekuchinja Mafirimu Series. The Island Insitiute. https://www.islandinstitute.org/stories/a-climate-of-change-film-series/

The Island Institute yakagadzira pfupi-matatu-zvikamu zvakatevedzana zvinotarisana nemhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye acidization yegungwa pane hove muUnited States. Mavhidhiyo aya akatanga kuburitswa muna 2017, asi ruzivo rwakawanda ruchiri kushanda nhasi.

Chikamu Chekutanga, Mvura Inodziya muGulf of Maine, inotarisa pamusoro pemigumisiro yemamiriro ekunze pane hove dzenyika yedu. Vesainzi, mamaneja, uye vabati vehove vese vatanga kukurukura kuti tingaite sei uye tinofanirwa kunge tichironga sei zvisingadzivisiki, asi zvisingatarisike, mhedzisiro yemamiriro ekunze pane zvipenyu zvegungwa. Kuti uwane mushumo uzere, tinya pano.

Chikamu Chechipiri, Ocean Acidification muAlaska, inotarisa pamusoro pekuti vabati vehove muAlaska vari kubata sei nedambudziko riri kukura regungwa reacidification. Kuti uwane mushumo uzere, tinya pano.

Muchikamu chechitatu, Kudonha uye Kugadziriswa muApalachicola Oyster Fishery, Vagadziri vanoenda kuApalachicola, Florida, kuti vaone zvinoitika kana hove yaparara zvachose uye izvo nharaunda iri kuita kuti igadzirise uye imutsidzire pachayo. Kuti uwane mushumo uzere, tinya pano.

Zviito Zvaunogona Kuita

Sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa chikonzero chikuru chegungwa acidification kuwedzera kwecarbon dioxide, iyo inobva yatorwa negungwa. Nekudaro, kudzikisa kuburitswa kwekabhoni idanho rinotevera rakakosha kumisa kuwedzera acidification mugungwa. Ndapota shanyirai International Ocean Acidification Initiative peji kuti uwane ruzivo rwematanho api ari kutorwa neOcean Foundation maererano neOcean Acidification.

Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve zvimwe zvigadziriso zvinosanganisira ongororo yeCarbon Dioxide Removal mapurojekiti uye tekinoroji ndapota ona Iyo Ocean Foundation's Climate Change Tsvagiridzo Pejie, kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo ona Iyo Ocean Foundation yeBlue Resilience Initiative. 

Shandisa yedu SeaGrass Inokura Carbon Calculator kuverenga kuburitsa kabhoni yako uye kupa kuti ubvise maitiro ako! Iyo Calculator yakagadziriswa neThe Ocean Foundation kubatsira munhu kana sangano kuverenga yegore negore CO₂ emissions, zvakare, kuona huwandu hweblue kabhoni inodiwa kuvamisa (maeka euswa hwegungwa kuti udzorerwe kana zvakaenzana). Mari inobva kublue carbon credit mechanism inogona kushandiswa kupa mari yekudzorera, izvo zvinozoita kuti zvikwereti zvakawanda. Zvirongwa zvakadaro zvinobvumira kuhwina maviri: kusikwa kwemutengo unoverengeka kune pasi rose masisitimu eCO₂-emitting zviitiko uye, chechipiri, kudzoreredzwa kwemafuro egungwa anoumba chikamu chakakosha chemahombekombe ecosystem uye ari kuda zvakanyanya kupora.

KUDZOKERA KUTSVAKA