Passion yeCoral Reefs

Pakupera kwaChikumi, ndakava nemufaro nemukana wekupinda mumusangano wechi13 weInternational Coral Reef Symposium (ICRS), musangano mukuru wemasayendisiti ecoral reef kubva kumativi ose enyika waiitwa makore mana oga oga. Ndakanga ndiripo naFernando Bretos, mutungamiriri weCubaMar chirongwa.

Ndakapinda yangu yekutanga ICRS ndichiita semudzidzi wePhD muna Gumiguru 2000 muBali, Indonesia. Fungidzira ini: mudzidzi ane ziso rakafara regiredhi ane nzara yekuzadzisa kuda kwangu pamusoro pezvinhu zvese zvekorari. Musangano wekutanga weICRS wakanditendera kuti ndizvinyure mukati uye kuzadza pfungwa dzangu nemibvunzo yekuferefeta kubva ipapo. Yakabatanidza nzira yangu yebasa senge pasina mumwe musangano wehunyanzvi mukati memakore angu ekupedza chikoro. Musangano weBali - nevanhu vandakasangana navo ikoko, uye zvandakadzidza - ndipo pazvakava pachena kwandiri kuti kudzidza macoral reef kwehupenyu hwangu hwese kwaizove iro basa rinogutsa zvakanyanya.

"Kurumidza mberi makore gumi nematanhatu, uye ndiri kurarama chiroto ichocho kusvika pakushanda zvizere secoral reef ecologist yeCuba Marine Research and Conservation Programme yeThe Ocean Foundation." – Daria Siciliano

Kurumidza kumberi makore gumi nematanhatu, uye ndiri kurarama chiroto ichocho kusvika kuzere kushanda secoral reef ecologist yeCuba Marine Research and Conservation Program. (CariMar) yeThe Ocean Foundation. Panguva imwe cheteyo, semuongorori wakabatana, ndiri kushandisa marabhoritari inoshamisa uye yekuongorora zviwanikwa zveInstitute of Marine Sciences yeYunivhesiti yeCalifornia Santa Cruz kuita basa rerabhoritari rinodiwa pakuongorora kwedu pamusoro peCuban coral reef.

Musangano weICRS mwedzi wapera, wakaitirwa muHonolulu, Hawaii, waive watinakidza. Ndisati ndazvipira kune isingaverengeki uye isingaperi inonakidza matombo emakorari eCuba, ndakapedza makore anopfuura 15 ndichidzidza Pacific coral reef. Mazhinji emakore iwayo akazvipira kuongorora nzvimbo dziri kure dzekuNorthwestern Hawaiian Islands, dzava kunzi Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, miganhu iyo vanodyidzana navo pamwe nePew Charitable Trusts vari kukumbira kuti iwedzerwe. Vakaunganidza masiginecha echiito ichi pamusangano weICRS mwedzi wapera, wandakasaina nechido. At izvi musangano Ndakave nemukana wekuyeuchidza nezvezviitiko zvakawanda zvepasi pemvura muboka rezvitsuwa rinonakidza nevaimbova vandaishanda navo, vashandi pamwe neshamwari. Dzimwe dzandainge ndave nemakore gumi kana kudarika ndisina kuona.

Daria, Fernando naPatricia veCuban Center yeMarine Research paICRS​

Nezvikamu gumi nemana zvepanguva imwe chete kubva 14AM yapfuura 8PM iine hurukuro dzekudzokera kumashure pamisoro kubva ku geology uye paleoecology yecoral reef kusvika kuberekana kwekorari kune coral genomics, ndakapedza nguva yakawanda zuva rega rega risati rave kuronga hurongwa hwangu. Husiku hwega hwega ndaironga mafambiro ezuva raitevera nemazvo, ndichifungidzira nguva yaizonditorera kufamba kubva kune imwe horo yemusangano kuenda pane imwe… (Ndiri musayendisiti wezvesainzi). Asi chaiwanzokanganisa hurongwa hwangu hwekungwarira yaive chokwadi chakapusa chekuti misangano mikuru iyi ndeyekumhanya kune vekare nevatsva vaunoshanda navo, sekunzwa chaiko mharidzo dzakarongwa. Uye ndizvo zvatakaita.

Ndiine wandaishanda naye Fernando Bretos, murume akashanda kwemakumi emakore muUS kuti avhare musiyano pakati peCuban neAmerican coral reef sainzi, takava nemisangano yakawanda ine zvibereko, mizhinji yacho isina kurongeka. Takasangana nevanoshanda navo vekuCuba, vanofarira kudzoreredza coral (hongu, kutanga kwakadaro kuripo!), vadzidzi vegiredhi, uye vane ruzivo vecoral reef masayendisiti. Misangano iyi yakapedzisira yave iyo huru yemusangano.

Pazuva rekutanga remusangano, ndainyanya kuomerera kuzvikamu zvebiogeochemistry uye paleoecology, tichifunga kuti imwe yemitsara yedu yekutsvagisa yazvino kuCubaMar ndiko kuvakwazve kwemamiriro ekunze ekare uye kupinza kweanthropogenic kuCuban coral reef vachishandisa nzira dze geochemical pamakorari cores. Asi ndakakwanisa kuzviita kuhurukuro zuva iroro pamusoro pekusvibiswa kubva kune zvigadzirwa zvekuchengeta zvega zvakaita semafuta ekuzora zuva uye sipo. Mharidzo yakapinda zvakadzika mumakemikari uye toxicology yezvakajairwa kushandiswa, senge oxybenzone kubva kune sunscreens, uye ichiratidza chepfu yavanokonzeresa pacoral, sea urchin embryos, uye makonye ehove neshrimp. Ndakadzidza kuti kusvibiswa kunobva kuzvinhu zvinosuka kubva paganda redu sezvatinogeza mugungwa. Inobvawo kubva kune zvatinotora kuburikidza neganda uye kubuda muweti, pakupedzisira ichiita nzira yayo kuenda kune reef. Ndave ndichiziva nezvenyaya iyi kwemakore, asi kakanga kari kekutanga kuona iyo toxicology data yemakorari nezvimwe zvipenyu zvegungwa - zvaityisa.

Daria achiongorora matombo eJardines de la Reina, Southern Cuba, muna 2014. 

Rimwe remadingindira emusangano uyu raive chiitiko chisati chamboitika pasi rose chekucheneswa kwemakorari chiri kuitika pari zvino. Chiitiko chazvino chekucheneswa kwemakorari chakatanga pakati pegore ra2014, zvichiita kuti ive chiitiko chakareba uye chakapararira kwazvo parekodhi, sekuziviswa kwakaitwa NOAA. Mudunhu, zvakakanganisa Great Barrier Reef kusvika padanho risati ramboitika. Dr. Terry Hughes vanobva kuJames Cook University kuAustralia vakapa ongororo ichangoburwa pamusoro pechiitiko chekubuda chena muGreat Barrier Reef (GBR) chakaitika kutanga kwegore rino. Kuchena kwakanyanya uye kwakapararira kwakaitika muAustralia semugumisiro wekupisa kwegungwa rezhizha (SSF) kubva muna Kukadzi kusvika Kubvumbi 2016. Chiitiko chakazoguma chakaita kuti vanhu vakawanda vacheneswe chakarova nzvimbo iri kure yekuchamhembe kweGBR zvakanyanya. Kubva muongororo dzemuchadenga dzakazadzikiswa uye dzakatsigirwa neongororo dzepasi pemvura, Dr. Hughes vakaona kuti 81% yematombo ari kure kure Northern chikamu cheGBR akasvibiswa zvakanyanya, uye 1% chete yakapukunyuka isina kubatwa. Muchikamu cheCentral neSouthern matombo akacheneswa zvakanyanya anomiririra 33% uye 1% zvichiteerana.

81% yematombo ari kure kure Northern chikamu cheGreat Barrier Reef akacheneswa zvakanyanya, uye 1% chete ndiyo yapukunyuka isina kubatwa. - Dr. Terry Hughes

Chiitiko che2016 mass bleaching chiitiko chechitatu kuitika paGBR (yapfuura yakaitika muna 1998 na2002), asi ndiyo yakanyanya kuomarara. Mazana ematombo akasvibiswa kekutanga muna 2016. Mukati mezviitiko zviviri zvakapfuura kuchena kwehuwandu, nzvimbo iri kure uye yakachena yeNorthern Great Barrier Reef yakaponeswa uye yaionekwa seye refugium kubva pakuchena, iine makorori ayo makuru, anogara kwenguva refu. Zviri pachena kuti handizvo nhasi. Mazhinji emakoroni iwayo akararama kwenguva refu akarasika. Nekuda kwekurasikirwa uku "Northern GBR haizotaridzi sezvayakaita muna Kukadzi 2016 zvakare muhupenyu hwedu" akadaro Hughes.

"Northern GBR haichataridzi sezvayakaita muna Kukadzi 2016 muhupenyu hwedu." – Dr. Terry Hughes

Nei iyo Southern chikamu cheGBR chakaponeswa gore rino? Tinogona kutenda dutu reWinston muna Kukadzi 2016 (iyo yakatsvaira muFiji). Yakamhara kumaodzanyemba kweGBR uye yakaunza tembiricha yegungwa pasi zvakanyanya, nekudaro ichidzikamisa mhedzisiro. Pamusoro paikoku, Dr. Hughes akawedzera nenzira yokunyomba kuti: “Taimbozvidya mwoyo pamusoro pemadutu ari pamawere, zvino tava kutarisira kuti adaro!” Zvidzidzo zviviri zvakadzidzwa kubva pachiitiko chechitatu chekucheneswa kwemazhinji paGBR ndechekuti manejimendi emuno haakurudzire kuchena; uye kuti kupindira kwenzvimbo kunogona kubatsira kukurudzira (chikamu) kupora, asi akasimbisa kuti matombo ematombo haangogone "kuongororwa nemamiriro ekunze." Dr. Hughes akatiyeuchidza kuti isu takatopinda munguva iyo nguva yekudzoka kwezviitiko zvemableaching akawanda zvinokonzerwa nekupisa kwepasi ipfupi pane nguva yekudzikinura kwemakorari anogara kwenguva refu. Nokudaro Great Barrier Reef yakachinja zvachose.

Gare gare muvhiki, Dr. Jeremy Jackson akashuma pamusoro pemigumisiro kubva kuongororo kubva ku1970 kusvika ku2012 kubva kuCaribbean yakafara, uye akatsunga panzvimbo iyo kushungurudzika kwepanyika kunokonzera kushungurudzika kwenyika yose munharaunda ino. Mhedzisiro iyi inotsigira fungidziro yekuti dziviriro yemuno inogona kuwedzera kusimba kwematombo munguva pfupi yakamirira kuita kwepasi rose pakushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Muhurukuro yavo yose, Dr. Peter Mumby weYunivhesiti yeQueensland akatiyeuchidza nezve“manomano” ari mumakorari. Izvo zvinokonzeresa zvinokonzeresa zvinoshungurudza zvakawanda zviri kuderedza kusiyana kwenzvimbo dzereef, kuitira kuti kupindira kwehutungamiriri kwakanangana nematombo ayo asisasiyane zvakanyanya. Zviito zvekutungamira zvinofanirwa kuchinjika kune kutaurwa kwehunyengeri mumacoral reef.

The lionfish musangano weChishanu wakapindwa zvakanaka. Ndakafara kuona kuti gakava rinoshanda rinoenderera mberi nezve biotic resistance hypothesis, apo zvikara zvemuno, nemakwikwi kana kupamba kana zvese zviri zviviri, zvinokwanisa kuchengetedza lionfish invasion in check. Ndizvo zvatakaedza muJardines de la Reina MPA kumaodzanyemba kweCuba munguva yezhizha ra2014. Zvinonakidza kudzidza kuti ichiri mubvunzo wakakodzera nguva wakapihwa iyo Pacific lionfish huwandu hwevanhu muCaribbean huri kuramba huchiwedzera uye kuwedzera.

Kuenzaniswa nemusangano wekutanga weICRS wandakakwanisa kupinda muna 2000, iyo 13th ICRS yaive yakaenzana sekukurudzira, asi neimwe nzira. Dzimwe dzenguva dzinonyanya kukurudzira kwandiri dzakaitika pandakamhanyira kune vamwe ve "vakuru" vecoral reef sainzi, vaive vane mukurumbira kana plenary vatauri pamusangano weBali, uye nhasi ndanga ndichiri kuona kupenya muziso ravo sezvavaitaura nezvazvo. makorari avo avanoda, hove, MPAs, zooxanthellae, kana El Niño yazvino. Vamwe vapfuura zera rekurega basa… asi vachiri kufara zvakanyanya kudzidza macoral reef. Ini handivapa mhosva hongu: Ndiani angada kuita chimwe chinhu?