Chikamu 1: Kuputika Kwedutu: Kana Gungwa Rasvika Kumahombekombe

NaNgirozi Braestrup, Sachigaro, Board of Advisors, The Ocean Foundation

Tese takaona mifananidzo nemavhidhiyo. Vamwe vedu vakatozvionera. Dutu guru rinosunda mvura pamberi paro richinovhuvhuta richikwira kumahombekombe, mhepo ine simba ichiita kuti mvura iungane pairi kusvikira yarova mahombekombe yobva yakunguruka ichipinda mukati, zvichienderana nekuti mhepo yafamba sei, kwenguva yakareba sei. mhepo ine simba yave ichisunda mvura, uye geography (uye geometry) yekuti inorova sei uye sei pamhenderekedzo. 

Kuputika kwedutu hakusi chikamu chekuverenga simba remadutu, senge dutu re "Saffir Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale." Vazhinji vedu tinoziva Saffir Simpson anotsanangura Chikamu 1-5 madutu anogashira zvinoenderana nekumhanya kwemhepo (kwete saizi yemuviri yedutu, kumhanya kwechamupupuri chekufamba, kudzvanywa kwemhepo, kuputika kwemhepo, kana kuwanda kwekunaya, nezvimwewo).

Iyo National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) yakagadzira modhi inozivikanwa seSLOSH, kana The Gungwa, Lake uye Overland Surges kubva kuHurricanes kune mapurojekiti ekuvhiya, kana, zvakakosha, kuita kuti vaongorori vakwanise kuenzanisa mhedzisiro yemadutu akasiyana. Mamwe madutu asina kusimba anogona kugadzira dutu remhepo rinoshamisa kana maumbirwo evhu nemazinga emvura asangana kugadzira mamiriro akakwana. Hurricane Irene yaive chikamu 1 paakadonha kuNorth Carolina [1] muna 2011, asi dutu rake raive 8-11 tsoka uye rakakonzera kukuvadza kwakawanda. Saizvozvo, Hurricane Ike yaive muenzaniso wakanaka wedutu raive "chete" chikamu 2 (110 mph inosimudzira mhepo) payakarova pasi, asi yaive nedutu remhepo raizove rakanyanya kufanana nechikamu chakasimba 3. Uye, ye hongu, nguva pfupi yadarika munaNovember muPhilippine, yaive dutu remhepo reDutu reHaiyan iro rakaparadza maguta ese uye rakasiya mukumuka kwaro, zvivakwa zvakaparadzwa, zvirongwa zvekudya nemvura, uye mirwi yemarara yakavhundutsa nyika. firimu nemifananidzo.

Kumahombekombe ekumabvazuva kweEngland kutanga kwaDecember 2013, mafashamo makuru akaparadza dzimba dzinopfuura 1400, akakanganisa njanji, uye akapa nyevero dzakakomba pamusoro pemvura ine utachiona, kupararira kwemakonzo, uye kudikanwa kwekungwarira pamusoro pemvura ipi neipi yakamira mumagadheni kana kuti. kumwewo. Kunaya kwavo kwedutu gurusa mumakore 60 (kusvika nhasi!) kwakakuvadzawo nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka dzomusango dzeRoyal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)—mvura yomunyu yakanyura mumadhamu ane mvura yakachena ichikanganisa nzvimbo dzokugara muchando dzeshiri dzinotama uye zvingakanganisa gungwa. mwaka wematendere eshiri (seshiri dzinovava).[2] Imwe nzvimbo yakachengetedzwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwepurojekiti yekudzora mafashamo ichangobva kupera, asi ichiri kukuvadzwa kwakakura kumadutu ayo akaparadzanisa nzvimbo dzayo dzemvura yakachena kubva kugungwa.

Mazana avanhu pamhenderekedzo yegungwa yokumabvazuva kweEngland akafa muna 1953 sezvo mvura yakadururwa munzanga dzisina dziviriro. Vakawanda vanotenda mhinduro kuchiitiko ichocho nekuponesa mazana, kana kwete zviuru, zvehupenyu muna 2013. Nharaunda dzakavaka zvirongwa zvekudzivirira, kusanganisira zvirongwa zvekukurumidzira zvekukurumidzira, izvo zvakabatsira kuvimbisa kuti gadziriro dzaive panzvimbo yekuzivisa vanhu, kubvisa vanhu, uye kununura paidiwa. .

Nehurombo, zvakafanana hazvigone kutaurwa kune grey seal nurseries uko nguva yekuputira ichangopera. Great Britain imusha kune chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevanhu vane grey seal pasi rose. Makumi e mwana grey seals vakaunzwa kunzvimbo yekununura inoshandiswa neRoyal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) nokuti dutu remhepo rakavaparadzanisa naamai vavo. Idzi pwere diki diki kuti dzikwanise kushambira zvakanaka nekudaro dzaive panjodzi. Vangada kutarisirwa kwenguva yakareba semwedzi mishanu kutozosvikira vagadzirira kudya voga. Ndiko kuyedza kukuru kununura iyo RSPCA yakambofanirwa kuita. (Ipa kune Marine Mammal Fund yedu kuti tibatsire kuchengetedza mhuka idzi.)

Chimwe chitubu chechiitiko chikuru chemafashamo kubva mugungwa, chokwadika, kudengenyeka kwenyika. Ndiani angakanganwa kuparara kwetsunami muIndonesia, Thailand, uye munzvimbo dzakatenderedza nharaunda mushure mekudengenyeka kwenyika kweKisimusi muna 2004? Inoramba iri imwe yekudengenyeka kwenyika kune simba zvikuru kwakamborekodhwa, zvechokwadi pakati pekureba kwenguva refu, uye haina kungofambisa pasi rose, asi yakakonzerawo kudengenyeka kwenyika kuduku hafu yenyika kure. Vagari vepadyo nemhenderekedzo yeIndonesia vaive vasina mukana wekupukunyuka madziro emvura matanhatu (mamita maviri) akamhanya kumahombekombe mukati memaminitsi ekudengenyeka, vagari vekumabvazuva kwemahombekombe eAfrica vakaita zvirinani, uye mahombekombe eAntarctica zviri nani. Coastal Thailand nenzvimbo dzemahombekombe muIndia hadzina kurohwa kweinopfuura awa, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kwenguva refu. Uye zvakare, rusvingo rwemvura rwakamhanyira mukati menyika kusvika parwaigona ndokuzodzokera shure, dzinenge nokukurumidza, ruchitora chikamu chikuru chezvakanga zvaparadzwa pakupinda kwarwo, kana, rusina simba, pakubuda kwarwo zvakare.

Muna Kurume 2011, kumwe kudengenyeka kwenyika kune simba kubva kumabvazuva kweJapan kwakagadzira tsunami yakasvika kureba semamita 133 payakasvika kumahombekombe, uye yakakungurukira mukati menyika anenge mamaira matanhatu mune dzimwe nzvimbo, ichiparadza zvese munzira yayo. Kudengenyeka kwacho kwaiva nesimba zvokuti chitsuwa cheHonshu, chikuru chezvitsuwa zveJapan, chakatamiswa anenge mamita masere kumabvazuva. Kudengenyeka kwacho zvakare kwakanzwika kure nezviuru zvemamaira, uye tsunami dzakazoguma dzakuvadza nzanga dzomumhenderekedzo yegungwa muCalifornia, uye kunyange muChile, anenge mamaira 6 8 kubva kure, masaisai akanga akakwirira namamita anopfuura matanhatu.

MuJapan, tsunami yakafambisa matangi makuru nezvimwe zvikepe kubva munzvimbo dzazvo dziri kure kure, uye yakatosundidzira mahombe edziviriro emahombekombe egungwa anozivikanwa sematetrapod aikunguruka nemafungu munharaunda-rudzi rwedziviriro rwakazova chikonzero chekukuvadza. Muinjiniya yemahombekombe, tetrapods inomiririra kumberi kwemakumbo mana mukugadzirwa kwemvura inoputika nekuti masaisai anowanzo putika achiatenderedza, achideredza kukuvadzwa kwemvura inoputika nekufamba kwenguva. Nehurombo kunharaunda dzemahombekombe, tetrapod breakwaters dzaisaenderana nesimba regungwa. Apo mvura yakanga yaserera, ukuru hwenjodzi hwakatanga kubuda. Pakazopedzwa kuverenga, takaziva kuti makumi ezviuru zvevanhu akanga afa, akuvara, kana kuti asipo, kuti zvivako zvinoda kusvika 300,000 XNUMX pamwe chete nemagetsi, mvura, uye pombi dzetsvina zvakanga zvaparadzwa; zvifambiso zvakanga zvaparara; uye, hongu, imwe yetsaona refu kwazvo yenyukireya yakanga yatanga paFukushima, sezvo masisitimu nemasisitimu ekumashure akatadza kumirisana nekurwiswa kwegungwa.

Mhedzisiro yemafungu makuru aya egungwa chikamu chenhamo yevanhu, chimwe chinetso chehutano hweveruzhinji, chikamu chekuparadzwa kwezviwanikwa, uye kuparara kwechikamu. Asi kugadziridza kusati kwatombotanga, pane rimwe dambudziko rasara. Mufananidzo wega wega unotaura chikamu chenyaya yezviuru zvematani emarara—kubva kumotokari dzakazara nemvura kusvika kumamatiresi, mafiriji, uye zvimwe midziyo kusvika kuzvidhinha, kudzivirira, waya, asphalt, kongiri, matanda, uye zvimwe zvokuvakisa. Mabhokisi ose iwayo akachena atinoti dzimba, zvitoro, mahofisi, uye zvikoro, akachinjwa kuva manyoro, maduku, zvikurukuru mirwi isingabetseri yamarara yakanyoroveswa nemvura yomugungwa uye musanganiswa wezviri mukati mezvivako, motokari, uye zvivako zvokuchenesa mvura. Mune mamwe mazwi, tsvina huru inonhuwa iyo inofanirwa kucheneswa uye kuraswa isati yavakwazve inogona kutanga.

Kune nharaunda uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende, zvakaoma kutarisira mhinduro kune dutu rinotevera pasina kufunga kuti ingani marara anogona kugadzirwa, dhigirii rekuti marara achasvibiswa sei, kuti achacheneswa sei, uye kupi mirwi. zvino zvinhu zvisina basa zvicharaswa. Mukumuka kwaSandy, marara kubva kumahombekombe mune imwe nharaunda diki yepamhenderekedzo yegungwa chete akakwira pamusoro pemisoro yedu mushure mekunge asefa, arongwa, uye jecha rakacheneswa rakadzokera kumahombekombe. Uye, chokwadi, kutarisira kuti mvura ichauya kupi uye sei kumahombekombe kunewo hutsinye. Sezvineiwo neiyo tsunami yambiro masisitimu, kuisa mari muNOAA's surge surge modeling capacity (SLOSH) inobatsira nharaunda kuti dzigadzirire.

Vanoronga vanogonawo kubatsirwa kubva muruzivo rwekuti gadziriro dzemumhenderekedzo yegungwa dzine hutano-dzinozivikanwa sezvipingamupinyi zvakapfava kana zvechisikigo zvedutu-zvinogona kubatsira kudzivirira mhedzisiro yekuvhiya uye kuparadzira simba rayo.[3] Nemafuro euswa hwegungwa ane hutano, machakwi, mirwi yejecha, uye mangroves semuenzaniso, simba remvura rinogona kunge risinganyanye kuparadza uye kuguma nemarara mashoma, uye matambudziko mashoma mumashure. Saka, kudzoreredza hutano hwemagariro echisikigo mumahombekombe edu kunopa hugaro hwakawanda uye huri nani kune vavakidzani vedu vegungwa, uye zvinogona kupa nharaunda dzevanhu nhandaro nehupfumi, uye, kudzikisira mushure menjodzi.

[1] Nhanganyaya yeNOAA kune Storm Surge, http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hurricane/resources/surge_intro.pdf

[2] BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25298428

[3]Kudzivirirwa kwechisikigo kunogona kuchengetedza mahombekombe zvakanyanya, http://www.climatecentral.org/news/natural-defenses-can-best-protect-coasts-says-study-16864