Plastiki muOcean

Plastic in the ocean page banner: ruoko rwakasimudza purasitiki panze

KUDZOKERA KUTSVAKA

Zviri Mukati

1. ziviso
2. US Plastics Policy
- 2.1 Sub-Nyika Mitemo
- 2.2 Mitemo yenyika
3. International Policies
- 3.1 Chibvumirano chepasi rose
- 3.2 Sainzi Policy Panel
- 3.3 Basel Convention Plastic Waste Amendments
4. Circular Economy
5. Green Chemistry
6. Plastiki uye Ocean Health
- 6.1 Ghost Gear
- 6.2 Mhedzisiro paHupenyu hweMarine
- 6.3 Plastic Pellets (Nurdles)
7. Purasitiki uye Hutano Hwevanhu
8. Kururamisira Kwezvakatipoteredza
9. Nhoroondo yePurasitiki
10. Zvimwe Zviwanikwa

Isu tiri kukurudzira kugadzirwa kwakasimba uye kushandiswa kwemapurasitiki.

Verenga nezve yedu Plastics Initiative (PI) uye kuti tiri kushanda sei kuti tiwane hupfumi hwakatenderedza hwemapurasitiki.

Ona Kutanga Kwedu

Program Officer Erica Nunez achitaura pachiitiko

1. ziviso

Ndeipi chiyero chedambudziko repurasitiki?

Plastiki, iyo yakajairika nzira yemarara emugungwa anoramba achienderera, ndiyo imwe yenyaya dzinonyanya kudzvanya mumakungwa ecosystem. Kunyangwe zvakaoma kuyera, inofungidzirwa mamiriyoni masere metric matani epurasitiki anowedzerwa kugungwa redu gore negore, kusanganisira. 236,000 matani e microplastics (Jambeck, 2015), iyo yakaenzana neanopfuura marara imwe rori yepurasitiki yakakandwa mugungwa redu miniti yega yega (Pennington, 2016).

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti variko 5.25 trillion zvidimbu zvemarara epurasitiki mugungwa, 229,000 matani anoyangarara pamusoro, uye 4 bhiriyoni epurasitiki microfibers per square kilometer litter mumvura yakadzika yegungwa (National Geographic, 2015). Matiririyoni ezvimedu zvepurasitiki mugungwa redu akagadzira marara mashanu makuru, kusanganisira iyo Great Pacific Garbage chigamba chakakura kupfuura saizi yeTexas. Muna 2050, kuchava nepurasitiki yakawanda mugungwa nehuremu kupfuura hove (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2016). Plastiki haina kunyanza yedu zvakare, iri mumhepo uye chikafu chatinodya kusvika padanho iro munhu wega wega anofungidzirwa kuti anodya. kadhi rechikwereti rinokosha repurasitiki vhiki imwe neimwe (Wit, Bigaud, 2019).

Mazhinji epurasitiki anopinda murukova rwemarara anoguma araswa zvisina kufanira kana mumarara. Muna 2018 chete, pakanga paine 35 miriyoni matani epurasitiki akagadzirwa muUnited States, uye pane izvo 8.7 muzana chete yepurasitiki yakashandiswazve (EPA, 2021). Kushandiswa kwepurasitiki nhasi hakudzivisiki uye icharamba iri dambudziko kusvikira tagadzirisa zvakare nekushandura hukama hwedu kumapurasitiki.

Plastiki inoguma sei mugungwa?

Plastiki mumarara: Purasitiki inowanzorasika kana kupeperetswa nemhepo panguva yekufambisa kuenda kunoraswa. Plastiki racho rinobva rabvongonyedza madhirini ropinda mumvura, richizoguma rapinda munyanza.
Kugadzika: Marara anodonhedzwa mumugwagwa kana munzvimbo yedu yechisikigo anotakurwa nemhepo nemvura inonaya mumvura dzedu.
Pasi pemvura: Zvigadzirwa zvehutsanana, semapuku akanyorova uye Q-matipi, anowanzo kudonhedzwa pasi pasi. Kana zvipfeko zvawachwa (kunyanya zvinhu zvekugadzira) mamicrofibers uye microplastics zvinoburitswa mumvura yedu yetsvina kuburikidza nemuchina wedu wekugeza. Chekupedzisira, zvigadzirwa zvekuzora uye zvekuchenesa zvine microbead zvinotumira microplastics pasi pemvura.
Indasitiri yeHove: Mabhoti ekuredza anogona kurasikirwa kana kusiya magiya ekuredza (ona Ghost Gear) mugungwa vachigadzira misungo inouraya yezvipenyu zvemugungwa.

Mufananidzo wekuti mapurasitiki anoguma sei mugungwa — US Department of Commerce, NO, uye AA (2022, Ndira 27). *Nhungamiro yePlastiki muOcean*. NOAA's National Ocean Service. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/marinedebris/plastics-in-the-ocean.html.

Sei plastiki iri mugungwa iri dambudziko rakakosha?

Plastiki ine basa rekukuvadza hupenyu hwemugungwa, hutano hweveruzhinji, uye hupfumi hwenyika. Kusiyana nemamwe marudzi emarara, plastiki haina kuparara zvachose, saka icharamba iri mugungwa kwemazana emakore. Kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kunotungamirira kukutyisidzira kwezvakatipoteredza: kupindira kwemhuka dzesango, kunwa, kutaridzirwa kwemarudzi ekunze, uye kukanganisa kwekugara (ona Migumisiro paMarine Life) Pamusoro pezvo, marara emugungwa iziso rehupfumi rinodzikisira runako rwenzvimbo yakasikwa yemahombekombe (ona Justice Justice).

Gungwa harina chete kukosha kukuru kwetsika asi rinoshanda senzira yekuraramisa nharaunda dzemahombekombe. Mapurasitiki ari munzira dzedu dzemvura anotyisidzira kunaka kwemvura yedu uye zviwanikwa zvekudya zvemugungwa. Microplastics inogadzira nzira yavo kumusoro kwecheni yechikafu uye inotyisidzira hutano hwevanhu (Ona Plastiki uye Hutano Hwevanhu).

Sezvo kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki yegungwa kuri kuramba kuchikura, izvi zvinokonzeresa matambudziko ari kuramba achiwedzera kunze kwekunge tatora matanho. Mutoro wemutoro wepurasitiki haufanirwe kungogara pavatengi. Asi, nekugadzirisazve kugadzirwa kwepurasitiki isati yasvika kune vashandisi vekupedzisira, tinogona kutungamira vagadziri kune kugadzirwa-kwakavakirwa mhinduro kudambudziko repasi rose.

Back to pamusoro

2. US Plastics Policy

2.1 Sub-Nyika Mitemo

Schultz, J. (2021, Kukadzi 8). State Plastic Bag Legislation. National Caucus of Environmental Legislators. http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/plastic-bag-legislation

Nyika sere dzine mutemo unodzikisira kugadzirwa / kushandiswa kwemabhegi epurasitiki chete. Maguta eBoston, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, neSeattle akarambidzawo mabhegi epurasitiki. Boulder, New York, Portland, Washington DC, uye Montgomery County Md. vakarambidza mabhegi epurasitiki uye kubhadharisa mari. Kurambidza mabhegi epurasitiki inhanho yakakosha, sezvo iri imwe yezvinhu zvinowanzowanikwa mukusvibiswa kwemapurasitiki egungwa.

Gardiner, B. (2022, Kukadzi 22). Kuhwina kunoshamisa sei mumarara epurasitiki kunogona kuderedza kusvibiswa kwegungwa. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-a-dramatic-win-in-plastic-waste-case-may-curb-ocean-pollution

Muna Zvita 2019, muratidziri anopikisa kusvibiswa, Diane Wilson akakunda nyaya inokosha yakanangana neFormosa Plastics, imwe yemakambani makuru epasi rose petrochemical, kwemakumi emakore ekusvibiswa zvisiri pamutemo kwepurasitiki nurdle kuTexas 'Gulf Coast. Kugadziriswa kwemamiriyoni makumi mashanu emadhora kunomiririra kukunda kwenhoroondo semubairo mukurusa wati wambopihwa mukurwira mugari wemugari wemuhurumende achipikisa musvibisi weindasitiri pasi peUS Clean Water Act. Zvinoenderana nekugadziriswa, Formosa Plastics yakarairwa kuti isvike "zero-kurasa" marara epurasitiki kubva kufekitori yePoint Comfort, kubhadhara zvirango kudzamara kubuda muchetura kwapera, uye mari yekucheneswa kwepurasitiki yakaunganidzwa munzvimbo yese yeTexas 'yakakanganisika. mahombekombe, uye nzira dzemvura. Wilson, ane basa rekusaneta rakamuwanira mubairo wepamusoro we50 Goldman Environmental Prize, akapa iyo yese kugadzirisa kune trust, kuti ishandiswe kune zvakasiyana siyana zvezvakatipoteredza. Iyi sutu yevagari vepasi yakakonzera shanduko muindasitiri huru iyo inowanzosvibisa nekusarangarirwa.

Gibbens, S. (2019, Nyamavhuvhu 15). Ona mamiriro akaomarara ekurambidzwa kwepurasitiki muUS National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/map-shows-the-complicated-landscape-of-plastic-bans

Kune matare mazhinji ari kuenderera mberi muUnited States uko maguta nematunhu asingabvumirani pamusoro pekuti zviri pamutemo here kurambidza mapurasitiki kana kuti kwete. Mazana emakanzuru muUnited States ane imwe mhando yemubhadharo wepurasitiki kana kurambidzwa, kusanganisira mamwe muCalifornia neNew York. Asi nyika gumi nenomwe dzinoti hazvisi pamutemo kurambidza zvinhu zvepurasitiki, zvichinyatsorambidza kurambidza. Zvirambidzo zviripo zviri kushanda kuderedza kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki, asi vanhu vazhinji vanoti mubhadharo uri nani pane kurambidza zvachose kuchinja maitiro evatengi.

Surfrider. (2019, Chikumi 11). Oregon Inodarika Yakakwana Statewide Plastic Bag Ban. Zvakatorwa kubva: surfrider.org/coastal-blog/entry/oregon-passes-strongest-plastic-bag-ban-in-the-country

California Ocean Dziviriro Council. (2022, Kukadzi). Statewide Microplastics Strategy. https://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/agenda_items/ 20220223/Item_6_Exhibit_A_Statewide_Microplastics_Strategy.pdf

Nekugamuchirwa kweSeneti Bill 1263 (Sen. Anthony Portantino) muna 2018, California State Legislature yakaona kukosha kwehurongwa hwakakwana hwekugadzirisa kutyisidzira kwakapararira uye kunoramba kuripo kwe microplastics munzvimbo yegungwa yehurumende. Iyo California Ocean Dziviriro Council (OPC) yakaburitsa iyi Statewide Microplastic Strategy, ichipa makore mazhinji emugwagwa wemasangano ehurumende uye vanodyidzana vekunze kuti vashande pamwe chete kutsvagisa uye pakupedzisira kuderedza chepfu microplastic kusvibiswa muCalifornia pamhenderekedzo uye mumvura ecosystem. Hwaro kuhurongwa uhu kuziva kuti nyika inofanirwa kutora danho, chenjedzo kudzikamisa kusvibiswa kwemicroplastic, ukuwo kunzwisisa kwesainzi kwezviwanikwa zvemicroplastics, kukanganisa, uye matanho ekudzikisa anoshanda achiramba achikura.

HB 1085 - 68th Washington State Legislature, (2023-24 Reg. Sess.): Kuderedza Kusvibiswa kwePurasitiki. (2023, Kubvumbi). https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?Year=2023&BillNumber=1085

Muna Kubvumbi 2023, dare reWashington State Senate rakapasisa House Bill 1085 (HB 1085) kudzikamisa kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki munzira nhatu dzakasiyana. Inotsigirwa naRep. Sharlett Mena (D-Tacoma), bhiri rinoda kuti zvivakwa zvitsva zvakavakwa nematsime emvura zvinofanirawo kunge zvine zviteshi zvekuzadza mabhodhoro; inobvisa kushandiswa kwezvidiki zvehutano hwemunhu kana zverunako mumidziyo yepurasitiki inopihwa nemahotera nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekugara; uye inorambidza kutengeswa kwemafuro epurasitiki akapfava anoyangarara nemadhokisi, tichiraira kuti paitwe ongororo yezviumbwa zvepurasitiki zvine magonhi akaomarara pamusoro pemvura. Kuti zvizadzise zvinangwa zvaro, bhiri iri rinobata masangano ehurumende akawanda nemakanzuru uye richaitwa panguva dzakasiyana. Rep. Mena akakwikwidza HB 1085 sechikamu chekurwira kwakakosha kweWashington State kuchengetedza hutano hweveruzhinji, zviwanikwa zvemvura, uye hove dzesalmon kubva pakusvibiswa kwepurasitiki.

California State Water Resources Control Board. (2020, Chikumi 16). State Water Board inogadzirisa microplastics mumvura yekunwa kukurudzira ruzivo rwemvura yeruzhinji [Kuburitswa kwenhau]. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/ 2020/pr06162020_microplastics.pdf

California ndiyo yekutanga sangano rehurumende munyika kuyedza zvakarongeka mvura yaro yekunwa kuti ine microplastic tsvina nekuvhurwa kwemidziyo yayo yekuyedza yenyika. Ichi danho neCalifornia State Water Resources Control Board ndiwo mhedzisiro ye2018 Senate Bills Nha. 1422 uye Nha. 1263, inotsigirwa naSen. Anthony Portantino, iyo, pamwe chete, yakarayira vanopa mvura yenharaunda kuti vagadzire nzira dzakagadziriswa dzekuongorora microplastic infiltration mumvura yakachena uye mvura yekunwa uye kugadzirisa kuongorora kwemarine microplastics kubva kumhenderekedzo yeCalifornia. Sezvo vakuru vemvura vematunhu nevematunhu vachizvidira kuwedzera kuyedzwa uye kushuma kwemazinga emicroplastic mumvura yekunwa mumakore mashanu anotevera, hurumende yeCalifornia icharamba ichivimba nenharaunda yesainzi kuti ienderere mberi nekutsvagisa hutano hwevanhu uye hwezvakatipoteredza hwekumeza microplastic.

Back to pamusoro

2.2 Mitemo yenyika

US Environmental Protection Agency. (2023, Kubvumbi). Draft National Strategy yekudzivirira Kusvibiswa kwePlastiki. EPA Hofisi yeResource Conservation uye Kudzoreredza. https://www.epa.gov/circulareconomy/draft-national-strategy-prevent-plastic-pollution

Urongwa uhwu hune chinangwa chekudzikisa kusvibiswa panguva yekugadzirwa kwepurasitiki, kunatsiridza manejimendi ezvekushandisa mushure mekushandisa, uye kudzivirira marara uye micro/nano-plastiki kupinda mumvura uye kubvisa marara akapukunyuka kubva munharaunda. Iyo dhizaini vhezheni, yakagadzirwa sewedzero yeEPA's National Recycling Strategy yakaburitswa muna 2021, inosimbisa kukosha kwenzira inotenderera yekutarisira mapurasitiki uye kuita kwakakosha. Hurongwa hwenyika, husati hwagadzwa, hunopa gwara remitemo yemubatanidzwa neyehurumende uye kune mamwe mapoka ari kutsvaga kugadzirisa kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki.

Jain, N., uye LaBeaud, D. (2022, Gumiguru) Sei Utano Hwehutano hweUS Hunofanira Kutungamira Kuchinja Kwepasi Pose muKuraswa Kwemarara ePlastiki. AMA Journal of Ethics. 24(10):E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Kusvika pari zvino, United States haisati yave pamberi pemitemo ine chekuita nekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki, asi imwe nzira iyo US inogona kutungamira iri maererano nekuraswa kwemarara epurasitiki kubva kune hutano. Kuraswa kwemarara ehutano ndechimwe chekutyisidzira kukuru kune hutano hunoenderera mberi pasi rose. Zviitiko zvazvino zvekurasa tsvina yezvehutano yemumba neyepasi rose pasi uye mugungwa, tsika inoshatisawo hutano hwepasirese kuenzana nekukanganisa hutano hwevanhu vari munjodzi. Vanyori vanopa zano rekugadzirisa magariro uye ehutsika mutoro wekugadzirwa kwemarara ehutano uye manejimendi nekupa kuzvidavirira kwakasimba kuvatungamiriri vehutano hwehutano, kukurudzira denderedzwa rekupa cheni kuita uye kugadzirisa, uye nekukurudzira kubatana kwakasimba mumaindasitiri ezvekurapa, epurasitiki, uye marara.

US Environmental Protection Agency. (2021, Mbudzi). National Recycling Strategy Chikamu Chekutanga cheChirongwa cheKuvaka Upfumi Wedenderedzwa kune Vese. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-11/final-national-recycling-strategy.pdf

Sangano reNational Recycling Strategy rakanangana nekusimudzira nekusimudzira hurongwa hwekudzokorodza marara (MSW) yenyika uye nechinangwa chekugadzira hurongwa hwakasimba, husingachinji uye husingadhuri marara uye hurongwa hwekudzokorodza mukati meUnited States. Zvinangwa zvemushumo uyu zvinosanganisira misika yakagadziridzwa yezvinhu zvakadzokororwa, kuwedzera kuunganidzwa uye kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa zvekurasa tsvina, kudzikiswa kwetsvina murukova rwezvinhu zvakadzokororwa, uye kuwedzera kwemitemo yekutsigira kutenderera. Nepo kudzokorodza kusingagadzirise nyaya yekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki, zano iri rinogona kubatsira kutungamira nzira dzakanakisa dzekufamba kuenda kune yakawedzera denderedzwa hupfumi. Chokwadi, chikamu chokupedzisira chemushumo uyu chinopa pfupiso inoshamisa yebasa riri kuitwa nemasangano ehurumende muUnited States.

Bates, S. (2021, Chikumi 25). Masayendisiti Anoshandisa NASA Satellite Data Kuteedzera Ocean Microplastics Kubva Muchadenga. NASA Earth Sayenzi Nhau Chikwata. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/esnt2021/scientists-use-nasa-satellite-data-to-track-ocean-microplastics-from-space

Vatsvaguri vari kushandisawo NASA satellite data kuronda mafambiro emicroplastics mugungwa, vachishandisa data kubva kuNASA's Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS).

Microplastics kutenderera pasirese, 2017

Law, KL, Starr, N., Siegler, TR, Jambeck, J., Mallos, N., & Leonard, GB (2020). Mupiro weUnited States wemarara epurasitiki kunyika negungwa. Sayenzi Kufambira Mberi, 6(44). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0288

Ichi chidzidzo chesainzi che2020 chinoratidza kuti, muna 2016, US yakagadzira tsvina yakawanda yepurasitiki nehuremu uye pamunhu kupfuura chero imwe nyika. Chikamu chakakura chetsvina iyi chakaraswa zvisiri pamutemo muUS, uye zvakatowanda zvakange zvisina kutarisirwa zvakakwana munyika dzaiunza kunze zvinhu zvakaunganidzwa kuUS kuti zvidzoke zvakare. Kuzvidavirira kwezvipo izvi, huwandu hwemarara epurasitiki akagadzirwa muUS anofungidzirwa kupinda munharaunda yemahombekombe muna 2016 akakura zvakapetwa kashanu pane izvo zvinofungidzirwa muna 2010, zvichipa mupiro wenyika pakati pepamusoro-soro pasi rose.

Zvikoro zveNyika zveSainzi, Injiniya, uye Mushonga. (2022). Kuverengera neUS Basa muGlobal Ocean Plastic Waste. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26132.

Ongororo iyi yakaitwa semhinduro kuchikumbiro chiri muSave Our Seas 2.0 Act yemubatanidzwa wesainzi wemupiro weUS uye kuita basa rekugadzirisa kusvibiswa kwepasi rose kwepurasitiki yemugungwa. NeUS ichigadzira huwandu hukuru hwemarara epurasitiki chero nyika pasi rose kubva muna 2016, chirevo ichi chinoda zano renyika rekudzikisa marara epurasitiki eUS. Inokurudzira zvakare yakawedzera, yakarongeka yekutarisa system kuti unzwisise zviri nani chiyero uye masosi ekuUS kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki uye kuongorora mafambiro enyika.

Kusununguka Kubva Papurasitiki. (2021, Kurume 26). Bvisa kubva kuPlastic Pollution Act. Kusununguka Kubva Papurasitiki. http://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/pollution-act/

The Break Free From Plastic Pollution Act of 2021 (BFFPPA) iFederal bill inotsigirwa naSen. Jeff Merkley (OR) uye Rep. Alan Lowenthal (CA inoisa pachena seti yakakwana yesarudzo mhinduro dzakaunzwa mukongiresi. bhiri iri nderekudzikisa kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kubva kunobva kwairi, kuwedzera mitengo yekushandiswa patsva, uye kudzivirira nharaunda dziri pamberi.Bhiri iri richabatsira kuchengetedza nharaunda dzinotambira mari shoma, nharaunda dzine ruvara, uye nharaunda dzeIndigenous kubva kunjodzi yakawedzera yekusvibiswa nekuderedza kushandiswa kwepurasitiki nekugadzira. bhiri richavandudza hutano hwevanhu, nekudzikisa njodzi yedu yekudya microplastics.Kubvisa kubva mupurasitiki kunoderedza zvakanyanya kuburitswa kwedu kwegreenhouse gasi.Kunyange zvazvo bhiri racho risina kupfuura, zvakakosha kuisa mune ino peji rekutsvakurudza semuenzaniso wepurasitiki yakazara mune ramangwana. mitemo padanho renyika muUnited States.

Izvo izvo Kusununguka Kusununguka kubva kuPlastiki Pollution Act ichazadzisa — Kusununguka Kubva Papurasitiki. (2021, Kurume 26). *Bvisa kubva kuPlastic Pollution Act.* Kusununguka Kubva Papurasitiki. http://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/pollution-act/

Chinyorwa – S. 1982 – 116^th Congress (2019-2020): Sevha Yedu Makungwa 2.0 Act (2020, Zvita 18). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1982

Muna 2020, Congress yakagadza Mutemo weChengetedza Makungwa Edu 2.0 uyo wakamisa zvinodiwa uye zvinokurudzira kudzikisa, kudzoreredza, uye kudzivirira marara emugungwa (semuenzaniso, marara epurasitiki). Zvekucherechedzwa bhiri zvakare rakasimbisa iyo Marine Debris Foundation, sangano rinobatsira uye risingabatsiri uye harisi sangano kana masangano eUnited States. Marine Debris Foundation ichashanda yakabatana neNOAA's Marine Debris Program uye inotarisa pazviitwa zvekuongorora, kudzivirira, kuderedza, uye kubvisa marara emugungwa uye kugadzirisa kukanganisa kwakashata kwemarara emugungwa uye zvikonzero zvawo pahupfumi hweUnited States, vemakungwa. nharaunda (kusanganisira mvura iri munzvimbo yeUnited States, makungwa makuru, uye mvura dziri munzvimbo yedzimwe nyika), uye kuchengetedzwa kwekufamba.

S.5163 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Kuchengetedza Nharaunda kubva kuPlastiki Act. (2022, Zvita 1). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/5163

Muna 2022, Sen. Cory Booker (DN.J.) uye Rep. Jared Huffman (D-CA) vakabatana Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) uye Rep. Alan Lowenthal (D-CA) kusuma Dziviriro Nharaunda kubva kuPlastiki. Act mutemo. Kuvaka pane zvakakosha kubva kuBreak Free Kubva kuPlastiki Pollution Act, bhiri iri rine chinangwa chekugadzirisa dambudziko rekugadzirwa kwepurasitiki iro rinokanganisa hutano hwenharaunda dzakapfuma nenharaunda dzemavara. Tichitungamirirwa nechinangwa chikuru chekuchinja hupfumi hweUS kubva papurasitiki-yekushandisa kamwe chete, Kudzivirira Nharaunda kubva kuPlastiki Act ine chinangwa chekumisa mitemo yakaoma yezvidyarwa zvepetrochemical uye kugadzira zvibodzwa zvitsva zvepasirese zvekuderedza sosi uye kushandiswazve mumapaketi uye masevhisi ezvekudya.

S.2645 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Kupa Mubairo Kuedza Kudzikisa Zvisina Kushandiswa Kusvibiswa muEcosystems Act ya2021.. (2021, Nyamavhuvhu 5). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2645

Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) vakaunza bhiri idzva rekugadzira kurudziro itsva ine simba yekushandisazve mapurasitiki, kuderedza kugadzirwa kwepurasitiki mhandara, uye kuita kuti indasitiri yemapurasitiki izvidavirire pamusoro pemarara ane muchetura anokanganisa hutano hweveruzhinji uye nzvimbo dzinokosha dzezvakatipoteredza. . Mutemo wakarongwa uyu, une musoro wekuti Rewarding Efforts to Decrease Unrecycled Contaminants in Ecosystems (REDUCE) Act, waizopa muripo we20-cent papound pakutengesa kwepurasitiki mhandara inoshandirwa muzvigadzirwa zvekushandisa kamwe chete. Mari iyi ichabatsira mapurasitiki akadzokororwa kukwikwidzana nemapurasitiki emhandara pane mamwe akaenzana. Zvinhu zvakafukidzwa zvinosanganisira kurongedza, zvigadzirwa zvebasa rekudya, midziyo yekunwa, uye mabhegi - nekusabvumirwa kune zvigadzirwa zvekurapa uye zvigadzirwa zvehutsanana.

Jain, N., & LaBeaud, D. (2022). Hutano hweUS Hunofanira Kutungamira Sei Shanduko Yepasirese muKuraswa Kwemarara ePlastiki? AMA Chinyorwa cheEthics, 24(10):E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Nzira dzazvino dzekurasa marara ezvehutano epurasitiki anokanganisa zvakanyanya kuenzana kwehutano hwepasirese, zvichikanganisa zvakanyanya hutano hwevanhu vari munjodzi uye vanosarudzika. Nekuenderera mberi netsika yekuendesa kunze marara ekuchengetedza hutano mudzimba kuti arasirwe munyika uye mumvura yenyika dzichiri kusimukira, US iri kuwedzera kudzika kwakadzika kwezvakatipoteredza uye hutano zvinokanganisa hutano hwepasirese. Kugadziridzwa kwakasimba kwezvemagariro uye ehutsika mutoro wekugadzirwa kwemarara ehutano hwepurasitiki uye manejimendi inodiwa. Ichi chinyorwa chinokurudzira kugovera kuzvidavirira kwakasimba kune vatungamiriri vehutano hwehutano, kukurudzira denderedzwa rekupa cheni kuita uye kugadzirisa, uye kukurudzira kubatana kwakasimba mumaindasitiri ekurapa, epurasitiki, uye marara.

Wong, E. (2019, Chivabvu 16). Sainzi paGomo: Kugadzirisa Dambudziko rePlastiki Rarasa. Springer Nature. Zvakatorwa kubva: bit.ly/2HQTrfi

Muunganidzwa wezvinyorwa zvinobatanidza nyanzvi dzesainzi kune vanogadzira mutemo paCapitol Hill. Vanogadzirisa kuti marara epurasitiki ari kutyisidzira sei uye chii chingaitwa kugadzirisa dambudziko uku uchiwedzera mabhizinesi uye zvichiita kuti basa rikure.

YAKABUDA TOP

3. International Policies

Nielsen, MB, Clausen, LP, Cronin, R., Hansen, SF, Oturai, NG, & Syberg, K. (2023). Kufumura sainzi kuseri kwezvirongwa zvinonangana nekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki. Microplastics uye Nanoplastics, 3(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-022-00046-y

Vanyori vakaongorora matanho matanhatu akakosha akanangana nekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki uye vakawana kuti zvirongwa zvepurasitiki zvinowanzoreva humbowo kubva kuzvinyorwa zvesainzi nemishumo. Zvinyorwa zvesainzi uye mishumo zvinopa ruzivo nezve mapurasitiki masosi, ecological kukanganisa kwepurasitiki uye kugadzira uye mashandisiro maitiro. Inopfuura hafu yemapurogiramu epurasitiki akaongororwa anoreva data rekutarisa tsvina. Boka rakasiyana rakasiyana rezvinyorwa zvesainzi zvakasiyana uye maturusi zvinoita kunge zvakashandiswa pakuumba zvirongwa zveplastic policy. Nekudaro, pachine kusava nechokwadi kwakawanda kune chekuita nekuona kukuvadza kubva mukusvibiswa kwepurasitiki, izvo zvinoreva kuti zvirongwa zvemitemo zvinofanirwa kubvumira kuchinjika. Pakazara, humbowo hwesainzi hunoverengerwa kana uchigadzira zvirongwa zvemitemo. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzehumbowo dzinoshandiswa kutsigira zvirongwa zvemitemo dzinogona kukonzera kupesana. Kukonana uku kunogona kukanganisa nhaurirano nenyika dzepasi rose.

OECD (2022, Kukadzi), Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts uye Policy Options. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/de747aef-en.

Nepo mapurasitiki ari zvinhu zvinobatsira zvakanyanya kunzanga yemazuva ano, kugadzirwa kwepurasitiki uye kugadzirwa kwemarara kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera uye chiito chekukasira chinodiwa kuita kuti hupenyu hwemapurasitiki huwedzere kutenderera. Pasi rose, 9% chete yemarara epurasitiki anodzokororwa ukuwo 22% isingatariswi. OECD inodaidzira kuti mitemo yenyika iwedzere uye kushandira pamwe kwepasi rose kudzikamisa kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza panguva yese yeukoshi. Chirevo ichi chakanangana nekudzidzisa nekutsigira nhamburiko dzemitemo kurwisa kubuda kwepurasitiki. Iyo Outlook inozivisa mana akakosha marevhisi ekubhenda epurasitiki curve: yakasimba rutsigiro rwekudzokororwa (yechipiri) misika yemapurasitiki; mitemo yekusimudzira hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji mumapurasitiki; mamwe ambitious emumba mutemo matanho; uye kubatana kukuru kwenyika dzakawanda. Iyi ndiyo yekutanga yezvinyorwa zviviri zvakarongwa, mushumo wechipiri, Global Plastics Outlook: Policy Scenario kusvika 2060 yakanyorwa pazasi.

OECD (2022, Chikumi), Global Plastics Outlook: Policy Scenario kusvika 2060. OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/aa1edf33-en.

Nyika haina padyo nekuzadzisa chinangwa chayo chekupedza kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki, kunze kwekunge mitemo yakaomesesa uye yakarongeka yaitwa. Kubatsira kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvakatarwa nenyika dzakasiyana siyana OECD inokurudzira maonero epurasitiki uye mamiriro emitemo kubatsira kutungamira vanogadzira mitemo. Chirevo chinopa seti yekufungidzira kwakabatana pamapurasitiki kusvika 2060, kusanganisira kushandiswa kwepurasitiki, marara pamwe nekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwakabatana nemapurasitiki, kunyanya kuvuza kune zvakatipoteredza. Chirevo ichi chinotevera mushumo wekutanga, Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts uye Policy Options (yakanyorwa pamusoro) iyo yakaverengera maitiro azvino mukushandiswa kwepurasitiki, kugadzirwa kwemarara uye kudonha, pamwe nekuona mana emitemo mabatiro ekumisa kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza emapurasitiki.

IUCN. (2022). IUCN Kupfupisa kune Vanotaurirana: Plastics Chibvumirano INC. IUCN WCEL Chibvumirano chePlastiki Kusvibisa Task Force. https://www.iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-wcel-agreement-plastic-pollution-task-force/resources

IUCN yakagadzira nhevedzano yezvipfupi, imwe neimwe isingasviki mapeji mashanu, kuti itsigire denderedzwa rekutanga renhaurirano dzePlastic Pollution Treaty sezvakataurwa neUnited Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) resolution 5/14, Zvipfupi zvakagadzirirwa kumisangano chaiyo. uye dzakavakirwa pamatanho akatorwa mugore rapfuura maererano netsanangudzo dzechibvumirano, zvinhu zvakakosha, kudyidzana nezvimwe zvibvumirano, zvimiro zvinogoneka uye nzira dzemutemo. Yese mapfupi, kusanganisira ayo ari pamashoko akakosha, hupfumi hwedenderedzwa, kupindirana kwehurumende, uye zvibvumirano zvepasirese zvakatipoteredza zviripo. pano. Aya mapfupi haangobatsiri kune vanogadzira mitemo, asi akabatsira kutungamira kuvandudzwa kwechibvumirano chepurasitiki panguva yekutanga hurukuro.

The Last Beach Cleanup. (2021, Chikunguru). Mitemo yenyika paPlastiki Zvigadzirwa. lastbeachcleanup.org/countrylaws

Rondedzero yakazara yemitemo yepasirese ine chekuita nezvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki. Parizvino, nyika zana nemakumi mashanu nembiri dzine kurambidzwa kwebhegi repurasitiki munyika kana zuva rekupedzisira, nyika makumi mana nesere dzine chisungo chepasi rose cheshanga kana zuva rekupedzisira, uye nyika makumi mashanu neina dzine kurambidzwa kwepurasitiki foam kana zuva rekupedzisira.

Buchholz, K. (2021). Infographic: Nyika Dzinorambidza Mabhegi ePlastiki. Statista Infographics. https://www.statista.com/chart/14120/the-countries-banning-plastic-bags/

Nyika makumi matanhatu nepfumbamwe pasi rose dzine zvirambidzo zvizere kana kuti zvishoma pamabhegi epurasitiki. Dzimwe nyika makumi matatu nembiri dzinochaja muripo kana mutero kuitira kudzikamisa mapurasitiki. China ichangobva kuzivisa kuti icharambidza mabhegi ose asina compostable mumaguta makuru pakupera kwa2020 uye kuwedzera kurambidzwa kunyika yose ne 2022. Mabhegi epurasitiki ingori nhanho imwe chete yekugumisa kushandiswa kwepurasitiki kutsamira, asi mutemo wakazara unofanirwa kurwisa dambudziko remapurasitiki.

Directive (EU) 2019/904 yeParamende yeEuropean uye yeKanzuru ye5 Chikumi 2019 pakudzikisira kukanganiswa kwezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki pane zvakatipoteredza. PE/11/2019/REV/1 OJ L 155, 12.6.2019, p. 1–19 (BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, GA, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV). ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/904/oj

Kuwedzera kwakasimba mukugadzirwa kwemarara epurasitiki uye kubuda kwemarara epurasitiki munzvimbo, kunyanya munzvimbo yegungwa, kunofanirwa kugadziriswa kuitira kuti pave nekutenderera kwehupenyu hwemapurasitiki. Mutemo uyu unorambidza marudzi gumi emapurasitiki ekushandisa kamwe chete uye unoshanda kune zvimwe zvigadzirwa zveSUP, zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa kubva oxo-inoora epurasitiki uye giya rehove rine epurasitiki. Inoisa zvirambidzo zvemusika pamapuranga epurasitiki, mashanga, ndiro, makapu uye inogadzirisa chinangwa chekuunganidza che10% chekudzokororazve kweSUP mabhodhoro epurasitiki ne 90. Kurambidzwa uku kwepurasitiki-kushandiswa kwepurasitiki kwakatotanga kuva nemigumisiro panzira iyo vatengi vanoshandisa plastiki uye netarisiro ichatungamira mukudzikira kwakanyanya mukusvibiswa kwepurasitiki mumakore gumi anotevera.

Global Plastics Policy Center (2022). Ongororo yepasirese yezvirongwa zvepurasitiki kutsigira kugadzirisa kwekuita sarudzo uye kuzvidavirira kweveruzhinji. March, A., Salam, S., Evans, T., Hilton, J., uye Fletcher, S. (vapepeti). Revolution Plastics, Yunivhesiti yePortsmouth, UK. https://plasticspolicy.port.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GPPC-Report.pdf

Muna 2022, Global Plastics Policy Center yakaburitsa ongororo yakavakirwa paumbowo inoongorora kushanda kwemazana emapurastiki emitemo inotevedzwa nemabhizinesi, hurumende, uye veruzhinji pasirese. Chirevo ichi chinodonongodza izvo zvakawanikwa- kuona mikaha yakaoma muhumbowo hwegwaro rega rega, kuongorora zvinhu zvakatadzisa kana kusimudzira mashandiro emitemo, uye kubatanidza ongororo yega yega kuratidza maitiro akabudirira uye mhedziso dzakakosha kune vanoita mitemo. Uku kuongorora kwakadzama kwemitemo yepurasitiki yepasirese ndeyekuwedzera kwebhangi reGlobal Plastic Policy Center yezvirongwa zvepurasitiki zvakazvimiririra, yekutanga yerudzi rwayo inoshanda semudzidzisi akakosha uye ruzivo nezvegwaro rinoshanda rekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki.

Royle, J., Jack, B., Parris, H., Hogg, D., & Eliot, T. (2019). Plastic Drawdown: Nzira nyowani yekugadzirisa kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kubva kumhepo kuenda kugungwa. Common Seas. https://commonseas.com/uploads/Plastic-Drawdown-%E2%80%93-A-summary-for-policy-makers.pdf

Iyo Plastic Drawdown modhi ine matanho mana: kuenzanisira nyika kugadzirwa kwemarara epurasitiki uye kuumbwa, kugadzira nzira pakati pekushandiswa kwepurasitiki uye kubuda mumvura mugungwa, kuongororwa kwemhedzisiro yemitemo yakakosha, uye kufambisa kubvumirana kunoenderana nemitemo yakakosha muhurumende, nharaunda, uye vane chekuita nebhizimisi. Kune gumi nemasere marongero akasiyana akaongororwa mugwaro iri, rimwe nerimwe richikurukura mashandiro avanoita, danho rekubudirira (kubudirira), uye kuti ndeapi macro uye/kana microplastics aanogadzirisa.

United Nations Environment Programme (2021). Kubva Kusvibisa kusvika Kugadzirisa: Ongororo yepasi rose yemarara emugungwa uye kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki. United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/resources/pollution-solution-global-assessment-marine-litter-and-plastic-pollution

Ongororo yepasi rose iyi inoongorora ukuru uye kuomarara kwemarara emugungwa uye kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki mune zvese zvipenyu uye kukanganisa kwazvinoita pahutano hwevanhu uye kwezvakatipoteredza. Inopa humbowo hwakazara paruzivo rwazvino uye mapundu ekutsvagisa ane chekuita nekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kukonzeresa kwezvipenyu zvegungwa, kutyisidzira hutano hwepasirese, pamwe nemitengo yemagariro nehupfumi yemarara egungwa. Pakazara, mushumo unoyedza kuzivisa uye nekukasira, chiitiko-chakavakirwa pauchapupu pamatanho ese pasirese.

YAKABUDA TOP

3.1 Chibvumirano chepasi rose

United Nations Environment Programme. (2022, Kurume 2). Zvaunoda Kuziva nezve Plastic Pollution Resolution. United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/what-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution-resolution

Imwe yemawebhusaiti anovimbika eruzivo uye zvigadziriso paGlobal Treaty, iyo United Nations Environment Programme ndiyo imwe yeakanyanya kujeka masosi enhau uye zvigadziriso. Iyi webhusaiti yakazivisa chigadziriso chenhoroondo pachikamu chechishanu cheUnited Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-5.2) muNairobi kupedza kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki uye kugadzira chibvumirano chepamutemo chepasi rose panosvika gore ra2024. Zvimwe zvinhu zvakanyorwa papeji iyi zvinosanganisira zvinongedzo kugwaro riri pa Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa maererano neGlobal Treaty uye zvinyorwa zve Zvisungo zveUNEP kufambisa chibvumirano mberi, uye a toolkit pakusvibiswa kwepurasitiki.

IISD (2023, Kurume 7). Pfupiso yeFifth Resumed Sessions yeOpen Ended Committee yePermanent Representatives neUnited Nations Environment Assembly uye Yekurangarira UNEP@50: 21 Kukadzi - 4 Kurume 2022. Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol. 16, Nhamba 166. https://enb.iisd.org/unea5-oecpr5-unep50

Chikamu chechishanu cheUN Environment Assembly (UNEA-5.2), iyo yakaungana pasi pomusoro unoti “Kusimbisa Zviito Zvechisikwa Kuzadzikisa Zvinangwa Zvebudiriro Inogarisa,” yakashumwa muEarth Negotiations Bulletin chinyorwa cheUNEA icho chinoshanda sebasa rokushuma. yenhaurirano dzezvakatipoteredza nebudiriro. Ichi chinyorwa chakafukidza UNEAS 5.2 uye chinhu chinoshamisa kune avo vari kutsvaga kunzwisisa zvakawanda nezveUNEA, iyo 5.2 resolution yekuti "Kupedza kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki: Kuenda kune imwe nyika inosunga zviri pamutemo chiridzwa" uye zvimwe zvisungo zvakakurukurwa mumusangano.

United Nations Environment Programme. (2023, Zvita). Yekutanga Session yeIntergovernmental Negotiation Committee pamusoro pePlastiki Kusvibiswa. United Nations Environment Programme, Punta del Este, Uruguay. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/inter-governmental-negotiating-committee-meeting-inc-1

Iri peji rewebhu rinotsanangura nezve musangano wekutanga weiyo intergovernmental negotiating committee (INC) wakaitwa mukupera kwa2022 muUruguay. Inobata chikamu chekutanga chekomiti yenhaurirano yehurumende kuti igadzire chiridzwa chinosunga zviri pamutemo chepasi rose pakusvibiswa kwepurasitiki, kusanganisira munharaunda yegungwa. Pamusoro pezvo zvinongedzo kune zvakarekodhwa zvemusangano zvinowanikwa kuburikidza neYouTube zvinongedzo pamwe neruzivo nezvesesheni yekupfupisa mutemo uye PowerPoints kubva kumusangano. Marekodhi aya ose anowanikwa muChirungu, French, Chinese, Russian, and Spanish.

Andersen, I. (2022, Kurume 2). A Lead Forward for Environmental Action. Hurukuro ye: High level segment ye Resumed Fifth Environment Assembly. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/leap-forward-environmental-action

Executive Director veUN Environment Programme (UNEP), vakati chibvumirano ichi ndicho chibvumirano chakakoshesesa chepasi rose chezvakatipoteredza kubva pachibvumirano chemamiriro ekunze cheParis mukutaura kwavo vachikurudzira kupasisa chisungo chekutanga basa reGlobal Plastics Treaty. Akataura kuti chibvumirano chinongoverengera zvechokwadi kana iine zviga zvakajeka zvinosunga zviri pamutemo, sekutaura kunoita sarudzo uye inofanirwa kutora nzira yakazara yehupenyu. Hurukuro iyi inoita basa rakanakisa rekuvhara kudiwa kweGlobal Treaty uye zvinokosheswa neUnited Nations Environment Programme sezvo nhaurirano dziri kuenderera mberi.

IISD (2022, Zvita 7). Pfupiso yeMusangano Wokutanga weIntergovernmental Negotiating Committee Kugadzira Chishandiso Chemutemo Chinosunga Munyika Dzepasi Pose paKusvibiswa kwePlastiki: 28 Mbudzi - 2 Zvita 2022. Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol 36, No. 7. https://enb.iisd.org/plastic-pollution-marine-environment-negotiating-committee-inc1

Musangano kekutanga, iyo intergovernmental negotiating committee (INC), Nhengo dzeNyika dzakabvumirana kutaurirana nezvechimbo chepasi rose chinosunga zviri pamutemo (ILBI) pamusoro pekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki, kusanganisira munzvimbo yegungwa, kuisa nguva yekuda kupedzisa nhaurirano muna 2024. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa. , Earth Negotiations Bulletin ibhuku reUNEA iro rinoshanda sebasa rekuzivisa nezvezvakatipoteredza nebudiriro nhaurirano.

United Nations Environment Programme. (2023). Chikamu chechipiri cheIntergovernmental Negotiating Committee pamusoro pePlastiki Kusvibiswa: 29 Chivabvu - 2 Chikumi 2023. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/second-session-intergovernmental-negotiating-committee-develop-international

Resource ichagadziridzwa zvichitevera kupera kwechikamu chechipiri muna Chikumi 2.

Ocean Plastics Hutungamiri Hutungamiri Network. (2021, Chikumi 10). Iyo Global Plastics Treaty Dialogues. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Nhaurirano yakatanga kuburikidza nenhevedzano yemisangano yepasi rose yepamhepo mukugadzirira sarudzo yeUnited Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) muna Kukadzi 2022 pamusoro pekuita chibvumirano chepasi rose chepurasitiki. Iyo Ocean Plastics Leadership Network (OPLN) inhengo makumi mapfumbamwe-mumiriri-kune-indasitiri sangano iri kubatana neGreenpeace neWWF kugadzira iyo inoshanda dialogue series. Nyika makumi manomwe neimwe dziri kudaidzira chibvumirano chepasi rose chepurasitiki pamwe chete neNGOs, uye makambani makuru makumi matatu. Mapato ari kudaidzira kutaurwa kwakajeka pamapurasitiki muhupenyu hwavo hwese kuti vazvidavirire nezvese zviri kuitwa uye mabatirwo azvinoitwa, asi kuchine mikaha mikuru yekusawirirana yasara.

Parker, L. (2021, Chikumi 8). Chibvumirano chepasi rose chekudzora kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki chiri kuwedzera simba. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/global-treaty-to-regulate-plastic-pollution-gains-momentum

Pasi rose kune nomwe tsananguro dzechinonzi bhegi repurasitiki uye rinouya nemutemo wakasiyana wenyika dzese. Hurongwa hwechibvumirano chepasi rose hwakanangana nekutsvaga seti inowirirana yetsanangudzo nezviyero, kurongeka kwezvinangwa nenyika zvirongwa, zvibvumirano pamusoro pezviyero zvekushuma, uye kugadzira homwe yekubatsira mari yekutarisira marara uko kunonyanya kudiwa mune zvishoma kuvandudzwa. nyika.

World Wildlife Foundation, iyo Ellen MacArthur Foundation, uye Boston Consulting Boka. (2020). Iyo Bhizinesi Nyaya yeChibvumirano cheUN paPlastiki Kusvibiswa. WWF, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, uye BCG. https://f.hubspotusercontent20.net/hubfs/4783129/ Plastics/UN%20treaty%20plastic%20poll%20report%20a4_ single_pages_v15-web-prerelease-3mb.pdf

Makambani epasi rese nemabhizinesi anodanwa kuti atsigire chibvumirano chepasi rose chepurasitiki, nekuti kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kuchakanganisa ramangwana remabhizinesi. Makambani mazhinji ari kutarisana nenjodzi dzine mukurumbira, sezvo vatengi vanova nekuziva zvakanyanya njodzi dzepurasitiki uye vanoda kujeka kwakatenderedza epurasitiki yekugovera cheni. Vashandi vanoda kushanda kumakambani ane chinangwa chakanaka, vanoisa mari vari kutsvaga kumberi kufunga makambani anonzwika kwezvakatipoteredza, uye vanodzora vari kusimudzira marongero ekugadzirisa dambudziko repurasitiki. Kune mabhizinesi, chibvumirano cheUN pamusoro pekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki chinoderedza kuomarara kwekushanda uye kusiyanisa mitemo munzvimbo dzese dzemusika, kurerutsa mishumo, uye kubatsira kuvandudza tarisiro yekuzadzisa zvinangwa zvemakambani. Uyu ndiwo mukana wekutungamira makambani epasi rose kuti ave pamberi pekuchinja kwepolicy kuitira kusimudzira nyika yedu.

Environmental Investigation Agency. (2020, Chikumi). Kokorodzano pamusoro pePlastiki Kusvibiswa: Kuenda kuChibvumirano Chitsva chepasi rose cheKugadzirisa Kusvibiswa kwePlastiki. Environmental Investigation Agency uye Gaia. https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Convention-on-Plastic-Pollution-June- 2020-Single-Mapeji.pdf.

Nyika dzenhengo kuPlastiki Kokorodzano dzakaratidza 4 nzvimbo huru uko hwaro hwepasi rose hunodiwa: kutarisa / kushuma, kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki, kurongeka kwepasi rose, uye rubatsiro rwehunyanzvi / rwemari. Kutarisisa uye Kurevera kuchave kwakavakirwa pazviratidzo zviviri: nzira yekumusoro-pasi yekutarisa kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki iripo, uye nzira yepasi-kumusoro yekuburitsa data rekubika. Kugadzira nzira dzepasirese dzekutaura dzakamisikidzwa pamwe nehupenyu hwemapurasitiki kuchasimudzira shanduko kune yakatenderera hupfumi chimiro. Kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kuchabatsira kuzivisa hurongwa hwekuita kwenyika, uye kugadzirisa nyaya dzakanangana senge microplastics uye kumisikidza kune yese yepurasitiki kukosha cheni. Kudyidzana kwepasirese pazviwanikwa zvepurasitiki zvemugungwa, kutengeserana kwemarara, uye kusvibiswa kwemakemikari kuchabatsira kuwedzera kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu uku uchiwedzera kupanana ruzivo rwedunhu. Chekupedzisira, rutsigiro rwehunyanzvi uye rwemari ruchawedzera kuita sarudzo dzesainzi uye dzemagariro nehupfumi, uku ichibatsira shanduko yenyika dzichiri kusimukira.

YAKABUDA TOP

3.2 Sainzi Policy Panel

United Nations. (2023, Ndira - Kukadzi). Chirevo chechikamu chechipiri chechikamu chekutanga che ad hoc yakavhurika-yakavhurwa boka rekushanda pane sainzi-policy pani kuti ripe zvimwe mukutonga kwakanaka kwemakemikari nemarara uye kudzivirira kusvibiswa.. Boka rinoshanda rakavhurika rakavhurika pasainzi-policy panel kuti ribatsire zvakanyanya mukutonga kwakanaka kwemakemikari nemarara uye kudzivirira kusvibiswa Chikamu chekutanga Nairobi, 6 Gumiguru 2022 neBangkok, Thailand. https://www.unep.org/oewg1.2-ssp-chemicals-waste-pollution

Sangano reUnited Nations's ad hoc open-ended working group (OEWG) pane sainzi-policy panel kuti ribatsire zvakanyanya mukutonga kwakanaka kwemakemikari nemarara uye kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwakaitwa muBangkok, kubva 30 Ndira kusvika 3 Kukadzi 2023. Panguva yemusangano. , Chisarudzo 5/8, United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) yakasarudza kuti panofanira kuumbwa bato remitemo yesainzi kuti ribatsire zvakanyanya pakutarisirwa zvakanaka kwemakemikari nemarara uye kudzivirira kusvibiswa. UNEA yakafungazve kuunganidza, zvichienderana nekuwanikwa kwezviwanikwa, OEWG yekugadzirira zvikumbiro zvesainzi-policy panel, kuti itange basa muna 2022 nechinangwa chekuipedza pakupera kwa2024. Chirevo chekupedzisira kubva kumusangano chinogona akawana pano.

Wang, Z. et al. (2021) Tinoda sangano repasi rose resainzi-mutemo pamakemikari nemarara. Sayenzi. 371(6531) E:774-776. DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9090 | Alternative link: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe9090

Nyika zhinji nemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika ematunhu ane hurongwa nehurongwa hwekugadzirisa makemikari nemarara zvine chekuita nemabasa evanhu kuderedza kukuvadza kuhutano hwevanhu nenharaunda. Aya marongero anowedzerwa uye anowedzerwa nekuita kwakabatana kwenyika dzese, kunyanya zvine chekuita nezvinosvibisa zvinofamba kwenguva refu kuburikidza nemhepo, mvura, uye biota; kuyambuka miganhu yenyika kuburikidza nekutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda kwezviwanikwa, zvigadzirwa, uye tsvina; kana vari munyika dzakawanda (1). Kumwe kufambira mberi kwaitwa, asi Global Chemicals Outlook (GCO-II) kubva kuUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (1) yakakurudzira “kusimbisa[ku]simba kwesainzi-mutemo uye kushandiswa kwesainzi mukuongorora mafambiro, kuisa pamberi, uye kugadzira mitemo muhupenyu hwese hwemakemikari nemarara. " NeUN Environment Assembly (UNEA) ichasangana munguva pfupi kuti ikurukure nzira yekusimbisa iyo sainzi-policy interface pamakemikari nemarara (2), isu tinoongorora mamiriro ekunze uye tinotsanangura kurudziro yekumisikidza mutumbi wakakura pamakemikari nemarara.

United Nations Environment Programme (2020). Kuongororwa kweSarudzo dzekusimbisa Sainzi-Policy Interface paInternational Level yeKunzwikwa Kwekutarisira Kemikari uye Kuraswa. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/33808/ OSSP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Iko kudiwa kwekukurumidzira kusimbisa sainzi-policy interface pamatanho ese kutsigira nekusimudzira sainzi-yakavakirwa munharaunda, yenyika, yedunhu uye yepasirese chiito pamusoro pekutonga kwakanaka kwemakemikari nemarara kupfuura 2020; kushandiswa kwesainzi mukutarisa mafambiro; kuisa pamberi uye kugadzira mitemo mukati mehupenyu hwese hwemakemikari nemarara, tichifunga nezvemikaha uye ruzivo rwesainzi munyika dzichiri kusimukira.

Fadeeva, Z., & Van Berkel, R. (2021, Ndira). Kuvhura hupfumi hwedenderedzwa kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki yemugungwa: Kuongorora kweG20 mutemo uye matanho.. Journal of Environmental Management. 277(111457). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111457

Kune kukura kuri kukura kucherechedzwa kwepasi rose kwemarara emugungwa uye kufunga patsva maitiro edu epurasitiki nekurongedza, uye inotsanangura matanho ekugonesa shanduko kuenda kuhupfumi hwedenderedzwa hunorwisa mapurasitiki anoshandiswa kamwe chete uye nekunze kwavo kwakashata. Matanho aya anotora chimiro chegwaro remitemo yenyika dzeG20.

YAKABUDA TOP

3.3 Basel Convention Plastic Waste Amendments

United Nations Environment Programme. (2023). Musangano weBasel. United Nations. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwaste/Overview/ tabid/8347/Default.aspx

Ichi chiito chakakurudzirwa neConference of Parties to Basel Convention yakagamuchirwa BC-14/12 iyo yakagadzirisa Annexes II, VIII uye IX kuChibvumirano maererano nemarara epurasitiki. Manongedzo anobatsira anosanganisira mepu itsva yenyaya pa'Plastiki tsvina uye Basel Convention' iyo inopa data zvinoonekwa kuburikidza nemavhidhiyo uye infographics kutsanangura basa reBasel Convention Plastic Waste Amendments mukudzora mafambiro ekunze, kufambisira mberi kutonga kwakanaka kwezvakatipoteredza, nekusimudzira kudzivirira uye kuderedza chizvarwa chemarara epurasitiki.

United Nations Environment Programme. (2023). Kudzora Mafambiro Anochinjika Emarara ane Njodzi uye Kuraswa Kwazvo. Musangano weBasel. United Nations. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwastes/PlasticWaste Partnership/tabid/8096/Default.aspx

A Plastic Waste Partnership (PWP) yakavambwa pasi peBasel Convention, kuvandudza nekusimudzira kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza (ESM) yemarara epurasitiki uye kudzivirira uye kuderedza chizvarwa chayo. Chirongwa ichi chakatarisira kana kutsigira mapurojekiti makumi maviri nematatu ekukurudzira chiito. Mapurojekiti aya anoitirwa kusimudzira kudzivirira marara, kuvandudza kuunganidzwa kwemarara, kugadzirisa mafambiro emarara epurasitiki, uye kupa dzidzo uye kuzivisa kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki sechinhu chine njodzi.

Benson, E. & Mortsensen, S. (2021, Gumiguru 7). Kokorodzano yeBasel: Kubva Kumarara Ane Njodzi kuenda Kusvibiswa kwePurasitiki. Center for Strategic & International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/basel-convention-hazardous-waste-plastic-pollution

Ichi chinyorwa chinoita basa rakanaka rekutsanangura nheyo dzegungano reBasel kune vateereri vakawanda. Chirevo cheCSIS chinobata nekugadzwa kweBasel Convention kuma1980 kugadzirisa tsvina ine muchetura. chibvumirano cheBasel chakasainwa nenyika 53 neEuropean Economic Community (EEC) kuti zvibatsire kudzora kutengeswa kwemarara ane ngozi uye kuderedza kutakurwa kusingadiwi kwezvinotengeswa zvine chepfu izvo hurumende dzakanga dzisina kubvuma kugamuchira. Chinyorwa ichi chinopa zvakare ruzivo kuburikidza neyakatevedzana yemibvunzo nemhinduro zvinosanganisira kuti ndiani akasaina chibvumirano, chii chichaita mhedzisiro yekugadziriswa kwepurasitiki, uye chii chinotevera. Iyo yekutanga Basel framework yakagadzira nzvimbo yekutangisa kugadzirisa kuraswa kwemarara kwakafanana, kunyangwe ichi chiri chikamu chehurongwa hombe hunodiwa kuti uwane hupfumi hwakatenderedza.

US Environmental Protection Agency. (2022, Chikumi 22). Zvitsva Zvitsva Zvinodiwa Zvepasi Pose zveKutengesera kunze uye Kuunza kunze kwePlastiki Recyclables uye Marara. EPA. https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/new-international-requirements-export-and-import-plastic-recyclables-and-waste

Muna Chivabvu 2019, nyika zana nemakumi masere nenomwe dzakarambidza kutengeserana pasi rose kwezvakaraswa zvepurasitiki/zvinoshandiswa zvakare kuburikidza neBasel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal. Kutanga muna Ndira 187, 1 zvinogadziriswa uye marara zvinongotenderwa kutumirwa kunyika dzine mvumo yakanyorwa yekutanga yenyika inopinza uye chero nyika dzekufambisa. United States haisi bato pari zvino reBasel Convention, zvichireva kuti chero nyika yakasaina chibvumirano cheBasel Convention haigone kutengesa marara anorambidzwa neUS (asiri bato) pasina zvibvumirano zvakafanotemerwa pakati penyika. Izvi zvinodikanwa zvine chinangwa chekugadzirisa kuraswa kwemarara epurasitiki kusiri iko uye kuderedza kubuda kwekufambisa kuchipinda munharaunda. Yave iri tsika yakajairika kuti nyika dzakabudirira dzitumire mapurasitiki adzo kunyika dzichiri kusimukira, asi zvirambidzo zvitsva zviri kuita kuti izvi zviome.

YAKABUDA TOP

4. Circular Economy

Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A., & Lichtfouse, E. (2021). Kudzokera kune kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki munguva dzeCOVID. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 19(pp.1-4). HAL Vhura Sayenzi. https://hal.science/hal-02995236

Mhirizhonga uye nekukasira kwakakonzerwa nedenda reCCIDID-19 zvakakonzera kugadzirwa kwepurasitiki kukuru kwemafuta efosil ayo ainyanya kufuratira zvimiro zvakatsanangurwa mumitemo yezvakatipoteredza. Ichi chinyorwa chinosimbisa kuti mhinduro dzehupfumi hwakasimba uye hwakatenderedzwa hunoda hunyanzvi hutsva, dzidzo yevatengi uye kunyanya kuda zvematongerwo enyika.

Hupfumi hwemutsara, hupfumi hwekudzokorodza, uye Circular economy — Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A., & Lichtfouse, E. (2021). *Kudzokera kune kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki munguva dzeCOVID*. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 19(pp.1-4). HAL Vhura Sayenzi. https://hal.science/hal-02995236

Center for International Environmental Law. (2023, Kurume). Beyond Recycling: Reckoning nePlastiki muCircular Economy. Center for International Environmental Law. https://www.ciel.org/reports/circular-economy-analysis/

Yakanyorerwa vagadziri vemitemo, chirevo ichi chinopokana kuti kutariswe kwakawanda kunofanirwa kuitwa pakugadzira mitemo ine chekuita nepurasitiki. Kunyanya iyo munyori anopokana kuti zvakawanda zvinofanirwa kuitwa maererano nehupfu hwepurasitiki, zvinofanirwa kubvumwa kuti kupisa mapurasitiki haisi chikamu chehupfumi hwedenderedzwa, kuti dhizaini yakachengeteka inogona kutorwa sedenderedzwa, uye kuti kusimudzira kodzero dzevanhu kwakakosha. kuwana hupfumi hwakatenderera. mitemo kana tekinoroji maitiro anoda kuenderera mberi nekuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwepurasitiki hazvigone kunzi denderedzwa, uye hazvifanirwe kutorwa semhinduro kudambudziko repasi rose repurasitiki. Chekupedzisira, munyori anopokana kuti chero chibvumirano chitsva chepasi rose pamapurasitiki, semuenzaniso, chinofanirwa kunge chakatemerwa pazvirambidzo pakugadzirwa kwepurasitiki uye kubviswa kwemakemikari ane muchetura mumapurasitiki ekupa cheni.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2022, Mbudzi 2). The Global Commitment 2022 Progress Report. United Nations Environment Programme. https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/f6oxost9xeso-nsjoqe/@/#

Ongororo iyi yakaona kuti zvibodzwa zvakatarwa nemakambani kuwana zana reusable, recyclable, kana compostable packaging panosvika 100 zvinenge zvisingazadziswe uye zvichapotsa zvibodzwa zve2025 zvehupfumi hwedenderedzwa. Chirevo chakataura kuti kufambira mberi kwakasimba kuri kuitwa, asi tarisiro yekusazadzisa zvinangwa inosimbisa kukosha kwekukurumidza kuita chiito uye inopokana nezvekudzikiswa kwekukura kwebhizinesi kubva mukushandiswa kwemapaketi nechiito chinodiwa nehurumende kukurudzira shanduko. Chirevo ichi chinhu chakakosha kune avo vari kutsvaga kunzwisisa mamiriro aripo ezvisungo zvekambani mukudzikisa mapurasitiki apo ichipa kushoropodzwa kunodiwa kuti mabhizinesi atore rimwe danho.

Greenpeace. (2022, Gumiguru 14). Circular Claims Fall Flat Zvakare. Greenpeace Reports. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/circular-claims-fall-flat-again/

Sekuvandudza kuGreenpeace's 2020 Chidzidzo, vanyori vanoongorora chirevo chavo chekare chekuti mutyairi wehupfumi wekuunganidza, kuronga, uye kugadzirisazve zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki zvevatengi zvingangonyanya kuipa sezvo kugadzirwa kwepurasitiki kunowedzera. Vanyori vanoona kuti mumakore maviri apfuura ichi chirevo chakaratidza kuti ndeyechokwadi nemamwe marudzi emabhodhoro epurasitiki ari kushandiswa zvakare zviri pamutemo. Bepa racho rakazokurukura zvikonzero nei kudzokorodza kwemakemikari nemakemikari kuchitadza kusanganisira kupambadza uye kune muchetura maitiro ekudzokorodza ari uye kuti haina mari. Zvakanyanya kukosha chiito chinoda kuitika nekukurumidza kugadzirisa dambudziko riri kukura rekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki.

Hocevar, J. (2020, Kukadzi 18). Chirevo: Circular Claims Fall Flat. Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Greenpeace-Report-Circular-Claims-Fall-Flat.pdf

Ongororo yezvino kuunganidzwa kwemarara epurasitiki, kurongedza, uye kugadzirisa zvakare muUS kuona kana zvigadzirwa zvingadaidzwa zviri pamutemo kuti "zvinodzokororwa". Ongororo iyi yakaona kuti zvinenge zvese zvakajairwa kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki zvinhu, zvinosanganisira zvekushandisa kamwe chete-chikafu uye zvigadzirwa zviri nyore, hazvigone kudzokororwa nezvikonzero zvakasiyana kubva kumadhumeni vachitora asi kwete kudzokorodza kune epurasitiki shrink sleeve pamabhodhoro zvichiita kuti asadzokororwe. Ona pamusoro peiyo yakagadziridzwa 2022 mushumo.

Beyond Plastics (2022, Chivabvu). Chirevo: Chokwadi Chaicho Pamusoro peUS Plastics Recycling Rate. The Last Beach Cleanup. https://www.lastbeachcleanup.org/_files/ ugd/dba7d7_9450ed6b848d4db098de1090df1f9e99.pdf

Ikozvino 2021 US mapurasitiki ekudzokorodza mwero unofungidzirwa kuva pakati pe5 ne6%. Kuwedzera kurasikirwa kusingayerwe, semarara epurasitiki anounganidzwa pasi pekunyepedzera "kudzokorodza" izvo zvinopiswa, pachinzvimbo, mwero weUS wechokwadi wekudzokorodza purasitiki unogona kunge wakadzikira. Izvi zvakakosha sezvo mitengo yemakadhibhodi nesimbi yakakwira zvakanyanya. Chirevo chinobva chapa pfupiso yehungwaru yenhoroondo yemarara epurasitiki, kutengeswa kunze kwenyika, uye kudzokorodza mitengo muUnited States uye inopokana nezviito zvinoderedza huwandu hwepurasitiki inodyiwa senge kurambidzwa kwepurasitiki-inoshandiswa chete, zviteshi zvekuzadza mvura, uye mudziyo unogona kushandiswa zvakare. zvirongwa.

New Plastics Economy. (2020). Chiratidzo cheCurcular Economy yePlastiki. PDF

Zvinhu zvitanhatu zvinodiwa kuti uwane hupfumi hwedenderedzwa ndeidzi: (a) kubviswa kwepurasitiki ine dambudziko kana isingakoshi; (b) zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvakare kuderedza kudiwa kwepurasitiki-yekushandisa imwe chete; (c) mapurasitiki ese anofanirwa kushandiswazve, anogona kushandiswa zvakare, kana kuti anogona compostable; (d) kurongedza kwese kunoshandiswazve, kudzokororwa, kana kuumbwa mukuita; (e) mapurasitiki akapatsanurwa kubva mukushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinogumira; (f) zvese zvepurasitiki zvakaputirwa hazvina makemikari ane njodzi uye kodzero dzevanhu vese dzinoremekedzwa. Gwaro rakatwasuka nderokuverenga nekukurumidza kune chero munhu anofarira nzira dzakanakisa dzehupfumi hwedenderedzwa pasina ruzivo rwekunze.

Nunez, C. (2021, Gunyana 30). Mazano mana akakosha ekuvaka hupfumi hwedenderedzwa. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/paid-content-four-key-ideas-to-building-a-circular-economy-for-plastics

Nyanzvi mumasekete ese anobvumirana kuti isu tinokwanisa kugadzira sisitimu inoshanda zvakanyanya uko zvinhu zvinodzokororwa kushandiswa zvakare. Muna 2021, American Beverage Association (ABA) yakatounganidza boka renyanzvi, kusanganisira vatungamiri vezvakatipoteredza, vanogadzira mitemo, uye vanogadzira makambani, kuti vakurukure nezvebasa repurasitiki mukurongedza kwevatengi, kugadzira ramangwana, uye masisitimu ekudzokorodza, nehurongwa hukuru huri kufunga nezve inochinjika denderedzwa ehupfumi mhinduro.

Meys, R., Frick, F., Westhues, S., Sternberg, A., Klankermayer, J., & Bardow, A. (2020, Mbudzi). Kuenda kuhupfumi hwakatenderedza hwepurasitiki yekurongedza tsvina - kugona kwezvakatipoteredza kwemakemikari kudzokorodza. Zviwanikwa, Kuchengetedza uye Kudzokorodza. 162(105010). DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105010.

Keijer, T., Bakker, V., & Slootweg, JC (2019, Kukadzi 21). Circular chemistry yekugonesa hupfumi hwedenderedzwa. Nature Chemistry. 11(190-195). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0226-9

Kukwirisa zviwanikwa zvekushandisa uye kugonesa yakavharwa-loop, isina tsvina-isina makemikari indasitiri, iyo mutsara inoshandisa ipapo kurasa hupfumi hunofanirwa kutsiviwa. Kuti uite izvi, zvinotariswa zvekuchengetedza chigadzirwa zvinofanirwa kusanganisira hupenyu hwayo hwese uye chinangwa chekutsiva iyo mutsara nzira neinotenderera chemistry.

Spalding, M. (2018, Kubvumbi 23). Usarega Plastiki Ichipinda muOcean. Iyo Ocean Foundation. earthday.org/2018/05/02/musa-rega-plastiki-ipinde-munyanza

Nheyo huru yakaitwa yeDialogue yeEnding Plastic Pollution paEmbassy yeFinland inoronga nyaya yepurasitiki mugungwa. Spalding inokurukura matambudziko emapurasitiki ari mugungwa, kuti mapurasitiki ekushandisa kamwe chete anoita basa, uye kuti mapurasitiki anobva kupi. Kudzivirira ndicho chinhu chikuru, usave chikamu chedambudziko, uye chiito chako pachako kutanga kwakanaka. Kushandisazve uye kuderedza marara kwakakoshawo.

Back to pamusoro

5. Green Chemistry

Tan, V. (2020, Kurume 24). Ko Bio-plastiki iSustainable Solution? TEDx Hurukuro. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Bio-plastiki inogona kuva mhinduro kune petroleum yakavakirwa kugadzirwa kwepurasitiki, asi bioplastics haimise dambudziko remarara epurasitiki. Bioplastics parizvino iri kudhura uye iri nyore kuwanikwa kana ichienzaniswa nepetroleum-based plastics. Kupfuurirazve, bioplastics haisati iri nani kune zvakatipoteredza kupfuura petroleum-based mapurasitiki sezvo mamwe bioplastics asingazozvidzikisire nharaunda. Bioplastics chete haigoni kugadzirisa dambudziko redu repurasitiki, asi inogona kuva chikamu chemhinduro. Tinoda mutemo wakakwana uye wakavimbiswa kuitiswa unobata kugadzirwa kwepurasitiki, kushandiswa, uye kuraswa.

Tickner, J., Jacobs, M. naBrody, C. (2023, Kukadzi 25). Chemistry Inoda Nekukurumidza Kugadzira Yakachengeteka Zvishandiso. Scientific American. www.scientificamerican.com/article/chemistry-urgently-needs-to-develop-safer-materials/

Vanyori vanopokana kuti kana tichida kupedza zviitiko zvine njodzi zvemakemikari zvinorwarisa vanhu uye zvipenyu, tinofanirwa kugadzirisa kutsamira kwerudzi rwevanhu pamakemikari aya uye maitiro ekugadzira anodiwa kuti aagadzire. Izvo zvinodiwa ndezvisingadhuri, zvinoshanda zvakanaka, uye zvinogadziriswa mhinduro.

Neitzert, T. (2019, Nyamavhuvhu 2). Sei compostable mapurasitiki angave asiri nani kune zvakatipoteredza. Kukurukurirana. theconversation.com/why-compostable-plastics-may-be-no-better-for-the-environment-100016

Sezvo nyika iri kusuduruka kubva kumapurasitiki ekushandisa kamwe chete, zvigadzirwa zvitsva zvinoodza kana zvinosanganiswa zvinoita senge zviri nani dzimwe nzira dzepurasitiki, asi dzinogona kunge dzakangoipa kune zvakatipoteredza. Dambudziko rakawanda riri pamatemu, kushaikwa kwekudzokorodza kana kugadzira komputa zvivakwa, uye kuchetura kwemapurasitiki anoparara. Yese chigadzirwa lifecycle inoda kuongororwa isati yanyorwa seimwe nzira iri nani kune epurasitiki.

Gibbens, S. (2018, Mbudzi 15). Zvaunoda Kuziva nezve Plant-based Plastics. National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/what-you-need-to-know-about-plant-based-plastics.aspx

Pakungotarisa, bioplastics inoita senge imwe nzira huru kune mapurasitiki, asi chokwadi chakanyanya kuoma. Bioplastic inopa mhinduro kudzikisa kupisa kwemafuta ezvicherwa, asi inogona kuunza kusvibiswa kwakawanda kubva mufotereza uye imwe ivhu iri kutsauswa kubva mukugadzirwa kwechikafu. Bioplastics inofungidzirwawo kuita zvishoma mukumisa huwandu hwepurasitiki kupinda mumvura.

Steinmark, I. (2018, Mbudzi 5). Mubairo weNobel Wakapihwa weEvolving Green Chemistry Catalysts. Royal Society yeChemistry. eic.rsc.org/soundbite/nobel-prize-awarded-for-evolving-green-chemistry-catalysts/3009709.article

Frances Arnold ndomumwe wegore rino Nobel Laureates muchemistry yebasa rake muDirected Evolution (DE), green chemistry biochemical hack umo maprotein/enzymes anoshandurwa zvisina tsarukano kakawanda pamusoro, obva aongororwa kuti ndeapi anoshanda zvakanyanya. Inogona kugadzirisa indasitiri yemakemikari.

Greenpeace. (2020, Gunyana 9). Kunyengedzwa neNhamba: American Chemistry Council inotaura nezvezvekudyara kemikemikari inotadza kutarisisa.. Greenpeace. www.greenpeace.org/usa/research/deception-by-the-numbers

Mapoka, akadai seAmerican Chemistry Council (ACC), akakurudzira kudzokororwa kwemakemikari semhinduro kudambudziko rekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki, asi kugona kwemakemikari kudzokorodza kunoramba kusina mubvunzo. Kemikari kudzokorodza kana kuti "advanced recycling" zvinoreva purasitiki-ku-mafuta, tsvina-ku-mafuta, kana purasitiki-ku-purasitiki uye inoshandisa zvinonyungudutsa zvakasiyana-siyana kusvibisa mapolymer epurasitiki kuita zvivharo zvavo zvekuvaka. Greenpeace yakaona kuti isingasviki 50% yemapurojekiti eACC ekudzokorodza kwepamusoro aive mapurojekiti anovimbika ekudzokorodza uye kudzokorodza kwepurasitiki-ku-purasitiki kunoratidza mukana mudiki wekubudirira. Kusvika pari zvino vateresi vakapa mari inosvika mazana mashanu nemazana matanhatu emamiriyoni emadhora mukutsigira mapurojekiti aya ekusavimbika. Vatengi nevamiriri vanofanirwa kuziva nezvematambudziko emhinduro - senge kudzoreredzwa kwemakemikari - izvo zvisingagadzirise dambudziko rekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki.

Back to pamusoro

6. Plastiki uye Ocean Health

Miller, EA, Yamahara, KM, French, C., Spingarn, N., Birch, JM, & Van Houtan, KS (2022). Raman spectral referensi raibhurari yeanogona anthropogenic uye biological ocean polymers. Scientific Data, 9(1), 1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01883-5

Microplastics yakawanikwa kune yakanyanyisa madhigirii mumakungwa ecosystems uye chikafu chewebhu, zvisinei, kugadzirisa dambudziko iri repasi rose, vaongorori vakagadzira hurongwa hwekuona iyo polymer kuumbwa. Iyi nzira - inotungamirwa neMonterey Bay Aquarium uye MBARI (Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute) - ichabatsira kutsvaga kwainobva kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kuburikidza neyakavhurika-inowanikwa Raman spectral raibhurari. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha sezvo mutengo wenzira dzinoisa zvipingamupinyi paraibhurari yepolymer spectra kuenzanisa. Vatsvagiri vanotarisira kuti iyi dhatabhesi nyowani uye raibhurari yereferenzi ichabatsira kufambisira mberi mudambudziko rekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki.

Zhao, S., Zettler, E., Amaral-Zettler, L., uye Mincer, T. (2020, Gunyana 2). Microbial Carrying Capacity uye Carbon Biomass yePlastiki Marine Debris. Iyo ISME Journal. 15, 67-77. DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00756-2

Ocean plastiki tsvina yakawanikwa kutakura zvipenyu kuyambuka makungwa uye kunzvimbo itsva. Ongororo iyi yakawana kuti mapurasitiki airatidza nzvimbo dzakakura dzepamusoro dze microbial colonization uye huwandu hukuru hwebiomass nezvimwe zvipenyu zvine mukana mukuru wekukanganisa kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu nemabasa ezvisikwa.

Abbing, M. (2019, Kubvumbi). Plastic Soup: An Atlas of Ocean Pollution. Island Press.

Kana nyika ikaramba iri munzira yayo yazvino, kuchava nepurasitiki yakawanda mugungwa kupfuura hove panosvika 2050. Munyika yose, miniti yoga yoga pane yakaenzana nerori remarara anorasirwa mugungwa uye mwero iwoyo uri kuwedzera. Plastic Soup inotarisa chikonzero nemigumisiro yekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki uye chii chingaitwa kuimisa.

Spalding, M. (2018, June). Nzira yekumisa sei mapurasitiki kusvibisa gungwa redu. Global Chikonzero. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/how-to-stop-plastics-polluting-our-ocean/

Purasitiki iri mugungwa inowira muzvikamu zvitatu: marine debris, microplastics, uye microfibres. Zvose izvi zvinoparadza zvipenyu zvomugungwa uye zvinouraya zvisina tsarukano. Sarudzo dzemunhu wese dzakakosha, vanhu vazhinji vanofanirwa kusarudza zvinotsiva epurasitiki nekuti kuchinjika hunhu kunobatsira.

Attenborough, Sir D. (2018, June). Sir David Attenborough: mapurasitiki nemakungwa edu. Global Chikonzero. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/sir-david-attenborough-plastic-and-our-oceans/

Sir David Attenborough vanokurukura kuonga kwake gungwa uye kuti chinhu chakakosha sei icho "chakakosha kuti isu tirarame." Nyaya yepurasitiki inogona "kunyanya kuoma." Anoti vanhu n6.1 vanofanira kufunga zvakanyanya nezve mashandisirwo epurasitiki, kubata mapurasitiki neruremekedzo, uye "kana usingaride, usashandise."

Back to pamusoro

6.1 Ghost Gear

Iyo National Oceanic uye Atmospheric Administration. (2023). Derelict Fishing Gear. NOAA Marine Debris Chirongwa. https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/types/derelict-fishing-gear

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration inotsanangura giya rekuredzesa rakarambwa, dzimwe nguva rinonzi "ghost gear," rinoreva chero nhumbi dzakaraswa, dzakarasika, kana dzakasiiwa munzvimbo dzemugungwa. Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, iyo NOAA Marine Debris Chirongwa yakaunganidza anopfuura 4 miriyoni mapaundi eghost gear, zvisinei, kunyangwe ichi chakakosha kuunganidzwa ghost gear ichiri kuita chikamu chikuru chekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki mugungwa, zvichiratidza kudiwa kwerimwe basa rekurwisa. uku kutyisidzira kunharaunda yegungwa.

Kuczenski, B., Vargas Poulsen, C., Gilman, EL, Musyl, M., Geyer, R., & Wilson, J. (2022). Plastic giya kurasikirwa fungidziro kubva kure nekutarisa kweindasitiri yekuredza basa. Hove neHove, 23, 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12596

Masayendisiti ane The Nature Conservancy uye University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), akabatana nePelagic Research Group neHawaii Pacific University, vakaburitsa ongororo yakaongororwa nevezera iyo inopa fungidziro yekutanga yepasi rose yekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kubva kuhove dzemaindasitiri. Muchidzidzo, Plastic giya kurasikirwa fungidziro kubva kure nekutarisa kweindasitiri yekuredza basa, masayendisiti akaongorora ruzivo rwakaunganidzwa kubva kuGlobal Fishing Watch neFood and Agriculture Organisation yeUnited Nations (FAO) kuti vaverenge chiyero chebasa rekuredza mumaindasitiri. Kubatanidza ruzivo urwu nemhando dzehunyanzvi dzemagiya ekuredza uye ruzivo rwakakosha kubva kune nyanzvi dzeindasitiri, vesainzi vakakwanisa kufanotaura pamusoro nepasi pemiganhu yekusvibiswa kubva mumaindasitiri hove. Zvinoenderana nezvaakawana, anopfuura mamirioni zana emapaunzi ekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki anopinda mugungwa gore rega rega kubva kune ghost gear. Ichi chidzidzo chinopa ruzivo rwakakosha rwekutanga runodiwa kufambisira mberi kunzwisisa kwedambudziko regiya remweya uye kutanga kugadzirisa nekuita shanduko dzinodiwa.

Giskes, I., Baziuk, J., Pragnell-Raasch, H. uye Perez Roda, A. (2022). Taura nezvemaitiro akanaka ekudzivirira uye kuderedza marine epurasitiki emarara kubva kumabasa ekuredza. Rome neLondon, FAO uye IMO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8665en

Chirevo ichi chinopa mucherechedzo wekuti zvakasiiwa, kurasika, kana kuraswa sei magiya ekuredza (ALDFG) anotambudza nharaunda dzemumvura nemahombekombe uye inonongedza kukanganiswa kwayo kukuru uye kubatsira kunyaya yepasi rose yekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki yemugungwa. Chinhu chakakosha pakugadzirisa ALDFG, sezvakatsanangurwa mugwaro rino, kuteerera zvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa kubva kumapurojekiti aripo kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi, tichiziva kuti chero nzira yekutarisira inogona kushandiswa chete nekutariswa kukuru kwemamiriro enzvimbo/zvido. Chirevo ichi cheGloLitter chinopa zvidzidzo gumi zvinoratidza maitiro ekutanga ekudzivirira, kudzikisira, uye kugadzirisa kweALDFG.

Ocean Migumisiro. (2021, Chikunguru 6). Ghost Gear Legislation Analysis. Global Ghost Gear Initiative, World Wide Fund for Nature, uye Ocean Conservancy. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/ 5b987b8689c172e29293593f/t/60e34e4af5f9156374d51507/ 1625509457644/GGGI-OC-WWF-O2-+LEGISLATION+ANALYSIS+REPORT.pdf

Iyo Global Ghost Gear Initiative (GGGI) yakatangwa muna 2015 nechinangwa chekumisa nzira inouraya kwazvo yemapurasitiki emugungwa. Kubva 2015, 18 hurumende dzenyika dzakapinda mumubatanidzwa weGGGI zvichiratidza chishuwo kubva kunyika kugadzirisa kusvibiswa kwavo kwegiya. Parizvino, iyo yakajairika mutemo wekudzivirira kusvibiswa kwegiya kumaka giya, uye iyo isinganyanyi kushandiswa mitemo inosungirwa yakarasika giya kudzoreredza uye yenyika ghost giya zvirongwa. Kufambira mberi, iyo yekutanga inofanirwa kuve yekusimbisa iripo ghost gear mutemo. Kufanana nekusvibiswa kwese kwepurasitiki, ghost gear inoda kurongeka kwepasirese kune inodarika miganhu yepurasitiki kusvibiswa nyaya.

Zvikonzero nei midziyo yekuredza ichisiiwa kana kurasika — Ocean Migumisiro. (2021, Chikunguru 6). Ghost Gear Legislation Analysis. Global Ghost Gear Initiative, World Wide Fund for Nature, uye Ocean Conservancy.

World Wide Fund for Nature. (2020, Gumiguru). Stop Ghost Gear: Iyo Inonyanya Kuuraya Fomu yeMarine Plastic Debris. WWF International. https://wwf.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Stop-Ghost-Gear_Advocacy-Report.pdf

Maererano neUnited Nations kune anopfuura 640,000 matani ezvipoko munyanza medu, zvichiita gumi muzana yezvese kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki yegungwa. Ghost giya kufa kunononoka uye kunorwadza kumhuka zhinji uye iyo yemahara inoyangarara giya inogona kukuvadza yakakosha padyo nemahombekombe nenzvimbo dzemugungwa. Kazhinji vabati vehove havadi kurasikirwa nemidziyo yavo, asi 10% yemambure ese ekuredza, 5.7% yemateya nemapoto, uye 8.6% yetambo dzese dzinoshandiswa pasi rose dzakasiiwa, dzakarasika, kana kuraswa munzvimbo. Kuredza hove kusiri pamutemo, kusingataurwe, uye kusingadzoreki kwakadzika-mugungwa kunopa huwandu hwechipoko giya rakaraswa. Panofanirwa kuve nemhinduro dzenguva refu dzakasimbiswa dzekugadzira nzira dzekudzivirira kurasikirwa kwegiya. Zvichakadaro, zvakakosha kuvandudza isiri-chepfu, yakachengeteka giya dhizaini kuderedza kuparadzwa kana yarasika pagungwa.

Global Ghost Gear Initiative. (2022). Mhedzisiro Yegiya Rokuredza Setsime reMarine Plastic Pollution. Ocean Conservancy. https://Static1.Squarespace.Com/Static/5b987b8689c172e2929 3593f/T/6204132bc0fc9205a625ce67/1644434222950/ Unea+5.2_gggi.Pdf

Iri bepa reruzivo rakagadzirwa neOcean Conservancy uye Global Ghost Gear Initiative kutsigira nhaurirano mukugadzirira 2022 United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA 5.2). Kupindura mibvunzo yekuti chii chinonzi ghost gear, chinobvepi, uye nei chichikanganisa nharaunda dzemugungwa, bepa iri rinoratidza kukosha kwese kuti ghost gear ibatanidzwe mune chero chibvumirano chepasi rose chinogadzirisa kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki yemugungwa.

National Oceanic uye Atmospheric Administration. (2021). Kudyidzana Mhiri Kwemiganhu: Iyo North American Net Collection Initiative. https://clearinghouse.marinedebris.noaa.gov/project?mode=View&projectId=2258

Nerutsigiro kubva kuNOAA Marine Debris Chirongwa, iyo Ocean Conservancy's Global Ghost Gear Initiative iri kurongeka nevadyidzani muMexico neCalifornia kuti vatange North American Net Collection Initiative, donzvo rayo nderekunyanya kutonga nekudzivirira kurasikirwa kwegiya rekuredza. Kuedza uku kuyambuka muganhu kuchaunganidza magiya ekare ekuredzesa kuti agadziriswe nemazvo uye ashandiswezve pamwe chete nehove dzeUS neMexico kusimudzira nzira dzakasiyana dzekudzokorodza uye kuvandudza manejimendi ese egiya rakashandiswa kana rakasiya basa. Iyo purojekiti inotarisirwa kutanga kubva mukudonha 2021 kusvika zhizha 2023.

Charter, M., Sherry, J., & O'connor, F. (2020, Chikunguru). Kugadzira Mikana Yebhizinesi Kubva Kurasa Hove Mambure: Mikana Yedenderedzwa Bhizinesi Modhi uye Denderedzwa Dhizaini ine chekuita neKuredza Giya.. Blue Circular Economy. Yakadzorerwa Kubva Https://Cfsd.Org.Uk/Wp-Content/Uploads/2020/07/Final-V2-Bce-Master-Creating-Business-Opportunities-From-Waste-Fishing-Nets-Chikunguru-2020.Pdf

Yakapihwa mari neEuropean Commission (EC) Interreg, Blue Circular Economy yakaburitsa chirevo ichi kuti igadzirise dambudziko rakapararira uye rinogara riripo remarara emidziyo yekuredza mugungwa uye kupa mazano anoenderana nemikana yebhizinesi munharaunda yeNorthern Periphery neArctic (NPA). Ongororo iyi inoongorora zvinokonzeresa kuti dambudziko iri rinounze kune vane chekuita mudunhu reNPA, uye inopa hurukuro yakazara yemhando itsva dzemabhizimusi edenderedzwa, chirongwa cheExtended Producer Responsibility chinova chikamu cheEC's Single Use Plastics Directive, uye denderedzwa dhizaini yemidziyo yekuredza.

The Hindu. (2020). Mhedzisiro ye 'ghost' magiya ekuredza pamhuka dzemugungwa. YouTube. https://youtu.be/9aBEhZi_e2U.

Chinhu chikuru chinopa kufa kwehupenyu hwemugungwa igiya remweya. Zvipoko zvinoteya mhuka dzemugungwa kwemakumi emakore pasina kuvhiringwa kwevanhu kusanganisira ari mungozi uye ari mungozi yemhuka dzewhale, ma dolphin, zvisimbiso, shark, kamba, mwaranzi, hove, nezvimwewo zvakapinzwa munyama. Ghost gear ndeimwe yemhando dzinotyisa dzekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki, nekuti yakagadzirirwa kuteya nekuuraya zvipenyu zvemugungwa.

Back to pamusoro

6.2 Mhedzisiro paHupenyu hweMarine

Eriksen, M., Cowger, W., Erdle, LM, Coffin, S., Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Moore, CJ, Carpenter, EJ, Zuva, RH, Thiel, M., & Wilcox, C. (2023) ) Hutsi hwepurasitiki huri kukura, hwava kufungidzirwa kuti hunopfuura 170 matiririyoni epurasitiki akayangarara mumakungwa epasirese - Mhinduro dzechimbichimbi dzinodiwa.. PLOS IMWE. 18(3), e0281596. DOI: 10.1371 / magazini.pone.0281596

Sezvo vanhu vakawanda vachiziva nezvedambudziko rekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki, data yakawanda inodiwa kuongorora kana mitemo inoshandiswa inoshanda. Vanyori vechidzidzo ichi vanoshanda kugadzirisa gaka iri mudata vachishandisa nguva yepasi rose inofungidzira avhareji kuverenga uye kuwanda kwemapurasitiki madiki ari pamusoro pegungwa kubva 1979 kusvika 2019. zvidimbu zvepurasitiki zvinorema 82–358 miriyoni matani, pahwerengedzo inopfuura 1.1 matiririyoni epurasitiki zvidimbu zvinoyangarara mumakungwa epasi. Vanyori vekudzidza vakacherechedza kuti kwakanga kusina maitiro akacherechedza kana kuonekwa kusvika muna 4.9 apo paiva nekuwedzera kwekukurumidza kwenhamba yezvikamu zvepurasitiki kusvika ikozvino. Izvi zvinongoratidza kudiwa kwezviito zvakasimba zvinofanirwa kutorwa nekukurumidza kudzivirira mamiriro acho kuti asaenderere mberi.

Pinheiro, L., Agostini, V. Lima, A, Ward, R., uye G. Pinho. (2021, Chikumi 15). Iyo Fate yePlastiki Litter mukati meEstuarine Compartments: Mhedziso Yeruzivo Rwazvino rweTransboundary Issue Kutungamira Kuongorora Kwemangwana. Kusvibiswa Kwenzvimbo, Vol 279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116908

Basa renzizi nemastuaries mukutakurwa kwepurasitiki harina kunzwisiswa zvizere, asi rinogona kushanda senzira huru yekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki yegungwa. MaMicrofibers anoramba ari emhando yakajairika yepurasitiki, ine zvidzidzo zvitsva zvinotarisa kune micro estuarine organisms, microfibers inokwira / kunyura sekutemerwa nehunhu hwepolymer, uye kushanduka-kwenguva-kwenguva mukuwanda. Kuongorora kwakawanda kunodiwa kwakanangana nemhoteredzo yezvitsuwa zvegungwa, paine cherechedzo yakakosha yezvemagariro nehupfumi izvo zvinogona kukanganisa manejimendi.

Brahney, J., Mahowald, N., Prank, M., Cornwall, G., Kilmont, Z., Matsui, H. & Prather, K. (2021, Kubvumbi 12). Kumanikidza nhengo yemhepo yepurasitiki kutenderera. Nyaya dzeNational Academy of Sciences yeUnited States of America. 118(16) e2020719118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020719118

Microplastic, kusanganisira zvimedu nemafiibhi zvave kuwanda zvekuti plastiki ikozvino yava nemhepo yayo pachayo ine zvidimbu zvepurasitiki zvinofamba kubva kuNyika kuenda kumhepo uye kudzoka zvakare. Chirevo chakawana kuti microplastics inowanikwa mumhepo munzvimbo yekudzidza (iyo kumadokero kweUnited States) inonyanya kutorwa kubva kune yechipiri re-emission sources kusanganisira migwagwa (84%), gungwa (11%), uye guruva rekurima (5% ) Chidzidzo ichi chinonyanya kucherechedzwa nekuti chinokwevera ngwariro kukuwedzera kunetseka pamusoro pekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kunobva mumigwagwa nematai.

Back to pamusoro

6.3 Plastic Pellets (Nurdles)

Faber, J., van den Berg, R., & Raphaël, S. (2023, Kurume). Kudzivirira Kuparara kwePlastiki Pellets: A Feasibility Analysis yeRegulatory Options. CE Delft. https://cedelft.eu/publications/preventing-spills-of-plastic-pellets/

Plastic pellets (anonziwo 'nurdles') zvimedu zvidiki zvepurasitiki, kazhinji zviri pakati pe1 ne5 mm padhayamita, anogadzirwa neindasitiri yepetrochemical iyo inoshanda sechipo kuindasitiri yepurasitiki kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki. Nehuwandu hwakawanda hwema nurdles anotakurwa kuburikidza negungwa uye nekupihwa kuti tsaona dzinoitika, kwave nemienzaniso yakakosha yekudonha kwepellet iyo inopedzisira yasvibisa nharaunda yegungwa. Kugadzirisa izvi International Maritime Organisation yakagadzira komiti diki kuti itarise mirau yekugadzirisa nekugadzirisa kudonha kwepellet.

Fauna & Flora International. (2022). Kumisa mvura: kumisa kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki pellet. https://www.fauna-flora.org/app/uploads/2022/09/FF_Plastic_Pellets_Report-2.pdf

Plastic pellets zvimedu zvepurasitiki zvakakura zvakanyungudutswa kugadzira zvinenge zvese zvepurasitiki zviripo. Sechikafu cheindasitiri yemapurasitiki epasi rose, mapellets anotakurwa pasirese uye ndiwo akakosha sosi yekusvibiswa kwemicroplastic; zvinofungidzirwa kuti mabhiriyoni emapete ega ega anopinda munyanza gore negore nekuda kwekudira panyika uye mugungwa. Kuti agadzirise dambudziko iri, munyori anopokana nekuda kwekukurumidza kuenda kunzira yekudzora ine zvinosungirwa zvinodiwa zvinotsigirwa neakaomesesa zviyero uye zvitupa zvirongwa.

Tunnell, JW, Dunning, KH, Scheef, LP, & Swanson, KM (2020). Kuyera epurasitiki pellet (nurdle) kuwanda pamahombekombe muGulf yeMexico yose vachishandisa vagari vesaenzi: Kugadzira chikuva chetsvakiridzo inoenderana nemutemo.. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 151(110794). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110794

Mazhinji nurdles (madiki epurasitiki pellets) akaonekwa achisuka pamahombekombe eTexas. Chirongwa chesainzi chinotungamirwa nevazvipiri, "Nurdle Patrol," chakatangwa. 744 vazvipiri vakaita 2042 vagari sainzi ongororo kubva kuMexico kuenda kuFlorida. Ese makumi maviri epamusoro akamisikidzwa nurdle kuverenga akanyorwa panzvimbo dziri muTexas. Mhinduro dzepolicy dzakaoma, dzakawanda, uye dzinotarisana nezvipingamupinyi.

Karlsson, T., Brosche, S., Alidousst, M. & Takada, H. (2021, Zvita). Plastic pellets anowanikwa pamahombekombe pasi rose ane makemikari ane chepfu. International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN). ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen-beach-plastic-pellets-v1_4aw.pdf

Mapurasitiki kubva kunzvimbo dzese dzakatorwa aive negumi akaongororwa benzotriazole UV stabilizer, kusanganisira UV-328. Mapurastiki kubva kunzvimbo dzese dzakatorwa aivewo aine gumi nematatu akaongororwa mapolychlorinated biphenyls. Kuiswa kwacho kwaive kwakanyanya munyika dzemuAfrica, kunyangwe vasiri vagadziri vakuru vemakemikari kana mapurasitiki. Migumisiro inoratidza kuti nekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kunewo kusvibiswa kwemakemikari. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidzawo kuti mapurasitiki anogona kuita basa rakakosha mukutakurwa kwenguva refu kwemakemikari ane chepfu.

Maes, T., Jefferies, K., (2022, Kubvumbi). Marine Plastic Pollution - maNurdles iNyaya Yakakosha yeMutemo?. GRID-Arendal. https://news.grida.no/marine-plastic-pollution-are-nurdles-a-special-case-for-regulation

Zvikumbiro zvekudzora kutakurwa kwemapuranga epurasitiki asati agadzirwa, anonzi "nurdles," ari muhurongwa hweThe International Maritime Organisation Pollution Prevention and Response Sub-Committee (PPR). Ichi chipfupi chinopa mamiriro akanakisa, kutsanangura nurdles, kutsanangura kuti vanosvika sei kunharaunda yegungwa, uye kukurukura kutyisidzira kune nharaunda kubva kune nurdles. Iyi inzvimbo yakanaka kune vese vanoita mitemo uye veruzhinji vangada tsananguro isiri yesainzi.

Bourzac, K. (2023, Ndira). Kunetsana nekuteuka kukuru kwepurasitiki yemugungwa munhoroondo. C&EN Global Enterprise. 101 (3), 24-31. DOI: 10.1021/cen-10103-butiro

Muna Chivabvu 2021, ngarava inotakura zvinhu, X-Press Pearl, yakabatira moto ndokunyura pamhenderekedzo yeSri Lanka. Njodzi iyi yakaburitsa rekodhi 1,680 metric tons emapurasitiki epurasitiki uye asingaverengeki makemikari ane chepfu pamahombekombe eSri Lanka. Masayendisiti ari kudzidza nezvetsaona, iyo huru inozivikanwa yemoto yepurasitiki yemugungwa uye kupera, kubatsira kufambira mberi kunzwisisa kwezvakakonzera mhedzisiro yemhando iyi isina kutsvakwa yekusvibiswa. Pamusoro pekutarisa kuti nurdles inoparara sei nekufamba kwenguva, ndeapi marudzi emakemikari anopinda mukuita uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwemakemikari akadaro, masayendisiti anonyanya kufarira kugadzirisa zvinoitika mumakemikari kana mapurasitiki nurdles achipisa. Mukunyora shanduko mumanurdles akagezeswa pamhenderekedzo yegungwa yeSarakkuwa pedyo nekuputsikirwa kwechikepe, musayendisiti wezvemamiriro ekunze Meththika Vithanage akawana huwandu hwe lithium mumvura nepamanurdles (Sci. Total Environ. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154374; Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114074) Chikwata chake chakawanawo huwandu hwemamwe makemikari ane muchetura, kuratidzwa kunogona kunonoka kukura kwechirimwa, kukuvadza matishu mumhuka dzemvura, uye kukonzera kutadza kwenhengo muvanhu. Mamiriro enjodzi iyi ari kuramba achiitika muSri Lanka, uko matambudziko ehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika anounza zvipingamupinyi kumasayendisiti eko uye anogona kuomesera nhamburiko dzekuripwa kwekukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, uko kusati kwazivikanwa.

Bǎlan, S., Andrews, D., Blum, A., Diamond, M., Rojello Fernández, S., Harriman, E., Lindstrom, A., Reade, A., Richter, L., Sutton, R. , Wang, Z., & Kwiatkowski, C. (2023, Ndira). Kunatsiridza Chemicals Management muUnited States neCanada kuburikidza neEssential-Shandisa Maitiro. Environmental Science & Technology. 57 (4), 1568-1575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05932

Zvirongwa zvekutonga zviripo zvakaratidza kuti hazvina kukwana pakuongorora nekugadzirisa makumi ezviuru zvemakemikari mukutengeserana. Imwe nzira yakasiyana inodikanwa nokukurumidza. Kurudziro yemunyori yenzira yakakosha-yekushandisa inotsanangura kuti makemikari ane hanya anofanirwa kushandiswa chete mumamiriro ezvinhu umo basa rawo mune chaiwo zvigadzirwa zvakakosha kune hutano, chengetedzo, kana kushanda kwenharaunda uye kana dzimwe nzira dzinobvira dzisipo.

Wang, Z., Walker, GR, Muir, DCG, & Nagatani-Yoshida, K. (2020). Kusvika Pakunzwisisa Kwepasi Pose kweKusvibiswa Kwemakemikari: Yekutanga Yakakwana Ongororo yeNyika uye Yedunhu Chemical Inventories. Environmental Sayenzi & Technology. 54(5), 2575–2584. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b06379

Mumushumo uyu, makumi maviri nemaviri emakemikari evatorwa kubva kunyika gumi nepfumbamwe uye matunhu anoongororwa kuti awane yekutanga yakazara ongororo yemakemikari parizvino ari pamusika wepasi rose. Ongororo yakaburitswa inoratidza danho rekutanga rakakosha kusvika pakunzwisisa kwepasirese kwekusvibiswa kwemakemikari. Pakati pezvakawanikwa zvakakosha pane chiyero chaimbotarisirwa pasi uye kuvanzika kwemakemikari akanyoreswa mukugadzirwa. Kubva 22, anopfuura 19 2020 makemikari nemakemikari musanganiswa akanyoreswa kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa. Kuwanda uku kwakakura zvakapetwa katatu pane zvakafungidzirwa chidzidzo chisati chaitwa. Uyezve, kuzivikanwa kwemakemikari mazhinji kunoramba kusingazivikanwe kune veruzhinji nekuti anonzi akavanzika (kupfuura 350 000) kana ambiguously anotsanangurwa (kusvika 50 000).

OECD. (2021). Maonero eKemikari paKugadzira nePlastiki Inogadzika: Zvinangwa, Mafungiro uye Kutengeserana.. OECD Publishing, Paris, France. doi.org/10.1787/f2ba8ff3-en.

Chirevo ichi chinotsvaga kugonesa kugadzirwa kwezvakagara zvakagadzikana zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki nekubatanidza inogadzikana chemistry kufunga mukugadzira maitiro. Nekushandisa lens kemikari panguva yekusarudza zvinhu zvepurasitiki, vagadziri uye mainjiniya vanogona kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo rwekubatanidza purasitiki inogadzikana kana vachigadzira zvigadzirwa zvavo. Chirevo chinopa nzira yakabatanidzwa yekusarudzika kwepurasitiki kusarudzwa kubva pamakemikari maonero, uye inoratidza seti yeyakajairwa dhizaini dhizaini, kufunga kwehupenyu kutenderera uye kutengeserana-offs.

Zimmermann, L., Dierkes, G., Ternes, T., Völker, C., & Wagner, M. (2019). Benchmarking iyo muVitro Toxicity uye Chemical Kuumbwa kwePlastiki Consumer Zvigadzirwa. Environmental Science & Technology. 53(19), 11467-11477. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b02293

Mapurasitiki anozivikanwa masosi ekuratidzwa kwemakemikari uye mashoma, ane mukurumbira epurasitiki-akabatanidzwa makemikari anozivikanwa - akadai sebisphenol A - zvisinei, hunhu hwakakwana hweakaoma makemikari musanganiswa aripo mumapurasitiki anodiwa. Vatsvagiri vakawana 260 makemikari akaonekwa anosanganisira monomers, additives, uye zvisiri-maune akawedzera zvinhu, uye akaisa pamberi 27 makemikari. Zvinyorwa zvepolyvinyl chloride (PVC) uye polyurethane (PUR) zvakakonzera huturu hwepamusoro, nepo polyethylene terephthalate (PET) uye yakakwirira-density polyethylene (HDPE) yakakonzera kwete kana yakaderera chepfu.

Aurisano, N., Huang, L., Milà i Canals, L., Jolliet, O., & Fantke, P. (2021). Makemikari ane hanya mumatoyi epurasitiki. Environment International. 146, 106194. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106194

Plastiki mumatoyi inogona kupa njodzi kuvana, kugadzirisa izvi vanyori vakagadzira seti yemaitiro uye skrini njodzi yemakemikari mumatoyi epurasitiki uye vakaisa nzira yekuongorora yekubatsira kuenzanisa zvinogamuchirwa zvemakemikari zvirimo mumatoyi. Parizvino kune 126 makemikoro ekunetseka anowanikwa kazhinji mumatoyi, achiratidza kudiwa kwe data rakawanda, asi akawanda ematambudziko anoramba asingazivikanwi uye mamwe mutemo unodiwa.

Back to pamusoro

7. Purasitiki uye Hutano Hwevanhu

Center for International Environmental Law. (2023, Kurume). Kufema Plastiki: Hutano Hunokonzeresa Mapurasitiki Asingaoneki Mumhepo. Center for International Environmental Law. https://www.ciel.org/reports/airborne-microplastics-briefing/

Microplastic iri kuita ubiquitous, ichiwanikwa kwese kwese masayendisiti anoitsvaga. Aya madiki madiki ndiwo anobatsira zvikuru mukutorwa kwevanhu kwepurasitiki kusvika ku22,000,000 microplastic uye nanoplastics gore negore nehuwandu uhu hunotarisirwa kukwira. Kurwisa izvi bepa rinokurudzira kuti yakasanganiswa "cocktail" mhedzisiro yepurasitiki sedambudziko rakawanda mumhepo, mvura, uye pasi, izvo zvinosunga zviri pamutemo matanho anodiwa nekukurumidza kurwisa dambudziko iri rinokura, uye mhinduro dzese dzinofanira kugadzirisa hupenyu hwakazara. kutenderera kwemapurasitiki. Plastiki idambudziko, asi kukuvadza kumuviri wemunhu kunogona kudzikiswa nekukurumidza uye nekuita sarudzo.

Baker, E., Thygesen, K. (2022, Nyamavhuvhu 1). Plastiki mune Zvekurima- Dambudziko Rezvakatipoteredza. Kufanoona Pfupiso. Yambiro Yekutanga, Nyaya Dzirikubuda uye Ramangwana. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/resources/emerging-issues/plastics-agriculture-environmental-challenge

Sangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose rinopa pfupiso pfupi asi inodzidzisa nezvedambudziko riri kukura rekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki mune zvekurima uye kuwedzera kukuru kwehuwandu hwekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki. Iri bepa rinotarisa zvakanyanya pakuona kwainobva mapurasitiki uye kuongorora mafambiro ezvisaririra zvepurasitiki muvhu rekurima. Iyi pfupi ndiyo yekutanga mune inotarisirwa nhevedzano inoronga kuongorora mafambiro ezvekurima epurasitiki kubva kutsime kuenda kugungwa.

Wiesinger, H., Wang, Z., & Hellweg, S. (2021, Chikumi 21). Yakadzika Dive muPlastiki Monomers, Additives, uye Processing Aids. Environmental Science & Technology. 55(13), 9339-9351. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00976

Kune makemikari anosvika zviuru gumi nemazana mashanu mumapurasitiki, 10,500% ayo anokwanisa kuungana muvanhu nemhuka uye ane chepfu kana kenza. MuUnited States, European Union, uye Japan, inopfuura hafu yemakemikari haadzorwi. Anopfuura mazana mapfumbamwe emakemikari anogona kuita chepfu anotenderwa munyika idzi kuti ashandiswe mumidziyo yepurasitiki yechikafu. Pamakemikoro 24 900, 10,000% yawo haina kukwanisa kuiswa mumapoka nekuda kwekushaikwa kwe "chikamu chengozi." Muchetura idambudziko rehutano hwemugungwa uye neveruzhinji tichifunga nezvehuwandu hwekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki.

Ragusa, A., Svelatoa, A., Santacroce, C., Catalano, P., Notarstefano, V., Carnevali, O., Papa, F., Rongioletti, M., Baioccoa, F., Draghia, S., D'Amorea, E., Rinaldod, D., Matta, M., & Giorgini, E. (2021, Ndira). Plasticenta: Uchapupu Hwekutanga hweMicroplastics muHuman Placenta. Environmental International. 146(106274). DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274

Kekutanga microplastics yakaonekwa muma placentas evanhu, zvichiratidza kuti plastiki inogona kukanganisa vanhu vasati vaberekwa. Izvi zvinonyanya kunetsa sezvo microplastics inogona kunge iine makemikari anoita se endocrine zvinokanganisa zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko ehutano kwenguva refu kuvanhu.

Kukanganisa, J. (2020, Zvita). Plastiki, EDCs, & Hutano: Nhungamiro yeMasangano Anofarira Zveruzhinji uye Vagadziri vePolisi paEndocrine Inovhiringidza Makemikari & Plastiki.. Iyo Endocrine Society & IPEN. https://www.endocrine.org/-/media/endocrine/files/topics/edc_guide_2020_v1_6bhqen.pdf

Mazhinji emakemikari akajairika anodonha kubva mumapurasitiki anozivikanwa Endocrine-Kuvhiringidza Kemikari (EDCs), senge bisphenols, ethoxylates, brominated flame retardants, uye phthalates. Makemikari ari EDC anogona kukanganisa kubereka kwevanhu, metabolism, thyroid, immune system, uye neurological function. Mukupindura Endocrine Society yakabudisa mushumo pamusoro pekubatana pakati pemakemikari leaching kubva kupurasitiki neEDCs. Chirevo chinoda kuedza kwakawanda kuchengetedza vanhu uye zvakatipoteredza kubva kune zvinogona kukuvadza EDCs mumapurasitiki.

Teles, M., Balasch, J., Oliveria, M., Sardans, J., uye Peñuel, J. (2020, Nyamavhuvhu). Insights muNanoplastics Effects paHutano Hwevanhu. Sayenzi Bulletin. 65(23). DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.003

Sezvo purasitiki inoshatisa inoputswa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki uye zvidiki zvinogona kumwiwa nemhuka nevanhu. Vatsvagiri vakaona kuti kumedza nano-plastiki kunokanganisa kuumbwa uye kusiyanisa kwevanhu mudumbu microbiome nharaunda uye zvinogona kukanganisa kubereka, immune system, uye endocrine tsinga. Nepo inosvika 90% yepurasitiki inomedzerwa inoburitswa nekukurumidza, iyo yekupedzisira 10% - kazhinji diki zvidimbu zvenano-plastiki - inogona kupinda mukati mesero madziro uye kukonzeresa kukuvadza nekuita cytotoxicity, kusunga maseru kutenderera, uye kuwedzera kutaura kwemasero emuviri emuviri reactivity panguva. kutanga kwekuzvimba.

Iyo Plastic Soup Foundation. (2022, Kubvumbi). Plastiki: Iyo Yakavanzika Runako Ingredient. Rova The Microbead. Beatthemicrobead.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Plastic-Thehiddenbeautyingredients.Pdf

Chirevo ichi chine yekutanga ongororo yakakura yekuvapo kwemicroplastics mune zvinopfuura zviuru zvinomwe zvakasiyana zvekuzora uye zvigadzirwa zvekuchengeta munhu. Gore rega rega pamusoro pe3,800 matani emicroplastics anoburitswa mukati mezvakatipoteredza kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwemazuva ese ekuzora uye zvigadzirwa zvekuchengeta muEurope. Sezvo European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) inogadzirira kuvandudza tsananguro yavo yemicroplastics, iyi rondedzero yakazara inovhenekera nzvimbo idzo tsanangudzo inotsanangurwa iyi, sekusabatanidzwa kwayo kwenanoplastics, inowira pfupi uye mhedzisiro inogona kutevera kutorwa kwayo.

Zanolli, L. (2020, Kukadzi 18). Zvigaba zvepurasitiki hazvina ngozi kune zvekudya zvedu here? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/feb/18/are-plastic-containers-safe-to-use-food-experts

Iko hakuna imwe chete yepurasitiki polymer kana komisheni, kune zviuru zvemakemikari anowanikwa muzvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki zvichishandiswa mucheni yechikafu, uye zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezve mazhinji emhedzisiro yavo pahutano hwevanhu. Mamwe makemikari anoshandiswa mukurongedza chikafu uye mamwe mapurasitiki echikafu anogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kubereka, asthma, neonatal uye mucheche kukuvara kwehuropi, uye dzimwe nyaya dzeurourodevelopmental.

Muncke, J. (2019, Gumiguru 10). Plastic Health Summit. Plastic Soup Foundation. youtube.com/watch?v=qI36K_T7M2Q

Yakaunzwa paPlastiki Hutano Summit, Toxicologist Jane Muncke anokurukura makemikari ane ngozi uye asingazivikanwe mupurasitiki anogona kupinda muchikafu kuburikidza nepurasitiki kurongedza. Mapurasitiki ese ane mazana emakemikari akasiyana, anonzi asiri-maune akawedzera zvinhu, izvo zvinogadzirwa kubva mukuita kwemakemikari uye kuputsika kwepurasitiki. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu izvi hazvizivikanwe uye zvakadaro, zvinoumba huwandu hwemakemikari ari kupinda muchikafu nezvinwiwa. Hurumende dzinofanirwa kuumba ongororo yakawedzerwa uye kuona nezvekudya kuti zvione kuipa kwehutano hwezvinhu zvisina kuwedzerwa nemaune.

Plastic Health Coalition. (2019, Gumiguru 3). Plastiki uye Hutano Summit 2019. Plastic Health Coalition. plastichealthcoalition.org/plastic-health-summit-2019/

Pamusangano wekutanga wePlastiki Health Summit wakaitirwa muAmsterdam, Netherlands masayendisiti, vagadziri vemitemo, vanofurira, uye vagadziri vese vakaungana kuti vagovane ruzivo rwavo uye ruzivo padambudziko repurasitiki maererano nehutano. Musangano uyu wakaburitsa mavhidhiyo evatauri makumi matatu nenhanhatu nyanzvi uye zvikamu zvehurukuro, izvo zvese zviripo kuti zvionekwe neveruzhinji pawebhusaiti yavo. Vhidhiyo misoro inosanganisira: sumo yepurasitiki, hurukuro dzesainzi nezve microplastics, hurukuro dzesainzi pamusoro pezvinowedzera, mutemo uye kurudziro, nhaurirano dzetafura, zvikamu zvevapesvedzera vakakurudzira chiito pamusoro pekushandisa zvakanyanya mapurasitiki, uye pakupedzisira masangano nevagadziri vakazvipira kusimudzira zvinobatika. mhinduro kudambudziko repurasitiki.

Li, V., & Vechidiki, I. (2019, Gunyana 6). Marine plastiki kusvibiswa inovanza chepfu chetsinga muzvokudya zvedu. Phys Org. phys.org/news/2019-09-marine-plastic-pollution-neurological-toxin.html

Purasitiki inoshanda semagineti kumethylmercury (mercury), plastiki iyoyo inopedzwa nemhuka, iyo vanhu vanobva vadya. Methylmercury zvose bioaccumulates mukati memuviri, zvichireva kuti haimbosiyi asi panzvimbo pezvo inovaka nekufamba kwenguva, uye biomagnifies, zvichireva kuti mhedzisiro yemethylmercury yakasimba muzvikara kupfuura mhuka.

Cox, K., Covrenton, G., Davies, H., Dower, J., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S. (2019, Chikumi 5). Kushandiswa Kwevanhu kweMicroplastics. Environmental Science & Technology. 53(12), 7068-7074. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b01517

Tichitarisa pakudya kweAmerica, ongororo yehuwandu hwema microplastic particles muzvokudya zvinowanzodyiwa zvine chekuita nekudya kwavanoita zuva nezuva.

Chirongwa Chisina Kupedzwa. (2019, Chikumi). Iyo Hutano Njodzi dzePlastiki uye Chikafu Packaging Chemicals Musangano. https://unwrappedproject.org/conference

Musangano uyu wakakurukura chirongwa chePlastic Exposed, chinova mubatanidzwa wepasi rose kufumura kutyisidzira kwehutano hwevanhu hwemapurasitiki nezvimwe zvekurongedza chikafu.

Back to pamusoro

8. Kururamisira Kwezvakatipoteredza

Vandenberg, J. naOta, Y. (eds.) (2023, Ndira). Kusvika uye Yakaenzana Nzira yeMarine Plastic Kusvibiswa: Ocean Nexus Equity & Marine Plastic Kusvibisa Report 2022. Yunivhesiti yeWashington. https://issuu.com/ocean_nexus/docs/equity_and_marine_plastic_ pollution_report?fr=sY2JhMTU1NDcyMTE

Kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki yemugungwa kunokanganisa vanhu uye nharaunda (kusanganisira kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu, mararamiro, hutano hwemuviri nepfungwa, uye tsika netsika nehunhu), uye zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya hupenyu nemararamiro ehuwandu hwevanhu vakasarirwa. Chirevo chinotarisa basa, ruzivo, kugara zvakanaka uye kudyidzana kuedza kuburikidza nemusanganiswa wezvitsauko uye nyaya dzenyaya nevanyori vanotora nyika 8, kubva kuUnited States neJapan kusvika kuGhana neFiji. Pakupedzisira, munyori anopikisa kuti dambudziko rekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki ndiko kukundikana kugadzirisa kusaenzana. Chirevo ichi chinopedzisa nekutaura kusvika kusaenzana kwagadziriswa uye kushandiswa kwevanhu uye ivhu rinosara richitarisana nemigumisiro yekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kunogadziriswa ipapo hapazovi nekugadzirisa dambudziko rekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki.

GRID-Arendal. (2022, Gunyana). Chigaro paTafura - Basa reIsina Kurongeka Recycling Sector muPlastiki Kusvibisa Kuderedza, uye Inokurudzirwa Shanduko dzePolisi.. GRID-Arendal. https://www.grida.no/publications/863

Bato rekudzokorodza zvisina kurongwa, iro rinowanzo umbwa nevashandi vakashongedzwa nevanhu vasina kurekodhwa, chikamu chikuru chemaitiro ekudzokorodza munyika dzichiri kusimukira. Iri bepa remitemo rinopa pfupiso yekunzwisisa kwedu kwazvino kwechikamu chisina kurongeka chekudzokorora, maitiro ayo emagariro nehupfumi, matambudziko akatarisana nebazi. Inotarisa kune ese epasirese uye yenyika kuedza kuona vashandi vasina kurongeka uye kuvabatanidza muhurongwa hwepamutemo uye zvibvumirano, seGlobal Plastics Treaty Chirevo chinopawo seti yemhando yepamusoro yekurudziro yemitemo inosanganisirwa neiyo isina kurongeka recycling chikamu, zvichiita shanduko yakarurama. uye kuchengetedzwa kwemararamiro evashandi vanogadzira patsva.

Cali, J., Gutiérrez-Graudiņš, M., Munguía, S., Chin, C. (2021, Kubvumbi). ZVINHU ZVAKARERERWA: Kutonga Kwezvakatipoteredza Kukanganisa kweMarine Litter uye Plastic Pollution. United Nations Environment Programme & Azul. https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/ 35417/EJIPP.pdf

Chirevo cha2021 chakaitwa neUnited Nations Environment Programme uye Azul, sangano reJustice yezvakatipoteredza risiri rehurumende, inodaidzira kuwedzera kucherechedzwa kwenharaunda dziri pamberi pemarara epurasitiki uye kubatanidzwa kwavo mukuita sarudzo. Ndiyo mushumo wekutanga weInternational kubatanidza madots pakati pehutongi hwezvakatipoteredza uye dambudziko rekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki yemugungwa. Kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kunokanganisa zvisingaite nharaunda dzakasarirwa dzinogara padyo nekugadzira mapurasitiki uye nzvimbo dzemarara. Kupfuurirazve, mapurasitiki anotyisidzira raramo yeavo vanoshanda nezviwanikwa zvemugungwa uye avo vanodya zvekudya zvemugungwa zvine chepfu micro-uye nano- mapurasitiki. Yakagadzirirwa vanhu, chirevo ichi chinogona kumisa nhanho yemitemo yenyika kuti ibvise zvishoma nezvishoma kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki nekugadzirwa.

Creshkoff, R., & Enck, J. (2022, Gunyana 23). Mujaho wekumisa Plastics Plant inohwina yakakosha. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-race-to-stop-a-plastics-plant-scores-a-crucial-win/

Vanorwira zvakatipoteredza muSt. James Parish, Louisiana vakakunda kukunda kukuru kwedare reFormosa Plastics, iyo yanga ichigadzirira kuvaka gwenya guru repasi rose remapurasitiki mudunhu iri nerutsigiro rwagavhuna, vamiriri vemitemo yenyika, uye vatengesi vemagetsi venzvimbo. Bato repasi rinopikisa budiriro itsva, rinotungamirwa naSharon Lavigne weRise St. James nemamwe mapoka enharaunda achitsigirwa nemagweta eEarthjustice, vakanyengetedza Dare reRuwa reLouisiana rechigumi nepfumbamwe kuti ribvise mvumo gumi nemana yekusvibiswa kwemhepo yakapihwa nedhipatimendi rehurumende reEnvironment Quality. yakabvumira Formosa Plastics kuti ivake iyo yakarongwa petrochemical complex. Petrochemicals anoshandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvisingaverengeki, kusanganisira mapurasitiki.Kumira kweiyi purojekiti huru, uye kuwedzera kwese kweFormosa Plastics, kunokosha kune hutano hwevanhu uye kwezvakatipoteredza. Iri pedyo nemakiromita makumi masere nemashanu eRwizi rweMisissippi runozivikanwa se "Cancer Alley," vagari veSt. James Parish, kunyanya vagari vepasi uye vanhu vane ruvara, vari panjodzi huru yekubatwa negomarara muhupenyu hwavo hwose kupfuura nyika. pakati. Zvinoenderana nechikumbiro chavo chemvumo, Formosa Plastics' nyowani ingadai yakaita kuti St. James Parish iwedzere 19 matani emhepo ine njodzi inosvibisa, inopetwa kaviri kana katatu mazinga ecarcinogens vagari venzvimbo vaizofema gore rega rega. Kunyange zvazvo kambani yakavimbisa kukwidza nyaya iyi, kukunda kwakawanwa zvakaoma uku kuchakurudzira kushorwa kwemunharaunda kunoshanda zvakaenzana munzvimbo dzine nzvimbo dzinosvibisa dzakafanana dziri kurongwa— nguva dzose munharaunda dzine mari shoma dzine ruvara.

Madapoosi, V. (2022, Nyamavhuvhu). Mazuvano Imperialism muGlobal Waste Trade: A Digital Toolkit Kuongorora Mharadzano muGlobal Waste Trade, (J. Hamilton, Ed.). Intersectional Environmentalist. www.intersectionalenvironmentalist.com/toolkits/global-waste-trade-toolkit

Pasinei nezita rayo, kutengeswa kwemarara kwepasi rose hakusi kutengeserana, asi nzira yekuchera yakadzika midzi mu imperialism. Senyika yehumambo, iyo US inopa marara manejimendi kune nyika dzichiri kusimukira pasirese kuti dzigadzirise marara ayo akasvibiswa epurasitiki. Kupfuura kukanganisa kwakakomba kwezvakatipoteredza kunzvimbo dzinogara mugungwa, kushatiswa kwevhu, uye kusvibiswa kwemhepo, kutengeserana kwetsvina yepasi rose kunosimudza kururamisira kwakakomba kwezvakatipoteredza uye nyaya dzehutano hweveruzhinji, izvo zvinokonzeresa zvinonangana nevanhu uye zvipenyu zvemarudzi ari kusimukira. Iri bhuku rekushandisa redhijitari rinoongorora maitirwo emarara muUS, nhaka yekoloni yakadzikwa mukutengesa marara pasi rose, zvakatipoteredza, zvemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika zvinokanganisa hurongwa hwepasi rose hwekutarisira marara, uye mitemo yemuno, yenyika uye yepasi rose inogona kuishandura.

Environmental Investigation Agency. (2021, Gunyana). Chokwadi Kuseri Kwemarara: Chiyero uye kukanganisa kwekutengeserana kwenyika dzese mumarara epurasitiki. EIA. https://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/EIA-The-Truth-Behind-Trash-FINAL.pdf

Dhipatimendi rekutonga marara munyika zhinji dzine mari zhinji rave kuenderana nekutengesa kunze marara epurasitiki kunyika dzine mari yakaderera idzo dzichiri kusimukira mune zveupfumi uye mukuita izvi dzakaburitsa mari dzakakura dzemagariro nedzezvakatipoteredza nenzira yemarara ekoloni. Zvinoenderana neshumo yeEIA iyi, Germany, Japan neUS ndidzo nyika dzinotengesa marara zvakanyanya, imwe neimwe yakaburitsa zvakapetwa kaviri marara epurasitiki kubva kune imwe nyika kubva pakatanga kutaurwa muna 1988. China ndiyo yaive hombe kupinza marara epurasitiki, inomiririra 65% ye kunze kwenyika kubva 2010 kusvika 2020. Apo China yakavhara miganhu yayo kumarara epurasitiki muna 2018, Malaysia, Vietnam, Turkey, uye mapoka ematsotsi anoshanda muSE Asia akabuda senzvimbo dzakakosha dzemarara epurasitiki kubva kuJapan, US uye EU. Mupiro chaiwo webhizimusi rekutengesa marara epurasitiki kune kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki yepasirese hazvizivikanwe, asi zviri pachena kuti wakakura zvichienderana nekusawirirana pakati pehukuru hwekutengesa marara uye kugona kushanda kwenyika dzinopinza. Kutumira marara epurasitiki kutenderera pasirese kwakagonesawo nyika dzine mari zhinji kuti dzienderere mberi nekuwedzera kugadzirwa kwemapurasitiki asina kuvharwa nekuvabvumidza kudzivirira mhedzisiro yekunetsa kwavo kushandisa kwepurasitiki. EIA International inoratidza kuti dambudziko remarara epurasitiki rinogona kugadziriswa kuburikidza nehurongwa hwakazara, muchimiro chechibvumirano chitsva chepasirese, chinosimbisa mhinduro dzekumusoro kuderedza kugadzirwa kwepurasitiki yemhandara uye kushandiswa, kufambisira mberi uye kubuda pachena kwechero tsvina yepurasitiki mukutengeserana, uye zvakazara. kukurudzira kushanda zvakanaka kwezviwanikwa uye hupfumi hwakatenderedza hwepurasitiki - kudzamara kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwemarara epurasitiki kuchikwanisa kurambidzwa pasi rese.

Global Alliance For Incinerator Alternatives. (2019, Kubvumbi). Yakaraswa: Nharaunda Dzakatarisana NezveGlobal Plastic Crisis. GAIA. www.No-Burn.Org/Resources/Discarded-Communities-On-The-Frontlines-Of-The-Global-Plastic-Crisis/

China payakavhara muganho wayo kupinza marara epurasitiki kunze kwenyika muna 2018, nyika dzeSoutheast Asia dzakafukidzwa nemarara achinyepedzera kunge ari kudzokororwa, kunyanya kubva kunyika dzakapfuma muGlobal North. Chirevo chekuferefeta ichi chinoburitsa kuti nharaunda dzepasi dzakakanganiswa sei nekuwanda kwakangoerekana kwaitika kwekusvibiswa kwekunze, uye kuti vari kurwisa sei.

Karlsson, T, Dell, J, Gündoğdu, S, & Carney Almroth, B. (2023, Kurume). Plastic Waste Trade: Iwo Akavanzika Nhamba. International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN). https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen_plastic_waste _trade_report-final-3digital.pdf

Zvirongwa zvemazuva ano zvekubika zvinogara zvisingatarisi kuwanda kwemarara epurasitiki anotengeswa pasi rose, zvichikonzera kusaverengeka kwemaitiro ekutengesa tsvina yepurasitiki nevatsvaguri vanovimba nedata rakashumwa. Systemic kutadza kuverengera uye kuteedzera chaiyo marara epurasitiki mavhoriyamu imhaka yekushaikwa kwekujeka muhuwandu hwekutengesa tsvina, iyo isina kuchinjirwa kuteedzera chaiwo zvikamu zvezvinhu. Ongororo ichangoburwa yakawana kuti kutengeserana kwepurasitiki pasi rose kwakakwira ne40% kupfuura fungidziro yapfuura, uye kunyange nhamba iyi inotadza kuratidza mufananidzo mukuru wemapurasitiki akaiswa mumachira, mabhero emapepa akasanganiswa, e-marara, uye rabha, tisingataure nezvehupfu. makemikari anoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwepurasitiki. Pasinei nenhamba dzakavanzwa dzekutengesa kwemarara epurasitiki, huwandu hwazvino hwekugadzirwa kwepurasitiki hunoita kuti zvisaite kuti chero nyika itore huwandu hwemarara anogadzirwa. Chinonyanya kukosha hakusi kuti marara akawanda ari kutengeswa, asi kuti nyika dzine mari yakawanda dzave dzichizadza nyika dzichiri kusimukira nekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki pamwero wakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura zvataurwa. Kurwisa izvi, nyika dzine mari yakawanda dzinofanirwa kuita zvakawanda kutora mutoro wemarara epurasitiki adzinogadzira.

Karasik R., Lauer NE, Baker AE., Lisi NE, Somarelli JA, Eward WC, Fürst K. & Dunphy-Daly MM (2023, January). Kugoverwa kusingaenzaniswi kwepurasitiki inobatsira uye mitoro pahupfumi uye hutano hweveruzhinji. Miganhu muMarine Science. 9:1017247. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.1017247

Plastiki inokanganisa zvakanyanya nzanga yevanhu, kubva kuhutano hweveruzhinji kusvika kuhupfumi hwenzvimbo nepasirese. Mukuparadzanisa mabhenefiti uye mitoro yechikamu chimwe nechimwe chehupenyu hwepurasitiki, vaongorori vakaona kuti mabhenefiti epurasitiki akanyanya hupfumi, nepo mitoro inowira zvakanyanya pahutano hwevanhu. Uyezve, pane kupatsanurwa kwakasiyana pakati peavo vanowana mabhenefiti kana mitoro yepurasitiki sezvo mabhenefiti ehupfumi asingawanzo kushandiswa kugadzirisa mitoro yehutano inogadzirwa nemapurasitiki. Kutengeserana kwepasi rose kwemarara epurasitiki kwakawedzera kusaenzana uku nekuti mutoro wekutakura marara unowira munharaunda dzakaderera munyika dzine mari yakaderera, pane kuvagadziri vari munyika dzine mari yakawanda, dzinoshandisa zvakanyanya avo vakaunza zvikomborero zvakakura zvikuru zvehupfumi. Iyo yechinyakare mutengo-benefit inoongorora iyo inozivisa dhizaini dhizaini inoyera zvisina kuenzana mabhenefiti ehupfumi emapurasitiki pane zvisina kunanga, kazhinji zvisingaverengeki, mutengo kuhutano hwevanhu uye kwezvakatipoteredza.

Liboiron, M. (2021). Kusvibiswa NdiColonialism. Duke University Press.

In Kusvibisa iColonialism, munyori anoti marudzi ese etsvagiridzo yesainzi nekuratidzira ane hukama hwepasi, uye ayo anogona kuenderana kana kupokana nekolonialism seimwe nzira yekubvisa, ine kodzero yekudyidzana kwenyika. Tichitarisa pakusvibiswa kwepurasitiki, bhuku rinoratidza kuti kusvibiswa hakusi chiratidzo che capitalism, asi kudzika kwechisimba kwehukama hwemakoloni hunoti kuwana ivhu reIndigenous. Vachitora pabasa ravo muCivic Laboratory yeEnvironment Action Research (CLEAR), Liboiron inoenzanisira maitiro esainzi ekutanga epamberi pevhu, tsika, uye hukama, zvichiratidza kuti sainzi yezvakatipoteredza yekurwisa ukoloni uye kuratidzira hazvingogoneki, asi parizvino mukuita.

Bennett, N., Alava, JJ, Ferguson, CE, Blythe, J., Morger, E., Boyd, D., & Côté, IM (2023, January). Zvakatipoteredza (mu) kururamisira muAnthropocene ocean. Marine Policy. 147(105383). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105383

Chidzidzo chekururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza chakatanga chakanangana nekugovewa kusingaenzaniswi uye kukanganisa kwekusvibisa uye kuraswa kwemarara ane muchetura munharaunda dzaive dzakashorwa kare. Sezvo munda wakakura, mitoro chaiyo yezvakatipoteredza uye yehutano hwevanhu inotakurwa nezvipenyu zvemugungwa uye vagari vemahombekombe vakagamuchira kushomeka kwezvese mumabhuku ekururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza. Kugadzirisa gaka iri rekutsvagisa, bepa rino rinowedzera munzvimbo shanu dzegungwa-centric kururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza: kusvibiswa uye tsvina ine muchetura, mapurasitiki nemarara emugungwa, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, kuparara kwe ecosystem, uye kuderera kwehove.

Mcgarry, D., James, A., & Erwin, K. (2022). Info-Sheet: Marine Plastic Kusvibiswa SeNyaya Yekusarongeka Kwenzvimbo. Imwe Ocean Hub. https://Oneoceanhub.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Information-Sheet_4.Pdf

Iri ruzivo-bepa rinounza hutongi hwezvakatipoteredza kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki yemugungwa kubva pamaonero ehuwandu hwevanhu vakasarudzika, nyika dzine mari yakaderera dziri muGlobal South, uye vane chekuita nenyika dzine mari yakawanda idzo dzinonyanya kuita basa rekugadzira nekushandiswa kwemapurasitiki ayo. kuwana nzira yavo kugungwa.

Owens, KA, & Conlon, K. (2021, Nyamavhuvhu). Kukorobha kana Kudzima Tap? Kusaruramisira Kwezvakatipoteredza uye Hunhu hwePlastiki Kusvibiswa. Frontiers muMarine Science, 8. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.713385

Indasitiri yekutarisira marara haigone kushanda mumhepo isina hanya nekukuvadza kwemagariro uye kwezvakatipoteredza kwainokohwa. Kana vagadziri vachisimudzira mhinduro dzinogadzirisa zviratidzo zvekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki asi zvisiri izvo zvinokonzeresa, vanotadza kubata vanobatana pane iyo sosi ine mutoro nekudaro vanodzikamisa kukanganisa kwechero kugadzirisa. Indasitiri yepurasitiki parizvino inoronga marara epurasitiki sechinhu chekunze chinoda mhinduro yetekinoroji. Kuendesa kunze dambudziko nekunze kwemhinduro kunosundira mutoro nemhedzisiro yemarara epurasitiki kunharaunda dzakasarirwa pasi rese, kunyika dzichiri kusimukira hupfumi, uye kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera. Panzvimbo pekusiya dambudziko rekugadzirisa kune vagadziri vematambudziko, masayendisiti, vanogadzira mitemo, uye hurumende vanorayirwa kuti vagadzire nhoroondo dzemarara epurasitiki nechisimbiso pakuderedza kukwira, kugadzira patsva, uye kushandisazve, pane kudzika pasi manejimendi.

Mah, A. (2020). Toxic legacies uye kururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza, mu Justice Justice (1st ed.). Manchester University Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/978042902 9585-12/toxic-legacies-environmental-justice-alice-mah

Kuratidzwa kusingaenzaniswi kwevagari vashoma nevanotambira mari shoma kutsvina ine muchetura nenzvimbo dzemarara dzine njodzi chinhu chakakosha uye chakagara chiripo kwenguva refu mukati mesangano rekururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza. Nenyaya dzisingaverengeki dzenjodzi dzine muchetura pasirese pasirese, chikamu chidiki chete chezviitiko izvi zvinoratidzwa munhoroondo rekodhi asi mamwe anoramba akaregeredzwa. Chitsauko ichi chinokurukura nhaka dzenjodzi dzakakura dzine muchetura, kutarisisa kusingaenzaniswi kweveruzhinji kwakapihwa kune kunyanya kusarongeka kwezvakatipoteredza, uye mafambiro anorwisa chepfu muUS nekune dzimwe nyika ari mukati mesangano repasi rose rekururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza.

Back to pamusoro

9. Nhoroondo yePurasitiki

Science History Institute. (2023). Nhoroondo yePurasitiki. Science History Institute. https://www.sciencehistory.org/the-history-and-future-of-plastics

Nhoroondo pfupi yemapeji matatu emapurasitiki inopa ruzivo rwakapfupika, asi rwakarurama kwazvo pamusoro pezvipi mapurasitiki, anobvepi, chii chaive chekutanga mapurasitiki ekugadzira, epurasitiki yemazuva ano muHondo Yenyika II uye kuwedzera kunetseka pamusoro pepurasitiki mune ramangwana. Ichi chinyorwa chakanakira kune avo vangade zvakanyanya kupararira sitiroko pakuvandudzwa kwepurasitiki pasina kupinda muchikamu chehunyanzvi chekugadzirwa kwepurasitiki.

United Nations Environment Programme (2022). Nyika Yedu iri Kukachidzwa nePlastiki. https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/

Sangano reUnited Nations Environment Programme rakagadzira peji yewebhu inopindirana kuti ibatsire kuona dambudziko rinokura rekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki uye kuisa nhoroondo yepurasitiki mumamiriro ezvinhu anogona kunzwisiswa nyore nyore nevanhu vose. Ruzivo urwu runosanganisira zvinoonekwa, mamepu anodyidzana, kuburitsa makotesheni, uye zvinongedzo kuzvidzidzo zvesainzi. Iro peji rinopera nekurudziro inogona kutora vanhu kuti vaderedze mashandisiro avo epurasitiki uye kukurudzira kusimudzira shanduko kuburikidza nehurumende dzenzvimbo dzemunhu.

Hohn, S., Acevedo-Trejos, E., Abrams, J., Fulgencio de Moura, J., Spranz, R., & Merico, A. (2020, Chivabvu 25). Iyo yenguva refu Legacy yePlastiki Mass Production. Sayenzi Yenharaunda Yese. 746, 141115. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141115

Mhinduro dzakawanda dzakaunzwa kuti dziunganidze mapurasitiki kubva kunzizi negungwa, zvisinei, kushanda kwavo kunoramba kusingazivikanwe. Chirevo ichi chinowana mhinduro dzazvino dzichava nebudiriro ine mwero chete mukubvisa plastiki kubva munharaunda. Nzira chete yekunyatso dzikisa tsvina yepurasitiki ndeyekudzikisa kuburitswa kwepurasitiki, uye kuunganidzwa kwakasimbiswa nekusimbisa kuunganidzwa munzizi purasitiki isati yasvika munyanza. Kugadzirwa kwepurasitiki nekupisa kucharamba kuine zvakakosha kwenguva yakareba mhedzisiro pamhepo yepasi kabhoni bhajeti uye nharaunda.

Dickinson, T. (2020, Kurume 3). How Big Oil neBig Soda zvakachengeta njodzi yepasi rose yezvakatipoteredza chakavanzika kwemakumi emakore. Rinotenderera Dombo. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/plastic-problem-recycling-myth-big-oil-950957/

Pasvondo, munhu akaenzana pasi rese anoshandisa zvidimbu zvepurasitiki zvinosvika zviuru zviviri. Izvo zvakaenzana nemagiramu mashanu epurasitiki kana kadhi rechikwereti rimwechete rakakosha. Inopfuura hafu yepurasitiki ikozvino paNyika yakasikwa kubvira 2,000, uye kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kuri kuwedzera kaviri ne 5. Nesangano idzva remagariro evanhu uye rezvematongerwe enyika rekugadzirisa kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki, makambani ari kutanga kutora matanho ekusiya plastiki shure kwemakumi emakore kushungurudzwa.

Ostle, C., Thompson, R., Broughton, D., Gregory, L., Wootton, M., & Johns, D. (2019, Kubvumbi). Kukwira kwemapurasitiki egungwa kunopupurirwa kubva ku60-year time series. Nature Communications. rdcu.be/bCso9

Ichi chidzidzo chinopa nguva nyowani, kubva 1957 kusvika 2016 uye inofukidza anopfuura 6.5 nautical mamaira, uye ndiyo yekutanga kusimbisa kuwedzera kwakakosha kwemapurasitiki egungwa akavhurika mumakumi emakore achangopfuura.

Taylor, D. (2019, Kurume 4). Iyo US yakapindwa muropa sei nemapurasitiki. Grist. grist.org/article/how-the-us-got-addicted-to-plastics/

Cork yaimbove chinhu chikuru chaishandiswa mukugadzira, asi yakakurumidza kutsiviwa pakauya purasitiki panzvimbo. Plastiki yakave yakakosha muWWII uye US yanga ichitsamira papurasitiki kubvira ipapo.

Geyer, R., Jambeck, J., & Law, KL (2017, Chikunguru 19). Kugadzirwa, kushandiswa, uye kuguma kwemapurasitiki ese akambogadzirwa. Sayenzi Kufambira Mberi, 3(7). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700782

Ongororo yekutanga yepasi rose yemapurasitiki akagadzirwa akawanda akambogadzirwa. Vanofungidzira kuti kubva muna 2015, 6300 miriyoni metric matani e8300 miriyoni metric matani emapurasitiki emhandara akambogadzirwa akapera semarara epurasitiki. Pakati pazvo, 9% chete yakanga yashandiswazve, 12% yakapiswa, uye 79% yakanga yaungana munzvimbo yechisikigo kana marara. Kana kugadzirwa uye kutonga kwemarara kuchienderera mberi nemaitiro avo azvino, huwandu hwemarara epurasitiki mumarara kana nharaunda yakasikwa yaizopfuura zvakapetwa kaviri panosvika 2050.

Ryan, P. (2015, June 2). Nhoroondo Pfupi yeMarine Litter Research. Marine Anthropogenic Litter: p 1-25. link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_1#enumeration

Ichi chitsauko chinotsanangura nhoroondo pfupi yekuti marara emugungwa akatsvagirwa sei mumakore gumi ega ega kutanga muma1960 kusvika parizvino. Mumakore ekuma1960 zvidzidzo zvekutanga zvemarara emugungwa zvakatanga izvo zvainangana nekupinzwa nekupinzwa kwepurasitiki nehupenyu hwemugungwa. Kubva ipapo, tarisiro yakachinjika kune microplastics nemhedzisiro yavo pahupenyu hwehupenyu.

Hohn, D. (2011). Moby Duck. Viking Press.

Munyori Donovan Hohn anopa nhoroondo yevatapi venhau yenhoroondo yetsika yepurasitiki uye inosvika pamudzi wezvakaita kuti mapurasitiki araswe pakutanga. Mushure mekusagadzikana kweWWII, vatengi vaive neshungu dzekuzvikwevera pazvigadzirwa, saka muma1950s pakazopera patent yepolyethylene, zvinhu zvakachipa kupfuura nakare kose. Iyo chete nzira iyo vagadziri vepurasitiki vaigona kuita purofiti yaive yekunyengetedza vatengi kukanda kunze, kutenga zvimwe, kurasa, kutenga zvimwe. Mune zvimwe zvikamu, anoongorora misoro yakadai seyekutumira maconglomerates uye maChinese mafekitori ematoyi.

Bowermaster, J. (mupepeti). (2010). nyanza. Mutori wechikamu Media. 71-93.

Kaputeni Charles Moore akawana izvo zvino zvinozivikanwa seGreat Pacific Garbage Patch muna 1997. Muna 2009, akadzokera kuchigamba achitarisira kuti yakura zvishoma, asi kwete kakapetwa makumi matatu pane iyo chaiyo. David de Rothschild akavaka chikepe chegungwa chakareba mamita makumi matanhatu chakagadzirwa zvachose kubva mumabhodhoro epurasitiki akamutakura iye neboka rake kubva kuCalifornia kuenda kuAustralia kuti vazivise nezvemarara emvura mugungwa.

Back to Top

10. Zvimwe Zviwanikwa

Rhein, S., & Sträter, KF (2021). Kuzvipira kwekambani kudzikamisa dambudziko repurasitiki repasi rose: Kudzokorodza pane kudzikisa uye kushandisa zvakare. Nyaya Yekuchenesa Kugadzirwa. 296(126571).

Ndichiri kuyedza kutevedzera shanduko yakanangana nehupfumi hwakatenderedza, nyika zhinji dziri kungoenda kuhupfumi husina kumira zvakanaka hwekudzokorodza zvakare. Zvakadaro, pasina zvisungo zvakabvumiranwa pasi rose, masangano anosiiwa kuti aite tsananguro dzawo dzepfungwa dzezvirongwa zvinogoneka. Iko hakuna tsananguro dzakafanana uye zvikero zvinodikanwa zvekudzikisa nekushandisa patsva zvekuti masangano mazhinji ari kutarisa nezve kudzokorodza uye mushure mekusvibisa kuchenesa-up zvirongwa. Shanduko chaiyo murukova rwemarara epurasitiki inoda kuramba ichidzivirirwa kwekamwe-kushandisa kurongedza, kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kubva pakutanga kwayo. Muchinjikwa-kambani uye zvibvumirano zvepasi rose zvinobvumiranwa zvinogona kubatsira kuzadza iyo nzvimbo, kana vakatarisa panzira dzekudzivirira.

Surfrider. (2020). Ngwarira Plastic Fake Outs. Surfrider Europe. PDF

Mhinduro dzedambudziko rekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki dziri kugadzirwa, asi hadzisi dzese “dzinoshamwaridzana nemhoteredzo” mhinduro dzichabatsira kuchengetedza nekuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti matani 250,000 epurasitiki anoyangarara pamusoro pegungwa, asi izvi zvinoumba 1% chete yemapurasitiki ese ari mugungwa. Iri idambudziko sezvo vazhinji vanonzi mhinduro vanongogadzirisa mapurasitiki anoyangarara (seSeabin Project, The Manta, uye The Ocean Clean-up). Mhinduro chete yechokwadi ndeyekuvhara pombi yepurasitiki uye kumisa mapurasitiki kuti asapinda mugungwa nemakungwa. Vanhu vanofanira kuisa dzvinyiriro kumabhizinesi, kuda kuti zviremera zvemunzvimbo zvitore matanho, kubvisa mapurasitiki pavanokwanisa, uye kutsigira maNGO ari kushanda panhau iyi.

Yangu NASA Data (2020). Ocean Circulation Pateni: Marara Patches Nyaya Mepu.

Mepu yenyaya yeNASA inosanganisa data resatellite mune iri nyore kuwana peji rewebhu rinobvumira vashanyi kuti vatarise mafambisirwo emakungwa seanoenderana nemarara epasirese epasi vachishandisa data reNASA yegungwa. Nzvimbo iyi yepawebhusaiti yakanangidzirwa kuvadzidzi giredhi 7-12 uye inopa zvimwe zvekushandisa uye zvinodhinda zvekupa kuvadzidzisi kuti vabvumire mepu kuti ishandiswe muzvidzidzo.

DeNisco Rayome, A. (2020, Nyamavhuvhu 3). Tinogona Kuuraya Plastiki? CNET. PDF

Munyori Allison Rayome anotsanangura dambudziko rekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kune vateereri vese. Yakawanda uye yakawanda-yekushandisa mapurasitiki anogadzirwa gore rega rega, asi kune matanho anogona kutorwa nemunhu. Chinyorwa chinoratidza kusimuka kwepurasitiki, nyaya nekudzokororazve, vimbiso yemhinduro yedenderedzwa, mabhenefiti e (mamwe) epurasitiki, uye chii chingaitwa nevanhu kuderedza mapurasitiki (uye kukurudzira kushandiswazve). Rayome anobvuma nepo aya ari matanho akakosha ekudzikisa kusvibiswa, kuwana shanduko yechokwadi kunoda kuita kwemutemo.

Persson, L., Carney Almroth, BM, Collins, CD, Cornell, S., De Wit, CA, Diamond, ML, Fantke, P., Hassellöv, M., MacLeod, M., Ryberg, MW, Jørgensen, PS , Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Wang, Z., & Hauschild, MZ (2022). Kunze Kwenzvimbo Yakachengeteka Yekushanda yePlanetary Boundary yeNovel Entities. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(3), 1510–1521. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04158

Masayendisiti akagumisa kuti vanhu parizvino vari kushanda kunze kwemuganho wepasi wakachengeteka wemasangano matsva kubvira kugadzirwa kwegore negore uye kuburitswa kuri kuwedzera pamwero unopfuura simba repasi rose rekuongorora nekutarisa. Iri bepa rinotsanangudza muganho wezvinyowani mugwara remuganho wepuraneti semasangano ari novel mupfungwa yejoloji uye ane hutsinye hwekukanganisa hunogona kutyisidzira kuvimbika kweEarth system process. Kuratidzira kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki seimwe nzvimbo inonyanya kunetsa, masayendisiti anokurudzira kutora danho rekuchimbidza kudzikisa kugadzirwa uye kuburitswa kwemasangano matsva, achicherekedza kuti kunyangwe zvakadaro, kushingirira kwemasangano mazhinji senge kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki kucharamba kuchikuvadza zvakanyanya.

Lwanga, EH, Beriot, N., Corradini, F. et al. (2022, Kukadzi). Wongororo yezve microplastic masosi, nzira dzekufambisa uye kuwirirana nezvimwe zvinonetsa ivhu: rwendo kubva kunzvimbo dzekurima kuenda kunharaunda. Chemical uye Biological Technologies mune Zvekurima. 9(20). DOI: 10.1186/s40538-021-00278-9

Idiki data iripo maererano nerwendo rwemicroplastic munzvimbo dzepasi. Ongororo yesainzi iyi inoongorora kudyidzana kwakasiyana-siyana uye maitiro anosanganisirwa mukufambisa kwemamicroplastics kubva kuhurongwa hwekurima kuenda kunharaunda yakatenderedza, kusanganisira ongororo yeruzivo rwekuti microplastic transport inoitika sei kubva kuplastisphere (cellular) kusvika padanho renyika.

Super Nyore. (2019, Mbudzi 7). 5 nzira dziri nyore dzekudzikisa epurasitiki kumba. https://supersimple.com/article/reduce-plastic/.

8 nzira dzekudzikisa yako-yekushandisa epurasitiki infographic

United Nations Environment Programme. (2021). Kururamisa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki animation (Chirungu). YouTube. https://youtu.be/8YPjYXOjT58.

Mari yakaderera uye vatema, veko, vanhu vane ruvara (BIPOC) nharaunda ndidzo dziri kumberi kwekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki. Nharaunda dzine mavara dzinowanzogara pamhenderekedzo yegungwa pasina dziviriro kubva pamafashamo, kushatiswa kwevashanyi, uye indasitiri yokuredza. Yese nhanho yekugadzirwa kwepurasitiki kana isina kudzorwa uye isina kutariswa inogona kukuvadza hupenyu hwemugungwa, nharaunda, uye idzo nharaunda dziri padyo. Idzi nharaunda dzakasarirwa dzinowanzotambura nekusaenzana, uye nekudaro zvinoda mari yakawanda uye kutarisirwa kwekudzivirira.

TEDx. (2010). TEDx Great Pacific Garbage Patch - Van Jones - Environmental Justice. YouTube. https://youtu.be/3WMgNlU_vxQ.

Muhurukuro yeTed ya2010 ichiratidza kusawirirana kunharaunda dzevarombo kubva kumarara epurasitiki, Van Jones anopokana nekutsamira kwedu pakurasa "kuitira kurasira pasi iwe unofanirwa kurasa vanhu." Vanhu vane mari yakaderera havana rusununguko rwehupfumi rwekusarudza zvine hutano kana epurasitiki-isina sarudzo zvinotungamira kuwedzera kuratidzwa kune chepfu epurasitiki makemikari. Varombo vanotakurawo mutoro uyu nekuti vari pedyo zvisingaite nenzvimbo dzekurasa marara. Makemikari ane muchetura anoshamisa anoburitswa munharaunda dzine urombo uye dzakasarirwa zvichikonzera hutano hwakasiyana siyana. Tinofanira kuisa manzwi anobva munharaunda idzi pamberi pemitemo kuitira kuti shanduko chaiyo yenharaunda iitwe.

Center for International Environmental Law. (2021). Fema Mhepo Iyi - Bvisa kubva kuPlastiki Pollution Act. Center for International Environmental Law. YouTube. https://youtu.be/liojJb_Dl90.

Iyo Break Free Kubva kuPlastiki Act ine yakanangana nekururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza ichipokana kuti "kana iwe ukasimudza vanhu pazasi, unosimudza munhu wese." Makambani epetrochemical anokuvadza zvisingaite vanhu veruvara uye nharaunda dzine mari shoma nekugadzira nekurasa tsvina yepurasitiki munharaunda dzavanogara. Tinofanira kusununguka kubva mukutsamira kwepurasitiki kuti tiwane kuenzana munharaunda dzakasarirwa dzakakanganiswa nekusvibiswa kwekugadzirwa kwepurasitiki.

Iyo Global Plastics Treaty Dialogues. (2021, Chikumi 10). Ocean Plastics Hutungamiri Hutungamiri Network. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Tan, V. (2020, Kurume 24). Ko Bio-plastiki iSustainable Solution? TEDx Hurukuro. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Scarr, S. (2019, Gunyana 4). Kunyura muPlastiki: Kuona kupindwa muropa kwenyika kumabhodhoro epurasitiki. Reuters Graphics. Returned from: graphics.reuters.com/ENVIRONMENT-PLASTIC/0100B275155/index.html

Pasi rese, anenge miriyoni mabhodhoro epurasitiki anotengeswa miniti yega yega, 1 bhiriyoni mabhodhoro anotengeswa zuva rega rega, izvo zvakaenzana nehafu yehukuru hweEiffel Tower. Isingasviki 1.3% yepurasitiki yese yakambogadzirwa yakadzokororwa. Pasinei nehumbowo hwese hwekutyisidzira kwepurasitiki kune zvakatipoteredza, kugadzirwa kuri kuwedzera.

An infographic yepurasitiki inopinda mugungwa

Back to Top

Back to Research

Kuchengetedza Nzvimbo dzekugara, Kuchengetedza Zvisikwa zvepasi rose mapurasitiki

PEDYO

Isu tinoshandisa makuki kuitira kuti tikupe iwe yakanakisa chiitiko pane yedu webhusaiti. Nokuramba uchishandisa saiti ino, unobvuma kushandisa kwedu makuki.

Bvuma

Verenga Zvakawanda…

Plastiki muOcean

Zviri Mukati

Isu tiri kukurudzira kugadzirwa kwakasimba uye kushandiswa kwemapurasitiki.

1. ziviso

Ndeipi chiyero chedambudziko repurasitiki?

Plastiki inoguma sei mugungwa?

Sei plastiki iri mugungwa iri dambudziko rakakosha?

2. US Plastics Policy

2.1 Sub-Nyika Mitemo

2.2 Mitemo yenyika

3. International Policies

3.1 Chibvumirano chepasi rose

3.2 Sainzi Policy Panel

3.3 Basel Convention Plastic Waste Amendments

4. Circular Economy

5. Green Chemistry

6. Plastiki uye Ocean Health

6.1 Ghost Gear

6.2 Mhedzisiro paHupenyu hweMarine

6.3 Plastic Pellets (Nurdles)

7. Purasitiki uye Hutano Hwevanhu

8. Kururamisira Kwezvakatipoteredza

9. Nhoroondo yePurasitiki

10. Zvimwe Zviwanikwa

Read More

Nzira dzekutanga

Sitemap

Kuzvidavirira & Kujeka