KUPERVERSE KUCHINJWA KWEGUNGWA: Pasi pemvura Cultural Heritage muOcean yakatarisana neKemikari uye Shanduko Yenyama.

Vanyori: Mark J. Spalding
Zita Rakabudiswa: American Society of International Law. Cultural Heritage & Arts Ongororo. Vhoriyamu 2, Chinyorwa 1.
Zuva Rokubudiswa: Chishanu, June 1, 2012

Shoko rokuti “nhaka yetsika yepasi pemvura”1 (UCH) rinoreva zvisaririra zvose zvezviitiko zvevanhu zviri pasi pegungwa, pahova dzenzizi, kana kuti pasi pemadziva. Zvinosanganisira kuputsikirwa nengarava uye zvinhu zvakarasika mugungwa uye zvinoenda kunzvimbo dzekare, maguta akanyura, uye zviteshi zvekare zvaimbove panyika yakaoma asi zvino zvanyura nekuda kwekuchinja kwemunhu, mamiriro ekunze, kana geological. Inogona kusanganisira mabasa eunyanzvi, mari inounganidzirwa, uye kunyange zvombo. Ichi chitubu chepasi pemvura chepasi rose chinoumba chikamu chakakosha chenhaka yedu yakafanana yekuchera matongo uye yenhoroondo. Iine mukana wekupa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro petsika nehupfumi kutaurirana uye kutama uye maitiro ekutengeserana.

Gungwa resaline rinozivikanwa senzvimbo ine ngura. Pamusoro pezvo, mafungu, kudzika (uye zvine hukama), tembiricha, uye dutu zvinokanganisa kuti UCH inodzivirirwa sei (kana kwete) nekufamba kwenguva. Zvakawanda zvaimboonekwa zvakagadzikana pamusoro pemakemikari emugungwa akadai uye physical oceanography zvino zvave kuzivikanwa sekuchinja, kazhinji nemhedzisiro isingazivikanwe. Iyo pH (kana acidity) yegungwa iri kushanduka - isina kuenzana munzvimbo dzese - semunyu, nekuda kwekunyunguduka kweaizi uye mapurusi emvura yakachena kubva kumafashama nemadutu masisitimu. Nekuda kwezvimwe zvinhu zvekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, tiri kuona kukwira kwetembiricha yemvura kuzere, kushanduka kwepasi rose, kukwira kwemvura yegungwa, uye kuwedzera kusagadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze. Pasinei nezvisingazivikanwe, zvine musoro kugumisa kuti kuwedzera kwekuchinja uku hakuna kunaka kunzvimbo dzepasi pemvura. Kuchera kunowanzo kugumira kunzvimbo dzine mukana wekupindura mibvunzo yakakosha yekutsvagisa kana idzo dziri munjodzi yekuparadzwa. Ko mamiziyamu uye avo vane basa rekuita zvisungo nezve chimiro cheUCH vane zvishandiso zvekuongorora uye, pamwe, kufanotaura kutyisidzira kune imwe neimwe saiti inobva mukushanduka kwegungwa? 

Chii chinonzi shanduko yekemisitiri yegungwa?

Gungwa rinotora huwandu hwakakura hwekubuda kwecarbon dioxide kubva kumotokari, zvidyarwa zvemagetsi, uye mafekitori muchikamu chayo seyakakura yepasi kabhoni inonyura. Haikwanise kutora zvese zvakadaro CO2 kubva mumhepo muzvirimwa zvemugungwa nemhuka. Asi, iyo CO2 inonyungudika mumvura yegungwa pachayo, iyo inoderedza pH yemvura, ichiita kuti iwedzere acid. Zvichienderana nekuwedzera kwekubuda kwecarbon dioxide mumakore achangopfuura, pH yegungwa rose iri kudonha, uye sezvo dambudziko rinowedzera kupararira, zvinotarisirwa kukanganisa zvakanyanya kugona kwezvipenyu zvine calcium kuti zvibudirire. Sezvo pH inodonha, matombo emakorari acharasikirwa nemuvara, mazai ehove, urchins, uye shellfish zvichanyunguduka zvisati zvakura, masango ekelp achaderera, uye pasi pemvura pasi pemvura ichave ichena uye isina chinhu. Kunokarirwa kuti ruvara noupenyu zvichadzoka pashure pokunge gadziriro yacho yazvidzikamisa, asi kashoma kuti vanhu vave pano kuti vazvione.

Iyo chemistry yakatwasuka. Kuenderera mberi kwakafanotaurwa kwechimiro chekuenda kune acidity yakakura kunofungidzirwa zvakanyanya, asi zvakaoma kufanotaura nehunyanzvi. Mhedzisiro pazvipenyu zvinogara mu calcium bicarbonate shells uye reef zviri nyore kufungidzira. Nenguva uye nenzvimbo, zvakanyanya kuoma kufanotaura kukuvadza kunharaunda dzeoceanic phytoplankton ne zooplankton, hwaro hwedandemutande rekudya uye nekudaro kwemarudzi ese egungwa anotengeswa. Nezve UCH, kudzikira kwepH kunogona kunge kuri kudiki zvekuti haina mhedzisiro yakaipa panguva ino. Muchidimbu, tinoziva zvakawanda nezve "sei" uye "nei" asi zvishoma nezve "zvingani," "kupi," kana "rini." 

Mukushaikwa kwemutsetse wenguva, fungidziro yakakwana, uye chokwadi chenzvimbo nezve mhedzisiro yegungwa acidification (zvese zvisina kunanga uye zvakananga), zvinonetsa kugadzira mamodheru ezvino uye zvinofungidzirwa mhedzisiro paUCH. Zvakare, kudanwa kwenhengo dzenharaunda yezvakatipoteredza kuti zvichengetedze uye zviitwe nechimbichimbi pakugadzirisa acidization yegungwa kuti idzorere uye kusimudzira gungwa rakadzikama ichadzikiswa nevamwe vanoda zvimwe zvinhu vasati vaita, senge zvikumbaridzo zvichakanganisa mamwe marudzi, ayo zvikamu zvegungwa. gungwa richanyanya kukanganiswa, uye kana izvi mhedzisiro zvingangoitika. Zvimwe zvekupikisa zvichabva kune vesainzi vanoda kuita tsvakiridzo yakawanda, uye vamwe vachabva kune avo vanoda kuchengetedza fossil-fuel-based status quo.

Imwe yenyanzvi dzepasirese pamusoro pekuora kwepasi pemvura, Ian McLeod weWestern Australian Museum, akacherekedza zvinogona kuitika zvekuchinja uku paUCH: Zvese muzvose ndingati kuwedzera acidification yemakungwa kungangokonzera kuwedzera kwemazinga ekuora kwezvose. zvinhu zvinogoneka kunze kwegirazi, asi kana tembiricha ikawedzera zvakare ipapo iyo yakazara mambure mhedzisiro yeasidhi yakawanda uye tembiricha yepamusoro zvingareva kuti vanochengetedza uye vanochera matongo wegungwa vachawana kuti yavo yepasi pemvura yetsika nhaka zviwanikwa zviri kuderera.2 

Tingave tisati tave kukwanisa kuongorora zvizere mutengo wekutadza kuita basa pakupunzika kwechikepe, maguta akanyura mumvura, kana zvimwe zvichangobva kuitika zvekugadzira mifananidzo pasi pemvura. Tinogona, zvisinei, kutanga kuziva mibvunzo yatinofanira kupindura. Uye isu tinogona kutanga kuverenga kukuvadzwa kwatakaona uye kwatinotarisira, izvo zvatakatoita, semuenzaniso, mukuona kuparara kweUSS Arizona muPearl Harbor uye USS Monitor muUSS Monitor National Marine Sanctuary. Muchiitiko chekupedzisira, NOAA yakaita izvi ne-pro-kushingaira kuchera zvinhu kubva panzvimbo uye kutsvaga nzira dzekudzivirira hull yechikepe. 

Kuchinja kemikari yegungwa uye zvine chekuita nebiological mhedzisiro kuchaisa UCH mungozi

Chii chatinoziva nezve mhedzisiro yegungwa chemistry shanduko paUCH? Kuchinja kwepH kune nhanho ipi pane zvigadzirwa (huni, bhuronzi, simbi, simbi, dombo, ivhu, girazi, nezvimwewo) in situ? Zvakare, Ian McLeod akapa imwe nzwisiso: 

Nezve tsika yepasi pemvura nhaka kazhinji, kupenya kwekeramic kuchawedzera nekukurumidza nekukurumidza kwemazinga ekudonha kwe lead uye marata anopenya munzvimbo yegungwa. Saka, kune simbi, kuwedzera acidification kwaisazove chinhu chakanaka sezvigadzirwa uye zvimiro zvereef zvakaumbwa nekongiri yesimbi ngarava inopunzika yaizodonha nekukurumidza uye yaizove yakanyanya kukuvadza nekudonha kubva muzviitiko zvedutu sezvo concretion yaisazove yakasimba kana gobvu. sekunge mune imwe alkaline microenvironment. 

Zvichienderana nezera ravo, zvinokwanisika kuti zvinhu zvegirazi zvinogona kuita zvirinani munzvimbo ine acidic zvakanyanya sezvazvinowanzo kuderedzwa nealkaline dissolution mechanism inoona iyo sodium uye calcium ion ichipinda mumvura yegungwa ichingotsiviwa neasidhi inokonzeresa. kubva ku hydrolysis ye silica, iyo inogadzira silicic acid mu corrod pores yezvinhu.

Zvinhu zvakadai semidziyo yakagadzirwa kubva kumhangura nemaaloyi ayo hazvizofambi zvakanaka sezvo alkalinity yemvura yegungwa inokonzeresa hydrolyze acidic corrosion zvigadzirwa uye inobatsira kuisa pasi inodzivirira patina yemhangura (I) oxide, cuprite, kana Cu2O, uye, se kune dzimwe simbi dzakadai somutobvu uye pewter, kuwedzera acidification kuchaita kuti ngura zvive nyore sezvo kunyange amphoteric simbi dzakadai tin uye mutobvu haizopinduri zvakanaka kuwedzera asidhi mazinga.

Nezve organic zvinhu iyo yakawedzera acidification inogona kuita kuti chiito chehuni chinofinha mollusks chisanyanya kuparadza, sezvo mollusks ichawana zvakaoma kubereka uye kuisa pasi calcareous exoskeletons, asi sezvandakaudzwa nemumwe microbiologist wezera guru, . . . kana ukangoshandura chimiro chimwe chete mukuedza kugadzirisa dambudziko, imwe mhando yebhakitiriya ichawedzera kushanda sezvo ichikoshesa iyo yakawanda acidic microenvironment, uye saka hazvigoneki kuti mhedzisiro yacho ingave yekubatsira kwechokwadi kumatanda. 

Vamwe "vanotsoropodza" vanokuvadza UCH, dzakadai segribbles, mhuka duku yecrustacean, uye shipworms. Makonye engarava, ayo asiri makonye zvachose, anotova marine bivalve mollusks ane mateko maduku zvikuru, anozivikanwa nokufinha nokuparadza zvivako zvemapuranga zvinonyudzwa mumvura yegungwa, zvakadai semapier, madoko, uye ngarava dzemapuranga. Dzimwe nguva dzinonzi "mujuru wegungwa."

Shipworms inomhanyisa kuderera kweUCH nemakomba ane hukasha muhuni. Asi, nekuti vane calcium bicarbonate shells, shipworms anogona kutyisidzirwa negungwa acidification. Kunyangwe izvi zvingave zvinobatsira kune UCH, zvinoramba zvichionekwa kuti shipworms zvichakanganiswa here. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, dzakadai seGungwa reBaltic, munyu uri kuwedzera. Nekuda kweizvozvo, makonye engarava anoda munyu ari kupararira kune mamwe makorokoto. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kudziya kwemvura yemugungwa kunodzikira mumunyu (nekuda kwekunyunguduka kwemvura yakachena glaciers uye kuyerera kwemvura yakachena), uye nekudaro makonye engarava anovimba nemunyu wakanyanya achaona huwandu hwawo huchiderera. Asi mibvunzo inoramba iripo, yakadai sokuti kupi, rini, uye, chokwadika, kusvika kumweroi?

Pane zvinhu zvinobatsira kune aya makemikari & biological shanduko? Pane zvidyarwa, algae, kana mhuka dziri kutyisidzirwa negungwa acidification iyo neimwe nzira inodzivirira UHC? Iyi mibvunzo yatisina mhinduro chaiyo panguva ino uye hatigone kukwanisa kupindura nenguva. Kunyangwe zviito zvekudzivirira zvichave zvichibva pakufungidzira kusina kuenzana, izvo zvingave zvichiratidza mafambiro atinoita kuenda kumberi. Nekudaro, kuenderana-chaiyo-nguva yekutarisa nevachengeti kwakakosha kwakakosha.

Nyanza yenyama inoshanduka

Gungwa rinogara richifamba. Kufamba kwemvura zhinji nekuda kwemhepo, masaisai, masaisai, uye mafungu zvagara zvichikanganisa nzvimbo dzepasi pemvura, kusanganisira UCH. Asi pane mhedzisiro yakawedzerwa here sezvo aya maitiro emuviri anowedzera kushanduka nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze? Sezvo kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuchipisa gungwa repasi rose, maitiro ezvino uye gyres (uye nekudaro kugoverazve kupisa) kunoshanduka nenzira inokanganisa hutongi hwemamiriro ekunze sezvatinoiziva uye inoperekedza kurasikirwa kwekugadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze epasi rose kana, zvirinani, kufanotaura. Mhedzisiro yakakosha ingangoitika nekukasira: kukwira kwegungwa, shanduko yematanho ekunaya kwemvura uye kuwanda kwedutu kana kuwanda, uye kuwedzera kwejecha. 

Zvakazoitika mushure medutu rakarova mahombekombe eAustralia kutanga kwa20113 rinoratidza mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwegungwa paUCH. Sekureva kwaPrincipal Heritage Officer weAustralia Dhipatimendi Rezvakatipoteredza uye Resource Management, Paddy Waterson, Cyclone Yasi yakakanganisa tsaona inonzi Yongala pedyo neAlva Beach, Queensland. Nepo Dhipatimendi richiri kuongorora kukanganiswa kwechamupupuri chine simba ichi pane chakaparara,4 zvinozivikanwa kuti mhedzisiro yese yaive yekubvisa hull, kubvisa makorari akapfava mazhinji uye huwandu hwakakosha hwemakorari akaomarara. Izvi zvakafumura pamusoro pesimbi hull kekutanga mumakore akawanda, izvo zvichakanganisa kuchengetedza kwayo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana muNorth America, zviremera zveBiscayne National Park yeFlorida zvinonetsekana pamusoro pemigumisiro yemadutu pakuputika kweHMS Fowey muna 1744.

Parizvino, nyaya idzi dziri kuenderera mberi. Madutu masisitimu, ari kuwedzera kuwanda uye akanyanya, acharamba achivhiringidza mawebhusaiti eUCH, kukuvadza kwekumaka bhuoys, uye kushandura mamepu enzvimbo. Pamusoro pezvo, marara anobva kutsunami uye mafungu emhepo anogona kutsvairwa zviri nyore kubva panyika kuenda kugungwa, achibonderana uye anogona kukuvadza zvese zviri munzira yayo. Kukwira kwemwero wegungwa kana mafungu emvura kunozokonzera kukukurwa kwemahombekombe. Siltation uye kukukurwa kwevhu kunogona kuvharidzira marudzi ese enzvimbo dzepedyo dzemahombekombe kuti asaonekwe. Asi pangavawo nemativi akanaka. Mvura inokwira ichashandura kudzika kwenzvimbo dzinozivikanwa dzeUCH, kuwedzera chinhambwe chavo kubva kumahombekombe asi ichipa kumwe kudzivirira kubva kumafungu uye dutu remhepo. Saizvozvo, kushanduka kwepasi kunogona kuratidza nzvimbo dzisingazivikanwe dzakanyura, kana, pamwe, kukwira kwegungwa kuchawedzera nzvimbo nyowani dzepasi pemvura dzenhaka dzetsika sezvo nharaunda dziri kunyudzwa. 

Pamusoro pezvo, kuunganidzwa kwematehwe matsva emarara uye silt kungangoda kuwedzera kudhirwa kuti isangane nekufambisa uye kutaurirana zvinodiwa. Mubvunzo unoramba uri wekuti ndedzipi dziviriro dzinofanirwa kupihwa in situ heritage kana nzira nyowani dzichifanirwa kuvezwa kana kana magetsi matsva nematambo ekufambisa ekufambisa akaiswa. Nhaurirano dzekushandisa magetsi anogona kudzokororwa kubva kumahombekombe egungwa zvinowedzera kuomesa nyaya. Izvo, zvakanyanya, zvinopokana kana kuchengetedzwa kweUCH kuchapihwa pekutanga pane izvi zvinodiwa munharaunda.

Chii chingatarisire avo vanofarira mutemo wepasirese zvine chekuita negungwa acidification?

Muna 2008, 155 vanotungamirira vatsvakurudzi vezve acidification yegungwa kubva kunyika dze26 vakabvumira The Monaco Declaration.5 Declaration inogona kupa kutanga kwekushevedzwa kwechiito, sezvinoratidzwa nemisoro yezvikamu zvayo: (1) gungwa reacidification riri kuitika; (2) ocean acidification maitiro ave kutoonekwa; (3) acidification yegungwa iri kukurumidza uye kukuvara kwakanyanya kwava pedyo; (4) acidification yegungwa ichava nemagariro ehupfumi; (5) acidization yegungwa inokurumidza, asi kupora kuchanonoka; uye (6) acidification yegungwa inogona kudzorwa chete nekugadzirisa remangwana remuchadenga CO2 mazinga.6

Nehurombo, kubva pamaonero emutemo wepasi rose wezviwanikwa zvemugungwa, kwave nekusaenzana kwezviyero uye kusakwana kwekuvandudzwa kwechokwadi chine chekuita nekuchengetedzwa kweUCH. Honzeri yedambudziko iri inyika yose, pamwe chete nemhinduro dzinobvira. Hapana mutemo wakananga wepasirese une chekuita negungwa acidification kana mhedzisiro yaro pazviwanikwa kana nhaka yakanyura. Zvibvumirano zvepasi rose zvezviwanikwa zvemugungwa zvinopa simba shoma rekumanikidza nyika huru dzinoburitsa CO2 kuti dzichinje maitiro adzo kuti ave nani. 

Sezvinoita nekufona kwakawanda kwekuderedza shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, kuita kwepasirese kwepasi rose pagungwa acidization kunoramba kusinganzwisisike. Panogona kunge paine nzira dzinogona kuunza nyaya kune maonero emapato kune chimwe nechimwe chezvibvumirano zvepasi rose, asi kungovimba nesimba rekunyengerera kuti zvinyadzise hurumende kuti dziite zvinoratidzika kunge zvine tarisiro yakanyanyisa. 

Zvibvumirano zvepasi rose zvinogadzira "aramu yemoto" iyo inogona kudana kutarisisa kune dambudziko regungwa reacidization padanho repasi rose. Zvibvumirano izvi zvinosanganisira UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Kyoto Protocol, uye UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Kunze kwekuti, zvichida, kana zvasvika pakuchengetedza nzvimbo dzenhaka dzakakosha, zvakaoma kukurudzira chiito apo kukuvadza kunonyanya kutarisirwa uye kwakapararira, pane kuvapo, kwakajeka, uye kwakaparadzaniswa. Kukuvadza kuUCH kungave nzira yekutaura kudiwa kwechiito, uye Chibvumirano cheKudzivirirwa kweUnderwater Cultural Heritage chinogona kupa nzira yekuita kudaro.

Sangano reUN Framework Convention on Climate Change neKyoto Protocol ndidzo motokari huru dzekugadzirisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, asi zvese zvine zvazvisingakwanisi. Hazvirevi nezve acidization yegungwa, uye "zvisungo" zvemapato zvinoratidzwa sekuzvidira. Pazvakanakisa, makonferensi emapato egungano iri anopa mukana wekukurukura nezve acidification yegungwa. Zvakabuda muCopenhagen Climate Summit uye Musangano Wemapato muCancun hazviratidzi zvakanaka pane zvakakosha. Boka diki re "vanoramba mamiriro ekunze" vakapa zviwanikwa zvemari kuita kuti nyaya idzi dzive "njanji yechitatu" yezvematongerwo enyika muUnited States nekune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvichidzikamisa kuda kwezvematongerwo enyika kuita kwakasimba. 

Zvimwechetezvo, UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) haitauri acidification yegungwa, kunyange zvazvo ichitaura pachena kodzero nemabasa emapato ane chekuita nekuchengetedzwa kwegungwa, uye inoda kuti mapato achengetedze nhaka yepasi pemvura. pasi peshoko rokuti “zvinhu zvinochera matongo nezvakaitika kare.” Zvisungo 194 ne207, kunyanya, zvinotsigira pfungwa yekuti mapato ari mugungano anofanira kudzivirira, kuderedza, nekudzora kusvibiswa kwemhoteredzo yegungwa. Zvichida vagadziri vezvisungo izvi vanga vasina kukuvadzwa kubva mugungwa acidization, asi zvisungo izvi zvinogona kupa dzimwe nzira dzekuita kuti mapato agadzirise dambudziko iri, kunyanya kana zvasanganiswa nezvisungo zvemutoro uye mutoro uye muripo uye nzira mukati. hurongwa hwemutemo wenyika imwe neimwe iri kutora chikamu. Saka, UNCLOS inogona kunge iri "museve" wakasimba we "museve" mugoba, asi, zvakakosha, United States haisati yazvibvumira. 

Sezvineiwo, kana UNCLOS ikatanga kushanda muna 1994, yakava mutemo wepasirese wetsika uye United States inosungirwa kurarama zvinoenderana nezvayakapihwa. Asi hungava hupenzi kupokana kuti kukakavara kwakapfava kwakadaro kungakwevera United States muUNCLOS yekugadzirisa gakava kuti ipindure kune nyika isina njodzi inoda kuita pagungwa acidification. Kunyangwe kana United States neChina, maemitter maviri makuru epasirese, akabatikana muchina uyu, kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekutonga kwaizove kunetsa, uye mapato anonyunyuta angangove nenguva yakaoma kuratidza kukuvadza kana kuti idzi hurumende mbiri hombe emitter kunyanya. zvakakonzera kukuvadza.

Zvimwe zvibvumirano zviviri zvine kutaura, pano. Chibvumirano cheUN pamusoro peBiological Diversity haitauri nezve acidification yegungwa, asi kutarisa kwayo pakuchengetedza kusiyana-siyana kwezvisikwa zvechokwadi kunokonzereswa nekunetsekana pamusoro peiyo acidization yegungwa, iyo yakakurukurwa pamisangano yakasiyana-siyana yemapato. Nepadiki padiki, Secretariat ingango tarisisa zvine mutsindo uye kuudza nezvegungwa acidification kuenda kumberi. Musangano weLondon Convention and Protocol uye MARPOL, zvibvumirano zveInternational Maritime Organisation pamusoro pekusvibiswa kwegungwa, zvakanyanyonangana nekurasa, kuburitsa, uye kuburitswa nengarava dzinoenda mugungwa kuti zvive rubatsiro chairwo mukugadzirisa acidization yegungwa.

The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage yava pedyo nekupemberera kwayo 10th munaNovember 2011. Hazvishamisi kuti haina kutarisira kuti ocean acidification, asi haitauri kunyange kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze sechinhu chinogona kukonzera kunetseka - uye sayenzi yakanga iripo. kusimbisa nzira yekudzivirira. Zvichakadaro, Secretariat yeUNESCO World Heritage Convention yataura nezve acidification yegungwa maererano nenzvimbo dzenhaka dzechisikigo, asi kwete mumamiriro enhaka yetsika. Zviripachena, pane kudikanwa kwekutsvaga nzira dzekubatanidza matambudziko aya mukuronga, mutemo, uye kuisa pamberi pekuchengetedza nhaka yetsika padanho repasi rose.

mhedziso

Kuoma kunzwisisa kwemhepo, tembiricha, uye kemesitiri zvinosimudzira upenyu sezvatinohuziva mugungwa zviri pangozi yokutsemuka zvisingagadzirisiki nemigumisiro yokuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Isu tinoziva zvakare kuti zvipenyu zvemugungwa zvinokwanisa kusimba. Kana mubatanidzwa wevanoda kuzvida uchiuya pamwe chete uye ukafamba nekukurumidza, pamwe hakusati kwanyanya kunonoka kushandura ruzivo rweruzhinji kukusimudzira kudzikamisa kwechisikigo kwekemikari yegungwa. Isu tinofanirwa kugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye acidization yegungwa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda, chimwe chete chazvo chiri kuchengetedza UCH. Nzvimbo dzepasi pemvura dzetsika dzetsika chikamu chakakosha chekunzwisisa kwedu kutengeserana kwepasirese kwemugungwa nekufamba pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwenhoroondo yetekinoroji yakagonesa. Ocean acidification uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze zvinoisa kutyisidzira kune nhaka iyoyo. Mukana wekukuvara kusingagadzirisiki unoratidzika kunge wakakwira. Hapana mutemo unosungirwa wemutemo unokonzeresa kudzikiswa kweCO2 uye ine chekuita negreenhouse gasi kuburitswa. Kunyangwe chirevo chechinangwa chakanaka chepasi rose chinopera muna 2012. Tinofanira kushandisa mitemo iripo kukurudzira mutemo mutsva wepasi rose, unofanirwa kugadzirisa nzira dzese uye nzira dzatiinadzo kuita zvinotevera:

• Kudzoreredza zvipenyu zvemumhenderekedzo yegungwa kuti zvigadzikane pasi pegungwa nemahombekombe kuti kuderedze kukanganiswa kwemhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze munzvimbo dzepedyo dzeUCH; 
• Kuderedza kusvibiswa kwevhu kunoderedza kusimba kwemugungwa uye kukanganisa nzvimbo dzeUCH; 
• Wedzera humbowo hwezvingango kuvadza kunzvimbo dzechisikigo uye dzetsika kubva pakuchinja kemikari yegungwa kuti utsigire nhamburiko dziripo dzekudzikisa CO2 kubuda; 
• Ziva zvirongwa zvekudzoreredza/mubhadharo wekukuvadzwa kwegungwa acidification nharaunda (yakajairwa musvibisi anobhadhara pfungwa) izvo zvinoita kuti kusaita kuve kushoma pane imwe sarudzo; 
• Kuderedza zvimwe zvinonetsa pamusoro pezvipenyu zvegungwa, sekuvaka mumvura uye kushandiswa kwemidziyo inoparadza hove, kuderedza kukuvadza kunogona kuitika kune ecosystem uye nzvimbo dzeUCH; 
• Wedzera UCH saiti yekutarisa, kucherechedzwa kwemaitiro edziviriro ezvingangoitika kusawirirana nekuchinja kwekushandiswa kwegungwa (semuenzaniso, tambo yekuisa, yegungwa-yakavakirwa simba siting, uye dredging), uye nekukurumidza kupindura kudzivirira avo vari munjodzi; uye 
• Kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro emutemo ekutsvaga kukuvadza nekuda kwekukuvadza kunhaka yese kubva kuzviitiko zvine chekuita nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze (izvi zvingave zvakaoma kuita, asi inhumbu inesimba yemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika). 

Mukushaikwa kwezvibvumirano zvitsva zvepasi rose (uye kutenda kwavo kwakanaka), isu tinofanirwa kuyeuka kuti acidization yegungwa ingori imwe yezvinonetsa pane yedu yepasirese yenhaka yepasi pemvura. Nepo acidization yegungwa ichidzikisira masisitimu echisikigo uye, pamwe, nzvimbo dzeUCH, kune akawanda, akabatana zvinonetsa zvinogona uye zvinofanirwa kugadziriswa. Pakupedzisira, mari yehupfumi neyemagariro yekusaita inozoonekwa sekupfuura mutengo wekuita. Parizvino, isu tinofanirwa kuseta hurongwa hwekuchengetedza kana kuchera UCH mukushanduka uku, kushandura nzvimbo yegungwa, kunyangwe isu tichishanda kugadzirisa ese aridhi yegungwa uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. 

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1. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve chiyero chakazivikanwa zviri pamutemo chemutsara wokuti “nhaka yetsika yepasi pemvura,” ona United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO): Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, Nov. 2, 2001, 41 ILM. 40.

2. Makotesheni ese, pano uye mune yese yasara yechinyorwa, anobva mutsamba dzeemail naIan McLeod weWestern Australian Museum. Makotesheni aya anogona kunge aine zvinyorwa zvidiki, zvisiri zvemukati zvekujekesa uye maitiro.

3. Meraiah Foley, Cyclone Lashes Storm-Weary Australia, NY Times, Kukadzi 3, 2011, paA6.

4. Ruzivo rwekutanga nezve mhedzisiro pakuparara runowanikwa kubva kuAustralia National Shipwreck Database pa. http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/shipwrecks/database.html.

5. Monaco Declaration (2008), inowanikwa pa http://ioc3. unesco.org/oanet/Symposium2008/MonacoDeclaration. pdf.

6. Id.