Chikamu 2: Kufungisisa nezve 30th Anniversary yeUN Convention paMutemo weGungwa

Na: Matthew Cannistraro

Kupokana kwaReagan kune chibvumirano kwakavanda pasi pepatina yeruzhinji pragmatism. Iyi nzira yakavhara mazwi egakava pamusoro UNCLOS izvo zvakatevera hutungamiri hwake zvichitungamira mukupikiswa zvichibva pane zvinonetsa uye kwete zvido zvemaindasitiri edu emugungwa. Kupikisa uku kwakabudirira nekuti zvinzvimbo zvavo zvakanzwa nemaseneta mashoma akakosha. Nekudaro, mukufamba kwenguva pragmatic kunetsekana kuchakurira ideological uye vanopikisa ava vanorasikirwa nekukosha kwavo.

Zvinzvimbo zveruzhinji zvaReagan paUNCLOS hazvina kuenderana nemaonero ake ega pachibvumirano. Paruzhinji, akataura zvigadziriso zvitanhatu izvo zvaizoita kuti chibvumirano chigamuchirwe, achisimbisa pragmatism yake. Pachivande, akanyora kuti “haaizosaina chibvumirano, kunyange pasina chikamu chemigodhi yepasi pegungwa.” Uyezve, akagadza vapikisi vezvibvumirano zvemashoko, avo vose vaiva nemafungiro asina hanya, senhume dzake kunhaurirano. Pasinei neruzhinji rwepragmatism yeruzhinji, zvinyorwa zvepachivande zvaReagan uye kugadzwa kwenhumwa zvinosimbisa kusagutsikana kwake kwakadzama.

Zviito zvaReagan zvakabatsira kubatanidza kubvumirana kwakasimba kunopesana neUNCLOS pakati pevanofunga zvakadzika midzi mune zvekufungidzira asi zvakafukidzwa nepragmatism. Muna 1994, nhaurirano patsva yeUNCLOS yakagadzira chibvumirano chakadzokororwa chakatarisana nezvakawanda zvainetsa Reagan pamusoro pechikamu chemigodhi yepasi pegungwa. Asi makore gumi mushure mekutaurirana patsva, Jean Kirkpatrick, mumiriri waReagan kuUN akataura nezvechibvumirano chakavandudzwa, "Pfungwa yekuti makungwa kana nzvimbo 'inhaka yakajairika yevanhu' yaive-uye ndeye-kusiyana kunoshamisa kubva papfungwa dzechinyakare dzekuMadokero. private property." Chirevo ichi chinosimbisa kupokana kwake kwepfungwa kune hwaro hwechibvumirano, zvinoenderana nekutenda kwaReagan kwakavanzika.

Gungwa harina kumbova “chinhu”. Kirkpatrick, kufanana nevakawanda vanopikisa vanopikisa chibvumirano, ari kusimudza gungwa mumafungiro ake, panzvimbo yekusimudzira nzvimbo yakavakirwa pane chokwadi chekushandiswa kwegungwa. Mapoka mazhinji anopikisa chibvumirano anotevera nzira imwechete. Imwe nyanzvi yeHeritage Foundation yakapfupisa kushora kwechokwadi, ichinyora "US Navy 'inokiya' kodzero nerusununguko rwayo ... nekukwanisa kwayo kunyudza chero ngarava ingaedza kuramba kodzero idzodzo," uye kwete nekubvumidza UNCLOS. Kunyange izvi zvingave zvechokwadi kuNavy, sezvatakaona muEcuador, ngarava dzedu dzehove nedzevatengesi hadzigoni kuva nevaperekedzi vemauto uye kubvumirana neUNCLOS kuchabatsira kuchengetedza kuchengeteka kwavo.

Isolationists vanopokana kuti UNCLOS ichave isina hushamwari kuUS sezvakaita UN kuUS pachayo. Asi gungwa chitubu chepasi rose, uye kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzakawanda kunodiwa kuti kuritungamirire. Kutsigira kwehutongi hwehutongi hwakatevera zvakaziviswa naTruman zvakakonzera kusagadzikana uye kurwisana pasi rose. Kubvisa UNCLOS, sekutaurwa kwazvinoitwa nevanozviparadzanisa nevamwe, kwaizounza nguva itsva yekusagadzikana inoyeuchidza nguva inotevera kuziviswa kwaTruman. Kusagadzikana uku kwakaunza kusava nechokwadi uye njodzi, zvichitadzisa kudyara.

Mahara-musika anochengetedza anopokana iyo parallel system inotadzisa makwikwi. Vakarurama, asi makwikwi asina kuvharwa ezviwanikwa zvegungwa haisi nzira inoshanda. Nekuunza vatungamiriri kubva pasirese pamwe chete kuti vatarise zvicherwa zvepasi pegungwa, tinogona kuedza kuona kuti mafemu haakwanise kubvisa purofiti kubva pasi pegungwa, nekusakoshesa kugara zvakanaka kwezvizvarwa zvazvino nezvichauya. Zvinotonyanya kukosha, iyo ISA inopa kugadzikana kunodiwa kune iri pedyo bhiriyoni-madhora ekudyara inodiwa kutanga migodhi. Muchidimbu, vapikisi veUNCLOS vanoshandisa pfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika kune chitubu chinopfuura chiyero chehurukuro iyoyo. Mukuita izvi, vanoregeredzawo zvinodiwa nemaindasitiri emugungwa, izvo zvese zvinotsigira kubvumidzwa. Vachitora chigaro chinopindirana nevanochengetedza Republican Senators, vatanga kupikisa zvakakwana kudzivirira kubvumidzwa.

Chidzidzo chakakosha chekutora kubva mukurwira uku ndechekuti sezvo gungwa nemashandisiro atinorishandura, tinofanira kushandura hutongi hwedu, tekinoroji, uye pfungwa kuti tisangane nematambudziko ayo shanduko iripo. Kwemazana emakore, dzidziso yeRusununguko yeMakungwa yakaita zvine musoro, asi sekushandiswa kwegungwa kwakachinja, yakarasikirwa nekukosha kwayo. Pakazosvika nguva Truman paakapa zviziviso zvake muna 1945, pasi rose rakanga richida nzira itsva yekutonga kwemakungwa. UNCLOS haisi mhinduro yakakwana kudambudziko rekutonga, asi hapana chimwe chinhu chakapihwa. Kana tikabvumira chibvumirano, tinogona kutaurirana zvigadziriso zvitsva uye kuenderera mberi nekuvandudza UNCLOS. Nekuramba tiri kunze kwechibvumirano, tinogona kungotarisa sezvo nyika dzese dzichitaurirana nezveramangwana rekutonga kwemakungwa. Nekukanganisa kufambira mberi, tinorasikirwa nemukana wedu wekuiumba.

Nhasi, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inochinja mukushandiswa kwegungwa, kuve nechokwadi chekuti gungwa nemashandisiro atinoita zviri kushandura nekukurumidza kupfuura nakare kose. Panyaya yeUNCLOS, vanopikisa vakabudirira nekuti chinzvimbo chavo chepfungwa chinopindirana nevezvematongerwo enyika, asi simba ravo rinomira paSeneti. Kubudirira kwavo kwenguva pfupi kwakasonera mhodzi dzekuparara kukuru, sezvo kufambira mberi mune tekinoroji kuchatimanikidza kubvumidza chibvumirano kana rutsigiro rweindasitiri rusingakundike. Vapikisi ava vachange vasina basa munhaurirano mushure mekuchinja uku; sezvakangoita nhumwa dzaReagan dzakarasikirwa nerutsigiro munhaurirano mushure mekuderera. Zvisinei, avo vanogamuchira chokwadi chezvamatongerwe enyika, chezvemari, uye chemhoteredzo chokushandiswa kwegungwa vachava nomukana mukuru mukuumba ramangwana raro.

Tichifunga nezvemakore makumi matatu kubva kuUNCLOS, kutadza kwedu kubvumidza chibvumirano kwakakura. Kukundikana uku kwaive mhedzisiro yekusakwanisa kuronga gakava racho nenzira yepragmatic. Pane kudaro, makampasi epfungwa ayo asina hanya nehupfumi uye kwezvakatipoteredza echokwadi chekushandiswa kwegungwa akatitungamira kumagumo. Panyaya yeUNCLOS, vatsigiri vakanzvenga nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika uye vakatadza kuwana mvumo semhedzisiro. Kufambira mberi, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti gwara rakanaka regungwa richavakwa nekuchengeta zvematongerwo enyika, zvehupfumi, uye zvezvakatipoteredza.

Matthew Cannistraro akashanda semubatsiri wekutsvakurudza paOcean Foundation muchirimo che 2012. Iye zvino ari mukuru paClaremont McKenna College kwaanonyanya kukoshesa muNhoroondo uye achinyora chinyorwa chekukudza pamusoro pekusikwa kweNOAA. Kufarira kwaMatthew mugwara regungwa kunobva murudo rwake rwekufamba nechikepe, kubhururuka kwemvura yemunyu, uye nhoroondo yezvematongerwo enyika yekuAmerica. Mushure mekupedza kudzidza, anotarisira kushandisa ruzivo rwake uye chido chake kuita shanduko yakanaka munzira yatinoshandisa nayo gungwa.